Vol.:(0123456789)
Clean Technologies and En i onmen al Policy
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10098-024-02957-1
REVIEW
G een u ban ansi ion: in e disciplina y insigh s ong een açades
design inho clima es asone o c ucial s a egies o low‑ca bon
de elopmen
Ka a zynaChojnacka1· Ba ba aWide a2· Ma celMaca ulla3· Anas asiosD ougkas4· And euBalas egui5·
ElsVandemoo el6· CansuI azSey ekŞık2· Kaje anSadowski2· JoanaFe nandes7· Rica doGomes7· PauloFe ão7
Recei ed: 31 Janua y 2024 / Accep ed: 7 July 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
The pu pose o his s udy is o p esen in e disciplina y insigh s on e ical g een sys ems (VGS) design in ho clima e zones.
The app oach o he VGS design p oposed in his a icle combines a chi ec u al design, s uc u al sys ems, g een building and
ownship de elopmen wi h sus ainable u ban a ming, ci cula i y, was e and wa e managemen . On he basis o in-dep h
s udy on g een açade pe o mance in ho clima es, he au ho s iden i ied me hods de i ed om a ious ields o science
which, when co ec ly combined, enable e ec i e p o ec ion o plan s agains excessi e sola adia ion. The main inding o
he esea ch is he iden i ica ion o he mos e ec i e combina ion o me hods suppo ing heal hy g ow h o he VGS. This
se o solu ions includes o ien a ion o he açade o ca dinal di ec ions co ela ed wi h app op ia e plan s selec ion, shading
s a egies, such as passi e and kine ic shields and o ganic e ilize s suppo ing plan s’ esilience. The au ho s p esen ed
key challenges and oppo uni ies o VGS applica ion and discussed hei ole in he deca boniza ion p ocess o he building
sec o . The mul idisciplina y analysis o he s a e o knowledge highligh ed a eas ha equi e u he in es iga ion, such as
he p ac ical implemen a ion o p oposed s a egies and hei e ec i eness in eal-wo ld scena ios.
G aphical abs ac
Keywo ds Ve ical g een sys ems· G een açade· Ho clima e· Reno a ion· Passi e shields· Kine ic shields· O ganic
e ilize s
Ma cel Maca ulla, Anas asios D ougkas, And eu Balas egui, Els
Van de moo el, Cansu I az Sey ek Şık, Kaje an Sadowski, Joana
Fe nandes, Rica do Gomes and Paulo Fe ão ha e con ibu ed
equally o his wo k.
Ex ended au ho in o ma ion a ailable on he las page o he a icle
K.Chojnacka e al.
In oduc ion
In he con ex o clima e change ecognized as one o he
main h ea s o he sa e y o he plane and i s inhabi -
an s (Ramana han and B aun 2023), de eloping adap a ion
s a egies and s eng hening esilience o clima e change
is one o he key esea ch asks. This applies la gely o
he buil en i onmen , which is esponsible o app oxi-
ma ely 40% o emissions and ene gy consump ion a a
simila le el (IPCC 2022). To minimize he en i onmen-
al impac o buildings and ci ies, a g een u ban ans o -
ma ion is necessa y. I s key elemen is he eno a ion o
exis ing buildings o imp o e ene gy e iciency. In 2021
he Eu opean Commission announced he New Eu opean
Bauhaus—an ini ia i e encou aging all ac o s ela ed o
he buil en i onmen o suppo sus ainable de elopmen .
A he same ime, inclusi eness and a high le el o social
accep ance o he p oposed solu ions a e highligh ed, wi h
pa icula emphasis on hei aes he ic alues. Conside -
ing he abo e equi emen s, he au ho s o he pape poin
ou he impo ance o in e disciplina y esea ch aimed
a de elopmen o holis ic solu ions ha espond o he
needs o socie y and ecosys ems. In he a icle, we ocus
on g een açades allowing us o combine he alues o
sus ainabili y, beau y and inclusi eness in cohe en , e ec-
i e and p o-ecological li ing sys ems. We analyse he el-
e ance o e ical g een sys ems (VGS) and hei ole in
clima e change mi iga ion and adap a ion s a egies.
A p elimina y analysis o he s a e o knowledge has
shown ha g een açades a e mos bene icial in ho cli-
ma e zones because hey con ibu e o he na u al cooling
o buildings and public a eas. Ho clima es in Eu ope can
be exempli ied wi h ho -summe Medi e anean clima e
(Csa), ho dese clima e (Bwh), ho semi-a id clima e
(Bsh) acco ding o he Köppen–Geige clima e classi i-
ca ion. Cu en ly sou he n Eu ope such as I aly, Spain,
G eece, Sou he n Po ugal and Sou he n F ance a e ho
clima ic zones (Beck e al. 2023). By ho clima e, he
au ho s unde s and se e al g oups and subg oups acco d-
ing o he Koppen–Geige classi ica ion, co e ing in pa -
icula pa o Eu ope, o which, as well as o he es
o Eu ope, he equi emen s se by he Eu opean Union,
including he New Eu opean Bauhaus, apply. Wi hin his
geog aphical a ea, egions wi h wa m o ho summe s
in he d y (B), empe a e (C) o con inen al (D) clima e
g oups a e pa icula ly suscep ible o excessi e sola adia-
ion. The en i e sou he n pa o Eu ope is loca ed in he
g oups: Bsh, Bsk, Bwh, Csa, Cwa, which means he d y
(B) o empe a e (C) clima e g oups wi h he subg oups
a id-dese (w), semi-a id (s), ho ( h) wi h ho summe and
cold win e (k). The cen al pa o Eu ope is loca ed o he
g ea es ex en in he D b and D a g oups, which means he
Con inen al clima e g oup (D) wi h he subg oups no d y
season ( ) bu wi h ho summe (a) o wa m summe (b).
Acco ding o u u e es ima ion o 2041–2070 published
by Beck e al. (2023), empe a e clima e (C b— empe a e
oceanic clima e) in some pa s o Cen al Eu ope such as
F ance will also change, and empe a u e obse ed in sum-
me pe iods will be much highe . Mo eo e , he e ec o
humid con inen al clima e (D b) will dec ease in Poland
and Ge many and oceanic clima e (C b) will be commonly
e ec i e. All his indica es ha he p e ailing clima es
in Eu ope will change and empe a u es will inc ease.
The e o e, i is necessa y o conside p ecau ions o p o-
ec VGS agains oo in ense sola adia ion ha show high
le el o sensi i i y o o e hea ing (Sey ek Şık e al. 2022).
App op ia e selec ion o species depending on he açade
exposu e o he ca dinal di ec ions is c i ical (Pan e al.
2018). The in e disciplina y app oach o he VGS design
p oposed in his a icle combines knowledge om he ield
o a chi ec u al design, s uc u al sys ems, g een building
and ownship de elopmen wi h sus ainable u ban a m-
ing, ci cula i y, was e and wa e managemen . In his pape
we p esen main indings om in-dep h s udy on g een
açade pe o mance in ho clima es, including me hods
o p o ec plan s agains excessi e sola adia ion, such
as passi e and kine ic shields. We will also discuss how
he app op ia e selec ion o o ganic e ilize s can sup-
po plan s’ esis ance o o e hea ing and sola adia ion.
This mul idisciplina y analysis o he s a e o knowledge
will highligh ing a eas ha equi e u he in es iga ion,
such as he p ac ical implemen a ion o p oposed s a e-
gies and hei e ec i eness in eal-wo ld scena ios. Gi en
he complexi y o his subjec , his pape add esses he
in e disciplina y pe spec i es o be conside ed in g een
açade design in ho clima es as one o c ucial s a egies
o low-ca bon de elopmen .
Me hodology
To add ess he in e disciplina y pe spec i es o VGS, a
scoping s udy was conduc ed (A ksey and O’Malley 2005)
o ind he e idence and explo e he main concep s and heo-
ies, hei in e ela ion and iden i y esea ch gaps.
Me hods
Eligibili y c i e ia
The eligibili y c i e ia o he e iew included pee - e iewed
a icles, con e ence a icles, echnical epo s, p ojec eposi-
o ies, books and pa en s published in English wi hin he
las 15yea s, ocusing on g een açades in ho clima es and
hei ole in u ban sus ainabili y. S udies no pe inen o
G een u ban ansi ion: in e disciplina y insigh s ong een açades design inho clima es…
ho clima es o hose no di ec ly add essing g een açades
we e excluded. The c i e ia we e g ouped in o en i onmen-
al, a chi ec u al, echnical, and social aspec s.
In o ma ion sou ces
The da abases, egis e s, websi es, and o he sou ces con-
sul ed include:
• Scopus (Las sea ched: June 4, 2024)
• Web o Science (Las sea ched: June 4, 2024)
• Google Schola (Las sea ched: June 4, 2024)
• Re e ence lis s om ele an a icles
Sea ch s a egy
The sea ch s a egy in ol ed he ollowing keywo ds:
• En i onmen al “Sus ainable U ban Fa ming, ” “Ho
Clima e, ” “Li e Cycle Assessmen ”, “LCA”, “Biodi e -
si y”, “Ci cula i y”, “Clima e Adap a ion”, “U ban Hea
Island”, “U ban Resilience”, “Sus ainabili y”, “En i on-
men al impac ”, “Impac modelling”, “Ecosys em”
• A chi ec u al and U ban Design “Adap i e Façades”,
“G een Façades”, “Ve ical Sys ems”, "Ve ical G een
Sys ems”, “G een Façade,” “Sus ainable U ban De el-
opmen ”, “Township De elopmen , “U ban Landscape”,
“U ban Resilience”, “Sus ainable U ban Fa ming”,
“U ban ag icul u e”, “Food”, “Plan s”, “O ganic eg-
e able”
• Technical “I iga ion Regimes”, “Ci cula i y”, “Func-
ionali y”, “Ene gy Pe o mance”, “Fog Wa e Ha es -
ing”, “Was e Wa e ”, “Wa e Managemen ”, “P e ab-
ica ed Building Modules”, “Kine ic G een Facades”,
“Hyb id Kine ic Facade”, “Responsi e Kine ic Facades”,
“I iga ion”, “O ganic was es”, “D ainage”, “Suppo ing
s uc u e”, “Shading”, “Fab ica ion”, “Ene gy model-
ling”, “Con olled-En i onmen Ag icul u e”, “Fe iliz-
e s”, “Hyd oponics”, “Ve ical a ming inno a ion”
• Social “The mal Com o ” and “Noise Reduc ion”,
“Noise measu emen s”, “Noise P edic ion” and “Noise
Annoyance” combined wi h “Cons uc ion Si es”, “Cool-
ing”, “Human heal h”, “Pollu ion”
Selec ion p ocess
Each eco d and epo e ie ed was sc eened by wo inde-
penden e iewe s. Disc epancies we e esol ed h ough dis-
cussion, and consensus was achie ed on all included s udies.
No au oma ion ools we e used in he selec ion p ocess.
Da a collec ion p ocess
Da a we e collec ed independen ly by wo e iewe s om
each epo . Any disag eemen s we e esol ed by discussion
and consensus. Da a included s udy objec i es, me hodolo-
gies, indings, and implica ions.
Da a i ems
Ou comes sough included he mal com o , ene gy pe -
o mance, ene gy p oduc ion, clima e adap a ion, ood p o-
duc ion, emission educ ion and u ban esilience. Va iables
included pa icipan cha ac e is ics, unding sou ces, and
s udy design. Assump ions made abou missing o unclea
in o ma ion we e no ed and desc ibed.
The li e a u e e iew ollowed a sys ema ic app oach o
encompass a comp ehensi e explo a ion o g een açades
in ho clima es and hei signi icance o sus ainable u ban
de elopmen . The e iew p ocess began wi h de ining he
scope and objec i es, ocusing on in e disciplina y insigh s
in o he design o g een açades and hei ole in u ban sus-
ainabili y. Fou g oups o keywo ds we e conside ed in he
scien i ic li e a u e e iew add essing a chi ec u al, u ban,
echnical, en i onmen al, economic and social aspec s o
VGS: En i onmen al: “Sus ainable U ban Fa ming”, “Ho
Clima e,” “Li e Cycle Assessmen ”, “LCA”, “Biodi e si y”,
“Ci cula i y”, “Clima e Adap a ion”, “U ban Hea Island”,
“U ban Resilience”; A chi ec u al and u ban design:
“Adap a i e Façades”, “G een Façades”, “Ve ical Sys ems”,
“Ve ical G een Sys ems”, “G een Façade,” “Sus ainable
U ban De elopmen ”, “Township de elopmen ”, “U ban
landscape”, “U ban Resilience”, “Sus ainable U ban Fa m-
ing”; Technical: “I iga ion Regimes”, “Ci cula i y”, “Func-
ionali y”, “Ene gy Pe o mance”, “Fog Wa e Ha es -
ing”, “Was e Wa e ”, “Wa e Managemen ”, “P e ab ica ed
Building Modules”; Social: “The mal Com o ” and “Noise
Reduc ion”, “Noise measu emen s”, “Noise P edic ion” and
“Noise Annoyance” combined wi h “Cons uc ion Si es”.
These keywo ds guided he sea ch ac oss se e al academic
da abases including Scopus, Web o Science, and Google
Schola .
The inclusion c i e ia we e se o conside pee - e iewed
a icles and au ho i a i e epo s published in English wi hin
he las 15yea s, speci ically add essing he ole o g een
açades in u ban sus ainabili y. Exclusions we e made o
non-pee - e iewed a icles, s udies no pe inen o ho cli-
ma es, o hose no add essing g een açades di ec ly. Ini ial
sc eening o i les and abs ac s o ele ance was ollowed
by a ull- ex e iew o ensu e alignmen wi h he esea ch
objec i es.
Key in o ma ion was ex ac ed om each selec ed a icle,
ocusing on objec i es, me hodologies, indings, and impli-
ca ions. This acili a ed a na a i e syn hesis o he ield,
K.Chojnacka e al.
highligh ing signi ican ends, challenges, and oppo uni-
ies. The quali y o included s udies was e alua ed based on
he cla i y o objec i es, app op ia eness o me hodology,
and obus ness o conclusions.
Re iew o hes a e‑o ‑ he‑a
As pe he indings p esen ed in he epo by Cope nicus
Clima e Change Se ice (C3S), he mos ecen eigh yea s
ha e eco ded he highes empe a u es, wi h an escala ion
in he in ensi y, equency, and du a ion o hea globally.
The assessmen ou lined in he OPCC epo 6 (AR6) indi-
ca es a u he ampli ica ion o hese ends in he ace o
escala ing clima e change. Consequen ly, he occu ence o
excep ionally high empe a u es and associa ed hea wa e
e en s is an icipa ed o signi ican ly ise in he nea u u e.
Addi ionally, he Medi e anean basin is expec ed o expe i-
ence d ough o unp eceden ed in ensi ies, su passing hose
obse ed o e he pas en millennia.
The esilience o buildings agains clima e impac s is
in ica ely ied o hei design, cons uc ion, and ope a ion.
Un o una ely, a majo i y o exis ing buildings lack adap-
a ions o an icipa ed ex eme empe a u es, leading o a
heigh ened isk o indoo o e hea ing, pa icula ly du ing
hea wa es. This phenomenon can pose signi ican heal h
isks, ampli ying mo bidi y and mo ali y, especially among
ulne able popula ions such as he elde ly o low-income
communi ies. Mo eo e , he inc eased eliance on ai -con-
di ioning o coun e ac hese empe a u e issues con ibu es
o ele a ed ene gy consump ion, escala ing ene gy cos s, and
indi ec ly uelling he clima e change cycle. In he Eu opean
con ex , he building sec o is he main con ibu o o ene gy
consump ion, accoun ing o 40% o he EU’s inal ene gy
consump ion and 36% o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
(Eu opean Commission 2020b). Consequen ly, o ecas ing
he in luence o clima e change on building pe o mance
and o mula ing adap a ion s a egies o add ess clima e-
ela ed challenges has eme ged as a c i ical ocus in building
esea ch. Howe e , conside ing buildings embodied ca bon
in VGS is also c i ical, as g ea e ma e ial e iciency could
sa e up o 80% o o al na ional buildings’ embodied GHG
emissions (Eu opean Commission 2020a) and educe he
con ibu ion o cons uc ion sec o o 35% o he EU's o al
was e gene a ion and 50% o ex ac ed ma e ials (Eu opean
Commission 2020a). Pa icula ly, na u e-based solu ions can
mi iga e he impac o he building sec o .
G een açades ha e been s udied o e he pas yea s as
a speci ic s a egy o imp o e buildings ex e nal en elope
pe o mance. Al hough he majo i y o cu en esea ch con-
side s he e ec on he mal com o and ene gy pe o mance
o buildings (Widias u i e al. 2020; Con e ino e al. 2023a,
2023b; Ramadhan and Mahmoud 2023; Cuce e al. 2021;
Jiang e al. 2023) and clima e mi iga ion and adap a ion
(Ko emba & Ah ens 2023; Widias u i e al. 2018; Nagde e
2024), only ew a icles ocus on en i onmen al assessmen
o g een açades.
En i onmen al aspec s
To assess he en i onmen al impac o building and build-
ing ma e ials, li e cycle assessmen (LCA) is a widely used
(CEN 2011) EN 15978, EN15804:2012+A2:2019). LCA
conside s all s ages in he li e cycle s a ing om he ex ac-
ion o aw ma e ials o e he p oduc ion and ins alla ion
o building ma e ials, he use phase o a building whe e
wa e and ene gy use is conside ed, up o he disman ling
o he building and he end-o -li e ea men o he building
ma e ials. LCA is desc ibed in in e na ional s anda ds (ISO
14040:2006 & ISO 14044:2006) and consis s o ou s eps.
In he i s s ep, he goal and scope o he LCA is de ined:
wha is s udied and o wha eason and wha is included
in he assessmen . The goal and scope sec ion includes he
de ini ion o he unc ional uni whe e i is desc ibed which
unc ion is p o ided (wha ), he ex en o he unc ion (how
much), he expec ed le el o quali y (how well) and he du a-
ion (how long). In he second s ep, he li e cycle in en o y
(LCI), all ele an da a a e collec ed. In s ep h ee he li e
cycle impac assessmen (LCIA) is done. This is he ac ual
calcula ion o he impac . In he inal s ep, he esul s o he
LCIA a e assessed.
O e he pas yea s, he en i onmen al impac o g een
açades has been s udied om di e en pe spec i es. The
majo i y o cu en esea ch conside s he e ec on he mal
com o and ene gy pe o mance o buildings (Widias u i
e al. 2020; Con e ino e al. 2023a, 2023b; Ramadhan and
Mahmoud 2023; Cuce e al. 2021; Jiang e al. 2023) and cli-
ma e mi iga ion and adap a ion (Ko emba & Ah ens 2023;
Widias u i e al. 2018; Nagde e 2024). Only ew a icles
ocus on en i onmen al assessmen o g een açades. Chà e
e al. (2021) use he ReCiPe LCA me hod o assess he en i-
onmen al impac o g een walls, while Oquendo-Di Cosola
e al. (2020) e e o he ILCD me hod. Al hough wo di -
e en me hods we e used, a mul ic i e ia app oach is used
on bo h pape s. As sugges ed by Habe e al. (2020) his
mul ic i e ia app oach is impo an since me ely ocusing
on he educ ion o one indica o such as o example GHG
emissions could esul in an inc ease in impac s on o he op-
ics o en i onmen al conce n such as biodi e si y loss, land
use and wa e sca ci y, he so-called isk o bu den shi ing.
The impo ance o including a a ie y o impac ca ego ies
is shown in he wo k o Oquendo-Di Cosola e al. and in he
wo k o Mou on e al. (2022) whe e, besides an impo an
impac on clima e change, addi ional impac s on ossil and
enewable esou ce deple ion, eshwa e eco oxici y, human
G een u ban ansi ion: in e disciplina y insigh s ong een açades design inho clima es…
oxici y cance e ec s, pa icula e ma e and land use we e
ound, especially o bio-based ma e ials.
To da e, he Eu opean s anda ds EN 15978 and
EN15804:2012+A2:2019 a e commonly used o assess he
en i onmen al impac o buildings in EU. This me hod is
based in he ILCD used in he wo k o Oquendo-Di Cosola
e al. Howe e , he e is no clea indica o o assess biodi-
e si y as he e is in he ReCiPe me hod used by Chà e
e al. The cu en lack o comp ehensi e me hods o assess
biodi e si y wi h LCA is desc ibed by Damiani e al. (2023).
They a gue ha cu en ly he e is no LCA me hod a ailable
ha conside s simul aneously he a ie y o p essu es on
biodi e si y, ecosys ems, axonomic g oups, essen ial biodi-
e si y a iables classes besides he undamen al aspec ha
should be conside ed o biodi e si y assessmen . Cu en
LCA me hods can gi e insigh in he global impac o he
g een açade on biodi e si y by conside ing di e en LCA
impac ca ego ies du ing he whole li e cycle o he g een
açade (e.g. by assessing he e ec o ha es ing wood on
land use o he e ec o he p oduc ion o e ilize s on eco-
oxici y). Howe e , LCA canno be used o assess he local
e ec s on biodi e si y, such as an inc eased numbe o spe-
cies, nes ing o o aging oppo uni ies.
A chi ec u al design u ban and echnical aspec s
Di ec ly linked o he choice o plan , g owing medium and
desi ed a chi ec u al o m is he selec ion and design o
he s uc u al sys em o suppo ing he VGS (Pacini e al.
2022). Since he la e wen ie h cen u y, esea ch and p ac-
ice ha e mos ly mo ed away om di ec g ow h solu ions
(plan g ow h on he unde lying wall i sel ) owa ds indi ec
g een açades and li ing walls. In he o me o he mo e
con empo a y app oaches, an ex e nal load-bea ing s uc u e
is employed in a double skin con igu a ion suppo ing modu-
la plan ing con aine s, whe eas in he la e he suppo ing
s uc u e is used o he moun ing o con inuous g ow h pan-
els and geo ex ile el s (Ogu e al. 2022; Pe ez e al. 2014).
Ma e ials ypically used o he cons uc ion o he sup-
po ing s uc u e include coa ed s ainless o gal anized s eel,
aluminium and plas ics. No el ma e ial solu ions, wi h only
limi ed use as o oday, include specially designed conc e e
panels (Riley e al. 2019). The choice o ma e ial a ec s
he o e all unc ional p ope ies o he s uc u e, p ima ily
i s weigh , he hickness o he p o iles o panels, physical
du abili y, load-bea ing capaci y, s uc u al s i ness and cos
(Ba an and Gül ekin 2018; Ogu e al. 2022).
The s uc u e i sel is shaped as a sys em o g ids and
wi e- ope ne s (pos - ensioned), modula ellis panels o
pe o a ed shee s, o name he mos widesp ead solu ions.
Rega dless o he ma e ial and s uc u al ypology chosen,
he sys em needs o be adequa ely ancho ed o he unde -
lying wall and, po en ially, o he g ound, o s abili y. In
addi ion o suppo ing he plan ing medium, he s uc u al
sys em is i al o moun ing addi ional unc ional com-
ponen s, such as nigh -ligh ing equipmen (possibly also
equi ed o ensu ing plan g ow h), empe a u e and mois-
u e senso s and all equi ed wi ing (Ba an and Gül ekin
2018; Ogu e al. 2022). Al hough i has no ecei ed he
equi ed a en ion in esea ch and p ac ice, p ope s uc u al
assessmen and main enance o he load-bea ing sys em is
essen ial o ensu ing longe i y and accomplishmen o LCA
objec i es (O elé e al. 2011). O e all, he a ailable esea ch
li e a u e lacks a sys ema ic compa a i e s udy o he ela i e
ad an ages and disad an ages o he a ailable solu ions o
VGS as well as o he in e ac ion o he suppo ing s uc u e
wi h he exis ing s uc u al subs a e.
The e a e only a ew s udies abou he adap abili y and
ease o VGS o p omo e esou ce e iciency and longe -
i y. In he con ex o Ci cula Economy (CE), he abili y o
easily emo e o eloca e VGS wi hou causing pe manen
damage o he building s uc u e p o ides oppo uni ies o
ecycling and eusing he componen s, educing was e and
en i onmen al impac . Jimenez e al. (2023) a e explo ing
ea ly-s age design op ions o low cos s and embodied ca bon
in VGS.
Kine ic g een acades, which a e a combina ion o g een
açades and kine ic açades, can play a signi ican ole in
clima e change mi iga ion. Al hough cu en ly mainly e -
ical s a ic sys ems a e used, in ecen yea s he e has been
an in ensi e de elopmen o kine ic sys ems, equipped wi h
mo able elemen s ha espond o ex e nal dynamic condi-
ions and combine he ad an ages o bo h ypes o açades
(Sey ek e al. 2021). In pa icula , he esponsi e and adap-
i e p ope ies o kine ic acades, such as dec ease ene gy
consump ion, imp o emen in ligh ing and ene gy gene a-
ion, gla e educ ion o ood p oduc ion, ha e al eady been
well desc ibed in he li e a u e (Globa e al. 2022) and b ing
a new quali y o g een açades. In ho -d y clima es, kine ic
açades ha e a pa icula ly impo an impac on educing
ene gy consump ion o cooling he building (Bacha and
Bou bia 2026).
As o kine ic mo emen , he e a e açades wi h o a ing,
sliding, olding, scalable, de o mable, scisso o hyb id ele-
men s (Globa e al. 2022; Wasee and Nashaa 2017), mos
o en made o du able, ligh weigh ma e ials wi h s uc u al
p ope ies. As shown by Globa e al. (2022), o a ional
mo emen is he mos popula as con i med by cu en ly
implemen ed kine ic açades p o o ypes. The açade wi h
panels illed wi h algae in he BIQ building in Hambu g
enables dynamic shading o he in e io while p oducing
biomass and hea . The G een Pixel p ojec allows o he
placemen o con aine s wi h plan s in o a ing modules and
hei po en ial con ol and main enance by wa e hyd oponic
sys ems (Globa e al. 2022). In he Kine ic G een Facade
p ojec , he s uc u al ame o a es a ound i s own axis
K.Chojnacka e al.
mo ed by a non-elec ic ac ua o illed wi h wax (Sanchez
2017). O he a ian s o he acade elemen s mo emen we e
used in he by Kiss and Ca ha d (2010) in ol ing he e ical
mo emen o po s wi h plan s inside a double acade o in
he scisso s sys em ac ing like an o igami model, p oposed
by T ombado e e al. (2017) using lexible ETFE panels wi h
algae- illed ubes embedded inside.
An impo an aspec o kine ic g een açades design is he
po en ial o esponsi eness and adap abili y o speci ic en i-
onmen al condi ions in he con ex o he in ended esul .
G owing echnological possibili ies ha e enabled he de el-
opmen o mul iple kine ic açade echnologies wi h a i-
ous unc ion, loca ion and echnology. Ko niyenko (2021)
lis s eigh dominan echnologies, including: clima e adap-
i e building skins (CABS), biomime ic adap i e building
skins (Bio-ABS), e ical g eene y sys ems (VGS) o acade
augmen ed HVAC and elec ical sys ems. Signi ican di e -
ences in he kine ic acades ypology occu a he le el o
he physical domain and hey se e as pa o adap a ion o
en i onmen al condi ions. Ko niyenko (2021) indica ed i e
domains ( he mal, ai and mois u e lows, op ical, acous-
ic, elec ical). Wasee and EL-Mowa y (2017) ocus also
on i e bu om a di e en pe spec i e (aes he ic, ene gy
gene a ion, en i onmen al con ol, noise con ol, humid-
i y con ol). A sys em equipped wi h con ol, de ec ion and
ac ua ion echnologies is esponsible o de ec ing, in e p e -
ing and p ocessing he signal om he en i onmen . Ac ua-
o s a e used in he mo emen p ocess, which change he
ene gy embodied in he o m o a signal in o ac ion based
on mechanical, elec ical, pneuma ic, hyd aulic and ma e ial
ac ua o echnologies. The la e ype o ac ua o s ope a e
based on molecula changes in bulk s uc u es when s imu-
la ed by ex e nal signals such as ligh pho ons, empe a u e
changes, chemicals, magne ic ield s eng hs and elec ical
ene gy lows. Ma e ial mo emen s a e c ea ed by changes
in olume, shape, colou , luidi y, and elec ical cu en s
(Ma in e al. 2017). Kine ic G een Facade is an example o
a g een kine ic açade based on ma e ial ac ua o s (Sanchez
2017). The mal ac ua o s ope a e hanks o he wax con-
ained in hem, ha ing he abili y o expand. When he ac ua-
o and i s su oundings a e wa m, he wax wi hin he sys em
slowly mel s causing i o expand, eleasing he o ce ha
o a es he panels. In his way, hanks o he passi e use o
he na u al p ope ies o he ma e ial, ene gy sa ings a e
achie ed.
Social aspec s
High noise le els gene a ed in cons uc ion si es, as o he ai
pollu an s, impac nega i ely on he heal h and beha iou o
wo ke s and neighbou s. Exposu e o high noise le els leads
o ca dio ascula diseases and causes sleep dis u bance,
annoyance, s ess and cogni i e p oblems, signi ican ly
educing he disabili y-adjus ed li e-yea s (DALYs) acco d-
ing o he WHO (2011). Noise mi iga ion in cons uc ion
si es can be achie ed by ac ing on he sou ce, on he ecei e
and on he ansmission pa h (Soh abi e al. 2020). Fo he
p esen opic o modula eno a ion p ocesses, he mi iga-
ion ac ions ega ding he ecei e and he ansmission
pa h a e no di e en han hose applied o o he adi ional
cons uc ion si es. Ac ing di ec ly on he noise sou ce leads
o he bes esul s, since his e ec is bene icial o any
ecei e in any di ec ion and dis ance om he cons uc ion
si e. Mainly, educing he o al cons uc ion ime di ec ly
educes he noise exposi ion by he same pe cen age. Modu-
la eno a ion signi ican ly educes he exposu e o noise by
emo ing some o he noisie s ages o cons uc ion, such as
demoli ion, ounda ion and ea hwo k (Lee e al. 2019). This
leads o u he educ ion o exposu e o noise o neigh-
bou s and on-si e cons uc ion wo ke s.
O he noise mi iga ion echniques in ol e synch oniza-
ion o he use o machines wi h cons uc ion s ages in o de
o mask some noises o combining ac i i ies wi hou inc eas-
ing he o al annoyance (Lee e al. 2015). The noise le els in
cons uc ion si es can ei he be de e mined by measu emen s
(Balles e os e al. 2010) o be p edic ed by nume ical models
(Gilch is e al. 2003; Zhang e al. 2014). The magni ude
o hese noise le els, oge he wi h hei sou ce (equipmen
o ac i i y), has been ela ed o annoyance h ough su ey
s udies (Lee e al. 2015).
The indoo noise com o o he eno a ed dwellings can
be imp o ed wi h he modula eno a ion p ocess which
allows o easily adap he ansmission loss o he di e -
en ma e ials ha con o m he açade o he a eas o each
cons uc i e elemen . Final alues o he ansmission loss,
and an es ima ion o he in e io noise based on he local
noise map, can be measu ed a he es si es ollowing ISO
16283-3:2016.
In‑dep h s udy ong een açade design
inho clima es
Clima e, açade o ien a ion, unc ion, backg ound, su -
oundings in u ban en i onmen , sys em de ail pa ame e s
and plan ela ed pa ame e s e ec he design o clima e
esilien and ene gy-e icien e ical g een açades sui able
o he u ban con ex (Sey ek Şık e al. 2022; Gamal e al.
2023; Pe ini e al. 2012). The ole o g een açades in u ban
wa e managemen ex ends beyond me e aes he ics. These
sys ems a e ins umen al in imp o ing u ban uno quali y,
con ibu ing o a heal hie u ban en i onmen (Ma ín e al.
2023; Co ês e al. 2019). The implemen a ion o indoo
e ical g eene y sys ems, pa icula ly in u ban opical
en i onmen s (Wang e al. 2016), demons a es hei po en-
ial in imp o ing indoo ai quali y and building aes he ics.
G een u ban ansi ion: in e disciplina y insigh s ong een açades design inho clima es…
In eg a ing e ical g een sys ems (VGS) wi h exis ing
HVAC sys ems helps manage indoo humidi y and empe a-
u e le els, enhancing he mal com o and ai quali y wi hin
buildings (Ko niyenko 2021). Implemen ing kine ic shading
de ices ha adjus based on sola exposu e educes hea gain
and imp o es indoo com o (Globa e al. 2022).
Designing VGS o ho clima es equi es ca e ul consid-
e a ion o ensu e hei e ec i eness and sus ainabili y. I
equi emen s o ho clima e and en i onmen al condi ions
will no be conside ed, plan losses due o d ough , excessi e
wa e loss, and dec ease in p oduc quali y and quan i y in
ypes used o ood p oduc ion a e obse ed. In addi ion,
he en i onmen al bene i s o hese sys ems, such as hei
con ibu ion o inc easing he mal pe o mance in buildings,
a e s ongly depended on hei ea u es designed acco ding
o he clima ic condi ions.
P ac ical sugges ions o VGS design inho clima es
Fea u es o he VGS ela ed o plan species, s uc u al sys-
em and subs a e, i iga ion and e iliza ion impac he
en i onmen al bene i s o hese sys ems such as p o iding
be e he mal pe o mance and ai quali y and hei longe -
i y, cos and main enance needs. The ollowing p ac ical sug-
ges ions and guidance a e based on in e disciplina y insigh s
om ou s udy:
1. Selec ing sui able plan s species The en i onmen al ben-
e i s and su i al o e ical g een açades a e di ec ly
ela ed o app op ia e plan selec ion. A me hodology
o sui able plan selec ion is p esen ed by Ca lucci e al.
(2023). The p ocess includes 5 main s ages. The i s
s age is p oblem s a emen (clima ic condi ions, en i-
onmen al s esses, wind pa e ns, sunligh exposu es,
isual aspec s, plan physiological pa ame e s such as
canopy s uc u e and oliage densi y, sensi i i y o pol-
lu ion, nu ien needs, and plan g ow h a e, wa e ing
and main enance needs, e c.). Taxonomy is iden i ied as
esul o his s age. The ollowing s ages a e iden i ica-
ion o sui able plan species, sc eening (examina ion o
candida e species acco ding o p e e ed sys em design
cha ac e is ics o VGS), eligibili y and inal selec ion
wi h he conside a ion o ex e nal ac o s like he plan-
a ion pe iod, ma ke a ailabili y and plan cos . P e-
sen ed me hodology is used o modula li ing wall in
The Cyp us Ins i u e in Medi e anean semi-a id clima e
and species such as Gazania igens a . leucolaena,
La andula angus i olia, Men ha spica a, O iganum
ulga e, Po ulaca g andi lo a, Rosma inus o icinalis
and Thymus ulga is a e chosen o d ough - and hea -
ole ance, lowe main enance, di e si y in aes he ics and
con ibu ion o biodi e si y as much as possible.
Using d ough - esis an and hea - ole an plan species
ensu es su i al unde high empe a u es. Na i e plan s o
hose which a e well adap ed o he local clima e a e p e -
e able (Dunne and Kingsbu y 2008; Manso and Cas o-
Gomes 2015). D ough ole an ines (Dunne and Kings-
bu y 2008) o g een açades and succulen plan s o li ing
walls (Manso and Cas o-Gomes 2015) a e be e op ions
o ho -d y clima es. Bu in he humid o we condi ions he
d ough ole an species such as succulen s a e no sui able
(Cha oenki and Yiemwa ana 2021). Mo eo e , selec ing
plan s based on he açade’s o ien a ion op imizes sunligh
exposu e (Pan e al. 2018). The e ec o shading by su -
ounding s uc u es on plan su i al should also be con-
side ed. Plan s wi h highe lea a ea index (LAI) p o ides
be e shading (Con e ino e al. 2022). Small o medium
size o lea es can inc ease ai ci cula ion wi hin he canopy
(Cha oenki and Yiemwa ana 2017). Finally, in o de o p e-
dic he he mal pe o mance o e ical g een açades, all
physiological p ope ies o he plan , such as lea ansmis-
si i y, abso p i i y, oliage hickness, s oma al esis ance,
and ypical lea dimension (Sey ek Şık e al. 2022) should
be e alua ed oge he wi h o he ac o s ha a e iden i ied
in he i s s age o me hodology p esen ed by Ca lucci e al.
(2023) such as clima ic condi ions, en i onmen al s esses,
wind pa e ns and sunligh exposu es.
2. Taking p ecau ions o inc ease clima e esilience in
s uc u al and subs a e design Shading s a egies can
be inco po a ed in o e ical g een açades design o
inc ease clima e esilience by p o ec ing plan s om
excessi e hea and sola adia ion, s ong winds, and o
p e en inc ease in wa e demand o he sys em. Shading
de ices can be designed as passi e o kine ic. Passi e
shading de ices can be in eg a ed in he e ical g een
açades s uc u e o as seconda y laye in on o he
g eene y. These shading de ices a e easy o in eg a e,
inexpensi e and do no equi e ex a ene gy o pe o m.
Bu hei esponse o changing clima ic condi ions is
always he same. In he Ve iKKA p ojec (2024), pho-
o ol aic modules a e in eg a ed wi h e ical g eene y.
These modules aim o p oduce elec ici y while p o ec -
ing he açade g eene y om ex eme wea he condi-
ions.
Kine ic shading can be achie ed in wo ways, ei he by
sel -shading o he kine ic açade modules o by he in e-
g a ion o kine ic shading elemen s in o he sys em. The
sel -shading mo emen o he e ical g een açade mod-
ules changes he angle o incidence o sola adia ion on he
modules, p o ec ing plan s om excessi e sola adia ion.
The design conside a ions o sel -shading sys ems a e he
modules’ weigh , he amoun and sou ce o ene gy equi ed
o he mo emen , i iga ion and d ainage mechanisms,
K.Chojnacka e al.
s uc u al sys em and mo able join s du abili y. Ano he
shading op ion is o use kine ic shading elemen s. The
in en ion desc ibed by Wu e al. (2018) con ains sunsc een
glass pane ins alled on a mo able ame o p o ec he plan s
om sola adia ion a noon. The sys em has cold ai pipes
ixed o he lowe su ace o he mo able ame o p o ide
coole ai o plan s. Kine ic shading elemen s can also be
posi ioned in on o he g eene y as a second laye . Such a
shading s a egy o e s se e al design al e na i es in e ms
o selec ion o ma e ials, geome y, mo emen , and con ol
mechanism. In addi ion, he po en ial o esponds a ie y o
kine ic shading laye o di e en clima ic and en i onmen al
s imuli can p o ide be e p o ec ion o sys em and plan s.
Designing obus s uc u al sys ems can suppo he
weigh o he g een açade and wi hs and en i onmen al
s esses. Ma e ials like coa ed s ainless s eel, aluminium, o
specially designed conc e e panels a e e ec i e (Ba an and
Gül ekin 2018; Riley e al. 2019). Inco po a ing modula
design elemen s acili a es easy main enance and eplace-
men o plan s o s uc u al componen s, enhancing he
sys em’s longe i y and adap abili y (Sole a Jimenez e al.
2023). Mah ous e al. (2022) also unde lined ha in ho
humid clima es such as in No he n Egyp bio ecep i e
conc e e panels which con ain moss, a e al e na i e o com-
mon VGS ypes.
Ai gap be ween ege a ion and wall su ace is an impo -
an pa ame e o he mal pe o mance o e ical g een
açades (Sey ek Şık e al. 2022). Dep h o ai gap o whe he
i is sealed o open changes he cooling pe o mance depend-
en ly o sys em ype, clima e and o ien a ion.
3. P o iding e icien i iga ion and implemen a ion o
al e na i e wa e esou ces In ho clima ic egions, all
decisions ega ding he i iga ion, plan species selec ion
and design o he sys em de ails a e impo an o he
e ical g een açade o be long-las ing and sus ainable.
I iga ion amoun and egime e ec s cooling ia e apo-
anspi a ion wi h plan s and subs a e (Bakhshoodeh
e al. 2022; G ä e al. 2021). Co ec i iga ion es i-
ma ions ensu e he plan s’ su i al (Riley 2017). Fu -
he mo e, g eywa e o ainwa e can be used o i i-
ga ion o e ical g een açades o educe dependency
o po able wa e . Howe e , disin ec ion o was ewa e
o g eywa e a e he ea men uni is necessa y o
educe he isk o di ec e ec o pa hogens o he human
heal h. G eywa e can also be il e ed by he e ical
g een açades. G eywa e ea men capaci y o e ical
g een açades depends on he selec ion o plan species
and subs a e componen s (P adhan e al. 2019). Lakho
e al. (2021a; b) demons a ed sus ainable use o a g een
wall o ea ing g eywa e and eusing he e luen o
oile lushing. Al e na i e wa e sou ce is og ha es -
ing. Pi ouz e al. (2020) analysed new li ing wall wi h
og ha es ing mesh ins alled o p o ide supplemen a y
wa e o sys em, inc ease he e iciency and ad an ages
o g een walls wi hou consuming ex a ene gy, pa icu-
la ly in summe wi h lowe p ecipi a ion. Summe og
ha es ing in Medi e anean clima e yields 1.4–4.6L/
m2/day while wa e consump ion o a g een wall is
4–8L/m2/day. I g een walls inc ease ela i e humidi y,
he po en ial o a mosphe ic wa e ha es ing inc eases.
Bi on o e al. (2023) men ioned ha building açades
wi h og ha es ing mesh in Medi e anean clima e
can p o ide wa e supplemen in win e and shading in
summe . Ai pu i ica ion is also achie ed ia plan s and
mesh. Fog phenomenon depends on he en i onmen al
and clima ic cha ac e is ics o he egion. Mo e de ailed
esea ch on he og ha es ing capaci y o e ical g een
sys ems is equi ed o inc ease he accu acy o es ima-
ions o og ha es ing as sus ainable wa e esou ce.
Au oma ed senso -based i iga ion sys ems can educe
o inc ease i iga ion acco ding o wind, ai empe a u e,
ain all and he mois u e le el in subs a e. Compu e s can
be connec ed o he wea he s a ion o wea he o ecas o
imp o e i iga ion du ing d ough seasons in ho clima e.
Subs a e ma e ials’ wa e e en ion capaci y and i s du a-
ion a e impo an o dec easing wa e loses. Bu wa e
e en ion capaci y is no enough o gua an ee he e icien
i iga ion and well-being o plan s. The choice o a sui -
able i iga ion schedule (numbe o i iga ion e en s and
hei du a ion) impac s sus ainabili y o VGS. Kal sidi
e al. (2020) men ioned ha sho i iga ion e en s and
highe equencies a e expec ed o help o p o ide wa e
use e iciency o VGS.
4. Applying o ganic e ilize s and nano e ilize s Apply-
ing o ganic e ilize s and nano e ilize s enhances plan
g ow h and soil heal h. These e ilize s imp o e nu i-
en up ake e iciency and educe en i onmen al impac
(Seleiman e al. 2021; Amma e al. 2022). Choosing
subs a es ha p o ide adequa e d ainage, ae a ion, and
nu ien e en ion suppo s heal hy plan g ow h (Jim
2015).
Fe ilize s o g een acades
Fe ilize s con ibu e o he g ow h and ecological bene i s
o u ban ege a ion, con ibu ing o en i onmen al sus ain-
abili y, clima e change mi iga ion, and esou ce e iciency in
u ban a eas. Recen ad ancemen s in e ilize echnology,
speci ically hei ole in enhancing bo h he unc ionali y
and en i onmen al aspec s o g een açade sys ems in he
con ex o sus ainable u ban de elopmen a e discussed. A
G een u ban ansi ion: in e disciplina y insigh s ong een açades design inho clima es…
ounda ion o a comp ehensi e explo a ion o a ious ypes
o e ilize s and echnological solu ions o hei applica-
ion, oge he wi h hei con ibu ions o sus ainable u ban
de elopmen , is p o ided.
Inno a i e e ilize s o g een açades
U ban ag icul u e is wi nessing a ans o ma i e shi
h ough he adop ion o inno a i e e iliza ion me hods and
ad anced a ming echniques. The de elopmen s, cha ac e -
ized by eco- iendly and e icien p ac ices, a e impo an
in aligning u ban ag icul u al ini ia i es wi h sus ainabil-
i y objec i es. The in oduc ion o no el app oaches, such
as bio e ilize s and nano echnology-based solu ions, is an
impo an s ep owa ds enhancing he ecological heal h and
p oduc i i y o u ban g een spaces.
Technological ad ancemen s in u ban g een walls e i-
liza ion ha e led o he de elopmen o p ecision e ilize
applica o s, which signi ican ly imp o e he e ilize appli-
ca ion p ocess in u ban g een spaces (Chen e al. 2018). The
economic aspec s o u ban plan sys ems using ad anced e -
iliza ion me hods ha e been explo ed, wi h he conside a-
ion o hei iabili y and sus ainabili y (Lia os e al. 2016;
Li e al. 2020). S udies ha e also emphasized he ecological
bene i s o g een acades, compa ing hem o un- ege a ed
walls, hus ein o cing he signi icance o inno a i e e ili-
za ion in u ban en i onmen s (Blanco e al. 2021). The p e-
cision in wa e and nu ien deli e y o u ban g een acades
has been highligh ed by esea ch on he e ec s o d ip low
a e in i iga ion sys ems, which is c ucial o op imizing
e iga ion me hods (Wamse e al. 2015). The e ec i eness
o e ical low cons uc ed we lands in g eywa e ea men
o u ban g een açades and ga dens showcases i s applica-
bili y and en i onmen al bene i s (S e ana ou e al. 2024).
Nano- e iliza ion, ecognized o i s po en ial o sus ain-
ably enhance plan g ow h, can be used in g een acade e i-
liza ion p ac ice (Benis e al. 2017; Benis and Fe ão 2018).
Nano e ilize s ma k a signi ican ad ancemen in p ac ices
o g een walls, p omo ing plan g ow h while minimizing
en i onmen al impac , hus s ee ing owa ds mo e sus ain-
able e iliza ion me hods (Nongbe e al. 2022; Villalba
e al. 2023).
O ganic e ilize s a e use ul in u ban a ming o hei
capaci y o mi iga e soil N2O emissions, an impo an en i-
onmen al aspec (Hei e al. 2023). Algae a e ecognized
as p omising bio e ilize s, enhancing soil e ili y and aid-
ing plan g ow h in u ban ag icul u e se ings (Amma e al.
2022). The in eg a ion o mic oalgae-based bio e ilize s in
u ban ag icul u al p ac ices has demons a ed hei e ec i e-
ness in inc easing plan g ow h by enhancing soil and plan
heal h (Cao e al. 2023). The Phy o-P-Mining echnique,
which eco e s phospho us om u ban was e, exempli ies
inno a i e u ban ag icul u al p ac ices (Nehls e al. 2015).
Black soldie ly ass, as an eco- iendly e ilize , is gain-
ing a en ion o i s en i onmen al bene i s in u ban ag icul-
u e (Abiya e al. 2022).
The inno a i e use o Fe ilize D awn Fo wa d Osmo-
sis (FDFO) in andem wi h p essu e-assis ed osmosis ep-
esen s an inno a i e app oach in sus ainable u ban wa e
managemen o g een acades. This me hod is essen ial in
unde s anding he in e ac ion o o ganic e ilize s wi h soil
mic obiomes and assessing hei en i onmen al implica-
ions, especially ele an o e ical g een s uc u es (Meng
e al. 2022). The FDFO echnique, known o i s wa e con-
se a ion and e icien e ilize u iliza ion, eme ges as a
signi ican inno a ion, enhancing he e ec i eness and sus-
ainabili y o e ilize s used in u ban g een walls (Kim e al.
2019).
In eg a ion o sus ainable p ac ices ing een açades
In eg a ing sus ainable ag icul u al me hods in o u ban land-
scapes enhances he de elopmen o e icien g een acades.
In u ban con ex s, g een walls p o ide p ima y pho osyn-
he ic p oduc ion bu also educa e he public abou sus ain-
able plan s cul i a ion (Benis e al. 2017; Benis and Fe ão
2018). Soilless cul i a ion con ibu es o u ban biodi e si y
and ecosys em se ices. By inc easing g een co e on build-
ings, hese sys ems help mi iga e he u ban hea island e ec
and can educe ene gy consump ion (Jim 2015; Blanco e al.
2021). They suppo ai pu i ica ion and ca bon seques a-
ion, enhancing u ban ecological heal h (Co celli e al.
2019).
Ve ical a ming, c ucial in dense u ban a eas, e ec i ely
u ilizes e ical space and con ibu es o educing he ca bon
oo p in (Despommie 2011). S udies ha e shown ha e i-
cal hyd oponic a ming sys ems a e esou ce-e icien and
sui able o in eg a ion wi h g een acades and oo op ga -
dens in u ban planning (Ma in e al. 2019, 2022; Sanjuan-
Delmás e al. 2018). No- ill a ming p ac ices, equen ly
used in g een walls, ocus on minimizing soil dis u bance
and p ese ing soil in eg i y. This app oach is bene icial in
u ban se ings, educing soil e osion and main aining soil
heal h (Dang e al. 2020).
The en i onmen al impac o soilless plan cul i a ion,
pa icula ly in e ms o N2O emissions, highligh s i s signi i-
cance in sus ainable u ban g een acade p ac ices, o e ing
solu ions beyond adi ional soil-based ag icul u e (Llo ach-
Massana e al. 2017). Soilless cul i a ion in u ban g een
acades is an e ec i e solu ion o he en i onmen al chal-
lenges o adi ional soil-based ag icul u e in u ban se ings.
This app oach, pa icula ly in educing ni ous oxide (N2O)
emissions, is a key elemen in sus ainable u ban ag icul u e.
K.Chojnacka e al.
be pe o med du ing he design phase o he solu ion.
This is especially c ucial in he case o he i age s uc-
u es wi h limi ed s uc u al capaci y. Secondly, ega d-
ing he assessmen o he s uc u al pe o mance o he
sys em and i s in e ac ion wi h he exis ing unde lying
skin, non-des uc i e inspec ion and long- e m moni o -
ing ope a ions egis e ing he de elopmen o de o ma-
ions, ancho age pull-ou and possible c acks need o be
mo e sys ema ically pe o med pos -ins alla ion. Thi dly,
he geome y o he p o iles o be used and he design o
he connec ions can be enhanced o acili a e he disas-
sembly o dis inc building elemen s, ensu ing echnical
e e sibili y, a p e equisi e o achie ing CE. Fou hly,
mul i unc ional solu ions o he load-bea ing sys em,
allowing o double as a s abilizing o s eng hening in e -
en ion o he unde lying s uc u e can be explo ed in
he case o s uc u ally ulne able buildings. This can
be accomplished h ough he use o hea ie p o iles o
he la ice s uc u e and mo e esis an ancho age means.
Finally, he use o inno a i e and na u e-based ma e ials
mus be mo e con iden ly in es iga ed and pu sued. Sma
cemen i ious ma e ials open up op ions o de o ma ion
and empe a u e sel -sensing capabili ies, while he use o
imbe can esul in d as ically di e en aes he ic esul s.
G een acades in ho clima es p esen unique chal-
lenges ha mus be add essed o ensu e hei sus ainabil-
i y and e ec i eness. While he bene i s o VGS in ho
clima es a e well documen ed, such as na u al cooling
and educed u ban hea island e ec s, he e a e signi i-
can challenges ha need o be managed. These include
plan su i al, wa e esou ce managemen , and he mal
com o issues in a ying ho clima e zones.
Plan su i al
In ho clima es, pa icula ly a id zones, plan s used in VGS
need o be d ough - esis an and capable o wi hs anding
high empe a u es. The selec ion o plan species is c i i-
cal; using na i e o well-adap ed species can enhance he
su i al a es and esilience o he g een acade (Dunne
& Kingsbu y 2008; Sey ek Şık e al. 2022). Addi ionally,
inco po a ing shading s a egies, such as passi e and kine ic
shading de ices, can p o ec plan s om excessi e sola adi-
a ion, educing he isk o o e hea ing and desicca ion (Pi -
ouz e al. 2020). Li le e idence and esea ch has been ound
in he li e a u e on he in luence o kine ic elemen s in VGS
on plan esis ance o demanding clima ic condi ions and
high empe a u es. Due o he small numbe o exis ing and
s ill p o o ype VGS ins alla ions con aining kine ic elemen s
(Sanchez 2017; T ombado e e al. 2017), his is s ill an a ea
s udied in a small numbe o s udies (Sey ek Şık e al. 2022;
Globa e al. 2022), al hough he impac o kine ic acades
hemsel es on he mal com o and ene gy pe o mance o
buildings is al eady well esea ched and has been analysed in
many s udies (Globa e al. 2022; Ko niyenko 2021; Wasee
and EL-Mowa y 2017). Too ew p ac ical applica ions do
no ye allow o gene al conclusions o be d awn as o he
ad isabili y o using kine ic elemen s, e.g. in he con ex o
using a wide g oup o plan species, ex ending he g ow-
ing season, inc easing c op yield, e c., due o he possibili y
o p o iding hem wi h mo e accep able condi ions using
kine ic VGS.
Wa e esou ce managemen
Wa e sca ci y is a signi ican issue in ho , a id clima es,
making e icien i iga ion sys ems essen ial o he sus aina-
bili y o g een acades. G eywa e ecycling and og ha es -
ing a e inno a i e solu ions ha can p o ide supplemen al
wa e sou ces wi hou elying on po able wa e (P adhan
e al. 2019; Pi ouz e al. 2020). Au oma ed senso -based
i iga ion sys ems can op imize wa e usage by adjus ing
i iga ion based on eal- ime en i onmen al condi ions, hus
ensu ing ha plan s ecei e adequa e wa e wi hou was age.
The mal com o andhumidi y con ol
In ho , humid clima es, managing humidi y and ensu ing
he mal com o can be challenging. Ve ical g een sys ems
can imp o e indoo he mal com o by educing indoo
empe a u es and enhancing ai quali y. Howe e , i is c u-
cial o design hese sys ems o p e en excessi e humidi y,
which can lead o discom o and po en ial s uc u al issues.
In eg a ing g een acades wi h exis ing HVAC sys ems can
help main ain op imal humidi y le els and enhance o e all
he mal com o (Manso & Cas o-Gomes 2015).
Conclusions
This s udy highligh s he ans o ma i e po en ial o g een
açades as a c ucial s a egy o low-ca bon de elopmen
in ho clima es. The in e disciplina y app oach unde sco es
he impo ance o combining a chi ec u al, s uc u al, and
en i onmen al conside a ions o op imize he design and
unc ionali y o VGS.
Fu u e esea ch should ocus on de eloping comp ehen-
si e LCA me hods ha assess bo h global and local impac s
on biodi e si y and o he en i onmen al indica o s, conduc -
ing long- e m s udies o e alua e he esilience and adap -
abili y o VGS unde changing clima ic condi ions, imple-
men ing and moni o ing p ac ical demons a o s o alida e
G een u ban ansi ion: in e disciplina y insigh s ong een açades design inho clima es…
he scalabili y and eplicabili y o p oposed solu ions, and
enhancing building ene gy modelling echniques o include
g een in as uc u e and i s e ec s on building pe o mance.
Mo eo e , he challenge o implemen ing VGS in build-
ings emphasizes he impo ance o p io i izing accessibil-
i y du ing he design phase. An inclusi e design app oach
no only ensu es e ec i e main enance bu ans o ms hese
s uc u es in o inclusi e ocal poin s o ec ea ion, educa-
ion, and social in e ac ion, he eby enhancing he o e all
quali y o li e o di e se communi y membe s.
The selec ion o plan species eme ges as a c i ical ac o
in luencing he success and sus ainabili y o VGS. A s a-
egic app oach o plan selec ion goes beyond ho icul u e,
impac ing he sys em’s unc ionali y, aes he ics, and con-
ibu ion o en i onmen al well-being. The ca e ul consid-
e a ion o plan species enhances he sys em’s esilience,
longe i y, and ecological bene i s. Fu u e esea ch should
concen a e on e ining bio-based echnologies, including
bio-based e ilize s o u ban g een açades, assessing hei
long- e m e ec s, and in eg a ing hem in o u ban designs.
Ongoing e o s a e essen ial o de elop sus ainable and
adap able e iliza ion s a egies ha espond o he changing
needs o u ban landscapes. Collabo a ion ac oss disciplines
such as science, u ban planning, and policy-making is neces-
sa y o es ablish comp ehensi e and e ec i e s a egies o
he sus ainable de elopmen o u ban g een acades.
Add essing he weigh and s uc u al in eg a ion o VGS
wi hin exis ing buildings is ano he essen ial aspec . The
esea ch gaps iden i ied in his a ea unde sco e he necessi y
o dedica ed nume ical analysis du ing he design phase,
non-des uc i e inspec ion and long- e m moni o ing pos -
ins alla ion, and explo a ion o mul i unc ional load-bea ing
sys ems using inno a i e and na u e-based ma e ials.
The signi icance o in elligen and sus ainable e ili-
za ion p ac ices, c ucial o main aining and de eloping
u ban g een acades, is also demons a ed. The s udy
showcases di e si y and inno a ion in e iliza ion p ac-
ices a ailable o g een acades e ilize s, om o ganic
e ilize s and mic oalgae-based bio e ilize s o ad anced
nano e ilize s. To suppo g ow h and o e all heal h o
VGS, i is necessa y o p o ide p ima y mac o-nu ien s—
ni ogen, phospho us, and po assium, ollowed by essen ial
mic o-nu ien s like coppe , manganese, zinc, and i on,
and comple ed wi h g ow h-suppo ing subs ances, includ-
ing bios imulan s and bio egula o s, which imp o e nu i-
en e iciency and plan esilience.
Add essing hese esea ch gaps equi es a mul idiscipli-
na y and o wa d-looking app oach, encompassing aspec s
o enginee ing, ecology, accessibili y, and sus ainable
design. The po en ial o VGS lies no only in hei imme-
dia e en i onmen al bene i s bu also in hei capaci y o
shape esilien , inclusi e, and sus ainable u ban landscapes
o he u u e. This comp ehensi e unde s anding will pa e
he way o he e ec i e in eg a ion o VGS in o he buil
en i onmen , con ibu ing o he goal o c ea ing heal hie ,
mo e li able ci ies.
Acknowledgemen s Joana Fe nandes esea ch was inanced by he
Po uguese Founda ion o Science and Technology (FCT), wi h unds
om Po ugal 2020 unde MIT Po ugal P og am, doc o al G an num-
be SFRH/BD/151363/2021. The au ho s acknowledge C3 p ojec
unding g an C3/22/029 o KU Leu en “De elopmen o a holis ic
assessmen and selec ion ool o educe he ene gy po e y and he
en i onmen al impac o he esiden ial building s ock”
Au ho con ibu ions KC and BW we e in ol ed in he concep ual-
iza ion. JF, EVDM, MM, and CS cu a ed he da a. KC, BW, and MM
con ibu ed o he o mal analysis. BW acqui ed he unding. KC, BW,
MM, AD, AB, EVDM, CS, KS, JF, RG, and PF con ibu ed o he
in es iga ion. KC, BW, and MM con ibu ed o he me hodology. KC
and CS we e in ol ed in he alida ion. KC and KS we e in ol ed in
he isualiza ion. KC, BW, MM, AD, AB, EVDM, CS, KS, JF, RG, and
PF pe o med w i ing—o iginal d a . KC, BW, MM, AD, AB, EVDM,
CS, KS, JF, RG and PF assis ed in w i ing— e iew and edi ing.
Funding This s udy was unded by UNITE! Seed Fund.
A ailabili y o da a and ma e ials Da a a e a ailable on eques .
Code a ailabili y No applicable.
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Publishe 's No e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o
ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.
Au ho s and A ilia ions
Ka a zynaChojnacka1· Ba ba aWide a2· Ma celMaca ulla3· Anas asiosD ougkas4· And euBalas egui5·
ElsVandemoo el6· CansuI azSey ekŞık2· Kaje anSadowski2· JoanaFe nandes7· Rica doGomes7· PauloFe ão7
* Ka a zyna Chojnacka
ka a zyna.chojnacka@pw .edu.pl
* Ba ba a Wide a
ba ba a.wide a@pw .edu.pl
Ma cel Maca ulla
ma cel.maca [email p o ec ed]
Anas asios D ougkas
[email p o ec ed]
And eu Balas egui
[email p o ec ed]
Els Vande moo el
els. andemoo el@kuleu en.be
Cansu I az Sey ek Şık
cansu.sey ek@pw .edu.pl
Kaje an Sadowski
kaje an.sadowski@pw .edu.pl
Joana Fe nandes
joanab [email p o ec ed]
Rica do Gomes
[email p o ec ed]
Paulo Fe ão
e [email p o ec ed]
1 Facul y o Chemis y, W ocław Uni e si y o Science
andTechnology, M. Smoluchowskiego 25, W ocław, Poland
2 Facul y o A chi ec u e, W ocław Uni e si y o Science
andTechnology, ul. P usa 53/55, W ocław, Poland
3 Depa men o P ojec andCons uc ion Enginee ing, G oup
o Resea ch andInno a ion (GRIC), Uni e si a Poli ècnica
de Ca alunya (UPC), C/ Colom 11, Ed. TR5, 08222Te assa,
Spain
4 Se a Hún e Fellow Depa men o Ci il andEn i onmen al
Enginee ing, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de Ca alunya (UPC),
Jo di Gi ona 1-3, 08034Ba celona, Spain
5 Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Acous ical
andMechanical Enginee ing Labo a o y (LEAM),
Uni e sidad Poli ècnica de Ca alunya, Colom 11,
08222Te assa, Spain
6 Depa men o A chi ec u e, Facul y o Enginee ing Science,
KU Leu en, Kas eelpa k A enbe g 1 Bus 2431, 3001Leu en,
Belgium
7 Ins i u o Supe io Técnico, Uni e sidade de Lisboa, IN+,
A . Ro isco Pais 1, 1049-001Lisbon, Po ugal
