Towa ds
Open
CSCW
Sys ems
Leandm
Na m
*
,
Wol gang
P inz
b,
Tom
Rodden
a
Uni e si a
Poli hica
de
Cdunya,
Ba celona,
Spain.
GMD,
kh106
Bi lingho en,
5202
S .
Augus in.
Ge many
cCompu ing
Depa men .
Lancas ex
Uni e si y.
Lmcc s m
LA1
4YR.
U.K.
Abs ac
Applica ions designed o suppo k wo k o g oups
will becoming inc easingly
impo an
o we dis ibu ed
sys ems.
This
pape conside s he ole
o
dis ibu ed
sys ems wi hin he de elopmen o coope a i e sys ems.
In pa icula , we ocus
on
he need o p o ide Open
CSCW
sys ems
and
hei impac
on
dism'bu ed sys ems.
The wo k cu en ly being unde oken
in
Open Dis ibu ed
Sys ems (ODP)
is
used
o
highligh signi ican ends o
u u e open CSCW sys ems. I
will
be
shown
ha he
CSCW
and ODP
communi y
sha e mu ual in e es s and
ha e complemen a y aims
and
goals de eloped
om
me en pe spec i es.
Wi hin he pape we p o ide a b ie in oduc ion o
CSCW
highligh ing he equi emen s
CSCW
places
on
dis ibu ed sys ems. Tk de elopmen o
an
en i onmen
o suppo
open
CSCW
sys ems
is
in oduced
and
b ie ly
desc ibed.
Finally,
he ela ionships be ween equi emen s
and models
o
Open CSCW sys ems and he Basic
Re e ence
Model
o
ODP
a e discussed
1.
In oduc ion
Compu e Suppo o Coope a i e
Wo k
(CSCW)
has
apidly eme ged
as
an iden i iable
esea ch
a ea
o e
he
las
six
yea s and
has
unde gone d ama ic
g ow h
in
his
ime. The esea ch unde aken by
he
CSCW
communi y
combines a wide
aie y
o disciplines each con ibu ing a
di e en se o
skills.
Simila ly,
he
a ious sys ems
which ha e eme ged ha e adop ed a mul iplici y o
app oaches and
echniques.
Dis ibu ed
sys ems play a
cen al
ole
in
many o
hese
sys ems and i is likely ha
CSCW
will p o ide a
signi ican applica ion
a ea
o u u e dis ibu ed sys ems
[
11. The needs o
CSCW
sys ems
will
mos likely play a
signi ican ole in shaping many ea u es
o
u u e
dis ibu ed sys ems. I
is
he e o e impe a i e ha
u u e
dis ibu ed sys ems de elope s a e awa e
o
he
equi e"
o
csCW
sys ems.
Many exis ing
CSCW
sys ems ha e ended
o
igno e
he
exis ence o
o he
sys ems
and
s yles
o suppo . In he
same way ha use
isola ion
limi ed he use ulness
o
pe sonal
compu e s i impo an ha
CSCW
de elope s
a oid a blinked ou look
in
he de elopmen
o
hei
sys ems
and
a emp
o
de elop
"open"
CSCW
sys ems.
The dis ibu ed compu ing communi y ha e been
examining
he
p o ision
o
open
sys ems o some ime
and
much
o
his
wo k
is
now e lec ed in he wo k
o
ODP [21.
We belie e
ha
bo h
he
CSCW
and ODP communi y
sha e
mu ual in e es s and ha e simila
aims
and goals
which ha e eme ged om di e en pe spec i es.
ODP
S ZilNhh
ion
conside s
he
po abili y, in e wo king
and
dis ibu ion
p oblems o dis ibu ed compu e sys ems.
In
con as ,
CSCW
has
a ocal poin
on
he
use
o
compu e s
o
suppo g oupwo k which
need
o
be
open
o
bo h
use s
and
o he
sys ems.
2.
CSCW
Sys ems
The
e m
CSCW
was o iginally coined by G ei
and
Cashman
in 1984 [3]
as
a sho hand way o e emng
o
he
in e es s
o
a numbe o
esea che s
in ol ed in he
use
o
compu em
o
suppo
use
g oups.
The
a ea
has
e ol ed
o e
he
las i e yea s
o
combine he unde s anding o
he na u e o g oup wo king wi h he enabling
echnologies
o
compu e ne wo king, sys ems suppo
and
applica ions. I is now
ecognised
ha
CSCW
is
inhe en ly a mul idisciplina y esea ch opic and equi es
he applica ion o a numbe o disciplines including
sociology, o ganisa ional science, psychology and
compu e
science.
Reade s
a e
e e ed
o
[4,5.6]
o
a
ma e comple e e iew
o
BCW
esea ch.
The
wide
a ie y o
CSCW
sys ems de eloped
o
da e
e lec
he
many di e en iews o coope a ion which
cu en ly exis wi hin
CSCW.
Two p incipal
cha ac e is ics
can
be
used
o
desc ibe
CSCW
sys ems:-
0-81862755-7/92
$03.00
8
1992
IEEE
i)
The
o m
o
in e ac ion
syppo ed
CSCW sys ems a e p ima ily conce ned wi h
suppo ing a numbe o
use s
mope am
'
g oadd essa
pa icula p oblem,
o
ange
o
p oblems.
The
na u e
o
his coope a ion
can
be
dis inguished
by
he
way in
which he g oup membe s in e ac . People ei he
in e ac
and
coape a e
synch onously
o asynch onouszy.
Synch onous in e ac ion
equi es
he
p esence o
all
coope a ing
use s
while asynch onous coope a ion
occu s
o e a longe
ime
pe iod
and
does
no
equi e
he
simul aneous in e ac ion o all use s. Synch onous
sys ems a e cha ac e ised by desk op con e encing
sys ems
[7]
such
as
Sha ed
X
[8].
The majo i y o
Asynch onous sys em
a e
based
8 MuRd
ei he message
sys ems P,lOJ
o
compu e
con e encing
sys ems
[ll].
ii)
The
geog aphical na u e
o k
syszem
CSCW has adi ionally conside ed he case o
geog aphically dis iiu ed
g oups.
Mo e
ecen
"mh
has
complemen ed
his
emphasis by conside ing
he
suppo
o ace
o
ace
(o
CO-loca ed) mee ings.
As
a
esul coope a i e sys ems
a e
o en
conside ed
as
being
ei he
emo e
o
co-loca ed.
In
his
classi idon
he
di ision
be ween
emo e and CO-loca ed
is
as
much
a
logical
concep
as
a
physical
measu e
and
is
conceaned
wi h
he accessibili y o
use s
o
each
o he
a he
han
hei physical p oximi y. CO-loca ed sys ems o en
exploi pu pose buil mee ing moms such
as
he
COLAB[12]
a
Xe ox PARC. Remo e
sys ems
include
mo e sophis ica ed dis ibu ed applica ions such
as
mul imedia con dg sys ems 1131.
SOmTiw
DWe en Timea
Same
Place
Di e en
Places
Figu e
1
The g oupwa e
lmo
space
ma ix
The
wo
cha ac e is ics
o
in e ac ion and
geog aphical
loca ion a e o en used
as
he
basis
o a simple
classi ica ion
space
o CSCW sys ems ( igu e
1).
This
space
allows he
echnical
cha ac e is ics o
he
a ious
classes
o
sys em
(o
g oupwa e)
wi hin
CSCW
o
be
ca ego ised
and
is
o en e e ed
o
as
he
g oupwa e
ime
space
ma ix
[14].
3.
The need
o
open
CSCW
sys ems
The
cu en gene a ion o CSCW applica ions p o ide
di eme
models
and
mechanisms
aimed
a
suppo ing ei he
a pa icula ooope a i e ac i i y
o
class o ac i i ies.
These
applica ions
a e
o en
unawa e
o
he
exis ence
o
o he
applica ions
[la
and
p o ide ew mechanisms o
wo king
in
conjunc ion
wi h
o he
applica ions
( igu e
2).
Thus,
use s
o a
gi en
CSCW
applica ion
a e
p esen ed
wi h
apa icula
in eqne a ia
o
cmpem i e
wo k
and
can
only
wo k
wi hin
he
coniines
o
ha
closed wo ld.
@?-
Figu o
2.
Independen
CSCW
applica ions
The
eali y
o suppo ing coope a i e wo k is ha a
wide ange o CSCW applica ions, each exhibi ing a
dis inc i e model o
coope a ion,
need
o
wo k
in
unison.
Consequen ially, he ole o
he
en i onmen
in
which
CSCW sys ems exis becomes a
c ucial
ac o o he
u u e
success
o CSCW applica ions.
A
cen al
aim
o
such
an
en i onmen
is
o
p ide
inmpe abii i y
be ween
a a ie y o applica ions ensu ing
ha
CSCW applica ions
can
wo k in ha mony
a he
han
in isola ion o
each
o he
( igu e
3).
Flgu o
3.
The ole
o
a
CSCW
en i onmen
We
see
he p o ision
o
a
CSCW en i onmen
as
a
means
o edising mo e
"open"
coope a i e sys ems.
As
CSCW applica ions
become
mo e
widely a ailable, i
will
5
become inc easingly necessa y
o
ocus on
an
open
app oach.
Open
CSCW sys ems should
aim
o
allow a
mul iplici y o
app oaches
and
pa adigms
o
coexis .
A
cen al
aim
o
hese
sys ems,
and
as
a esul o a CSCW
en i onmen ,
is
o
enable he
coexis ence
o :
emo e/localcoope a ion.
pe sonal/g oupwo king.
synch ond-hus wo king.
In
addi ion,
he
p oblems o de eloping open CSCW
sys ems
a e
compounded by
he
s ong
in e - ela ionship
be ween CSCW sys ems and he ac i i ies o he
o ganisa ion in which hey exis . CSCW applica ions
do
no
exis
in
isola ion
bu
a e
an
in eg al pa o he
ac i i ies which ake
place
wi hin
he
O ganisa ion
hey
~IE
embedded.
As
a esul , coope a i e wo king
needs
o
be
conside ed in e ms o nume ous ela ed ac i i ies
occu ing wi hin
an
o ganisa ional en i onmen . I is
impo an ha a CSCW en i onmen allows hese
ac i i ies
o
be
in e - ela ed. Howe e
i
should
be
s essed
ha we do no o esee he de elopmen o open
CSCW
sys ems allowing a
s anda d
model o
eik
coape a ion
o
o ganisa ions.
In
con as ,
open
CSCW sys ems will
allow a
g ea e
di e si y o
coope a ion
echniques
o
wo k
oge he .
4.
Open
CSCW
sys ems equi emen s
The iden i ica ion o a ange o equi emen s o a
CSCW applica ion en i onmen p o ides he s a ing
poin o he de elopmen o
open
CSCW sys ems.
The
equi emen s1
p esen ed
he e
a e
by
DO
means
comple e
bu
a e in ended
o
illus a e equi emen s which
a e
cha ac e is ics and dis inc i e o CSCW sys ems. We
belie e ha
hese
equi emen s will di ec ly impac u u e
dis ibu ed
sys ems.
Suppo
o
In o ma ion
Sha ing
'Ihe sha ing o in o ma ion is
an
essen ial
p ecu so
o
coope a i e wo king.
I
is impo an
ha
pa ems o
sha ing
a e
adop ed
wi hin
he en i onmen which enable
e ec i e
coope a ion
o
ake place.
'he
en i onmen needs
o
p o ide a se o se ices which encou age he
coope a i e sha ing o in o ma ion.
These
se ices should
include:
main aining a knowledge
base
o people,
esou ces
and on-going ac i i ies
mechanisms
o modelling
o ganisa ions.
1
~.ny
o
hese
equi emm
welc
ei he
in o med
o
con inned
by
m
in e na ional
de elopax
wo kshop
[19]
held
as
pu1
o
ECSCWPl.
he
eumd
eu opun
am c mce
o
CSCW.
ad
a ended
by
o e
40
de elope s.
app op ia e
access
con ol
mechanisms.
(T adi ionally,
oles
ha e
been used
o
signi y
dm2wl access
igh s
o
use s.)
acili ies
o
mixed
media
in o ma i0
n.
sec ices
o k
access
and
exchange
o
in onna ionbe weencscwandnan-csCW
applica ionS
Suppo
o
he
dis ibu ion
o
in o ma ion
ac oss
an
numbe
o
machines;
including whe e
applicable
po iable pmod
compl en.
Smoo hin eg a ionandu iliza iono s anda d
in o ma ion
eposi o ies,
o example, he
X.500
di c opy
senice
[lq.
Suppo
o
Communica ion
Communica ion plays a i al ole
in
coope a ion
and
i
is
impo an
ha
his ole
is
e lec ed wi hin a CSCW
en i onmen . Subsequen ially. a CSCW en i onmen will
need
o
p o ide
a ange o communica ion se ices which
should
include:
suppo
o a
wide
ange
o
media,
including
ele axandwhe eapplicablepape
communica ion.
The
p o ision
o many di e en ms o
communica ion, including
bo h
eal- ime and
asynch onous
commlmica ion.
Suppo
o in e change ac oss communica ion
media.
T adi ionally communica ion suppo o CSCW
sys ems has been p o ided by asynch onous OS1
communica ion
s anda ds
such
as
X.400.
Howe e , e en
hough
hese
p o ide a use ul basis hey don' allow
a
su icien ly di e se ange o communica ion s yles
o
many CSCW sys ems. Acco dingly mos CSCW
applica ions adop and augmen hese basic se ices
o
hei
own
pu poses
[9,10].
Suppo
o
Ac i i ies
CSCW
sys ems ha e a s ong ela ionship wi h he
a ious
o ganisa ional
ac i i ies which hey
suppo .
I
is
essen ial
ha
a CSCW en i onmen p o ides mechanisms
o ep esen ing he a ious ela ionships
be ween
hese
ac i i ies. Addi ionally he en i onmen
needs
o
p o ide
a
se
o
sea ices
o
allow he managemen o hese di e en
ac i i ies wi hin he en i onmen . These se ices migh
incl&-
managing he membe ship o ac i i ies
sha ing
esou ces
be€-
ac i i ies
6
I
scheduling ac i i ies and moni o ing
he
p og ess
o
mechanisms
o nego ia ing
he
esponsibili y o
mechanisms
a
nego ia ing
he
di ision
o
ac i i ies
ac i i ies
compe ence
wi hin
ac i i ies
cOO dina iOcl
o ac i ilies
"e
se ices
need obep o idedinaneu almanne
in
o de
o
allow
as
wide a ange o
CSCW
sys ems
as
possible
o
be
suppo ed
by
he
n i onmen .
No
single
model o
coope a m
'
isassdbu 'e & sa icesshould
be
p o ided
o
allow a ange o di em
models
o
exis
in
unison.
Suppo o Tuib abili y
Coope a i e wo king
is
essen ially a dynamic
ac i i y
and consequen ially
CSCW
sys ems
need
be
malleable
and
ailo able.
As
a esul , sys ems and he en i onmen
suppo ing
hem
need
o
be
ailo able bo h by de elope s
and
use s.
This
has
wo
impa an
coasequence.
i s ly,
he
en i onmen
needs
o
p o i&
a
se
o se ices
akin
o
a
de elope s oolki
o
enable
his
ailo abili y.
A
mo e
impo an consequence.
pe haps,
is
ha
he
adi ional
di ide be ween
use s
and
de elop
becomes
less
clea
wi h use s ha ing simila powe s
and
s a us
as
sys em
de elope s.
An
in es iga ion o
he
limi s
and
bounds
o
his
ailo abili y and possible no a ions,
languages,
o
SeMCes
o
suppo
his
ailo abili y
will
be
an
impo an
am
o esea ch
a
u u e
CSCW
de ekqem.
Suppo o
T anqwency
coope a i e ac i i ies
a e
ca ied ou by a "Dis ibu ed
G oup": people who a e
loca ed
a
possibly di e en
places, employed
a
di e en
o ganisa ions,
wo king
a
di e en imes, using di e en use -g oup in e ace,
ha ing sligh ly di e en goals, ha ing di e en
unde s andings o he ac i i ies, language. compe ence,
cul u e, e c.
The
CSCW en i onmen should
p o ide
some
deg ee
u
nnnMe!nX
o he coope a i e ac i i y and
mal es
he
sys em look
mo e complex. Signi ican dimensions include:
o ganisa ional
(o ganisa ional uwu encss),
empo al
(in eg a ion
o
synch onous
und
asynch onous),
linguis ic.
cul u al and physical
uni s
(dis ibu ed
wo king)
[17].
A
numbe o di e en onns o anspa ency
a e
impo an
o
CSCW
sys ems.
T anspu ency Qo gunisu wn
means
ha
ac i i ies
need no dealing
wi h
he complexi y o
he
possibly
di e en
o ganisa ions
in ol ed.
In e qpnisa ional
anspa ency
o
acili a e
people
uqembng
-
COO dina es, ohidesomedimensiO lS ha a eunnecessa y
connec ionsshould/couldhide
hecomplexi y
o
di e en ~d@e icula o eacben~)
andin ex-cxgdaional( i ee~o o he )
policies.
Som imes,
in e ac ion
is
no
possible due
o
incompa ibk
policies
(o
cos
oo
high).
T anspo cncy
o ime
deals
wi h
hc
mode
o
wo k,
synch onous
o
synch onous.
Tbe
esul o applying
his
anspa eacyis
ha in e auial
willbe
indeQcnden
o
he
mode
Wa e
using.
T w~~@ iewme lns
h8 appkahscan
be
m"i
a
no
in
he
way
usem
iew
da a
This
bansp wacy
will
no
beusedin
WYSIWYG
ac i i ies.
T Mspa cncy
o ac i i y
means
ha
a
se4
o objec s
coope a ins
inaneac i i y needsno beawa e
o
o he un ela edob* s
p esen
in
lE
dis iiu ed
al~LThese-objec s
can
be
loca ed
in
adi i ea
bca ion
o
in
he
same
loca ion bu
pa icipa ing
in
o he
ac i i ies.
This
helps
ac i i ies
no
o
bedis u bed
by
o he
UNela ed
ac i i ies.
This
sec ion
has
highligh ed
a
numbe o equi emen s
which
a e
cen al
o
he de elopmen o a
CSCW
en i onmen . In o de
o
u he in es iga e
hese
eQui emen s
and
o
de elop mechanisms b which
hese
adop ed
a model
based
app osch
o
hei
wo k. The
aim
o
he
Mocca
wo&
is
o
iden i y
and
desc ibe
a
se
o models
which
will
ac
as
a e mce o u u e de elope s o
a
CSCW
en i onmen .
equi emen s
can
be
me
he
MOCCA
I
p ojec
has
5
Models
o
suppo open
CSCW
We
a e
cu en ly
in
he
p ocess
o iden i ying and
de eloping a numbe o
models
which
an?
in ended o
in o m he de elopmen o u u e
open
CSCW
sys ems.
The exp ess
aim
o hese is o de elop a se
o
ecommenda ions
o cha ac e ising coope a i e sys ems.
The se
o
models ha
compose
he en i onmen
model
will
be
used
o de e mine he common unc ionali y
equi ed (i.e. he
se
o
u c ionslse ices
p o ided) o
suppo
CSCW
sys ems
and
allow in e ac ion ac oss
a
numbe
o
we en
CSCW
sys em.
We ha e iden i ied
i e
models which we belie e
a e
impo an o he
de elojnnen o
ume
open
CSCW
sys ems.
The
O ganidonal
Model
A
cen al mo i a ion o
he
de elopmen o
open
CSCW
sys ems and
he
Mocca
p ojec is he ealisa ion
ha o ganisa ional con ex
is
c ucial
o
he
success o
CSCW sys ems.
The
aim
o he
o ganisa onal
model
is
o
make explici
he
sha ing o
o ganisa ional
esou ces.
and open sys ems is e iewed. The ollowing sec ion
b ie ly
ela es
how
he
models
p oposed
wi hin
ou wo k
ela es
o
he
cunen wo k o
he
ODP communi y.
policies and
egula im.
The
model
is
consauc ed
om
a
se o o ganisa ional objec s (e.g. esou ces,
p ojez s,
people. oles),
o ganimional
ela ions
and ules.
The
In e -ac i i y
Model
The no ion o ac i i ies
and
oles
suppo
a a ie y o
CSCW sys ems.
A
numbe
o
di e en
echniques
a e
used
o ep esen ac i i ies and
oles
wi hin di e en CSCW
sys ems. Consequen ially, each sys ems has a di e en
pe spec i e o bo h. Ra he han inding a common
mechanisms o ep esen ing ac i i ies
and
oles
he
aim
o
he in e -ac i i y model is
o
allow he dependencies
be ween di e en ac i i ies
and
oles
o
be ep esen ed
wi hin he en i onmen
The
In o ma ion
Model
E ec i e sha ing o in o ma ion is cen al o
coope a ion and
he
ole
o
in o ma ion
wi hin coope a ion
is c ucial. Howe e , each CSCW sys ems
has
a di e en
pe cep ion o in o ma ion and sha ing. The
Mocca
in o ma ion model
aims
o
allow
in o ma ion
used
wi hin
di e en CSCW sys ems
o
be
ep esen ed ex emally and
o
be
sha ed
be ween sys ems.
The
model is exp essed
in
e ms o in o ma ion objec s,
he
ela ionships be ween
hese objec s (e.g. composi ion, dependencies) and
he
access
o
hese
objec s.
The
Communica wn
Model
Communica ion
is
an
in eg al
pa
o coope a ion
and
he suppo and ep esen a ion o di e en pa e ns o
communica ion is
cen al
o
a numbe o di e en CSCW
sys ems.
In
pa icula
communica ion plays a i al
ole
in
message
based
sys ems.
The
communica ion model
aims
o ep esen s communica ion in e ms o he
communica o s, he in o ma ion objec s hey exchange,
and
he
con ex
wi hin
which communica ion
akes
phce.
The
Use
Expe ise Model
The
ep esen a ion o use s
and
use expe ise
a e
a
cen al ea u e o coope a i e sys ems.
The
aim
o
he
use
expe ise model
is
o
ep esem he
use s
expe ise o
use
by he en i onmen and o he sys ems.
This
models
is
exp essed
in
e ms o
use ’s esponsibili y,
which is
imposed by he o ganisa ion and
use ’s
capabili ies.
which
desc ibes he
use s
indi idual
SLiUs.
I
is
hoped
ha
ou in es iga ion
in o
hese
models
will
allow a g ea e
ealisa on
o wha he de elopmen o
open
CSCW
sys ems
will
en ail.
As
pa
o his
p ocess
i
is impo an ha p e ious expe ience
on
s anda disa ion
6.
ODP
and
CSCW
In
he
p e ious
chap e s we
discussed
he
need
o open
CSCW sys ems
and
he equi emen s which we belie e
need
o
be
me
by bo h applica ions and
an
dis ibu ed
sys ems
suppo .
The
aim
o
open
sys ems has been
examined by
many
esea che s wi hin he dis ibu ed
compu ing communi y pa icula ly
in
he
con ex o
ODP.
This chap e b ie ly ela es
open
CSCW sys ems
o
he
The ollowing
sec ions
in es iga e how he cu en
iews o ODP mee
he
equi emen s
o
CSCW
and how
he wo k
being
unde aken
in
he de elopmen o open
CSCW sys ems ela es
o
ODP. I
is
impo an o
emphasize
ha
ODP should
no
simply
be
ega ded
as
a
amewo k o
he
de elopmen o
open
CSCW sys ems.
I is
ou
belie ha he concep s and models being
in es iga ed wi hin CSCW
a e
ele an
o
ODP and ha e
a
signi ican inpu
o
make in i s u u e de elopmen .
Mo e gene al ema ks
abou
he ela ion o CSCW
and
ODP
a e
p esen ed
in
sec ion
6.2.
on-going
WWIC
O
ODP.
6.1
The
impac
o
CSCW
on
ODP
Ra he
han
dealing
wi h
he
ull complexi y o
dis ibu ed
sys ems,
ODP
collside s
sys ems
om
i e di e en iew-
poin s
(En e p ise.
In o ma ion, Compu a ion,
Enginee ing,
and Technology Viewpoin ). Each iewpoin
ep esen s
a Me en
se
o
abs ac ions
o
he
o iginal
sys em,
ha
is,
a simpli ied iew. The ODP design
ajec ay
[
181
p esc ibes
ha he
design
ou line should
s a
wi h
he
selec ion o a iewpoin
ha
is
mos
applica ion.
Fo
CSCW applica ions
his
is
ei hex he
en e-
o
in ama ion
iewpoin .
Bu
also
he ODP-
aspec s
isibili y
and
anspa ency
wi hin
he compu a ion
iewpoin
a e
o in e es
cc
he
design
and
a chi ec u e
o
he
conside ed
En e p ise
and
I onna ion
Viewpoin :
Ac i i ies, Roles
and
Sha ing.
The
suppo
o ac i i ies
equi ed
by CSCW sys ems
highligh s
aspec s
which a e s ongly ela ed o he
en e p ise iewpoin wi hin ODP. The cu en iew in
ODP is
ha
en e p ise
and
in o ma ion
modelling esul s
in
a se o equi emen s and es ic ions o he
compu a ional model.
This
model
is
a s uc u ing
o
he
unc ions iden i ied in
he
highe models, in e ms o
compu a ional objec s.
X

I seems sensible gi en he mo e ac i e
na u e
o
o ganisa ional componen s
in
CSCW
sys ems
ha
he
esul s o en e p ise modelling should
be
used
o
mm
han
simple inpu
o
he
de elopmen o
o he
iewpoin s.
The
en e p ise iewpoin
is
he
cen al
u"
o
CSCW,
in
he same way
ha
he
cOSnpu a iOnal
iewpoin wi hin
ODP p ides a
cen al
ocus
o
dis ibu ed
sys ems.
I
is
impo an o he managemen o open
CSCW
sys ems
ha
knowledge cen al
o
en eqnise
modelling is
supplied
by
an
se ice.
Pemaps,
wi hin
ume
ODP sys ems
aimed
a
suppo ing
CSCW
applica ions
he
o ganiza ional knowledge
base
Coslside ed
in
he
Mocca
en i onmen
will
be
(Issocia ed
o
he
ade ,
conmining
o
dic a ing among
o he
he
ading policy.
"%e ODP communi y should
also
be conscious o
he
p oblems
ha
he o ice p ocedll eEn o ma ion
sys em
de elope s had o deal wi h.
These
we e mainly he
p oblems o being
o
igid and p ocedu al in he
desc ip ion o o ganisa ional ac i i ies
and
in o ma ion
low.
Sys ems
de eloped o en
oqo
he
human
ac o
and
he ac ha employees o en don' beha e
as
i
is
p esc ibed
in
he
o ganisa ional
handbook.
(Some people
a e con inced
ha
his
is
he only
eason
why
la ge
companies su i e.)
In ac , he mode ig o o ganiza ional s uc u es and
ac i i ies plays a sisni can ole
in
he
CSCW
con ex ,
The e o e,
he
a ious
models o
he
desc ip ion
o
o ices
p ocedu es
as
well
as
(g oup)
ac i i ies
1161
de eloped
in
ha con ex
a e
a aluable
sou ce
o
he
de elopmen o
in o ma ion
and
en e p ise models.
The
Comp c a ion
Viewpoin :
he
aspec s:
isibili y
and
anspa ency
The concep o
use
ailo abili y
is
cen al
o
CSCW
sys ems and
as
a esul a need exis s o sys em isibili y
and anspa ency
o
he
use .
O
cou se,
his
is
mainly
di ec ed
owa ds
CSCW
applica ion de ekqe s,
bu
i
also
has a ele ance o
he
unde lying dis ibu ed
sys em.
Wi hin
ODP hese
concep s
am
e lec ed
by he
so
called
aspec s:
isibili y and anspa ency. They play a cen al
ole
in
he compu a ional iewpoin and become cen al
in
he discussion
o
dis ibu ion anspa ency.
The decisions in ol ed in p o iding selec i e
dis ibu ion anspa ency is impo an and ODP
has
conside ed he
need
o
ully
discuss
he
ad an ages
and
disad an agm o selec i e mqa ency. Howe e , wi h
CSCW
sys ems selec ion mechanisms shouldn'
be
p o ided only a applica on
and
de elape s.
The
use cen e ed iew o
CSCW
sys ems
means
ha he
use
should
be
allowed
o
selec
hei
equi ed
anspa ency.
I is impo an
ha
ODP in es iga e mechanisms o
p o iding
use
ailo abili y o anspa ency and
p o ides
app op ia e
p esen a ion
echniques
o
allow hanqmmcy
andi s aihing
obedesc ibed
o heuse .
6.2
The ela ion
o
CSCW
and
ODP
ODP
and
CSCW
ha e
di e en
aims
and equi emen s,
hey look
a
" eal
wo ld"
"
di e en pe spec i es, and
y
o
sol e di e en p oblems.
As
a esul , hey build
di e en models o he
" eal
wo ld"
( ela ed,
bu wi h
di e en axonomies). One desc ibes
all possible
dis ibu ed sys ems,
he o he
desc ibes
all possible
choices
a e
made.
'Ihese
choices
will
p esc ibe
which
o
all
possible sys ems will
quali y
as
open.
Bo h,
ODP and
CSCW
choices a e compa ible,
his
implies ha bo h
The
nex s age will be
o
de me s anda ds o
he
unc ions, mechanisms, in o ma ion, e c. iden i ied
in
he
model.
Ou
iew
is
ha all possible
Open
CSCW
Sys ems
can
be
collside ed
as
a
suk
o
Open
Dis ibu ed
Sys ems,
ha
means
ha
speci ic en i onmen
s anda ds
will
be
a subse
(o
a specidisa ion)
o
speci ic ODP
s andanls
Ou
app oach
o
open
CSCW
sys ems
has been based
on he de elopmen o
an
en i onmen o
suppo
a
numbe o di e en
CSCW
sys ems. This app oach
is
simila
o
ha
adop ed
by
he
ODP communi y who ha e
also
exploi ed
he
de elopmen o an ODP en i onmen
o
desc ibe much o hei wo k.
A
sui able ODP con ex o
he
de elopmen o a
CSCW
en i onmen is shown in
cscw
Sys ems.
In
* o
sa is@
he
aims,
in
each
case
"Re -
Models"
will
be
in e - ela ed
[151.
ip
4.
I
OW
"nm n
I
Figu o
4
ODP
and
CSCW
En i onmen s
The
CSCW
en i onmen
is
loca ed
be ween
he basic
ODP en i onmen and
CSCW
applica ions. Howe e ,
e en applica ions which
a e
no ypically ega ded
as
CSCW
applica ions,
like documen p ocessing sys ems,
migh
use
he
CSCW
en i onmen
when
hey a e
used
in
a coope a i e con ex ,
In
ha
way a
CSCW
en i onmen
augmen s
ODP
wi h
CSCW
speci ic unc ions and
equi emen s.
This
means
ha
he
ODP en i onmen
will
suppo
all
open
CSCW
Sys ems, bu open
CSCW
sys ems will be a subse o ODP sys ems.
E en
hough
a
se
o
simila i ies
be ween
ODP and he
app oach owa ds open
CSCW
sys ems ha e been
iden i ied, a
di e ence
ega ding
he
in en ion o ODP
and
he app oach o open
CSCW
should be men ioned.
I
is
9
he
aim
o ODP
o
mask dis ibu ion and o ob ain
po abili y and in e wo king, i.e.
o
o e come he
he e ogenei y be ween ha dwa e, ope a ing sys ems,
ne wo ks, p og amming languages. s o age se ices,
adminis a ion,
and
managemen . In con as
he
cen al
aim o
an
open
CSCW
en i onmen is
o
o e come
he e ogenei y be ween
di e en
classes o coope a i e
applica ions. Howe e , he
bo h
o
bese
app oaches
a e
s ongly in e dep"
and
i
is
likely
ha
uaue
wo k
on
bo h
CSCW
and ODP will mu ually
in o m
each
o he .
7.
Conclusions
This
pape
has
p esen ed a b ie in oduc ion in o
CSCW
and
has
examined he
need
o open
CSCW
sys ems
as
well
as
hei
equi emen s.
The
Mocca
p ojec
was in oduced wi h i s
aim
o
de elop
an
en i onmen
which will suppo open
CSCW
sys ems. I
was
shown
ha
he expe iew
and
app oach
o
ODP
can be
a
aluable
ool
in
ealizing open
CSCW
sys ems
in
he u u e.
Simila ly, he ODP
s anda dhuh
e o
can
bene i
bo h
om
he
expe ience o
CSCW
applica ion de elope s
and
he equi emen s which
CSCW
sys ems place
upon
hei
dis ibu ed
pla o m.
The
Mocca
g oup will con inue i s wo k on a
CSCW
en i onmen .
'Ihe
ume
wo k
will
ocus
an
he de ails and
in e ela ion o
he
models ou lined
in
his
pape .
The
ODP wo k will be obse ed and included in o
ou
wo k
whe e applicable.
We
a e looking o wa d
o
a
e y
in e es ing and exci ing
decade
o new dis ibu ed
CSCW
applica ions
and
we hope ha
ou
e o s owa ds open
CSCW
applica ions
will
be
an icipa ed.
Re e ences
Rodden
T.,
Blai
G.
"
Diseibu ed
Sys ems
and CSCW:
he p oblem o
con ol".
P oceedings
o ECSCW91.25-
27 h
Sep emk
1991,
Ams e dam,
Ne he lands.
s anda d
documen s
on
Open
Dis ibu ed
P ocessing
Bannon
L..
Schmid
K."
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Fou
Cha ac e s
in
Sea ch o
a
con ex "
In
J.M.
Bowas. S.D. Ben o d
(Eds.)
S udies
in
Compu e
Suppo ed
Coope a i e
Wo k, No h-Holland.
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C.A.. Gibbe
SJ.,
Rein G.L.
"
G oupwa e
some
issues
and
expgia es", CO" ACM Vol34, No 1,
Janua y
1991.
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San o
H.
(Jlds.)
"G oup
Suppo
Sys ems".
Sp inge 92.
p inz
W.. "Su ey o G oup Communica ion
Models
and
Sys ems"
In
U.
Pankoke Baba z
(Ed.)
Compu e Based
G oup Con munica ion,
he
AMIGO
Ac i i y
Model,
pp
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Lai
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Objec
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Wo k".
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1988.
C-
*
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he
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al..
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W. Pamelli P.
"
Rele ace
o
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X500
di ec o y
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CSCW
applica ions"
In
J.M. Bowe s, S.D. Ben o d
(Us.)
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in
Compu a
Suppo ed
Coope a i e
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nex
ga e a ion
o
ha d
window
sys ems",
[8] en inmmeal ".
p esen ed
a
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[9]
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101 PanLOke-Bh
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