1
He e ogenei y in Ci izens' Valua ion o Ecosys em Se ices om a Medi e anean Sea-Connec ed Lagoon 1
Res o a ion: E idence om Tunisia 2
Abs ac 3
The No h A ican egion's lagoon ecosys ems ace nume ous challenges, including u baniza ion, was ewa e 4
pollu ion, and o e exploi a ion. The nega i e impac o hese challenges on he ecological heal h o lagoons is 5
e iden , leading o socioeconomic consequences ha ha e p o en o be de imen al. The e o e, we conduc ed a 6
choice expe imen o assess ci izens' p e e ences o Medi e anean Sea-Connec ed lagoon es o a ion in Tunisia, 7
as a case s udy and hei willingness o suppo he EcoPac endea o o enhance he p e ailing ci cums ances and 8
hal e en i onmen al deg ada ion. This esea ch de ised wo imp o emen scena ios and u ilized a La en Class 9
Model o gauge ci izens' u ili y in a lagoon es o a ion. The esul s e ealed wo ci izen classes, "P o- es o a ion" 10
and "Reluc an o Res o e". The majo i y a e p o- es o a ion ci izens willing o olun a ily pay (WTP) up o 11
$165.58 o one-yea con ibu ion o a high-impac scena io. The o he class, Reluc an o Res o e, appea o 12
ecognize he alue o he p ojec 's a ibu es, as e idenced by hei signi ican WTP o high-le el a ibu es. 13
Howe e , hey s ill p e e o main ain he cu en si ua ion o o he easons, esul ing in an insigni ican WTP o 14
he o e all high o medium scena io. The esul s showed ha he agg ega ed bene i s is e y close o he equi ed 15
p ojec cos o he high-impac scena io, sugges ing ha he p ojec is almos iable only i he imp o emen is 16
highly signi ican . Hence, u he e alua ion is equi ed o alida e hese esul s. 17
Keywo ds: Bize e ci izens’ p e e ences, la en he e ogenei y, choice expe imen , lagoon es o a ion, de eloping 18
coun ies 19
JEL codes : Q01, Q2, Q56, Q57, Q58 20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2
1. In oduc ion 31
Lagoons a e among he mos p oduc i e and ecologically signi ican ecosys ems, o e ing many goods 32
and se ices i al o local communi ies' well-being (El Z elli e al. 2021). These dynamic en i onmen s se e as 33
c ucial ood sou ces, suppo ing ishe ies and con ibu ing o local economies and ood secu i y. Beyond hei 34
di ec p o isioning o esou ces, lagoons also o e ec ea ional oppo uni ies, including wa e spo s, bi d 35
wa ching, and scenic spaces ha enhance communi y leisu e and ou ism ac i i ies (Conde e al. 2015; Jo ge e 36
al. 2023). Mo eo e , lagoons a e essen ial in suppo ing a ious indus ial p ocesses, such as sal p oduc ion and 37
aquacul u e, which p o ide employmen and s imula e economic g ow h in coas al egions. They deli e c i ical 38
ecosys em se ices, including wa e pu i ica ion, clima e egula ion h ough ca bon seques a ion, and p o ec ion 39
agains s o m su ges, he eby mi iga ing he impac s o clima e change. Addi ionally, lagoons possess ich cul u al 40
legacies, deeply embedded in he his o y and adi ions o local communi ies, os e ing a sense o iden i y and 41
he i age (Lopes and Videi a. 2013; New on e al. 2018). Thei unique biodi e si y (Tonin 2018), also makes hem 42
p ime si es o eco ou ism, a ac ing isi o s in e es ed in expe iencing he na u al beau y and di e se wildli e o 43
hese Medi e anean coas al landscapes (Wilson e al. 2023). Howe e , despi e hei immense alue, lagoons ace 44
signi ican ulne abili y and h ea s, p ima ily om pollu ion caused by human ac i i ies, including 45
indus ializa ion, ag icul u e, and clima e change, which p o oundly a ec wa e bodies. This suscep ibili y 46
mani es s by in oducing a ious o ganic, ino ganic, and nu ien pollu an s (Wilson e al. 2023). Excessi e 47
amoun s o pollu an s, pa icula ly ni a e and phospha e, can lead o he eu ophica ion o ma ine ecosys ems 48
(Elizabe h and Joy 2018; Owa 2013). 49
Globally, he ad e se impac s o ma ine pollu ion and eshwa e con amina ion on human heal h and 50
hei con ibu ion o he loss o local sense o place and cul u al iden i y ha e been ex ensi ely documen ed 51
(Mechle e al. 2019). Fo example, ecen esea ch by McNama a e al. (2021) in es iga ed s akeholde 52
pe cep ions o non-economic loss and damage in Paci ic island con ex s, aligning wi h p io s udies and 53
elucida ing an icipa ed isks and impac s such as escala ing empe a u es, ish p o ein sho ages, and subs an ial 54
biodi e si y h ea s. Consequen ly, ecological es o a ion is essen ial o p ese ing ma ine ecosys em se ices, 55
os e ing conse a ion e o s, and enhancing human wel a e (S ainback e al. 2020; Pa amana e al., 2023). 56
The body o li e a u e highligh s he necessi y o lagoon es o a ion (Tuan e al., 2014; Cla a., 2018; 57
Beha y-Bo g and Sca pa. 2010; Smy h e al. 2009; Egge and Olsson. 2009; Beha y-Bo g and Sca pa, 2010; 58
Wang e al. 2013; New on e al. 2018; Paci ico e al. 2025) p omp ing policymake s o enac di ec i es o p o ec 59
ecological well-being, animal wel a e, and wa e s anda ds by aiming o sus ainabili y. Howe e , es o a ion has 60
inancial cos s o socie y. While pollu ion is a p essing issue in de eloping and de eloped coun ies, i s 61
signi icance is pa icula ly p onounced in de eloping na ions due o he wide use o unsus ainable indus ial was e 62
managemen sys ems. Tunisia is a pe inen example o a de eloping coun y g appling wi h pollu ion challenges. 63
C oi o u and Sa a (2010) documen ed he o de o magni ude o ma ine pollu ion ex e nali ies in 64
Tunisia. They conduc ed a s udy o measu e he cos o wa e deg ada ion in Tunisia due o inapp op ia e 65
ag icul u al p ac ices, anspo , indus y, and powe gene a ion. The es ima ed o al cos was app oxima ely 66
$165.8 million1 in 2004. 67
1 0.6% o he GDP in 2004 (INSTM, 2004)
3
A a egional le el, Bize e Lagoon, loca ed in no he n Tunisia, ep esen s one o he mos p oduc i e 68
ma ine ecosys ems. I con ibu es o he coun y’s GDP h ough ishe y p oduc s,2 aquacul u e, shell ish a ming, 69
and indus ial ac i i ies. Howe e , he egion is su e ing he consequences o misusing he lagoon. Un ea ed 70
wa e sewage, lack o ea men plan s, was ewa e discha ges, and gas emissions om ac o ies ins alled a ound 71
he lagoon ep esen he majo causes o en i onmen al deg ada ion, making he lagoon unsui able o eac ion 72
ac i i ies and comme cial ishing. Mo eo e , he ish and sea ood caugh in he lagoon a e unsa e o human 73
consump ion (El Z elli e al. 2021). 74
Because o hese conce ns, he EcoPac 3 p ojec was implemen ed o enhance he socioeconomic and 75
en i onmen al si ua ion in he Bize e Lagoon. In pa icula , he p ojec aimed a (1) educing indus ial pollu ion 76
(i.e., a mosphe ic emission, liquid e luen s, solid was e, and was ewa e collec ion and ea men ), (2) ex ending 77
he a isanal po 4 o Manzel Abde ahmèn o educe exposu e o s o ms and inc ease i s boa accommoda ion 78
capaci y, and (3) de eloping an esplanade o he eas o Manzel Abde ahmèn po o imp o e he lagoon on age 79
o he egion. Th oughou an ini ial 5-yea pe iod, he p ojec plans o signi ican ly educe indi ec pollu ion 80
impac ing he Medi e anean Sea h ough an in eg a ed and conce ed app oach. 81
The exis ing li e a u e indica es ha ci izens in de eloped coun ies a e gene ally willing o pay o ecosys em 82
es o a ion (Anaya-Rome o e al., 2016; Bi ol e al., 2006; Blasi e al., 2023; Ma ínez-Paz e al., 2013; Pe ni e 83
al., 2011; Xu e al., 2020). This s udy con ibu es o he limi ed body o esea ch on es ima ing he economic 84
alues o lagoons in de eloping coun ies (Ahmed e al., 2005; Ali e al., 2013; Diop e al., 2016; Ghe mandi & 85
Nunes, 2013; Kai o e al., 2008; Lal e al., 2024; Rönnbäck e al., 2007). I aims o enhance ou unde s anding o 86
how local communi ies pe cei e and p io i ize a ious ecosys em a ibu es. Focusing on Tunisia, his s udy 87
expands he geog aphic scope o disc e e choice expe imen (DCE) applica ions in en i onmen al alua ion, an 88
a ea ha emains unde explo ed in No h A ica. I is he i s lagoon alua ion s udy conduc ed in Tunisia. I 89
p o ides insigh s in o he ade-o s people a e willing o make o imp o ed lagoon managemen , be e wa e 90
quali y, and biodi e si y conse a ion. 91
To ou knowledge, no p e ious s udy has e alua ed he bene i s o es o ing lagoons in Tunisia, pa icula ly in 92
Bize e. This gap can be a ibu ed o wo main ac o s: i s , he e is a lack o economic in o ma ion on lagoon 93
es o a ion; second, ew alua ion s udies ha e assessed he bene i s o non-use alues o lagoon es o a ion, 94
especially in de eloping coun ies. 95
Addi ionally, using a ic ligh indica o s as a communica ion ool enhances accessibili y o non-expe 96
esponden s, ensu ing ha alua ion ou comes e lec b oade socie al p e e ences. This s udy examines 97
p e e ence he e ogenei y, o e ing deepe insigh s in o a ia ions in public a i udes owa d lagoon conse a ion. 98
These indings a e pa icula ly ele an o policymake s in de eloping coun ies, whe e inancial and ins i u ional 99
cons ain s o en limi e ec i e en i onmen al managemen . They highligh he suppo o Bize e ci izens o 100
lagoon es o a ion, p o iding conc e e e idence o he p ojec 's easibili y. The insigh s gained can help secu e 101
u he backing and ensu e a ho ough e alua ion o he p ojec 's po en ial iabili y. By o e ing aluable suppo 102
o policymake s and illumina ing social demand in Tunisia, his s udy may also guide u u e in es men s om 103
2 The o al annual ishe y p oduc ion in 2020 was 62417 kg ≅ 62 ons (INSTM, 2020).
3 De ails o he p ojec a e a ailable a h p://ecopac . n.
4 The po is si ua ed inside he Bize e lagoon, app oxima ely 5 km om Manzel Jemil and 4 km om Bize e.
4
in e na ional o ganiza ions, such as he Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion (FAO) and he Wo ld Bank (WB), 104
os e ing oppo uni ies o de elopmen and in es men in Tunisia. 105
The a icle is s uc u ed as ollows. The nex sec ion o e iews he Bize e Lagoon, ollowed by a desc ip ion o 106
he design and he su ey’s conduc ion. Subsequen ly, he esul s a e p esen ed in Sec ion 3, while he discussion 107
and conclusions a e o e ed in Sec ion 4. 108
2. Me hods 109
2.1. S udy A ea 110
The Bize e Lagoon is loca ed on he no he n coas o Tunisia. I has an a ea o 150 km² and an a e age dep h o 111
7 m (Fig. 1). The lagoon is connec ed o he Medi e anean Sea by a 7-km-long channel and Lake Ichkeul by he 112
Tinja Ri e , which supplies i wi h i egula esh wa e . Acco ding o he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (INS,5 113
2023) census, app oxima ely 300,0006 people li e a ound i (90% a e in he ci y o Bize e). 114
Bize e is ecognized o i s indus ial he i age, ou ism, ag icul u e, ishing, and a signi ican comme cial po , 115
suppo ed by ee ade zones ha encou age in es men wi h ax exemp ions (Minis y o En i onmen 7, 2016). 116
The ci y is home o a ound 274 indus ial companies, including 172 expo e s, wi h 33.6% in ex iles. 117
The egion's ag icul u e p oduces 67,280 ons o odde , 238,409 ons o ce eals, and signi ican quan i ies o 118
ma ke ga dening p oduc s, ed mea , milk, whi e mea , and eggs. Addi ionally, i gene a es 6,229 ons o ishe y 119
p oduc s om i e po s and 1,280 ishing lee s (Tunisian Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics8, 2015). 120
The lagoon has an u banized and indus ialized sho eline. Mo eo e , i ea u es 10 indus ial zones 121
spanning 250 hec a es, wi h no able indus ial ac i i ies a e eadily p esen , including hea y indus ies like 122
SOTULUB and Bize e Cemen Fac o ies employing o e 45,858 people (loca ed in he icini y o Bize e), dye 123
wo ks, and me allu gy (loca ed in Menzel Jemil), making i one o he mos h ea ened lagoons in Tunisia (Al es 124
Ma ins e al. 2015). 125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
5 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see:
h ps://www.ins. n/si es/de aul / iles/publica ion/pd /Es ima ion%20de%20%20la%20popula ion%201e %20Jan ie %20202
3.pd
6 Rep esen s app oxima ely 187,000 in Bize e cen e , almos 66,000 in Manzel Bou guiba, 31,000 in Manzel Jmil, and 21,000
in Manzel Abde ahmen. The o al popula ion o Bize e was 600,012 inhabi an s in 2023.
7 h ps://www.ins. n/en/s a is iques/45
8 h ps://www.ins. n/en/s a is iques/45
5
135
Fig. 1 Bize e Lagoon, Main Indus ial Agglome a ion, sou ce: Nas i e al. (2022) 136
The Bize e Lagoon has been used as he p incipal dumping place o wa e discha ge di ec ly o a e 137
p ima y ea men o se e al decades. Howe e , i does no mee he s anda ds se by he cen al go e nmen o 138
used wa e ea men . The h ee was ewa e ea men plan s buil in 1997 o ea he wa e be o e being dumped 139
in he lagoon ha e decayed. P e ious s udies conduc ed in Bize e (Ba houmi 2014; Bouke e al. 2010; Toumi e 140
al. 2019) showed ha he le el o wa e ea men is low and he quali y o ea ed wa e is non-complian wi h 141
discha ge s anda ds, pa icula ly in e ms o he le els o ni a e, phospho us, polycyclic a oma ic hyd oca bons, 142
and hea y me als. These pollu an s can be p esen in he a mosphe e o he soil o especially dissol ed in aqua ic 143
en i onmen s ha a e much mo e con amina ed han o he s (Ba houmi 2014). Mo eo e , he ci y o Bize e has 144
expe ienced a mosphe ic pollu ion due o indus ial emissions in he egion (Ba houmi 2014), along wi h human 145
popula ion g ow h a ound he lagoon and ma i ime a ic ha ha e inc eased was ewa e discha ge in o he 146
lagoon. 147
The lagoon is his o ically known o a isanal ishing ac i i ies, aquacul u e, and, speci ically, shell ish 148
a ming. The p oduc ion om shell ish a ming in he lagoon has dec eased o o e a decade (Gene al Di ec ion 149
o Fishe y P oduc s and Aquacul u e [DGPA] 2018) due o he ise in wa e empe a u e and he dec ease in he 150
le el o dissol ed O2 (Bousbih9 2015). 151
2.2. Da a Collec ion: Choice Expe imen -Based Su ey 152
This s udy used a DCE o in es iga e ci izens’ alua ion o he bene i s and he cos s o es o a ion plans ha 153
EcoPac is conside ing implemen ing in he Bize e Lagoon. A DCE is a quan i a i e esea ch echnique ha 154
p esen s indi iduals wi h al e na i e scena ios and asks hem o s a e hei p e e ed scena io (Henshe e al., 155
2015). Se e al a ibu e le els desc ibe each al e na i e scena io. Indi iduals’ esponses a e hen used o de e mine 156
whe he hei p e e ences a e signi ican ly in luenced by he a ibu e le els conside ed in he DCE. The esponses 157
9 P ess a : h ps://inky ada.com/ /2015/07/27/bize e-pollu ion-lac-peche- unisie/
6
a e also used o de e mine he ela i e impo ance o he a ibu es. Indi iduals’ WTP o he a ibu e le els o 158
he al e na i e scena ios can also be es ima ed i a mone a y a ibu e (e.g., he p ice o cos o each al e na i e) is 159
conside ed in he choice expe imen . 160
An ini ial and exhaus i e lis o a ibu es was p epa ed based on an ex ensi e li e a u e e iew on 161
economic alues o lagoons and we lands (Hanley e al. 1998; B ouwe e al. 1999; B ande and Schuy 2004; 162
Bi ol e al. 2006; Ch is ie e al. 2006; Campbell e al. 2008; Meye ho e al. 2009, Ba houmi 2014; Dang e al. 163
2022, Paci ico e al. 2024, 2025) o iden i y he mos ele an a ibu es o conside in he choice expe imen . The 164
li e a u e-based lis o a ibu es and hei le els was hen e ined using h ee ocus g oups ( o aling 30 pe sons) 165
o esiden s, expe s, and scien is s whe e he main objec i e is sco ing he mos ele an a ibu es acco ding o 166
he con ex , he u gen public in e en ion, and local p io i ies. This a ibu e selec ion and e inemen p ocess by 167
ocus g oups is c ucial o ou choice expe imen design, as i ensu es ha he a ibu es chosen a e bo h ele an 168
o he speci ic we land o lagoon con ex and meaning ul o he local popula ion. Mo eo e , his pa icipa o y 169
app oach also helps o cap u e any unique local ac o s ha migh no be appa en om he li e a u e e iew alone. 170
The a ibu es ypically conside ed in such s udies include en i onmen al ac o s such as biodi e si y and 171
wa e quali y and socio-economic aspec s like ishe ies p oduc ion and ec ea ional oppo uni ies (Bi ol e al. 172
2006; Tsegaw 2012; Dixon e al. 2021; Paci ico e al. 2024). 173
A e he ocus g oup discussions, he a ibu es a e ypically sco ed and anked based on hei pe cei ed 174
impo ance and ele ance. This p ocess helps na ow he lis o a manageable numbe o a ibu es o he choice 175
expe imen , usually be ween 4 o 6 a ibu es (Blieme & Collins, 2016). The inal selec ion o a ibu es 176
conside ed in his s udy we e wa e quali y, biodi e si y, ec ea ional acili ies, educed gas emissions, and he 177
cos o imp o emen which ep esen a one-paymen cos o be olun a y paid. A desc ip ion o he a ibu es and 178
hei co esponding le els is displayed in Table 1 below. 179
Wa e quali y, biodi e si y, educed gas emissions, and ec ea ional acili ies we e de ined as ca ego ical 180
a ibu es wi h h ee le els each. Each was colo -coded:10 ed o no imp o emen (i.e., he s a us quo), ambe o 181
mode a e imp o emen , and g een o high imp o emen . To u he ease he unde s anding o he a ibu e le els 182
and a oid con usion (Osman and Tho n on 2019), quali a i e e ms (i.e., low, medium, and high) we e used o 183
desc ibe he a ic ligh colo -coded le els (Fig. 2). Many s udies suppo ed he use o isual saliency ins ead o 184
only including ex s o alues o a oid he hypo he ical bias (Sh e al., 2019; Delong e al., 2021). 185
Responden s we e in i ed o con ibu e olun a ily o suppo a i e-yea p ojec h ough a one- ime 186
paymen . We based ou assump ion on he belie ha he imp o emen cos would be co e ed h ough olun a y 187
paymen s. These con ibu ions a e likely mo e e ec i e in Tunisia due o cul u al no ms and a social amilia i y 188
wi h cha i able gi ing. Addi ionally, he p oposed cos le els we e in o med by eedback om h ee ocus g oups, 189
which helped e ine he lis o a ibu es conside ed o he ques ionnai e. 190
191
192
10 This s udy adop ed he concep o isual saliency, whe e bo h images and ex we e p esen ed o esponden s. This app oach
aimed o mi iga e hypo he ical bias and p e en con usion by p o iding a clea and angible ep esen a ion o he a ibu es
e alua ed. Recen esea ch by Ne usil e al. (2023) and Sh e al. (2019) showed ha he esponden s s ongly p e e ed
a ibu es ep esen ed by bo h image and ex .
7
Table 1 Desc ip ion o A ibu e used in he DCE and Thei Le els 193
194
The combina ion o he i e a ibu es and hei le els esul ed in 405 possible combina ions (i.e., 3^4 * 195
5). Ngene so wa e was used o gene a e a Bayesian D-op imal (i.e., ac ional) design ha allowed obus 196
es ima ion o all main e ec s (ChoiceMe ics, 2018). The p io s o he ac ional design we e ob ained om a 197
pilo o 30 esponden s. The inal expe imen al design (D-e o = 0.07) consis ed o 18 choice ca ds, each 198
comp ising h ee al e na i es— wo pai s o hypo he ical op ions o imp o emen s and he s a us quo (SQ). The 199
inal design had h ee blocks (i.e., each esponden was p esen ed wi h only six o 18 choice se s). An example o 200
one o he choice example ca ds used in his s udy is shown in Figu e 2. 201
202
11 TND: Tunisian dina
A ibu es A ibu e Le els Va iable Desc ip ion in Model Es ima ion (E ec Coding)
Wa e Quali y
High
(G een)
I e e s o a high imp o emen le el whe e wa e quali y and cla i y
espond o he s anda ds wi hou a nas y smell and ehabili a ed sani a ion
ne wo ks (1 = high wa e quali y [g een colo ], 0 o he wise).
Medium
(Ambe )
I e e s o a medium le el o imp o emen whe e wa e quali y, cla i y,
and smell imp o ed compa ed o he cu en si ua ion (1 = medium wa e quali y
[ambe colo ], 0 o he wise).
Low
(Red)
I e e s o poo wa e quali y and cla i y, wi h a nas y smell (–1 = low
wa e quali y [ ed colo ]).
Biodi e si y
High
(G een)
I e e s o a high le el o imp o emen whe e auna (well-di e si ied
species) and ma ine lo a (nu i i e algae) a e di e si ied, alo isa ion o in asi e
species (1 = high biodi e si y [g een colo ], 0 o he wise).
Medium
(Ambe )
I e e s o a medium le el o imp o emen whe e ma ine auna and
lo a a e mo e di e si ied compa ed o he cu en si ua ion (1 = medium
biodi e si y le el [ambe colo ], 0 o he wise).
Low
(Red)
I e e s o a si ua ion whe e some species ha e disappea ed while
in asi e species ha e appea ed (–1 = low biodi e si y [ ed colo ]).
Rec ea ional
Facili ies
High
(G een)
I e e s o a high le el o imp o emen whe e all ac i i ies a e
accessible (i.e., ishing, swimming, and walking) due o he de elopmen o he
coas al in as uc u e (1 = high ec ea ional acili ies [g een colo ], 0 o he wise).
Medium
(Ambe )
I e e s o a medium imp o emen le el whe e coas al in as uc u e is
mode a ely de eloped and a leas one ac i i y is possible (1
= medium
ec ea ional acili ies [ambe colo ], 0 o he wise).
Low
(Red)
I e e s o a si ua ion whe e he coas al in as uc u e is no de eloped,
and accessibili y o ac i i ies is almos limi ed (–1 = low ec ea ional acili ies
[ ed colo ]).
Dec eased Gas
Emissions
High
(G een)
I e e s o a high imp o emen le el whe e ai quali y is good ( il e s
ins alled), good isibili y (i.e., almos clea emissions, dec eased CO2 emissions),
and no smell (1 = high dec eased gas emissions [g een colo ], 0 o he wise).
Medium
(Ambe )
I e e s o a medium imp o emen le el whe e a e age ai quali y
(a e age CO2 le el in he a mosphe e), a e age isibili y (less g ay emissions
han be o e), and less smell compa ed o he cu en si ua ion (1 = medium
dec eased gas emissions le el [ambe colo ], 0 o he wise.).
Low
(Red)
I e e s a si ua ion wi h poo ai quali y is poo (signi ican CO
2
in he
a mosphe e does no mee discha ge s anda ds), poo isibili y (g ay emissions),
and bad smell (–1 = low dec eased gas emissions [ ed colo ]).
Volun a y
Imp o emen
Cos
TND11 0 (no paymen ), TND 30, TND 60, TND 90, TND 120 (40
EUR), TND 150 (con inuous a iable).
8
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
Fig. 2 Choice Example Ca ds 211
The su ey was designed wi h a s uc u ed app oach, di ided in o ou sec ions o ensu e comp ehensi e 212
da a collec ion and accu acy. The i s sec ion in oduced he s udy's amewo k, ou lining i s objec i es and 213
me hodology while emphasizing he olun a y na u e o pa icipa ion. Pa icipan s we e equi ed o e iew and 214
sign an in o med consen o m, which assu ed hem o anonymi y and cla i ied ha he esea ch had no 215
comme cial pu poses. The second sec ion ocused on he choice ask and began wi h a de ailed explana ion o he 216
su ey’s con ex , objec i es, and he impo ance o p o iding unbiased esponses. To minimize hypo he ical bias, 217
eminde s and "cheap alk" echniques we e included. Responden s we e hen p esen ed wi h andomly assigned 218
choice ca ds, designed o enhance ealism and educe po en ial bias. Each choice ques ion included h ee 219
al e na i es: wo hypo he ical imp o emen scena ios and a s a us quo (SQ) op ion. The i s wo al e na i es we e 220
desc ibed using i e key a ibu es de ailed in Table 1, wi h a ia ions ac oss di e en choice ques ions, while he 221
SQ op ion emained unchanged, e lec ing he ac ual condi ion o he lagoon a he ime o da a collec ion. The 222
inal sec ion ga he ed socioeconomic in o ma ion om esponden s o p o ide con ex o he indings. 223
The su ey was conduc ed ace- o- ace in Bize e be ween Feb ua y and Ap il 2023, engaging 371 ci izens. 224
Howe e , 10 esponden s we e iden i ied as ze o p o es o s and we e excluded om he inal da ase based on he 225
c i e ia12 s a ed by De Jong e al. (2023) and Xu e al. (2020). As a esul , he inal da a used in he analysis was 226
based on he esponses o 361 esponden s. 227
2.3. Econome ic Modeling o DCE Da a 228
Acco ding o Henshe e al. (2015), he o al u ili y 𝑈𝑈𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 de i ed by an indi idual n om choosing an al e na i e j 229
is equal o he sum o wo componen s, a de e minis ic componen 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 and an inde e minis ic componen εnj 230
assumed o be independen and iden ically dis ibu ed: 231
𝑈𝑈𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 =𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 +𝜀𝜀𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 (1)
232
12 They choose he SQ in all he choice se s.
9
233
Assuming ha he de e minis ic componen o he u ili y is linea -in-pa ame e , equa ion (1) can be w i en 234
as ollows: 235
𝑈𝑈𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑛𝑛 =𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑛𝑛 +𝜀𝜀𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑛𝑛 (2) 236
whe e 𝛽𝛽 deno es he K × 1 ec o o unknown u ili y pa ame e s and, 𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑛𝑛 ep esen s he a ibu e le els. 237
A e age esponden s’ p e e ences and WTP we e es ima ed using he condi ional logi model (CLM). 238
A Hausman es was pe o med o e alua e whe he he IIA assump ion holds; ou es esul s indica ed ha his 239
assump ion does no hold, sugges ing ha he choices among al e na i es a e in e dependen and necessi a ing 240
al e na i e models ha can accoun o his in e dependence (See Table 2). 241
Table 2. Hausman Tes o Tes o IIA Assump ion 242
Hausman Tes o Independence o
I ele an Al e na i es o sample
D opped Al e na i es 𝝌𝝌𝟐𝟐
Deg ee o
eedom P obabili y
Al e na i e 1 66.19 10 0.00
Al e na i e 2 48.31 10 0.00
Al e na i e 3 (SQ) ND13 10 Could no ca y ou Hausman es o he IIA
Howe e , o in es iga e esponden s’ p e e ences and WTP he e ogenei y14 a la en class model (LCM) 243
was also es ima ed. In he LCM, esponden s we e g ouped in a ini e numbe o iden i iable classes, allowing he 244
esponden s’ p e e ences o be he e ogeneous ac oss classes bu homogeneous wi hin each class (G eene and 245
Henshe 2003; Sinha e al. 2021). 246
In he LCM, he p obabili y o indi idual n in class c choosing al e na i e i om a pa icula se o 247
al e na i es J was as ollows: 248
Pns|c= exp (β′cXni)
∑exp (β′cXn𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛)
J
j=1
(3) 249
whe e βs is he pa ame e ec o o class s associa ed wi h he ec o o explana o y choice a ibu es Xni. 250
Addi ionally, he analys conside ed a classi ica ion model as a unc ion o some indi idual-speci ic cha ac e is ics 251
o de e mine he alloca ion o indi iduals o he c classes. 252
Acco ding o G eene and Henshe (2003), he p obabili y ha an indi idual n belongs o la en class c is gi en by 253
Pn∈c = exp (θ′cZn)
∑exp (θ′cZn)
C
C=1 (4) 254
255
whe e 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗 is he ec o o esponden s’ socioeconomic cha ac e is ics, and θ is a se o pa ame e s o be 256
es ima ed. Mo eo e , he log-likelihood o he LCM can be exp essed as ollows: 257
13 Unde ined
14 The es ima ion o he Random Pa ame e Logi (RPL) model showed a non-signi ican p ice coe icien , likely due o he
exponen ial unc ion ampli ying he s anda d de ia ion and leading o a low z- alue. Using he "logi " R package, we ound
ha ea ing p ice as a andom pa ame e complica ed model con e gence in willingness o pay (WTP) space. To assess he
p ice pa ame e 's impac , we es ed se e al dis ibu ions, including no mal and logno mal. We ixed he scale pa ame e and
ea ed o he pa ame e s as no mally dis ibu ed. Howe e , assuming a cons an p ice implies uni o m sensi i i y ac oss
indi iduals, which may bias WTP es ima es by igno ing a ia ions in p ice sensi i i y.
16
sus ainabili y. This inding aligns wi h a s udy conduc ed by Naha e al. (2023) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which 397
emphasized ha esponden s wi h high en i onmen al awa eness exhibi ed a g ea e unde s anding o 398
en i onmen al laws and egula ions, indica ing a posi i e ela ionship be ween awa eness and en i onmen al 399
conce ns. Thi d, his inding may also be jus i ied by he impo ance ha esponden s assign o ec ea ional 400
acili ies whe e ci izens a e willing o con ibu e TND 58.20 ($19.40) (Class 1) o TND 79.46 ($26.48) (Class 2) 401
o a high-impac scena io, ep esen ing he mos p e e ed a ibu e. Hence, enhancing coas al in as uc u e could 402
se e as an asse o he ci izens o Bize e by allowing hem o eclaim he alues and ac i i ies hey ha e los 403
due o pollu ion o e ime. Re i ing ac i i ies such as swimming, a isanal ishing, and walking h ough imp o ed 404
coas al in as uc u e would enhance he esiden s’ quali y o li e while helping es o e cul u al and ec ea ional 405
p ac ices ha hold signi icance o he communi y. Mo eo e , he s udy highligh ed he impo ance ha ci izens 406
assigned o educing gas emissions. They we e willing o pay TND 89.01 ($29.67) (Class 1) o TND 104.31 407
($34.77) (Class 2) o educe he maximum o gas emissions. 408
The WTP esul s o Class 1, whe e membe s we e willing o pay up o TND 55.82 ($18) o enhance 409
biodi e si y, align wi h compa a i e WTP analysis esul s om simila s udies (Owuo e al., 2019; Chen & Ting 410
Cho, 2019) whe e ci izens we e willing o pay TND 73.6 ($23) o imp o e biodi e si y. Howe e , he indings 411
ega ding biodi e si y in Class 2 we e unexpec ed and di e ed om he exis ing li e a u e. Speci ically, 412
biodi e si y was no deemed impo an a he medium and high le els. People may be mo e ocused on sho -413
e m, angible esul s ha hey can see and ouch immedia ely (O’Donoghue and Rabin 2000). Fu he mo e, 414
d awing om López e al. (2007), non-economic mo i es o biodi e si y WTP, such as amilia i y and biophilia, 415
may play a signi ican ole. Indi iduals may be less inclined o con ibu e o biodi e si y conse a ion e o s i 416
hey lack a pe sonal connec ion o app ecia ion o na u e. Thus, i may e lec how o inc ease in biodi e si y 417
awa eness among ci izens. 418
Resul s om he iabili y s udy, in he p esen alue, sugges ha olun a y paymen s could almos ully 419
und he p ojec , assuming he popula ion pe cei es a high bene i om he in e en ion, sugges ing ha he 420
EcoPac p ojec is almos iable only i he imp o emen is highly signi ican , which may be because esponden s 421
a e willing o pay much mo e o he high-imp o emen scena io since i en ails mo e subs an ial changes and 422
in e en ions han he medium-imp o emen scena io. These in e en ions will likely esul in mo e 423
signi ican en i onmen al, social, and economic bene i s, such as imp o ed wa e quali y, enhanced biodi e si y, 424
and inc eased ec ea ional oppo uni ies. 425
The di e ence be ween he medium and high-impac scena ios is signi ican . Fo he medium impac 426
scena io, he weigh ed WTP is only USD 37.42 million, a below he p ojec cos . This highligh s 427
he sensi i i y o he popula ion o con ibu e based on hei pe cep ion o he bene i s. Suppose he pe cei ed 428
impac o he p ojec is low o mode a e. In ha case, he unding gap will be much la ge , a ec ing he p ojec 's 429
iabili y o equi ing addi ional unding sou ces such as go e nmen subsidies. O he wise, go e nmen al e o s 430
will be needed o educe p ojec implemen a ion cos s and co e he equi ed a e age in es men and ope a ional 431
expenses so ha agg ega ed WTP o medium le el can co e he cos s because medium imp o emen s a e mo e 432
a ainable and less cos ly han a high-impac scena io. Consequen ly, he medium-impac scena io may no eco e 433
i s o al cos s wi hou a go e nmen subsidy. 434
The a icle adds o he exis ing li e a u e by p o iding new insigh s in o he inc easing public conce n 435
o e he deg ada ion o he Bize e Lagoon’s ecosys em, indica ing a social demand o es o a ion. The esul s 436
17
emphasize he subs an ial ne bene i s de i ed om bo h ecological and social aspec s o es o ing he Bize e 437
Lagoon in a way ha by p o iding he economic alues o ecosys em se ices, his s udy can se e as a baseline 438
ha policy-make s a e based on o conduc he bene i ans e me hod and assess he TEV o p ecisely ecosys em 439
se ices alues in o he simila loca ions. I can se e also as an inpu o assess he ongoing p ojec s o esea ch 440
aiming o se bes managemen o ma ine ecosys ems such lagoons. 441
Success ul implemen a ion elies on ha monious collabo a ion be ween ins i u ions and e ec i e 442
go e nmen in ol emen . 443
Resea ch indica es ha indi iduals place signi ican alue on public goods and o en demons a e a 444
willingness o con ibu e inancially o hei p ese a ion. This inding sugges s a s ong po en ial o communi y 445
suppo o public policies aimed a he conse a ion o es o a ion o na u al spaces ha p o ide essen ial 446
ecosys em se ices. Mo eo e , ci izens can play a pi o al ole in inancing hese ini ia i es, which add esses a 447
majo challenge— inancial cons ain s—o en encoun e ed in he implemen a ion o public policies. These 448
insigh s can be ins umen al in designing e ec i e p og ams; by ensu ing hey achie e a meaning ul impac ; we 449
can enhance public suppo and engagemen . Fo public au ho i ies aiming o p omo e he p o ec ion o public 450
goods, such as lagoons, i is c ucial o unde s and how o e ec i ely engage di e en segmen s o he popula ion. 451
Tailo ing app oaches o Class 1 and Class 2 ci izens will be key o aising awa eness and os e ing a collabo a i e 452
en i onmen o conse a ion e o s. In his way, policies should emphasize he o ganiza ion o campaigns o 453
e ec i ely aise awa eness abou en i onmen al issues among olde indi iduals using spoken local dialec s o 454
ensu e accessibili y and he abili y o unde s and he echnical e ms o hose wi h limi ed li e acy skills and 455
s eng hen collabo a ion wi h non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions o acili a e in o ma ion-sha ing and dissemina ion 456
o en i onmen al knowledge, as emphasized h ough he esul s ob ained om Class 2. I is also c ucial o main ain 457
a solid ounda ion in en i onmen al educa ion o young s uden s o ensu e simila esul s in WTP o Class 1 and 458
o achie e be e ou comes o Class 2. Dissemina ing en i onmen al educa ion in schools can also be a solu ion. 459
Fu he mo e, by eaching kids he en i onmen al impo ance o he lagoon, hey can g ow up wi h g ea e 460
awa eness, which will make i easie o in luence hei beha io posi i ely when hey become adul s. Tunisian 461
go e nmen mus supplemen exis ing en i onmen al legisla ion wi h egula moni o ing o was ewa e ea men 462
plan s and gas il a ion o ensu e ha ac o ies su ounding he lagoon comply wi h s anda d no ms. De ia ions 463
om hese no ms mus be me wi h app op ia e penal ies o de e non-compliance. 464
In conclusion, his enchan ing lagoon holds immense signi icance no jus o he esiden s o Bize e bu 465
o he en i e Medi e anean egion. I s in ica e connec ion o he sea unde sco es he impo ance o i s es o a ion; 466
by eju ena ing his i al ecosys em, we ac i ely con ibu e o he p ese a ion o he Medi e anean—a li eblood 467
o coun less communi ies su ounding i s sho es. “This lagoon is mo e han a body o wa e ; i is a sanc ua y o 468
ecological di e si y and a sou ce o cul u al he i age, deeply in e wined wi h he li es o hose who inhabi his 469
beau i ul coas al landscape”. 470
471
472
473
474
475
476
18
Re e ences 477
Ahmed M, Chong C K, Cesa H S J (2005) Economic alua ion and policy p io i ies o sus ainable managemen 478
o co al ee s (Re . ed) Wo ldFish Cen e . 479
Ali M, Fjelds ad, O H, Sju sen I H (n.d.) CITIZENS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS TAXATION IN KENYA TANZANIA 480
UGANDA AND SOUTH AFRICA. 481
Al es Ma ins, M V, Zaaboub N Aleya, F on alini F, Pe ei a E, Mi anda P, Mane M, Rocha F, Lau L, El Bou , 482
M (2015) En i onmen al Quali y Assessmen o Bize e Lagoon (Tunisia) Using Li ing Fo amini e a 483
Assemblages and a Mul ip oxy App oach. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0137250. 484
h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0137250 485
Anaya Rome o, M, Muñoz Rojas M, Ibáñez B, Ma añón T (2016) E alua ion o o es ecosys em se ices in 486
Medi e anean a eas A egional case s udy in Sou h Spain. Ecosys em Se ices, 20, 82–90. 487
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecose .2016.07.002 488
Balcombe K, F ase I, Falco S D (2010) T a ic ligh s and ood choice: A choice expe imen examining he 489
ela ionship be ween nu i ional ood labels and p ice. Food Policy, 35(3), 211–220. 490
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. oodpol.2009.12.005 491
Ba houmi B (2014) Biosu eillance de la pollu ion de la lagune de Bize e (Tunisie) pa l’analyse compa ée des 492
ni eaux de con amina ion e de l’éco oxici é des sédimen s e du bio e. 349. 493
Bi ol E, Ka ousakis K, Koundou i P (2006) Using a choice expe imen o accoun o p e e ence he e ogenei y in 494
we land a ibu es: The case o Cheimadi ida we land in G eece. Ecological Economics, 60(1), 145–156. 495
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.06.002 496
Blieme M C J , and Collins A T (2016) On de e mining p io s o he gene a ion o e icien s a ed choice 497
expe imen al designs. Jou nal o Choice Modelling, 21, 10–14. 498
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jocm.2016.03.001 499
Bouke I, Mej i S, M aouna R, Bejaoui B, Belhassan M, Ha zallah A, Boudabous A, Elbou M (n.d.) Dis ibu ion 500
spa iale des popula ions de Vib ionaceae he mo olé an s dans une lagune cô iè e (lagune de Bize e: 501
No d-Tunisie). 502
Boxall P C, and Adamowicz W L (2002) Unde s anding he e ogeneous p e e ences in andom u ili y models: a 503
la en class app oach. En i onmen al and esou ce economics, 23, 421-446. 504
B ande L, and Schuy K (2004) The economic alues o he wo ld's we lands. 505
Conde D, Vi ancu J, Rod íguez Gallego L, De Ála a D, Ve as o N, Ch e ies C, Sola i S, Teixei a L, Lagos X, 506
Piñei o G, Seijo L, Cayma is H, Pana io D (2015) Solu ions o Sus ainable Coas al Lagoon 507
Managemen . In Coas al Zones (pp. 217–250). Else ie . h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/B978-0-12-802748-508
6.00013-9 509
C oi o u, L, and Sa a , M (2010). The Cos o En i onmen al Deg ada ion. 192. 510
Dang K B, Phan T T H, Nguyen T T, Pham T P N, Nguyen M H, and Hoang T T H (2022) Economic alua ion 511
o we land ecosys em se ices in no heas e n pa o Vie nam. Knowledge & Managemen o Aqua ic 512
Ecosys ems, (423), 12. h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/kmae/2022010 513
De Jong L, Schmid T, S ahmeye J T, Ebe ha d S, Zeidle J, Damm K (2023) Willingness o p o ide in o mal 514
ca e o olde adul s in Ge many : A disc e e choice expe imen . The Eu opean Jou nal o Heal h 515
Economics, 24(3), 425–436. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10198-022-01483-5 516
19
Diede ich J, Goeschl T (2014) Willingness o Pay o Volun a y Clima e Ac ion and I s De e minan s: Field-517
Expe imen al E idence. En i onmen al and Resou ce Economics, 57(3), 405–429. 518
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10640-013-9686-3 519
Dixon A, Wood A. and Hailu A We lands in E hiopia: Lessons F om 20 yea s o Resea ch, Policy and 520
P ac ice. We lands 41, 20 (2021). h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s13157-021-01420-x 521
El Z elli R, Yacoubi L, Wakka T, Cas e S, G égoi e M, Mansou L, Cou jaul Radé P, Rabaoui L (2021) Su ace 522
sedimen en ichmen wi h ace me als in a hea ily human-impac ed lagoon (Bize e Lagoon, Sou he n 523
Medi e anean Sea): Spa ial dis ibu ion, ecological isk assessmen , and implica ions o en i onmen al 524
p o ec ion. Ma ine Pollu ion Bulle in, 169, 112512. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ma polbul.2021.112512 525
Elahi E, Khalid Z, and Zhang Z (2022) Unde s anding a me s’ in en ion and willingness o ins all enewable 526
ene gy echnology: A solu ion o educe he en i onmen al emissions o ag icul u e. Applied Ene gy, 527
309, 118459. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.apene gy.2021.118459 528
Ghe mandi A, Nunes P A L D (2013) A global map o coas al ec ea ion alues: Resul s om a spa ially explici 529
me a-analysis. Ecological Economics, 86, 1–15. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.11.006 530
G eene W H, Henshe D A (2003) A la en class model o disc e e choice analysis: Con as s wi h mixed logi . 531
T anspo a ion Resea ch Pa B: Me hodological, 37(8), 681–698. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/S0191-532
2615(02)00046-2 533
Haile T A (2012) Applica ion o Choice Expe imen o Value Imp o ed We land A ibu es: The Case o We lands 534
a ound Jimma Town Sou h Wes e n E hiopia. Doc o al hesis, 535
h ps:// eposi o y.ju.edu.e /bi s eam/handle/123456789/2019/TSEGAW%20%20ABEBE%20HAILE%536
20(MSc.THESIS).pd ?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 537
Henshe D A, Rose J M, G eene W H (2015) Applied Choice Analysis (2nd ed.). Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. 538
h ps://doi.o g/10.1017/CBO9781316136232 539
Kai o J G, Lang’a J K S, Dahdouh Guebas F, Bosi e J, Ka achi M (2008) S uc u al de elopmen and p oduc i i y 540
o eplan ed mang o e plan a ions in Kenya. Fo es Ecology and Managemen , 255(7), 2670–2677. 541
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. o eco.2008.01.031 542
Lal P, Lim Applega e H, Scoccima o M (2024) The Adap i e Decision-Making P ocess as a Tool o In eg a ed 543
Na u al Resou ce Managemen : Focus, A i udes, and App oach. 544
Lopes R, Videi a N (2013) Valuing ma ine and coas al ecosys em se ices: An in eg a ed pa icipa o y 545
amewo k. Ocean & Coas al Managemen , 84, 153–162. 546
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.08.001 547
Ma ínez Paz J M, Pe ni A, Ma ínez Ca asco F (2013) Assessmen o he P og amme o Measu es o Coas al 548
Lagoon En i onmen al Res o a ion Using Cos –Bene i Analysis. Eu opean Planning S udies, 21(2), 549
131–148. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09654313.2012.722923 550
McNama a K E, Wes oby R, Clissold R, Chand a A (2021) Unde s anding and esponding o clima e-d i en non-551
economic loss and damage in he Paci ic Islands. Clima e Risk Managemen , 33, 100336. 552
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.c m.2021.100336 553
Mechle R, Bouwe L M, Schinko T, Su minski S, Linne oo h Baye J (Eds) (2019) Loss and Damage om 554
Clima e Change: Concep s, Me hods and Policy Op ions. Sp inge In e na ional Publishing. 555
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5 556
20
Meye A (2015) Does educa ion inc ease p o-en i onmen al beha io ? E idence om Eu ope. Ecological 557
Economics, 116, 108–121. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.04.018 558
Missaoui S, Rahmani D, Thabe C, Feás J, Gíl J M, and Akaichi F (2023) Assessmen o social demand o 559
en i onmen al and cul u al he i age p ese a ion: E idence om a disc e e choice expe imen in Tunisia. 560
F on ie s in En i onmen al Economics, 2, 1234249. h ps://doi.o g/10.3389/ e c.2023.1234249 561
Naha N, Hossain Z, and Mahiuddin S (2023) Assessmen o he en i onmen al pe cep ions, a i udes, and 562
awa eness o ci y dwelle s ega ding sus ainable u ban en i onmen al managemen : A case s udy o 563
Dhaka, Bangladesh. En i onmen , De elopmen and Sus ainabili y, 25(8), 7503–564
7531. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10668-022-02354-y 565
Nas i A, Mhadhbi T, Allouche M, Hannachi A, Demey H, Aïssa P, and Mahmoudi E (2022) Pe sis en O ganic 566
Pollu an s in he Bize e Lagoon Ecosys em: Occu ence, Dis ibu ion, and Eco oxicological Assessmen 567
Using Ma ine O ganism. In echOpen. doi: 10.5772/in echopen.100549 568
Ne usil N R, Dissanayake S T M, La elle L, Ando A W, Wells K K (2023) Does p esen a ion ma e ? An analysis 569
o images and ex in a choice expe imen o g een oo s. Q Open, 3(1), qoad010. 570
h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/qopen/qoad010 571
New on, A., B i o, A. C., Icely, J. D., De olez, V., Cla a, I., Angus, S., ... & Khokhlo , V. (2018). Assessing, 572
quan i ying and aluing he ecosys em se ices o coas al lagoons. Jou nal o na u e conse a ion, 44, 573
50-65. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.02.009 574
O’Donoghue T, Rabin M (2000) The economics o immedia e g a i ica ion. Jou nal o Beha io al Decision 575
Making, 13(2), 233–250. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200004/06)13:2<233::AID-576
BDM325>3.0.CO;2-U 577
Osman M, Tho n on K (2019) T a ic ligh labelling o meals o p omo e sus ainable consump ion and heal hy 578
ea ing. Appe i e, 138, 60–71. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.appe .2019.03.015 579
Paci ico AM, Mulazzani L and Malo gio G (2025) A e he economic alua ions o ma ine and coas al ecosys em 580
se ices suppo ing policymake s? A sys ema ic e iew and emaining gaps and challenges. F on . Ma . 581
Sci. 11:1501812. doi: 10.3389/ ma s.2024.1501812 582
Paci ico A M, B igolin D, Mulazzani L, Seme a o M, and Malo gio, G (2024) Managing ma ine aquacul u e by 583
assessing i s con ibu ion o ecosys em se ices p o ision: The case o Medi e anean mussel, My ilus 584
gallop o incialis. Ocean & Coas al Managemen , 259, 107456. 585
Pa amana T, Dassenakis M, Bassan N, Dallangelo C, Campos ini P, Raice ich S, e al (2023). Achie ing 586
cohe ence be ween he ma ine s a egy amewo k di ec i e and he ma i ime spa ial planning di ec i e. 587
Ma . Policy 155, 105733. doi: 10.1016/j.ma pol.2023.105733 588
Pe ni A, Ma ínez Ca asco F, Ma ínez-Paz J (2011) Economic alua ion o coas al lagoon en i onmen al 589
es o a ion: Ma Meno (SE Spain). Ciencias Ma inas, 37(2), 175–190. 590
h ps://doi.o g/10.7773/cm. 37i2.1889 591
Pla sic S (n.d) An In es iga ion o Gende Di e ences in P o-en i onmen al A i udes and Beha io s. 592
Rahmani D, Lou ei o M L (2019) Assessing d i e s’ p e e ences o hyb id elec ic ehicles (HEV) in Spain. 593
Resea ch in T anspo a ion Economics, 73, 89–97. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. e ec.2018.10.006 594
Rams e e L, Habe sack F (2020) Do women make a di e ence? Analysing en i onmen al a i udes and ac ions 595
o Membe s o he Eu opean Pa liamen . En i onmen al Poli ics, 29(6), 1063–1084. 596
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09644016.2019.1609156 597
21
Rod igues-Filho J L, Macêdo R L, Sa men o H e al F om ecological unc ions o ecosys em se ices: linking 598
coas al lagoons biodi e si y wi h human well-being. Hyd obiologia 850, 2611–2653 (2023). 599
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10750-023-05171-0 600
Rönnbäck P, C ona B, Ingwall L (2007) The e u n o ecosys em goods and se ices in eplan ed mang o e 601
o es s: Pe spec i es om local communi ies in Kenya. En i onmen al Conse a ion, 34(04). 602
h ps://doi.o g/10.1017/S0376892907004225 603
Schaak H, and Mussho O (2020) Public p e e ences o pas u e landscapes in Ge many—A la en class analysis 604
o a na ionwide disc e e choice expe imen . Land Use Policy, 91, 104371. 605
Sh YH (Jimmy), Ready R, O land B, Echols S (2019) How Do Visual Rep esen a ions In luence Su ey 606
Responses? E idence om a Choice Expe imen on Landscape A ibu es o G een In as uc u e. 607
Ecological Economics, 156, 375–386. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.10.015 608
S ainback G A, Lai J H, Pienaa E F, Adam D C, Wiede hol R, Vo se h C (2020) Public p e e ences o ecological 609
indica o s used in E e glades es o a ion. PLOS ONE, 15(6), e0234051. 610
h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0234051 611
Tianyu J, Meng L (2020) Does educa ion inc ease p o-en i onmen al willingness o pay? E idence om Chinese 612
household su ey. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 275, 122713. 613
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2020.122713 614
Tonin S (2018). Economic alue o ma ine biodi e si y imp o emen in co alligenous habi a s. Ecological 615
indica o s, 85, 1121-1132. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.017 616
Toumi H, Abidli S, Bejaoui M (2019) Mic oplas ics in eshwa e en i onmen : The i s e alua ion in sedimen s 617
om se en wa e s eams su ounding he lagoon o Bize e (No he n Tunisia). En i onmen al Science 618
and Pollu ion Resea ch, 26(14), 14673–14682. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11356-019-04695-0 619
Welle B E, Bowen N K, and Faube S J (2020) La en class analysis: a guide o bes p ac ice. Jou nal o black 620
psychology, 46(4), 287-311. DOI: 10.1177/0095798420930932 621
Whi ing on, D (2010) Wha ha e we lea ned om 20 yea s o s a ed p e e ence esea ch in less-de eloped 622
coun ies? Annual Re iew o Resou ce Economics, 2, 209–236. 623
h ps://doi.o g/10.1146/annu e . esou ce.012809.103908 624
Wilson W W, Haiges R, Ch is e K (2023) Assessing, quan i ying and aluing he ecosys em se ices o coas al 625
lagoons. h ps://doi.o g/10.2139/ss n.4417034 626
Xu L, Ao C, Mao B, Cheng Y, Sun B, Wang J, Liu B, Ma J (2020) Which is mo e Impo an Ecological 627
Conse a ion o Rec ea ional Se ice? E idence om a Choice Expe imen in We land Na u e Rese e 628
Managemen . We lands, 40(6), 2381–2396. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s13157-020-01348-8 629
630
