Integrating plasmasphere, ionosphere and thermosphere observations and models into a standardised open access research environment: The PITHIA-NRF international project

u
Ins i u de Reche che en As ophysique e Plane
´ ologie (IRAP), Uni e si e
´de Toulouse, ROUTE DE NARBONNE 118, TOULOUSE CEDEX 9 31062, F ance
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
www.else ie .com/loca e/as
In eg a ing plasmasphe e, ionosphe e and he mosphe e
obse a ions and models in o a s anda dised open access
esea ch en i onmen : The PITHIA-NRF in e na ional p ojec
Anna Belehaki
a,⇑
,
a
Iaasa s, Na ional Obse a o y o A hens (NOA), Me axa and Vas. Pa lou, Palaia Pen eli, 15236, G eece
Ingema Ha
¨ggs o
¨
m
b
,
b
Eisca Scien ific Associa ion (EISCAT), Rymdcampus 1, Ki una 981 92, Sweden
Tamas Kiss
c
,
c
The Uni e si y o Wes mins e LBG (UOW), Regen S ee 309, London W1B 2UW, Uni ed Kingdom
I an Galkin
d,e
,
d
Bo ealis Global Designs Eood (BGD), BLVD Ma ia Louisa 24 En A FLOOR 1 AP 1, Va na 9000, Bulga ia
e
Cen e o A mosphe ic Resea ch, Uni e si y o Massachuse s Lowell (UML), 600 Suffolk S ee , Lowell, MA 01854, USA
Ande s Tjulin
b
,
Ma
´ ia Miha
´liko a
´
b
, Ca l-F ed ik Enell
b
, Gab iel Pie an oni
c,1
, Yin Chen
,
S ich ing EGI (EGI), Science Pa k 140, Ams e dam 1098 XG, he Ne he lands
Ge gely Sipos
,
Sean B uinsma
g
,
g
Cen e Na ional D’e udes Spa iales (CNES), Space Geodesy Office, 18 A enue E. Belin, 31401 Toulouse, F ance
Vi iane Pie a d
h
,
h
RoyaI Belgian Ins i u e o Space Ae onomy (BIRA), AVENUE CIRCULAIRE 3, B uxelles 1180, Belgium
Da id Al adill
i
,
i
Obse a o io del Eb o Fundacion, CSIC - Uni e si a Ramon Lull, Roque es 43520, OE, Spain
An oni Sega a
i
, Vı
´c o Na as-Po ella
i
,
Emanuele Pica
j
, Luca Spogli
j
,
j
Is i u o Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Via di Vigna Mu a a 605, 00143, Rome
Lucilla Al onsi
j
, Claudio Cesa oni
j
, Vicenzo Romano
j
,
Sa a Mainella
j
, Pie o Ve micelli
k
,
k
SpacEa h Technology (SET), Viale dell’As ono mia 18, 00144 Rome, I aly
Tobias Ve huls
l
,
l
Royal Me eo ological Ins i u e o Belgium(RMI), AVENUE CIRCULAIRE 3, B uxelles 1180, Belgium
S e aan Poed s
m,n
,
m
Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en (Ku Leu en), Dep . o Ma hema ics/Cm PA, Oude Ma k 13, Leu en 3000, Belgium
n
Uni e si y o Ma ia Cu ie-Skłodowska (UMCS), ul. Ma ii Cu ie-Sk łodowskiej 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
Manuel He na
´ndez-Paja es
o
, Dalia Bu eso a
p
,
p
Us a Fyziky A mos e y AV CR, . .i. (IAP), BOCNI II 1401, PRAHA 4 141 31, Czech Republic
Jan Rusz
p
, Ja osla Chum
p
,
Fabien Da ouze
h
, Edi h Bo ek
h
, Hanna Ro hkaehl
q
,
q
Cen um Badan Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk (CBK PAN), Ba ycka 18A, 00-716 Wa saw, Poland
Ba ba a Ma yjasiak
q
,
Ma iusz Pozoga
q
, Ma cin G zesiak
q
, Da id Chan You Fee
c
, Dimi is Kagialis
c
,
Ioanna Tsagou i
a
, Angeliki Thanasou
a
, Themis ocles He ekakis
a
, Jean-Ma ie Che alie
,
Koninklijke S e enwach an Belgie (ROB), A enue Ci culai e 3, B uxelles 1180, Belgium
Nicolas Be geo
, Alexand e Winan
h
, Maaijke Me ius
s
,
s
The Ne he lands Ins i u e o Radio As onomy (ASTRON), Oude Hooge e ensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Ne he lands
Ben Wi lie
,
Uni e si y o Twen e, Facul y o EEMCS, Radio Sys ems, Enschede, he Ne he lands
Vic o ia G affigna
o
,
o
Uni e si a Poli ecnica de Ca alunya (UPC), Mod. C3 Campus No d UPC, c/ Jo di Gi ona 1-3, 08034 Ba celona, Spain
Au e
´lie Ma chaudon
u
, Da id Wenzel
,
Deu sches Zen um Fue Lu - und Raum ah e (DLR), Kalkho s weg 53, 17235 Neus eli z, Ge many
Ma in K iegel
, Ju
¨ gen Ma zka
w
,
w
Helmhol z Zen um Po sdam Deu sches Geo o schungszen um GFZ, TELEGRAFENBERG 17, Po sdam 14473, Ge many
Gu am Ke alish ili
w
, Te o Rai a
x
, Reko Hyno
¨nen
x
, Ju gen Wa e mann
y
⇑
Co esponding au ho a : IAASARS, Na ional Obse a o y o A hens, Palaia Pen eli 15236, G eece.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (A. Belehaki).
1
Deceased, Decembe 2023.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.as .2024.11.065
0273-1177/©2024 COSPAR. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
w
x
Oulun Yliopis o (SGO), Pen i Kai e an Ka u 1, Oulu 90014, Finland
y
J wconsul (JFW), LA Te ade Chemin De Picho , Tou e es 83440, F ance
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Recei ed 15 Augus 2024; ecei ed in e ised o m 24 No embe 2024; accep ed 26 No embe 2024
A ailable online 2 Decembe 2024
Abs ac
The PITHIA-NRF p ojec ‘‘Plasmasphe e Ionosphe e The mosphe e In eg a ed Resea ch En i onmen and Access se ices: a Ne -
wo k o Resea ch Facili ies” aims a building a Eu opean dis ibu ed ne wo k ha in eg a es obse a ions om space and g ound, da a
p ocessing ools and models o suppo scien ific esea ch on he Plasmasphe e-Ionosphe e-The mosphe e sys em. PITHIA-NRF is
designed o p o ide o malised open access o expe imen al acili ies, da a and models, s anda dised da a p oduc s, and aining se ices.
Pa icipa ing o ganisa ions ha ope a e hese acili ies, o med wel e nodes in ele en Eu opean coun ies. These nodes wo k on op i-
mising hei obse ing acili ies and offe ans-na ional access o scien is s and enginee s. The PITHIA-NRF e-Science Cen e is a co e
elemen o he p ojec . I s design and e olu ion a e con olled by a sys ema ic on ology which go e ns he collec ion o scien ific obse -
a ions and esea ch models, join ly e med da a collec ions, which a e egis e ed wi h he e-Science Cen e. Se e al ens o da a collec-
ions a e being egis e ed. Da a collec ion egis a ions adhe e o FAIR p inciples and anspa en quali y measu es o a la ge ex en . The
e-Science Cen e acili a es he execu ion o esea ch p ojec s p oposed by esea che s om inside and ou side he PITHIA-NRF con-
so ium which equi e ans-na ional access o and unde s anding o da a collec ions (obse a ions and models) esiding a one o se e al
PITHIA-NRF nodes. Upon comple ion o he p ojec a comp ehensi e collec ion o obse a ions and models will ha e been ga he ed by
he e-Science Cen e o he benefi o efficien scien ific esea ch which elies on Eu ope-wide collabo a ion.
©2024 COSPAR. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/
by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. In oduc ion
Physical p ocesses in he Ea h’s ionosphe e, he mo-
sphe e, and plasmasphe e esul in an ex emely complex
physical sys em which is he sou ce o many scien ific,
ope a ional, socie al, and en i onmen al challenges ha
affec he smoo h and unin e up ed ope a ion o echno-
logical sys ems. Some indica i e affec ed applica ions a e:
(1) high- equency (HF) adio communica ion and locali-
sa ion (Knipp, 2016; Wi lie , 2016), geoloca ion sys ems
and associa ed g ound- and sa elli e-based aug men a ion
sys ems (Roy, 2013); (2) space-based communic a ions
(Do man, 200 5), communica ion be ween he Ea h and
g ound s a ions and o e s on he Moon, on Ma s and
o he plane s (Ba bie i, 2004; Be geo e al., 2019); (3)
communica ion wi h deep space missions (Woo, 20 07);
(4) low- equency adio as onomy and Syn he ic-
Ape u e Rada (SAR) obse a ions (Pi, 2015).
The impo ance o he socioeconomic impac o hese
effec s (Ve micelli e al., 2022) indica es he need o
elease imp o ed nowcas ing and o ecas ing ools o
he uppe a mosphe e and he plasmasphe e. To mee his
goal, a fi s undamen al s ep is o ad ance access o
science da a, analysis ools and scien ific models and
acili a e he ansi ion o models om esea ch o ope -
a ional s a us; his is he main objec i e and he ambi ion
o he Resea ch In as uc u e p ojec PITHIA-NRF,
implemen ed wi h unding om he Eu opean Commis-
sion Ho izon 2020 P og amme. PITHIA-NRF, he Plas-
masphe e Ionosphe e The mosphe e In eg a ed
Resea ch En i onmen and Access se ices: a Ne wo k
o Resea ch Facili ies, aims o build a Eu opean dis-
ibu ed ne wo k in eg a ing obse ing acili ies, da a col-
lec ions, da a p ocessing ools and p edic ion models
dedica ed o ionosphe e, he mosphe e and plasmasphe e
(ITP) esea ch. PITHIA-NRF is designed o p o ide o -
malised access o expe imen al acili ies, o Findable,
Accessible, In e ope able, Re-usable (FAIR) da a, o
s anda dised da a p oduc s and o aining and inno a-
ion se ices. PITHIA-NRF pa es he way o he es ab-
lishmen o a esea ch en i onmen ha p o ides ne
obse ing echnologies, p ocedu es and ools ha sup-
po ansi ion o esea ch models o high-le el da a
p oduc s uned o mee he equi emen s o he echnolo-
gies conce ned, linking bes -in-class R&D acili ies o
he p o ision o seamless mul i- echnology se ices.
3083
Eu opean ins i u ions ope a e a la ge numbe o wo ld-
class g ound- and space-based ins umen s dedica ed o
obse ing he Ea h’s ionosphe e, he mosphe e and plas-
masphe e. The managemen and p ocessing o he da a col-
lec ions acqui ed by hese he e ogeneous ins umen s is no
s anda dised and he policies o access and exploi a ion
a e diffe en and mainly uned o na ional p io i ies. Due
o his agmen ed ope a ion, and diffe en access policies,
esea che s in Eu ope and wo ldwide canno exploi he
ull po en ial o hese impo an esea ch asse s, despi e
he significan in es men s made mainly h ough na ional
and egional unds.
The PITHIA-NRF in eg a ion scheme uni es he
esea ch acili ies, da abases and models in a single
esea ch en i onmen and ende s hem easily accessible
o he Eu opean esea che s and o all in e es ed indi idu-
a
als and o ganisa ions, ensu ing hei op imal use and p o -
mo ing coope a i e de elopmen .
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
The esea ch acili ies se e he ollowing un damen al
scien ific demands:
1. Access o he ne wo k acili ies by scien is s and enginee s,
o he implemen a ion o use -design p ojec s, using he
unique obse i ng capabili ies ha PITHIA-NRF offe s.
2. Access o long- e m obse a ional da a o he nea -
Ea h space en i onmen o build a comp ehensi e iew
o he Iono sphe e – The mosphe e – Plasmasphe e sys-
em, and also o de elop and alida e models.
3. Access o alida ed models and hei esul s and o el-
e an aining ma e ial on he modelling concep s, and
on he phy sics p inciples embedded in he empi ical
models, add essed o he new gene a ion o esea che s.
4. Access o a pla o m ha p o ides ools o he de elop-
men and in eg a ion o new models o nea -Ea h
space, which a e indispensable o desc ibing, explaining
and ul ima ely o ecas ing he beha iou o his complex
sys em, and mi iga ing ad e se space wea he effec s on
ulne able echnologies.
F om i s incep ion, PITHIA-NRF has been an in eg al
pa o he global ne wo k o esea ch in as uc u es (Ishii
e al., 20 24), as i s ounda ion is based on in eg a ion p inci-
ples se by EGI (a pan-Eu opean e-in as uc u e), URSI,
and ESA (SSA and EO P og ammes) ega ding da a model
s anda ds and ma u i y scales. I elies on da a collec ion and
managemen s anda ds and policies se by he EOSC, mainly
p o ided by URSI, he IGS GNSS ne wo k (such as aw
GNSS RINEX- and global VTEC IONEX- o ma s) and
CCMC/NASA. The adop ion o specific s anda ds is consid-
e ed in he PITHIA-NRF da a policy defini ion, which is
necessa y gi en he pa icula i ies o he uppe a mosphe e
da a se s ha a e a mi x u e o g ound-based and space-
bo ne da a and con ain a a ie y o da a p oduc s ex ac ed
om models o p ocessed wi h da a cu a ion ools.
Fig. 1 shows he s uc u e o PITHIA-NRF. An
ad anced le el o in eg a ion is ob ained ia he alignmen
and use o common s anda ds, obse a ion s a egies, da a
managemen s a egies, da a o ma s, scien ific models, and
e-in as uc u es.
The in eg a ion is achie e d h ough:
The es ablishmen o he e-Science Cen e (eSC) o he
egis a ion o da a collec ions, hei disco e y, access
and e-use. Da a collec ions egis e ed in he eSC a e
a ailable wi h open access. Howe e , egis a ions in
he eSC a e accep ed by au ho ised use s ei he om
he p ojec beneficia ies o om any o he pa y, such
as T ansNa ional Use s o ins i u ions willing o use
he eSC as a cen al eposi o y o da a and models.
The de elopmen o policies o common da a man age-
men and quali y con ol.
The c ea ion o a space physics on ology and commu-
ni y me ada a s anda d acili a ing he es ablishmen
o a sha ed language, essen ial o s eamlined da a
in eg a ion.
The op imisa ion o he ope a ion o he obse ing acil-
i ies ope a ed wi hin he PITHIA-NRF nodes and he
p o ision o s anda dised access o scien is s and engi-
nee s o conduc Resea ch and De elopmen p ojec s.
3084
Models and da a made a ailable a he Nodes a e made
compa ible wi h na ional e-in as uc u es b ough
oge he in EGI. The in eg a ed sys em p o ides an
ex ended exploi a ion po en ial o use s ega ding obse -
ing acili ies , da a, applica ion models and wo kflows.
Deli e y owa ds use s is done ia he PITHIA-NRF e-
Science Cen e and is p omo ed by EOSC.
The ollowing sec ions p o ide de ails abou he imple-
men a ion o in eg a ed ac i i ies and he ou look o he
sus ainabil i y o he PITHIA-NRF Resea ch In as uc u e
on a long- e m pe spec i e.
2. The ne wo k o esea ch acili ies
The Ne wo k o Resea ch Facili ies consis s o 12 nodes
ha p o ide access o key obse ing and da a p ocessing
in as uc u es o he in es iga ion and modelling o phys-
ical p ocesses ac ing in he Ea h’s uppe a mosphe e.
2.1. Resea ch p io i ies in PITHIA-NRF nodes
Table 1 p o ides a sho desc ip ion o he esea ch spe-
cialisa ion o each node and he indica i e esea ch opics
o p ojec implemen a ion by ex e nal esea ch use s.
The PITHIA-NRF nodes p o ide access o he da
collec ions h ough i s local da abases. Wi hin he cou se
o he p ojec he majo i y o hese local da abases a e
upg aded o mee he FAIR equi emen s and hei me a-
da a a e egis e ed in he eSC. In his way, he eSC became
he cen al node o he ne wo k o local da abases and i is
he end poin om whe e PITHIA-NRF da a collec ions
can be disco e ed wi h open access. Howe e , he da a
i sel a e hos ed and main ained by he nodes . I depends
on he policy o each node whe he he egis e ed da a col-
lec ions a e upda ed in eal- ime, o wi h a la ency which
is again defined by he policy o he da a owne s.
The eSC, as he main access poin o he da a collec-
ions, p o ides access also o global da a bases o key
in e es o he PITHIA-NRF communi y such as he
GIRO da abase o Digisonde da a, he IGS da abase
o GNSS da a, and he GFZ and DTU da abases o geo-
magne ic and sola indices. The eSC is con inuously
upda ed wi h new egis a ions and hope ully mo e da a
collec ions will be accessible in he nea u u e o acili a e
Resea ch and Inno a ion p ojec s implemen ed in he
nodes.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Fig. 1. PITHIA-NRF in eg a io n concep .
2.2. Guided access o PITHIA-NRF nodes ia TNA p ojec s
Access o PITHIA-NRF nodes is p o ided o selec ed
use s a e he success ul e alua ion o hei T ansna ional
access (TNA) esea ch p oposals. The access can be g an ed
o p ojec s equi ing on-si e wo k and/o emo e execu ion.
Once a p oposal is posi i ely e alua ed and accep ed o
implemen a ion in a PITHIA-NRF node, he T ansNa-
ional Access (TNA) p ojec is implemen ed. The
PITHIA-NRF TNA p og amme has eleased se en open
calls since he s a o he PITHIA-NRF Ho izon 2020 p o-
jec . These calls a e de ailed on he p ojec web si e, ega d-
ing he commi men s om he side o he p ojec and he
side o he applican s and he e alua ion c i e ia. In he
ame o he PITHIA-NRF TNA p og amme 47 p ojec s
a e comple ed o cu en ly implemen ed.
The choices a ailable o he applic an s a e summa ised
in Fig. 2.
The use ge s access o obse ing acili ies ope a ed by he
node (in case o on-si e access) and o local da abases and/o
o he eSC ( o on-si e and emo e implemen a ion). Depend-
ing on he specific TNA p ojec , he fi s phase usually
includes he collec ion o he equi e d da a ei he h ough
special campaigns o h ough he da abases and he eSC.
The second phase includes he p ocessing o he col-
lec ed da a:
I scien ific obse a ions a e collec ed o a special cam-
paign, da a (acquisi ions) can be e alua ed ega ding he
quali y (see sec ion 5) and can be egis e ed in he eSC as
a new da a ca alogue.
3085
I he collec ed da a a e used o he de elopmen o a
scien ific model, hen a e he comple ion o an i e a i e
p ocedu e ha includes model design – de elopmen –
e ifica ion – alida ion, he esul s o he model (com-
pu a ions) can be egis e ed in he eSC as a new da a col-
lec ion. The PITHIA-NRF on ology (Galkin, 2023)
suppo s he egis a ion o se e al ypes o scien ific
models, including empi ical and physics-based models.
The model execu ion and he s o age o esul s depend
on he da a collec ion in e ac ion me hod ha will be
chosen by he use (see Sec ion 4.2).
I he collec ed da a a e used o he calib a ion o an
ins umen , he esul s can be published ( egis e ed) in
he eSC in he o m o a ca alogue and/o can be ans-
o med o a new high le el da a p oduc and be used o
a new inno a ion p ojec .
High le el da a p oduc s esul om in ensi e da a p o-
cessing applied o e a se o da a (acquisi ions and compu-
a ions) and e y o en equi e a chain o scien ific models
o be used in he p ocessing chain (wo kflows).
2.3. Resea ch esul s ob ained om TNA p ojec s
The ope a ion o PITHIA-NRF nodes as a ne wo k o
esea ch acili ies p o ides a amewo k o exchange o
expe ise, new ideas and concep s. Th ough his ac i i y,
in e aces a e being de eloped wi h inno a ion ac ions,
eaching ou o he enginee ing communi y, and he space
agencies which ha e specific equi emen s o echnology
eadiness and s anda disa ion in ins umen a ion and so -
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Table 1
Nodes esea ch specialisa ion.
PITHIA-NRF nodes Indica i e esea ch opics o implemen a ion by scien i ic use s
NOA node: HF VI expe imen s and ionosphe ic models
Ope a ed by NOA, A hens (Palaia Pen eli), G eece
Ionosphe ic modelling o nowcas ing and o ecas ing pu poses:
Modelling o mula ion o ionosphe ic s o m effec s a middle la i udes
d i en by sola wind inpu ; Da a d i en ionosphe ic specifica ion models,
using diffe en aining da a se s and/o deep-lea ning echniques;
Recons uc ion o elec on densi y p ofile inges ing g ound and space-
based obse a ions
Valida ion o ionosphe ic specifica ion models compa ible wi h
in e na ional p ac ices
Ionosphe ic da a quali y con ol: de elopmen o highe -le el da a-
p oduc s based on ionosphe ic au oscaled da a fil e ing algo i hms
Ionosphe ic i egula i ies and a elling ionosphe ic dis u bances (TIDs):
iden ifica ion and p opaga ion pa e ns o TIDs in he bo omside and
opside ionosphe e; iden ifica ion o pos -seismic effec s in he ionosphe e
Digisonde expe imen s: e ical soundings in au onomous and
synch onised modes; join expe imen s/special campaigns wi h bis a ic HF
sounde s’ ope a ions.
Au o al and pola cap elec odynamics
Space en i onmen a mosphe e coupling a he s a is ical sou he n
edges o he pola o ex and he au o al o al
The mosphe e-ionosphe e coupling
Combined ISR and ac i e HF Hea ing expe imen s
ISR Wo ldDay collabo a ion
Me eo oids, dus pa icles and nea -Ea h objec s
Ionosphe ic 3D imaging
Dynasonde da abase (DSND/NeX YZ pa ame e s, ionosphe ic
i egula i ies)
EISCAT node: Incohe en sca e ada (ISR) and o he VHF/UHF high
powe la ge ape u e ada expe imen s, HF ionosphe ic hea ing
expe imen s, Dynasonde da a
Ope a ed by EISCAT, Ki una, Sweden
LOFAR node:
low- equency adio obse a ions
Ope a ed by ASTRON, The Ne he lands
Ionosphe ic scin illa ion a low adio equencies:
Assessmen o any associa ion wi h scin illa ion seen by GNSS
Assessmen o any associa ion wi h la ge-scale s uc u es (e.g., TIDs)
de ec ed and modelledby o he ins umen s.
Quan ifica ion o he impac o magne osphe e–ionosphe e coupling on
au o al egion bounda y laye s beha iou using sa elli e in si u
measu emen s om DEMETER, RELEC, COSMIC, as well as
measu emen s om g ound-based in as uc u es
Implemen a ion o no el echniques based on LOFAR diagnos ics o
de e mining he cha ac e is ics o small and middle scales ionosphe ic
i egula i ies
CBK/PAS node: mul i-ins umen diagnos ics o plasma s uc u es
Ope a ed by CBK/PAS, Wa saw, Poland
SGO node: High la i ude ionosphe e physics expe imen s
Ope a ed by he Sodankyla Geophysical Obse a o y, Finland
Au o al elec odynamics using en i e Finnish Pulsa ion Magne ome e
ne wo k, compa ison o isual au o al o al and exploi a ion o IL and IU
indices
Elec on p ecipi a io n om KAIRA, compa ison o model esul s
Ionosphe ic D egion cosmic noise abso p ion using iome e ne wo k
and KAIRA obse a ions
UT3 IRAP node:
Plasmasphe e- Ionosphe e The mosphe e modelling
Ope a ed by UT3-IRAP, Toulouse, F ance
Valida ion o he IRAP Plasmasphe e-Ionosphe e Model (IPIM) esul s
especially du ing sola eclipses, sola fla es, CIRs o CMEs, using da a
om ionosphe ic s a ions, Supe DARN ada s and GNSS sa elli es signals;
Quan ifica ion o Joule hea ing and ene ge ic pa icle p ecipi a ion
hea ing a au o al la i udes h ough IPIM modelling ed wi h ealis ic
inpu s such as Supe DARN con ec ion, sa elli es pa icle p ecipi a ion;
Assessmen o he he mosphe e cha ac e is ics du ing pe u bed pe iods
(CIRs, CMEs) and hei effec on he IPIM ionosphe e modelling a high
and middle la i udes. Compa ison wi h ionosphe ic obse a ions
(ionosondes, EISCAT ada s ).
ROB GNSS node: GNSS ha dwa e calib a ion and da a p ocessing acili y
Ope a ed by he ROB GNSS g oup, B ussels, Belgium
Adap a ion o he ROB-IONO so wa e p ocess global da a.
Pos -p ocessing and nowcas ing p oduc s on TEC and sTEC a
ionosphe ic pie ce poin s.
Tes o Galileo inclusions in he p ocessing
Mul i-GNSS compa ison o es in e ope abili y o he diffe en sys ems.
GNSS ha dwa e delay es ima ion
3086

1.
wa e. In his amewo k, specific ac i i ies ha e al eady
been ca ied ou in PITHIA-NRF nodes o p omo e he
ne wo king concep and he design o new scien ific se -
ices based on he needs exp essed by he scien ific/engi-
nee ing communi y and by he space indus y.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Table 1 (con inued)
PITHIA-NRF nodes Indica i e esea ch opics o implemen a ion by scien i ic use s
UPC IonSAT node: P ecise GNSS modelling o new scien ific and
echnical applica ions.
Ope a ed by UPC IonSAT g oup, Ba celona, Spain
Global Tomog aphic modelling o he ionosphe e compu ed wi h
mul i equency GNSS phase-ca ie obse a ions.
Elec on densi y p ofiles de i ed om LEO based GNSS adio-
occul a ion measu emen s.
GNSS-Ionosphe e Measu emen o Ex eme Ul aViole (EUV) sola
flux a ia ion du ing sola fla es
OE node: HF Digisonde- o-Digisonde (D2D) expe imen s
Ope a ed by OE, Roque es, Spain
HF D2D expe imen s o imp o e ionosphe ic specifica ion in wes
Eu ope.
Iden ifica ion and specifica ion o La ge Scale T a elling Ionosphe ic
Dis u bances (LSTIDs).
Iden ifica ion and specifica ion o Plasma Deple ions by means o GNSS
da a.
Sola fla e abso p ion effec s on adio signals.
IAP node:
Ionosphe e-lowe a mosphe e coupling,
Ope a ed by IAP, P ague, Czech Republic
Analysis o wa e coupling p ocesses and consequences in he whole
a mosphe e and ionosphe e using CDSSs and Eu opean Digisonde
ne wo k measu emen s
Valida ion o medium scale TIDs de ec ion echniques
Ionosphe e/g a i y wa e clima ology
T oposphe e - uppe a mosphe e - sola wind coupling s udies exploing
a mosphe ic elec ici y, ionosphe e and sola wind da a
INGV node: ionosphe ic i egula i ies: specifica ion, modelling and
mi iga ion
Οpe a ed by INGV, Rome, I aly
Ionosphe ic scin illa ions: Moni o ing, modelling, o ecas ing and
clima ological analysis.
Mi iga ion algo i hms/ echniques o HF. communica ions (Ray acing)
and o ionosphe ic scin illa ions on high accu acy posi ioning (PPP,
NRTK) and Syn he ic Ape u e Rada Imaging;
Ionosphe ic co ec ion o augmen a ion sys ems in challenging a eas
(high and low la i udes).
DLR-SO node: Space wea he impac in he ionosphe e and plasmasphe e
and mi iga ion o he effec s
Ope a ed by DLR, Neus eli z, Ge many
Sola fla e moni o ing and analysis o he ionosphe ic esponse.
Impac analysis o HF communica ion and GNSS pe o mances by
combina ion wi h GNSS measu emen s (TEC, TEC a es)
Spec al analyses o s udy adia ion impac s on he lowe ionosphe e
Resea ch and analysis o D-Laye ionosphe e dis u bances om below
(G a i y wa es, Ea hquakes, Hu icanes, adia ion sou ces)
Analysis o ionosphe ic esponse du ing Sola Eclipse e en s
C oss co ela ion wi h ex e nal da a se s om use s (e.g. in he domain o
GNSS-posi ioning o communica ion) o check he ulne abili y o hei
sys ems o sola fla e e en s
Specifica ion o opside ionosphe e and plasmasphe e elec on densi y
using NPSM
The objec i es and some esul s om selec ed TNA p o-
jec s, o ganised in ou esea ch a eas, a e summa ised he e
below:
2.3.1. Mul i-ins umen da a analysis o de ec ion and
modelling o ionosphe ic s o m effec s and i egula i ies
The majo i y o p ojec s belonging o his g oup add ess
opics ele an o he analysis o mul i-ins umen da a o
he s udy o he coupling o he lowe a mosphe e wi h he
ionosphe e, he coupling o he bo omside and opside
ionosphe e and he de ec ion o uppe a mosphe e dis u -
bances igge ed by ea hquakes, sola s o ms and sola
fla es.
3087
Upwa d P opaga ing G a i y Wa es in he lowe an d
middle ionosphe e (UPGW)
G a i y wa es (GWs) a e an impo an class o a mo-
sphe ic wa es ha can p opaga e om he oposphe e
up o he uppe a mosphe e, whe e hey can con ibu e sig-
nifican ly o dynamical changes in he ionosphe e. The aim
o he UPGW p ojec was o gain a deepe unde s anding
o he coupling be ween he lowe and he middle iono-
sphe e ia g a i y wa es by he concu en analysis o na -
owband VLF (cha ac e ising GWs in he lowe
ionosphe e), con inuous HF Dopple (cha ac e ising
GWs in he middle ionosphe e) and ligh ning da a p o-
ided by he Wo ld Wide Ligh ning Loca ion Ne wo k
(WWLLN). The eby, he esea ch is expec ed o con ibu e
o a be e unde s anding and mi iga ion o he dis o ing
effec s o a mosphe ic wa es on sa elli e communica ions
and global GNSS-based posi ioning.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
The p ojec aims a in es iga ing he simul aneous
occu ence o GWs in he lowe ionosphe e and in he F
laye , by s udying he nigh ime ionosphe e using na ow-
band VLF measu emen s (cha ac e ising GWs in he E
laye ) ca ied ou a Tihany, Hunga y and he mul i-
poin and mul i- equency con inuous Dopple sounding
sys em, cha ac e ising GWs in he F laye (Chum e al.,
2023) ope a ed by he Ins i u e o A mosphe ic Physics,
Czech Academy o Science (IAP Node). Due o he oblique
p opaga ion o GWs, mul iple VLF p opaga ion pa hs a e
analysed (Fig. 3) o find he pa h whe e he occu ence o
GWs shows he highes co ela ion wi h he de ec ion o
GWs by he Dopple sys em. The goal is no o iden i y
s ic ly he same GW in he lowe ionosphe e and in he
F laye , bu o explo e he s a is ical ela ionship be ween
he occu ence o GWs in he wo ionosphe ic egions.
2. Cha ac e iza ion o Plasma Deple ions and Effec s on
Geode ic Applica ions (CPD&EGA)
In his wo k, local ea u es o he ionosphe e a e iden i-
fied, moni o ed, and cha ac e ised om ionosonde mea-
su emen s a Eb o Obse a o y, sa elli e ul a iole
imag es om Special Senso Ul a iole Spec og aphic
Image (SSUSI), o al elec on con en (TEC) index
(ROTI) (Pi e al., 1997) om GNSS, and all-sky 630 nm
images a Oukaı
¨meden Obse a o y (Mo occo). This
TNA p ojec is implemen ed in he OE node. The dynamics
and coupling p ocesses o plasma deple ions in ela ion o
uppe a mosphe e and space wea he condi ions a e s ud-
ied o he geomagne ic s o m o 28 Feb ua y 2014.
This wo k e ifies ha ionosonde, sa elli e UV imaging,
GNSS-ROTI, and all-sky imaging da a can be combined o
in es iga e and cha ac e ise ionosphe ic plasma deple ions a
local and egional scales (Calabia e al. 2024). In his scheme,
he low la i ude plasma deple ion ha appea ed in Spain du -
ing he geomagne ic s o m o 27 Feb ua y 20 14, is in es iga ed
and cha ac e ised (Fig. 4); i s a ia ions in space and ime a e
in e ela ed wi h he diffe en mul i-ins umen da a.
3. Compa isons and alida ion o he TIDs occu ence in
he ionosphe ic il measu emen s wi h he GNSS obse -
a ions (CVTIDs)
Fig. 2. PITHIA-NRF TNA choices.
3088
Fig. 3. Map showing he diffe en geophysical measu emen s o be used in
he p ojec . The o ange iangle indica es he loca ion o he con inuous
Dopple sounding sys em (Czech Republic), while he blue squa e
indica es he loca ion o he na owband VLF ecei e sys em (Tihany,
Hunga y). Red ci cles ma k mili a y VLF ansmi e s, which a e
connec ed o he Hunga ian VLF ecei e by do ed lines.
The main objec i e o his p ojec is o compa e he
capabili ies and limi a ions o a ious obse a ional ech-
niques o s udying MSTID o e he Eu opean sec o .
Fu he mo e, hese echniques will be used o quan i y
he causes and sou ces o MSTIDs and o iden i y he
po en ial indica o o de eloping he MSTID
o ecas ing.
To a ain he main objec i e, he ollowing specific
objec i es a e p oposed:
Compa e and alida e he ionosphe ic il measu emen
esul s wi h he GNSS-dTEC es ima ed MSTIDs and
explo e he physical easons ela ing ionosphe ic g adi-
en s wi h ionosphe ic il .
Quan i y he ole o Es and F egion coupling on he
gene a ion o TIDs unde in e -hemisphe ic
pe spec i es.
The p ojec is unde implemen a ion in he OE node.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Fig. 4. Le panel shows he ionog am om El A enosillo Obse a o y (EA036), Spain, o 27 Feb ua y a 21:00 h UTC, whe e ange sp ead F e eals he
p esence o a plasma deple ion. Righ panel shows an all-sky OI 630.0 nm image cap u ed a Oukaı
¨meden Obse a o y (OO), Mo occo, on 27 Feb ua y
2014, whe e spa ial cha ac e is ics o he plasma deple ion can be obse ed.
4. Longi udinal diffe ences in a elling ionosphe ic dis u -
bance cha ac e is ics a middle la i udes (LONG)
Thanks o he TNA p og amme, wo g oups o
esea che s om he Ionosphe e Ins i u e (Kha ki ,
Uk aine) and he Ins i u e o A mosphe ic Physics, Czech
Academy o Science (IAP Node), using a combina ion o
a ious adiophysical me hods s udied ionosphe e dynam-
ics abo e Eu ope du ing he 22–24 Sep embe 2020 mode -
a e geomagne ic s o m. The esul s ob ained in he p ojec
allow us o expand ou knowledge abou he egional cha -
ac e is ics o TIDs and imp o e he p edic ion capabili ies
o ionosphe ic models.
Th ee ionosondes loca ed in Julius uh, P uhonice and
nea Kha ki , and he Kha ki incohe en sca e ada
we e employed o s udy empo al and spa ial TID signa-
u es in ionosphe i c F2 peak densi y and heigh and elec-
on densi y a ia ions a he heigh s o 100–300 km
(Fig. 5). TIDs we e obse ed du ing enhancemed au o al
ac i i y and local sun ise e mina o passage and he ol-
lowing specific cha ac e is ics we e eco ded: diu nal
occu ence a each loca ion, p edominan pe iod, e ical
and ho izon al phase eloci y and wa eleng h, ela i e
ampli ude o elec on densi y fluc ua ions and p opaga ion
di ec ion. Wi h inc eased s o m in ensi y day- o-nigh a i-
a ions o hmF2 and NmF2 inc eased a all h ee si es
(Panasenko e al., 2023; Aksono a e al., 2024).
Fig. 5. Kha ki incohe en sca e ada (on he le ) and loca ion o he ins umen a ion in ol ed in he analysis (on he igh ).
3089
5. Wa e-like s uc u es in he ionosphe e be ween A hens
and Sop on (WIONAS)
T a elling Ionosphe ic Dis u bances (TIDs) de ec ion
so wa e codes and ele an da a collec ions, p o ided
by he NOA node, ha e been exploi ed by he WIONAS
p ojec o iden i y wa e s uc u es p opaga ing wi hin
he ionosphe e abo e he Sou h-Eas Eu opean egion,
in he a ea be ween Sop on and A hens Digisonde s a-
ions. Ionosonde measu emen s, including ionog ams
and Digisonde- o-Digisonde TID obse a ions be ween
he wo Digisonde s a ions we e analysed. Based on
he da a a ailabili y om he wo Digisonde s a ions,
some ecen geomagne ic s o ms and lowe a mosphe e
dynamic e en s we e selec ed o u he s udy. TID
esul s om he TechTIDE da abase (Belehaki
e al.,202 0) ob ained om Digisonde measu emen s,
and HF In e e ome y me hod (based on he spec al
,
analysis o he MUF) and he GNSS g adien me hod,
we e analysed o ob ain in o ma ion abou diffe en ig-
ge ing sou ces o he obse ed TIDs and hei p opaga-
ion cha ac e is ics.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Fig. 6. Diu nal nigh ime sp ead F occu ence o e Eb o o (a) 2014, (b) 2019 and (c) 2022.
6. Heigh - ime-in ensi y (HTI) applica ion and alida ion in
TID and Es signa u es on ex ended da ase s (HAVES)
HAVES has h ee main objec i es, nigh ime sp ead F
cha ac e iza ion o e he Eb o Obse a o y (OE), compa -
ison o wo me hods o de ec LSTIDs he HF-INT
(Al adill e al., 2020) and he HTI (Haldoupis e al.,
2006), and a long- e m s udy o in e media e descending
laye s (IDLs). The p ojec is implemen ed in he OE node.
The fi s objec i e, he cha ac e iza ion o nigh im e sp ead
F, was based on an ex ended ionog am da ase eco ded by
he OE digisonde du ing he in e al 2012–2022 (Fig. 6).
These ionog ams we e analysed o iden i y nigh ime
sp ead F e en s and e alua e any seasonal and sola ac i -
i y ends. Clea seasonal cha ac e is ics and yea ly in e se
sola ac i i y sp ead F dependence was iden ified. The sec-
ond objec i e, LSTID ac i i y o e OE has been s udied in
e ms o he HF-INT and HTI echniques (exploi ing iono-
g ams a a 5-min esolu ion eco ded om 2016 o 2022).
Simila i ies and diffe ences in he diu nal LSTID occu -
ence we e no ed o e Eb o as ex ac ed by hese wo di -
e en echniques. The hi d objec i e o HAVES was a
long- e m s udy o in e media e descending laye s (IDLs)
o e OE by applying he HTI me hodology.
7. Valida ion AND Assessmen o nea - eal ime de ec ion
and o ecas ing o LS-TIDs in Eu ope (VANDALS-TIDE)
The main scien ific pu pose o he p ojec is o s udy
specific LSTID ac i i y o alida e and assess he me hods
o he de ec ion and o ecas ing o LSTIDs and define
po en ial ea ly indica o s o LSTID ac i i y. LSTID de ec-
ion and o ecas ing p oduc s will be c oss alida ed wi h
analysis o independen da a p o iding clea TIDs signa-
u es. As pa o he alida ion p ocess, he o ecas ed
e en s need o be compa ed wi h measu ed da a like HF-
INT, de ended To al Elec on Con en (dTEC), de ended
isodensi y con ou s (dNe(h)), and D2D p oduc s ( om
Digisonde measu emen s) o e Eu ope. The p ojec is
unde implemen a ion in he OE node.
3090
8. STo m- ela ed S udy o Ionosphe ic iRRegula i ies o e
sou he n Eu ope using digisondes and GNSS Da a
(STIRRED)
STIRRED aimed a highligh ing some o he cha ac e is-
ics o he ionosphe e by s udying i egula i ies du ing dis-
u bed geomagne ic condi ions, ocusing on sou he n
Eu ope a geomagne ic la i udes o 35°󠇣-40°󠇣. Specifically
he objec i es deal wi h he in es iga ion o Sp ead-
occu ence F in ionog ams om El A enosillo, Roque es,
Gibilmanna, and A hens ionosondes; and he s udy o
TEC and ROTI beha iou om GNSS ecei e ne wo ks
in he Ibe ian Peninsula, Mo occo, I aly, and G eece du ing
geomagne ic s o ms. Addi ionally, he e olu ion o he
Equa o ial Ionisa ion Anomaly (EIA) du ing selec ed geo-
magne ic s o ms using da a om global ionosphe e maps
o TEC (GIMs) has been add essed, o co ela e obse a-
ions o Sp ead-F, TEC, and ROTI wi h EIA e olu ion.
The p ojec ’s scope ex ended beyond he analysis o a ew
specific s o ms, wi h plans o expand he s udy o include
s o ms o a ying in ensi ies occu ing a di ffe en Uni e sal
Time (UTC). By assessing he ionosphe e effec signa u es in
la i ude, longi ude, and local ime, he p ojec aims a p o-
iding insigh in o he b oade impac o geomagne ic
s o ms on he ionosphe e abo e sou he n Eu ope. STIR-
RED p ojec was implemen ed in he INGV node.
I egula i ies obse ed du ing se e al s o ms occu ed in
2014, cha ac e ised by high sola ac i i y, appea o be
linked o he limi ed no hwa d ex ension o he EIA du -
ing he s o m’s main phase, as e idenced by GIMs. This
localised expansion o he EIA unde sco es he impo ance
o moni o ing his a ea du ing s o m phenomena o be e
unde s and i s specific effec s. I egula i ies obse ed du -
ing se e al s o ms occu ed in 2021, occu ing du ing a pe -
iod o low sola ac i i y, could be a ibu ed o Pe kins
ins abili ies, in ol ing i egula i ies p opaga ing om low
o middle la i udes wi hin disc e e longi ude sec o s. This
finding esona es wi h p e ious esea ch in he No h
Ame ican sec o . An example o he ROTI analysis o
he 2021 s o m is gi en in Fig. 7.
o hei p ofiles. This moni o ing can be p ocessed in eal
ime, a any la i ude, p o ided a clea sky. I will he e o e
cons i u e a use ul echnique o moni o ing and p edic ing
he s a e o he ionosphe e, pa icula ly (bu no exclu-
si ely) o HF communica ions in he ame o space
wea he .
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Fig. 13. The 3 pola ime e s used in he CEP p ojec s udy 3 d o Ma ch
2022.
2. Can PolaRISa ion Measu emen s o Au o al emissions
T ace he Ionosphe ic Cu en s? (PRISMATIC)
A g oup o esea che s a he Royal Belgian Ins i u e o
Space Ae onomy (BIRA-IASB) led by He e
´ Lamy de el-
oped an imaging pola ime e called PLIP (Pola Ligh s
Imaging Pola ime e ), p esen ed in Fig. 14. I measu es
he Deg ee o Linea Pola isa ion (DoLP) and he Angle
o Linea Pola isa ion (AoLP)) o he h ee main au o al
emissions (g een, ed and blue) wi hin a la ge field o iew.
Wi h his ins umen , one goal is o check i he e is a link
be ween he AoLP o he au o al emission lines and he
di ec ions o field-aligned and/o ho izon al ionosphe ic
cu en s.
3097
Fig. 14. The PLIP ins umen used in he PRISMATIC p ojec .
To achie e his objec i e, he BIRA-IASB eam
eques ed complemen a y obse a ions om he EISCAT
node, o compu e a 2-D econs uc ion o field-aligned
elec on fluxes. This was possibl e using da a om he
ALIS_4D op ical ne wo k and measu emen s om he
UHF an enna o EISCAT in T omsø, No way.
Thanks o he TNA o PITHIA-NRF, hey ob ained 8 h
o obse a ions wi h EISCAT du ing a 10-day obse a ion
campaign wi h PLIP loca ed a he Skibo n Obse a o y in
No way in No embe 2022. Du ing his campaign, hey
ecei ed suppo om he EISCAT eam who ope a ed
he necessa y measu emen s wi h hei in as uc u e.
PLIP da a a e s ill being analysed, bu he au ho s made
an in e es ing obse a ion: a s ong dec ease o DoLP and
a clea o a ion o AoLP occu ed du ing he main phase
o he geomagne ic s o m clea ly iden ified by g ound-
based magne ome e da a om T omsø and UHF ada
da a om EISCAT. The o igin o his pola isa ion is s ill

puzzling and could be ela ed o ionosphe ic cu en s,
ei he field-aligned o ho izon al Pede sen/Hall cu en s.
Addi ional wo k mus be done o confi m hese esul s
and see i AoLP o au o al emission lines can become a a-
ce o ionosphe ic cu en s.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
3. S udy on ionosphe ic dis u bances due o Space
Wea he in LOFAR da a (iono-SW-LOFAR)
The iono-SW-LOFAR p ojec , implemen ed in he
LOFAR node, conside ed es ablishing a co ela ion
be ween sola fla es and he ionosphe ic esponse seen by
he LOFAR elescope. This is no only in e es ing om a
scien ific pe spec i e, bu i also o ced us o make he da a
and me ada a mo e accessible. Two la ge da abases, all
sola fla es since 2013 on he one hand and he a ailable
LOFAR scin illa ion da a on he o he , needed o be c oss-
ma ched. Un o una ely, no common da a we e ound o
he b igh es , X class, sola fla es. Bu some in iguing co -
ela ion was ound o he less b igh e en s. This will lead
o a ollow-up s udy and a s onge collabo a ion be ween
sola and ionosphe ic physics in he u u e.
4. Use o LOFAR da a o ionosp he ic s udies (Scin LO)
This TNA p ojec , also implemen ed in he LOFAR
node, was mo e ocused on eaching ex e nal use s how
o ex ac ionosphe ic in o ma ion om he LOFAR s a-
ions, specifically om all sky imaging capabili ies o he
s a ion. In his TNA p ojec suppo o wo esea che s
o isi As on was p o ided. The ul ima e goal o he p o-
jec , o es ablish a me ic ha could be used o dynamic
scheduling o LOFAR, was no ully me . Bu sa is ac o y
p og es s was made, new echniques de eloped, and he idea
o using all sky imaging o de e mine he ionosphe ic s a e
ele an o LOFAR obse a ions is now being in es i-
ga ed u he . The all-sky images a e cu en ly no consid-
e ed as pa o he e-Science Cen e, bu his could ce ainly
be conside ed in he u u e.
5. Radio scin illa ion s udies o p ospec s o space
wea he o ecas ing and analyses (RadioScin )
The aim o he RadioScin TNA p ojec is o de e mine
i he me hodology om G zesiak e al. (2022) can be
applied o a b oade ange o scin illa ion obse a ions,
specifically in e plane a y scin illa ions (IPS). The
desc ibed me hod uses mul iple LOFAR s a ion obse a-
ions o ionosphe ic analysis. Scin illa ion measu emen s
o specific adio sou ces a e used o es ima e ionosphe ic
d i eloci ies and cha ac e ise he aniso opy o iono-
sphe ic i egula i ies. On he o he hand, by obse ing a
compac adio sou ce ( 0.1 ) using a adio elescope, i is
possible o de e mine he eloci y wi h spec al analysis
ools and densi y changes ha a e ela ed o he changes
in elec on-densi y fluc ua ions (DNe) in he in e plane a y
medium. IPS da a can be analysed using LOFAR single-
si e and mul i-si e obse a ions (e.g. Chang e al., 2019).
RadioScin will look in o adap ing he me hod p oposed
and desc ibed by G zesiak e al. 2022 o da ase s ob ained
in he LOFAR IPS campaigns and he possibili y o calcu-
la ing sola wind eloci y es ima es (Fig. 15). The p ojec
in ol es c oss-compa ing ou pu s om single-si e and
c oss-co ela ion analyses o specific case s udies o p e i-
ous LOFAR campaigns o bo h me hods. I success ul,
u he plans can be de eloped o assess his app oach
o space wea he pu poses as a ollow-up ac i i y o he
cu en p ojec .
3098
Fig. 15. Illus a ion o he sca e ing by a sc een. F om G zesiak e al.
(2022).
2.3.4. Calib a ion o n ew ins umen s
1. S udy o he cha ac e is ics o ionosphe ic i egula i ies
a high and low la i udes h ough coo dina ed obse a-
ions o EISCAT and VHF Rada a Ha ingha a, India
(CROLHL)
The Uni e si y o Calcu a is de eloping a high powe
ully ac i e phased-a ay ada a 53 MHz a Ha ingha a,
India, si ua ed nea he no he n c es o he Equa o ial
Ionisa ion Anoma ly (EIA). The loca ion o his ada is
unique being he only one a his equency in he sou h-
eas Asian longi ude sec o .
Wi hin he amewo k o he PITHIA-NRF TNA p o-
g amme, he Uni e si y o Calcu a ST Rada eam was
gi en access o he EISCAT node, wi h aining abou
he EISCAT ada sys ems h ough egula online sessions.
This eam consis s o se en people led by p o esso Ashik
Paul. The aining con ained an in oduc ion o he sys em,
da a o ma s, analysis me hods and some in e p e a ion o
he ada da a, and i was pe o med om Ap il un il
Sep embe 2022. A numbe o sessions we e o ganised.
A e he ini ial ew mee ings, he ocus was on a couple
o specific cases o space wea he impac on he ionosphe e.
Fo hese cases he Uni e si y o Calcu a p ojec eam
conduc ed compu a ionally in ensi e da a analysis using
da a om he EISCAT ada sys ems as well as sa elli e
da a om diffe en la i ude sec o s.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
This p ojec was he fi s s ep in he aining p ocess. I
is ollowed by physical access, conduc ing coo dina ed
expe imen s using he EISCAT UHF and Uni e si y o
Calcu a VHF ada s, in Sep embe 2024.
The Uni e si y o Calcu a ST Rada (CU STR) p ojec
eam has gained immensely om he online aining p o-
ided by he EISCAT node. Since CU STR is a new acili y
being es ablished in an Indian Uni e si y wi h limi ed
esou ces, a ailabili y o online esou ces ini ially and
physical access in u u e will be ex emely help ul in
ad ancing he s udies o ionosphe e using he ada , a opic
in which EISCAT is a global leade .
2. Es ima ing ionosphe ic i egula i y laye heigh and
d i eloci y wi h GNSS and incohe en sca e ada
(IILHV)
The p ojec is implemen ed in he EISCAT node and
aims o inc ease he unde s anding o adio signal scin illa-
ion a high la i udes due o high-la i ude ionosphe ic i eg-
ula i ies. A majo unce ain y in cu en modelling and
simula ion effo s o unde s and ionosphe ic plasma ins a-
bili y mechanisms is due o he choice o inpu pa ame e s
ega ding plasma d i speed and i egula i y laye heigh
and hickness. The p ojec s udies he high-la i ude i egu-
la i y dynamics using a spaced GNSS ecei e ne wo k in
S alba d, No way, in c onjunc ion wi h he EISCAT ESR
incohe en sca e ada . The p ima y objec i e is o apply
he spaced ecei e echnique o ou ecei e s om diffe -
en ins i u es loca ed in Ny-Alesund and es he easibili y
o de e mining he plasma d i speed and heigh o he
i egula i y, using he incohe en sca e ada obse a ions
o e i y he esul s and quan i y he e o .
3. Assessmen o he ionosphe ic scin illa ion o e Po u-
gal (ALERT)
The ALERT p ojec was implemen ed in he INGV
node. The eam possesses app oxima ely ou yea s o con-
inuous ionosphe ic measu emen s aken in Lisbon and
spanning be ween No embe 2014 and Feb ua y 2019.
These measu emen s we e conduc ed using a GNSS ecei-
e equipped wi h SCINDA so wa e, yielding 1-minu e
da a including TEC, scin illa ion indices such as S4 and
ROTI, as well as sa elli e ele a ion and azimu h angles.
Howe e , since he ecei e was no calib a ed upon ins al-
la ion, he accu acy o i s measu emen s equi es e ifica-
ion, possibly h ough compa ison wi h da a om nea by
ecei e s.
The objec i es o ALERT conce ned mainly he alida-
ion o he scin illa ion da ase om he Lisbon ecei e o
ensu e accu acy and eliabili y. Addi ionally, a po en ial
inco po a ion o hose alida ed da a in o he INGV da a-
base, will enhance he collec i e scin illa ion moni o ing
capabili ies. Las ly, scin illa ion e en s ha occu ed a
middle la i udes in bo h Po uguese and I alian egions
ha e been in es iga ed, pa icula ly du ing geomagne ic
s o ms, wi h he objec i e o unde s and egiona l a ia-
ions and dynamics.
3099
As a esul o he p ojec , i was decided ha si e cha -
ac e iza ion and da a alida ion p ocedu es would be
implemen ed o he Lisbon ecei e da ase . Reg e ably,
upon examina ion, i was disco e ed ha he da a o igi-
na ed om a geode ic GNSS ecei e equipped wi h
SCINDA so wa e ope a ing a a 1-minu e cadence. This
ecei e exhibi s dis inc design and da a quali y acquisi-
ion cha ac e is ics compa ed o he ecei e s a ailable in
he eSWua da abase, which a e Ionosphe ic Scin illa ion
Moni o Recei e s (ISMRs) wi h diffe en ope a ional
ea u es.
A scin illa ion e en ha occu ed on June 22–23, 2015,
was selec ed as a case s udy. Resul s o he analysis o his
e en a e shown in Fig. 16. I displays he S4 a ia ion o e
ime eco ded by he Lisbon scin illa ion ecei e du ing
June 22–23, 2015 and he ela ed azimu h-ele a ion dis i-
bu ion, highligh ing he egion o enhanced scin illa ion.
The ela ed s udy has been p esen ed du ing he Eu opean
Space Wea he Week 2023 in Toulouse and he URSI AT-
RASC 2024 mee ing in G an Cana ia.
4. Ca ibbean Ne he lands TEC measu emen alida ion
(CaNeTEC)
The p ojec ocused on collabo a ion be ween KNMI
esea che s and he INGV node o enhance unde s anding
and capabili ies in ionosphe e measu emen s. The p ima y
aim was o compa e KNMI’s GNSS ecei e da a in he
Ca ibbean (Saba and Sin Eus a ius s a ions) wi h iono-
sphe e measu emen s om INGV and DLR. This compa -
a i e analysis aimed o comp ehend calib a ion echniques
and ep oduce To al Elec on Con en (TEC) measu e-
men s om RINEX da a files. U ilising INGV’s calib a-
ion so wa e, alida ion o KNMI’s ecei e ou pu was
achie ed, leading o he a ainmen o ini ial scien ific
esul s. No able obse a ions included ionosphe ic dis u -
bances caused by he Tonga olcanic e up ion an d he
esponse o a sola fla e. KNMI ini ia ed sha ing scin illa-
ion da a wi h INGV, enhancing he global co e age o he
la e ’s ne wo k. The p ojec also discussed he po en ial
benefi s o in eg a ing KNMI ecei e s in o an in e na-
ional ne wo k, acili a ing easie access o ionosphe ic
obse a ions o esea che s. The p ojec aimed also o
es ablish a dedica ed esea ch g oup a KNMI, os e ing
long- e m engagemen and collabo a ion wi hin he uppe
a mosphe e esea ch communi y.
Calib a ion o GNSS ecei e ou pu using INGV’s
TEC calib a ion so wa e yielded p omising esul s, wi h
good ag eemen obse ed be ween measu emen s om
Saba and Sin Eus a ius s a ions and INGV and DLR
TEC maps. An example o his is gi en in Fig. 1 7, which
epo s he TEC measu emen s di ec ly abo e he GNSS
ecei e a Saba (g een) compa ed o INGV (blue) and
DLR (o ange) TEC maps e alua ed a he ecei e loca ion
o e a pe iod be ween 11 Janua y and 19 Janua y 2022
UTC. This specific case se es o highligh a case in which
disc epancies we e ound, which dese e u he in es iga-
ion o be conduc ed ou side he CaNeTEC p ojec .
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Fig. 16. ( op) Time a ia ions o S4 eco ded by he Lisbon scin illa ion ecei e du ing June 22–23, 2015. Le e s A-D ma k se e al scin illa ion sub-
e en s ha ook place du ing he nigh o June 22–23. (bo om) Azimu h-ele a ion dis ibu ion o S4 du ing June 22–23, 2015. The colou code indica es
he ange o ele a ion angles o he obse a ions.
The assessmen o scin illa ion da a p oduced by he
ecei e s e ealed no unexpec ed esul s, wi h discussions
ocusing on nuances such as he fixed cu -off equency
used in he equipmen . O e all, he p ojec acili a ed apid
p og ess in KNMI’s esea ch ac i i ies, including p ac ical
aspec s such as da a in eg a ion and knowledge sha ing.
3. PITHIA-NRF me ada a Schema and on ology
PITHIA-NRF me ada a a e egis e ed in he PITHIA-
NRF e-Science Cen e (see sec ion 4) by he da a p o ide s.
Desc ip ions o Resou ces a e w i en as Ex ensible
Ma kup Language (XML) documen s ha comply wi h
h ee go e ning equi emen s:
3100
The PITHIA-NRF Schema, ha con ols he o ganisa-
ion o he egis a ion documen s:
The Schema is based on he In e na ional S anda ds
O ganiza ion (ISO) 19,100 se ies o s anda ds o
geog aphic in o ma ion, pa icula ly 19156:2011
‘‘Obse a ions and Measu emen s”(O&M) s anda d;
ISO 19156:2011 was adap ed and ex ended o he
space physics domain by he da a model eam o
ESPAS (Nea -Ea h Space Da a In as uc u e o
e-Science) Eu opean Commission FP7 p ojec , du ing
i s 2014-2017 ac i e pe iod (Belehaki e al., 2016);
The ESPAS Schema has been adap ed, simplified,
and ex ended o PITHIA-NRF o mee specific p o-
jec equi emen s.
The PITHIA-NRF On ology, ha con ols he s anda d
ocabula y o e ms specific o he domain o space
physics:
Fig. 17. V ec measu emen s di ec ly abo e he gnss ecei e a saba
(g een) compa ed o ing (blue) and dl (o ange) ec maps e alua ed a he
ecei e loca ion o e a pe iod be ween 11 janua y and 19 janua y 2022
u c.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
The On ology is based on he o iginal ESPAS On ol-
ogy design (Galkin & Belehaki, 2017), wi h ex en-
sions specific o PITHIA-NRF da ase s and models.
The XML Syn ax, ha con ols o ma ing o egis a-
ion documen s pe Wo ld Wide Web Conso ium
(W3C) defini ions.
Regis a ion o new me ada a in PITHIA-NRF is
desc ibed in mo e de ail in sec ion 4.1.
3.1. PITHIA-NRF schema
The ISO 19156:2011O&M s anda d p o ides he ollow-
ing co e p ope ies o an obse a ion (o a compu a ional
model ha p edic s an obse a ion):
Fea u e o In e es : a eal-wo ld objec ha ca ies he
p ope y which is obse ed o modelled o p oduce a
Da a Collec ion, such as he Ea h’s ionosphe e;
Obse ed P ope y: desc ip ion o a physical Phenom-
enon ob ained by means o obse a ion o modelling
ha gene a es an es ima e o i s Measu and alue, such
as c i ical equency;
Phenomenon is a physically obse able en i y; he
op-le el Phenomenon ca ego ies a e Pa icle, Field,
and Wa e;
Measu and is he quan i a i e o quali a i e a ibu e
o he Phenomenon o be e alua ed, such as eloci y,
flux, densi y, e c.
Resul : da a gene a ed by he ac o obse a ion o
modelling;
P ocedu e: a sequence o Acquisi ions and Compu a-
ions ha lead o a Resul .
The ESPAS Schema p o ides a significan ex ension o
he ISO O&M s anda d needed o desc ibe space physics
obse a ions in de ail, and pa icula ly o allow each
Obse a ion esul o be egis e ed wi h i s indi idual Phe-
nomenon Time, Spa ial Ex en , and pa i cula subse s o
P ocedu e as well as Obse ed P ope ies ha we e used
du ing he Obse a ion.
2
h ps://esc.pi hia.eu/.
3101
The PITHIA-NRF Schema unde wen a significan sim-
plifica ion o he ESPAS design. To imp o e i s scalabili y
o collec ions o mul i-million obse a ions ( ha would each
ha e equi ed an indi idual me ada a egis a ion docu-
men ), he PITHIA-NRF Schema in oduced a new concep
o Da a Collec ion, ha cap u es he exhaus i e se o pos-
sible P ocedu es’ Acquisi ion and Compu a ion compo-
nen s, wi h all possible Obse ed P ope ies, and all
Pla o ms ha hos he egis e ed senso Ins umen s. Thus,
he PITHIA-NRF Schema omi s he specifics o each indi-
idual Obse a ion ac , including hei Phenomenon Time,
Spa ial Ex en , and used componen s o P ocedu e. This
simplifica ion has delega ed all unc ionali y o da a sea ch
by coincidence o conjunc ion o he o iginal da a p o ide s,
who emain esponsible o he se ice unc ions ha
espond o incoming que ies o empo al and spa ial a ail-
abili y o da a in he Da a Collec ions. Ins ead, he
PITHIA-NRF Schema adds a new Resou ce Ca alogue
o egis a ion o Da a Collec ion subse s o in e es in a
specific unde ly ing physical e en , in es iga ion, o aca-
demic publica ion. Only Da a Collec ions egis e ed in
PITHIA-NRF can con ibu e o Ca alogues. The Ca alogue
da a subse s a e p o ided wi h pa icula Phenomenon Time
and Spa ial Ex en desc ip ions, as well as a s anda d Digi al
Objec Iden ifie (DOI) o mee FAIR equi emen s.
3.2. PITHIA-NRF on ol ogy
Mos o he PITHIA-NRF On ology defini ions a e he
o iginal RDF (Resou ce Desc ip ion F amewo k) docu-
men s de eloped by he ESPAS on ology eam. As he
PITHIA-NRF da a egis a ion p oceeds, new e ms and
defini ions a e added o he On ology ha we e no equi ed
p e iously. The mos ac i e a eas o such ex ensions a e
Compu a ion Type, Phenomenon, and Dimensionali y
ocabula ies o desc ibe da a collec ions gene a ed by mod-
els and senso s ha we e no a ailable in ESPAS.
The Space Physics On ology op ion in he e-Science
Cen e offe s dynamic b owsing o he on ology, allowing
scien ific use s o find defini ions o e ms in he on ology,
and unde s and how he a ious e m s ela e o each o he .
This is a e y impo an unc ion as all he egis e ed me a-
da a ela e o each o he based on on ology e ms.
4. The e-science cen e
In addi ion o he 12 nodes ha p o ide access o
esea ch in as uc u es, he PITHIA-NRF e-Scie nce Cen-
e (eSC
2
) is es ablished as a cen al se ice ha enables
wi hou he equi emen o log in and allows any use o:
egis a ion o , access o and use o Da a Collec ions, Ca -
alogues and Wo kflows.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Da a collec ions can be ei he se s o aw o p ocessed
obse a ions, offe ed by p o ide s inside o ou side
PITHIA-NRF.
Ca alogues a e smalle se s o da a ha desc ibe a ce -
ain e en , o se o e en s, ela ed o, o example, a pub-
lica ion. Da a Collec ions can be li e and
changing/g owing cons an ly. Ca alogues e e o fixed se s
o da a ha can also be assigned a DOI and e e enced in
scien ific publica ions o suppo ep oducibili y.
Wo kflows a e a combina ion o al eady egis e ed mod-
els whe e he ou pu o one model can be ed o o he mod-
els as inpu , and he execu ion is au oma ed.
eSC se ices a e o ganised in fi e main ca ego ies, as
illus a ed in Fig. 18. The bo om box o Fig. 18 shows
he a ious Secu i y Se ices, such as au hen ica ion,
au ho isa ion, da a p o ec ion and p i acy managemen .
These se ices a e essen ial and equi ed, and p o ide he
basis o he o he , highe -le el se ices. On op o he
Secu i y Se ices, he e-Science Cen e p o ides he Use
Accoun Managemen se ices. While access o mos ma e-
ial and esou ces is open in he PITHIA-NRF eSC a speci-
fic Use Accoun Managemen is necessa y o es ablishing
and managing accoun s o some use g oups (e.g., Da a
Collec ion owne s and eSC adminis a o s).
PITHIA-NRF e-Science Cen e use s a e p esen ed wi h
h ee main ca ego ies o se ices: In o ma ion and Com-
muni y Se ices, e-Lea ning Se ices, and Scien ific Se -
ices. In o ma ion and Communi y Se ices p o ide
mainly s a ic in o ma ion abou he commun i y in he o m
o news i ems o blogs, bu his se ice ca ego y also inco -
po a es mo e dynamic se ices ha enable ne wo king and
collabo a ion be ween scien is s o e en wi h he gene al
public. E-Lea ning Se ices p o ide access o lea ning
and esea ch ma e ial in an o ganised and sys ema ic
way. PITHIA-NRF e-Science Cen e use s a e able o
sea ch o lea ning and esea ch ma e ial based on an asso-
cia ed on ology, and could design and c ea e lea ning
g aphs and pa hs ha make hem be e unde s and and
ollow he a ious scien ific and echnical concep s associ-
a ed wi h he esou ces o he e-Science Cen e.
Fig. 18. PITHIA-NRF e-Scienc e Cen e Se ices.
3102
Finally, Scien ific Se ices allow use s o access e-
Science Cen e esou ces, namely Da a Collec ions and
Ca alogues. Such esou ces a e published by esou ce own-
e s (i.e. Da a Collec ion and Ca alogue owne s) using a
ich se o me ada a, and made a ailable o scien ific use s
o sea ch, find and u ilise hem based on hei scien ific
goals and equi emen s. Use s will also ge access o a gen-
e al helpdesk and icke ing sys em h ps://ggus.eu/, which
is especially impo an i ques ions a ise when access ing
Da a Collec ions o execu ing Models.
The eSC is unde cons an de elopmen , and he oad-
map has been se o adding new ea u es and unc ionali-
ies. A he ime o w i ing his a icle, he eSC offe s h ee
main unc ionali ies. I s home page is shown in Fig. 19.
The h ee main ca ego ies o unc ionali ies a e:
1. The Sea ch & B owse ca ego y is accessible o Use s
Sea ch o Da a Collec ions by speci ying a selec ion
o on ology e ms, o by simple ee ex sea ch.
; B owse all egis e ed Da a Collec ions.
B owse all egis e ed Ca alogues.
B owse all egis e ed Me ada a ela ed o he wel e-
s ep egis a ion p ocess.

Fig. 19. E-science cen e home page. The 2nd and 3 d blocks unde Da a Regis a ion a e only isible o au hen ica ed use s upon login.
2. The Space Physics On ology ca ego y allows any Use
o:
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Sea ch o e ms and hei defini ions.
Access he Space Physics On ology Guide.
3. The Da a Regis a ion ca ego y allows:
Any use o access and download he de ailed Da a
Resou ce Regis a ion Guide.
Au hen ica ed use s (a e logging in) o egis e new
Da a Col lec ions h ough associa ed XML-based
me ada a.
Au hen ica ed use s o modi y o dele e exis ing Da a
Collec ions.
Addi ionally, he XML schemas, which may be o in e -
es o ad anced use s, a e also a ailable in his ca ego y
a e au hen ica ion.
The fi s official p o o ype was eleased in May 2023
wi h he unc ionali ies de ailed in his documen . Recen ly
he second p o o o ype was eleased. This second p o o-
ype p o ides ull use managemen capabili ies and he
implemen a ion o u he Da a Collec ion execu ion me h-
ods. Addi ionally, mos Da a Collec ions a e accessible ia
one o mo e in e ac ion me hods (see sec ion 4.2). Du ing
he final yea o he p ojec he implemen a ion o
ad anced se ices (wo kflow capabili ies and machine
lea ning algo i hms) will be in es iga ed and impl emen ed
as app op ia e.
3103
4.1. Regis a ion and managemen
Regis a ion o new PITHIA-NRF me ada a is accom-
plished by submi ing XML documen s o he eSC po al,
whe e all documen s a e alida ed agains he go e ning
equi emen s o he PITHIA-NRF Schema, PITHIA-
NRF On ology, and XML Syn ax.
To access he hidden ea u es (Da a Collec ion and Ca -
alogue egis a ion, managemen and dele ion unc ionali-
ies) o he eSC use login is equi ed. The addi ional
unc ionali ies a ailable o au ho ised use s a e shown a
he bo om o Fig. 1 9.
The Da a Regis a ion g oup o unc ionali ies ocuses
mainly on how O ganisa ions and hei Membe s can eg-
is e me ada a. Any membe o an o ganisa ion alida ed
by he eSC s aff has he au ho i y o egis e , upda e and
dele e me ada a unde he Regis e & Manage Me ada a
op ion. They can egis e Da a Collec ions, Ca alogues
and Wo kflows, modi y ea lie egis a ions o dele e
unnecessa y ones. Addi ionally, he Me ada a Regis a ion
Guide is a documen ha explains he s uc u e o he
Me ada a and how O ganisa ions should c ea e and egis-
e hem in compliance wi h he PITHIA-NRF schema.
Finally, he Me ada a Models op ion p esen s all he sche-
mas ha each egis a ion i em is alida ed agains be o e i
can be egis e ed.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
When a membe o a alida ed o ganisa ion selec s he
Regis e & Manage Me ada a op ion, he eSC offe s h ee
op ions:
Da a Collec ion- ela ed Me ada a, whe e one can man-
age egis a ions acco ding o he wel e-s eps egis a-
ion p ocess.
Ca alogue- ela ed Me ada a, whe e one can manage
egis a ion in he h ee Ca alogue ca ego ies.
Wo kflows, whe e one can manage he execu ion o
in e connec ed da a collec ions, usually ia a single API.
Da a Collec ion – ela ed me ada a a e egis e ed ollow-
ing he sequence o wel e s eps as shown in Fig. 20. All
PITHIA-NRF da a esou ces a e egis e ed wi h he e-
Science Cen e using he In e na ional S anda ds O ganisa-
ion guidelines o Obse a ions and Measu emen s (ISO
19156: 2011). PITHIA-NRF le e ages me ada a designs
o space physics da a egis a ion de eloped by he ESPAS
conso ium (Belehaki e al., 2016) in 2012–2015. Du ing he
ac i e pe iod o he PITHIA-NRF p ojec , he go e ning
ISO s anda ds p esc ibe using XML as he physical o ma .
While PITHIA-NRF da a egis a ions a e done using
XML as he me ada a o ma , some addi ional capabili ies
a e offe ed wi h he addi ion o he in e ac i e wiza d.
Fig. 20. Twel e s eps o PITHIA-NRF da a esou ce egis a ion. Diffe en colou s a e used o indica e he complexi y o he defini ions; blue o als a e
ha de o define. OP is Obse ed P ope y in o ma ion commonly used o con en -awa e sea ches. The a ows deno e dependencies ( e e ences) be ween
s eps.
3104
To acili a e he egis a ion p ocess, documen em-
pla es a e p o ided o each s ep. Each empla e is p e-
s uc u ed acco ding o he PITHIA-NRF me ada a
model. Edi ing eplaces he example con en wi h
esou ce-specific in o ma ion. Such a empla e-based
app oach acili a es he egis a ion p ocess, wi h less like-
lihood o e o s. Howe e , o make he p ocess ully
obus , he eSC always goes h ough a se o comp ehen-
si e checks o e e y uploaded documen . Fi s , i checks
he XML syn ax o o mal e o s. Second, i assu es ha
all XML documen s a e complian wi h he defined XML
schemas and he PITHIA-NRF on ology. Finally, i gua -
an ees ha all o he XML documen s ha a e e e ed o
om he cu en ly uploaded one do exis . In case o e o s
eSC no ifies he use poin ing o he o igin o he p oblem.
Wi h his igo ous p ocess, e o s (excep seman ic e o s
ha e e o he scien ific con en o logic) can be
elimina ed.
Da a esou ce egis a ion is o ganised using he concep
o he Me ada a Model and o he Domain On ology:
Me ada a Model: ISO-con olled o ganisa ion o he
me ada a componen s and hei ela ionshi ps in a gen-
e ic, science-neu al manne ;
Domain On ology: a ocabula y o physical concep s
pe aining o a pa icula domain o science; usually
s uc u ed and p o ided wi h wide -na owe
ela ionships.
Cloud
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
The PITHIA-NRF Space Physics On ology o con en -
awa e da a collec ion egis a ion wi h he PITHIA-NRF
e-Science Cen e is de ailed in a guide a ailable in he e-
Science Cen e by Galkin (2023).
Ca alogues a e lis ings o e en s o in es iga ions assem-
bled o aid use s in loca ing da a o in e es . Each Ca alogue
en y has dis inc begin and end imes and an op ional DOI
o he Da a Subse in a pe manen s o age. Ca alogues a e
no pa o he s anda d Da a Collec ion egis a ion. The
ca alogues a e managed sepa a ely, based on he Da a Col-
lec ions in PITHIA-NRF eScience Cen e. Only da a egis-
e ed in he eSC can be included in a ca alogue. The e a e
h ee ypes o componen s o each Ca alogue:
1 Top-le el Ca alogue Ca ego y (e.g.,
Ca alog_VolcanoE up ion)
a. The Ca alogue Ca ego y is on ology-con olled
2 Indi idual en ies o he Ca alogue desc ibing each
specific e e n o in es iga ion (e.g. HungaTonga_2022-
01–15)
b. Each en y has a desc ip ion and PhenomenonTime
c. Each en y is linked o he Ca alogue Ca ego y
documen
3 Da a Subse i ems (e.g. Ma nually Scaled Ionog ams)
a. Each Da a Subse e e s o a Da a Collec ion
b. Each Da a Subse includes < esul Time > o define
in e als o ime ha he subse spans
c. Op ionally, he da a p o ide may speci y a DOI o
he pe sis en s o age o he Da a Subse DOI gen-
e a io n is di ec ly suppo ed by he eSC, bu i can
also be gene a ed ex e nally
4.2. Da a collec ion in e ac ion me hods
One o he mos impo an oles o he eSC is he p o i-
sion o me hods o enable in e ac ion wi h models and
obse a ional da a (Da a Collec ions, DC). Such in e ac-
ions enable scien is s o execu e a model on-demand, o
e ie e, isualise and manipula e da a om a da ase o
an unde lying da abase. As his is he ul ima e aim o he
eSC, i is impo an ha he sys em ca e s o mul iple
op ions and equi emen s.
In gene al, he implemen a ion o each in e ac ion
me hod should be simple o he esou ce p o ide and as
au oma ed as possible. Fou diffe en in e ac ion me hods
a e suppo ed in he eSC. Each Da a Collec ion (DC) p o-
ide can decide which me hod hey impl emen . I is essen-
ial o p o ide a leas one in e ac ion me hod, o he wise
use s canno access he DC. Fo u he flexibili y, imple-
men ing mul iple in e ac ion me hods is also suppo ed.
The cu en ly planned in e ac ion me hods in he eSC
a e summa ised below. The fi s wo o hese me hods ha e
al eady been implemen ed and in eg a ed in o he eSC. The
las wo me hods a e cu en ly unde in es iga ion and
p o o yping.
3105
1. Ge a link once he Da a Collec ion is ound
This me hod is ully implemen ed and a na u al pa o
he Da a Collec ion egis a ion p ocess. In his me hod,
he Da a Collec ion p o ide egis e s a link o he Da a
Collec ion in he ‘‘linkage” field o he DC’s XML egis a-
ion file. When a use finds a DC as a esul o sea ch o
b owse, he eSC displays his link based on he XML eg-
is a ion documen . Once clicking on he link, he use is
edi ec ed o an ex e nal si e/ eposi o y managed by he
PITHIA-NRF pa ne s in o de o access and in e ac wi h
he DC.
The majo ad an age o his me hod is i s simplici y.
The p o ide does no ha e o do any hing ex a on op
o he ac ual egis a ion, and he DC, being main ained
a he da a p o ide o ganisa ion, is always up- o-da e.
Howe e , he me hod also comes wi h sho comings. As
he link akes he use ou side he eSC, all unc ionali ies
a e educed o he capabili ies o he p o ide ’s se ices.
While his me hod allows use s o find and disco e Da a
Collec ions om he single en y poin o he eSC, i does
no p o ide u he in eg a ion beyond his.
2. Execu e Model wi hin he e-Science Cen e ia API
In his me hod he p o ide has o implemen (i no
al eady a ailable) an API (ideally, ollowing he OpenAPI
s anda d h ps://www.openapis.o g/) o execu e a model o
que y/ e ie e a da ase . Nex , a machine eadable YAML
o JSON specifica ion o his API needs o be c ea ed (o
p e e ably, gene a ed au oma ically). Finally, his API
specifica ion needs o be egis e ed in he eSC by simply
p o iding a link o i . Using his specifica ion, he e-
Science Cen e au oma ically gene a es a g aphical use
in e ace o in e ac wi h he Da a Collec ion. This me hod
is also ully implemen ed in he eSC.
This me hod p o ides much close in eg a ion wi h he
eSC han he fi s one. When a use in e ac s wi h he Da a
Collec ion, his happens om inside he eSC. The look and
eel is he same o e e y applica ion and as such i is easie
o he use s o ge accus omed o i . On he nega i e side,
he ask o DC p o ide s is significan ly bigge . They need
o assu e ha he Da a Collec ion is accessible ia a sui -
able API and hey ha e o p o ide a o mal specifica ion
o i (al hough, he e a e se e al so wa e ools ha au o-
ma e his p ocess). This may equi e significan de elop-
men effo on he p oduce side, especially in case o
legacy Da a Collec ions.
3. Dynamically deploy Da a Collec ion (Model) in he
This me hod is no implemen ed ye and only a p elim-
ina y specifica ion and a p oo o concep exis ega di ng
i s ealisa ion (Pie an oni, Kiss & Bolo o e al., 2022).
The co e o he idea is o ake a con aine ised e sion o
he Da a Collec ion and deploy i dynamically on-
demand in cloud compu ing esou ces (Kiss, Kacsuk &
Ko acs e al., 2019). This scena io would equi e he Da a
Collec ion p o ide o con aine ise he applica ion and
hen upload i o a sui able con aine eposi o y (e.g.
Docke Hub
3
). A e his, he p o ide also needs o
desc ibe he Da a Collec ion wi h a YAML
4
-based desc ip-
ion file (Pie an oni, Kiss & Te s yanszky e al. 2020).
When a use selec s he DC, i ge s deployed in he cloud
and a copy o i is execu ed specifically o he use . Once
i is no equi ed anymo e (e.g. execu ion e mina es o
he use decides o dele e he se ice), i ge s des oyed.
The me hod is specifically sui able o models ha can be
deployed as a se o mic ose ices and hen execu ed.
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
The ad an age o he me hod is i s flexible execu ion in
he cloud. Using cloud esou ces and only u ilising hese
when necessa y is scalable and cos effec i e. On he nega-
i e side, his app oach equi es he mos expe ise and
effo om he p o ide .
By in e acing he e-Science Cen e and he dynamic
deploye module wi h EGI, we can ensu e deployabili y
in o 30 na ional/ egi onal OpenS ack clouds which a e ed-
e a ed in he EGI Cloud Compu e se ice. This ne wo k
can gi e PITHIA-NRF and i s use s he possibili y o selec
he na ional cloud esou ces o each use , lowe ing/elimi-
na ing he need o c oss-na ional compu e consump ion.
4. Download and ins all Da a Collec ion on local
compu e
This me hod also has no been implemen ed ye while i
equi es only a mino effo . The idea is o package and
make he Da a Collec ion ( ypically a model) a ailable
o download and ins alla ion by he p o ide . The down-
load happens h ough he eSC. Once use s find he model
ia b owse o sea ch, hey can download and ins all i in
he local en i onmen .
The ad an age o his me hod is i s simplici y o all pa -
ies. Howe e , on he nega i e side, i is only sui able o
small models ha a e execu able on he use ’s local
machine.
In he nex sec ion a mo e de ailed desc ip ion o he
second me hod is p o ided. As desc ibed i has al eady
been implemen ed and p o ides a highe le el o in eg a-
ion as compa ed o he fi s me hod.
4.3. Regis a ion o scien ific models ia API
The objec i e behind his in e ac ion me hod is o p o-
ide Scien ific Use s wi h a G aphical Use In e ace
(GUI) ha offe s homogeneous access o all Da a Collec-
ions ha ha e implemen ed an API. Mos Da a Collec-
ions ha e hei cus om GUI, which Scien ific Use s mus
lea n be o e in e ac ing wi h he Da a Collec ion. The e
a e also Da a Collec ions wi hou a GUI o access. These
may come wi h a Command Line In e ace (CLI), which
Scien ific Use s mus ge access o and lea n how o use.
When an o ganisa ion egis e s a Da a Collec ion by also
p o iding an API, i p o ides he Scien ific Use s wo ben-
efi s. When a Scien ific Use uses he API as an in e ac ion
me hod:
3
Docke Hub h ps://hub.docke .com/.
4 5
YAML h ps://yaml.o g/. Swagge UI h ps://swagge .io/ ools/swagge -ui/.
3106
The eSC dynamically gene a es a GUI specifically dedi-
ca ed o ha Da a Collec ion. Fo all Da a Collec ions,
he look and eel will be simila in he eS C, he only di -
e ence be ween he a ious Da a Collec ions being ha
hey will offe diffe en op ions o a ailable ac ions.
The eSC will no edi ec he use o any ex e nal sou ce
bu will handle he communica ion wi h he Da a Col-
lec ion i sel , and he Scien ific Use will s ay in he eSC.
Addi ionally, o hose Da a Collec ions ha do no
offe a GUI and a e a ailable only h ough CLIs, i is much
simple o he p o ide s o c ea e an API han o build a
GUI, as hey elie e hemsel es om c ea ing and main-
aining he cus om iews o he GUI.
The ool ha he eSC uses o p oduce he au oma ically
gene a ed GUI is Swagge UI.
5
The sou ce code o Swag-
ge UI has been cus omised and in eg a ed in o he eSC in
a dedica ed Django Applica ion ha eads he API specifi-
ca ion, c ea es he in e ace, and handles he communica-
ion wi h he Da a Collec ion’s API. Fig. 21 below
p esen s he wo s eps Scien ific Use s ha e o ake o in e -
ac wi h an API. On he le hand side, he Scien ific Use s
mus selec one o he sea ch o b owse op ions o he eSC
and find he Da a Collec ion hey wan o in e ac wi h.
Suppose he Da a Collec ion offe s an API ( igh -hand side
o Fig. 21), Scien ific Use s can click he link Open API
In e ace in new ab and he eSC will dynamically gene -
a e an in e ace. Following his, he Scien ific Use s can
pe o m any o he a ailable ac ions and conduc hei sci-
en ific esea ch by communica ing wi h he Da a Collec-
ion’s API.
Se e al models a e egis e ed in he eSC using API as an
in e ac ion me hod. A lis is p o ided below.
The D ag Tempe a u e Model 2020 is a semi-em pi ical
he mosphe e model (DTM2020; B uinsma and
Boni ace, 2021).
BSPM (Belgian SWIFF Plasmasphe e Model) is a 3D-
Kine ic semiempi ical model o he plasmasphe e de el-
oped by he Sola Wind Di ision o he Royal Belgian
Ins i u e o Space Ae onomy (Pie a d and S egen,
2008; Pie a d and Voiculescu, 2011; Bo ek e al.,
2021; Pie a d e al., 2021 o he las e sion).
The hmF2_qModel (Al adill e al., 2 013) calcula es and
p edic s he ionosphe ic elec on densi y peak heigh o
he F2 egion, hmF2, unde quie condi ions.
Table A1 (con inued)
A. Belehaki e al. Ad ances in Space Resea ch 75 (2025) 3082–3114
Ac onym De ini ion
PITHIA-
NRF
Plasmasphe e Ionosphe e The mosphe e
In eg a ed Resea ch En i onmen and
Access se i ces a Ne wo k o Resea ch
Facili ies
PLIP Pola Ligh s Imaging Pola ime e
PPP P ecise Poin Posi ioning
R&D Resea ch and De elo pmen
RAEGE-Az Rede A la
ˆn ica de Es ac¸o
˜es Geodina
ˆmicas e
Es paciais Azo es Associa ion
RDA Resea ch Da a Alliance
RDF Resou ce Desc ip ion F amew o k
RELEC Rela i is ic ELEC ons
RI Resea ch In as uc u e
RINEX Recei e Independen Exchan ge
ROB Royal Obse a o y o Belgium
ROT Ra e O Chance o TEC
SAR Syn he ic-Ape u e Rada s
SGO Sodankyla
¨ Geophysical Obse a o y
SH Sphe ical Ha m onic
SMEs Small and Medium-sized En e p ises
SSA Space Si ua ional Aw a eness
sTEC slan To al Elec on Con en
STIM S o m Time Ionosphe ic Model
SWIF Sola Wind d i en au o eg ession model o
Ion osphe ic sho - e m Fo ecas
TDR T us ed Digi al Repo si o y
TEC To al Elec on Con en
TIDs T a elling Ionosphe ic Dis u bances
TNA T ansNa ional Access
TSAR Time Se ies Au oR eg essi e
TSWC Tucuman Space Wea he Cen e
UHF Ul a High F equency (300–3 000 MHz)
UI Use In e ace
UPC Uni e si a Poli e
`cnica de Ca alunya
UPC-
IonSAT
UPC Ionosphe ic de e mina ion and
na iga ion based on Sa elli e And Te es ial
sys ems
URSI Union Radio-Scien ific In e na ionale /
In e na ional Union o Radio Science
UT Uni e si y o Twen e, The Ne he lands
Uni e si y Toulouse III-Paul Saba ie –
Ins i u de Reche che en As ophysique e
Plane
´ ologie
UT3-IRAP
UTC Uni e sal Time
UV Ul aViole
VHF Ve y High F equency (30–30 0 MHz)
VLF Ve y Low F equency (3–30 kHz)
TEC e ical To al Elec on Con en
W3C Wo ld Wide Web Conso ium
WIONAS Wa e-like s uc u es in he IONosphe e
be ween A hens and Sop on
XML Ex ensible Ma kup Lang uage
YAML YAML Ain’ Ma kup Language
3113
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