© Jou nal o Accessibili y and Design o All (JACCES), Volume 15, Issue 1, 2025, ISSN: 2013-7087
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.17411/jacces. 15i1.538
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Low ision use s in g aphical use in e ace in e ac ion:
Examining he e ec s o isual pe cep ion pa ame e s on quali y o
expe ience h ough a display s yle p oposal.
Aydin M. F., Indus ial Design Depa men , Izmi Ins i u e o Technology, Izmi , Tu key,
ORCID 0000-0002-3529-5588, e i aydin@iy e.edu.
Ya uzcan H. G., Indus ial Design Depa men , Gazi Uni e si y, Anka a, Tu key,
ORCID 0000-0001-8560-7845, gya u[email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: 2024-04-13 | Accep ed: 2025-01-30 | Publica ion: 2025-05-11
Abs ac : In e ac ion design is he ac o designing he dialogue be ween people and sys ems,
se ices o p oduc s. Use in e ace (UI) acili a es senso y and emo ional in e ac ions by ac ing
as a b idge be ween use s and p oduc s while g aphical use in e ace (GUI) e e s o g aphical
o isual p esen a ions o in o ma ion The accessibili y o GUIs di ec ly impac s he quali y o
expe ience (QoE) since he sense o sigh plays a pi o al ole especially o low ision use s
h oughou he in e ac ion p ocess. Though low ision use s can use GUIs on hei own, hey
o en ace challenges ha hinde hei QoE. Al hough exis ing esea ch has explo ed accessible
UI design p inciples, s udies speci ically add essing he accessibili y issues o low ision use s in
GUI in e ac ions emain limi ed. The goal o his esea ch is o e alua e he e ec s o isual
pe cep ion di e ences be ween people wi h low and no mal ision on home appliances’ GUI
in e ac ions and discuss how hese di e ences a ec he QoE o low ision use s. To his end, we
c ea ed a o al o 12 washing machine GUI cases based on he GUI model o he bes -selling
washing machine in Tu key in 2021 and es ed hese cases online wi h wo g oups o 7
pa icipan s each wi h low ision and no mal ision. The esul s in e ha low ision pa icipan s
ha e accessibili y issues on GUIs in e ms o colou con as s, ex sizes, display op ions and
con ol panel dis ances. The s udy sugges s ha using an uppe case la ge on (22p ) o jus he
i s syllable o he ex in ex -based displays can imp o e accessibili y o GUIs o low ision use s
compa ed o using he same on size (16p ) in sen ence case o all ex . O e all, his s udy
con ibu es o a be e unde s anding o he challenges aced by low ision use s in GUI
in e ac ions and o e s p ac ical ecommenda ions o c ea ing mo e accessible GUIs h ough a
display s yle p oposal.1
Keywo ds: Uni e sal G aphical Use In e ace, Visual Pe cep ion, Use -p oduc In e ac ion,
Dısplay Accessibili y, Use Expe ience Design, Low Vision Accessibili y
1. In oduc ion
The e olu ion o echnology has led o a signi ican change in adi ional physical consume
p oduc s, esul ing in inno a i e isual, audi o y and kinaes he ic p oduc in e ac ions ha
imp o e he quali y o li e. These inno a ions, adding mo e unc ions and ea u es o he
1 This s udy is a pa o he hesis en i led “In es iga ion o isual pe cep ion pa ame e s in he in e ace in e ac ions
o low ision use s on home elec onics p oduc s” submi ed o Gazi Uni e si y G adua e School o Na u al and Ap-
plied Sciences o ul il he deg ee o PhD in indus ial design.
© Jou nal o Accessibili y and Design o All (JACCES), Volume 15, Issue 1, 2025, ISSN: 2013-7087
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consume p oduc s o mee he needs o a wide ange o use s, ine i ably e eal inc eased
complexi y wi h a educed accessible use (Lee, 2021).
Home appliances, ha ing an impo an ole o people o mee hei basic needs and li e
independen ly (Lee e al., 2019), a e conside ed as consume p oduc s whe e disabled indi iduals
ha e accessibili y p oblems (Lee, 2021). Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO, 2011) es ima es ha
o e one billion people all in o disabili y ca ego y who a e alien o use hese p oduc s.
Meanwhile, a pilo in e iew wi h a isually impai ed eache in a seconda y school o he isually
impai ed e ealed signi ican challenges in accessibili y o home appliances o low ision
indi iduals, especially du ing he pandemic. The in e iew esul s emphasized he inc eased
eliance on home appliances wi hou assis ance due o social dis ancing measu es. Al hough
isually impai ed use s can ope a e hese de ices independen ly, quali y o hei use expe ience
is o en inadequa e, especially o p oduc s wi h a ious analogue and digi al in e ac ion
elemen s, such as washing machines. These indings also coincide wi h he expe iences o one o
he esea che s o his s udy, a p oduc designe wi h en pe cen ision. Acco ding o he
esea che ’s own expe iences, accessibili y issues o low ision use s when in e ac ing wi h home
appliances can lead o, i no psychological p oblems, a leas loss o ime o ex a physical e o ;
ha is, a loss o use s’ p oduc expe ience quali y. In ac , he p oblem is ha , people wi h low
ision a e highly dependen o isual in o ma ion e en i he in o ma ion is no clea o hem (Lee,
2021).
In e ac ion design is he co e a ea o he accessibili y o any manmade a e ac . I is de ined as
c ea ing physical and emo ional in e ac ions be ween a pe son and a p oduc , sys em, o se ice.
(Kolko, 2010; Mo shedzadeh, Ono, & Wa anabe, 2016). I is he ac o c a ing use expe ience
(UX) ha enhances and expands he ways people in e ac , communica e, and wo k (P eece, Sha p
& Roge s, 2015). UX co e s all aspec s o use -p oduc in e ac ion, including p oduc ’s usabili y,
physical eel, emo ional impac , unc ionali y, and con ex ual ele ance (Alben, 1996). I is a
subjec i e and o en implici syn hesis o pe sonal ac o s such as in e es , e o , sa is ac ion,
desi e, cogni ion and pe cep ion, as well as design domains like pu pose, me hod, unc ion, o m
and s uc u e. The engagemen and success o all hese aspec s ep esen he use s’ quali y o
expe ience (QoE) (Alben, 1996) h oughou he in e ac ion p ocess.
Use in e ace (UI) e e s o he b idges whe e use s access o and in e ac wi h designs. A UI is
e alua ed wi hin h ee a eas: physical UI (PUI), logical UI (LUI) and g aphical UI (GUI) (Jin & Ji,
2010; Lee, Jin & Ji, 2011; Mendez & Mendoza, 2013). A PUI ep esen s he in e ac ion ools by
which a use execu es a ask physically. The in e ace conce ning he in o ma ion-speci ic
con en s and s uc u es e e s o LUI. Finally, a GUI is he in e ace which co e s he p esen a ion
o in o ma ion by isual o g aphical i ems.
Vande heiden and Vande heiden (1992) examines UI accessibili y in i e main g oups: Display
elemen s, con ol elemen s, manipula ions, documen a ion and sa e y. Display elemen s
ep esen de ices ha con ey in o ma ion o he use while con ol elemen s a e he ools ha
enable in e ac ion be ween use and machine. A GUI can ac as bo h a con ol and display
elemen a he same ime.
Al hough exis ing esea ch has de eloped s anda ds and guidelines ha can inc ease he
po en ial o home appliances’ GUIs o be mo e accessible o e e yone, hey a e limi ed in se e al
ways. Fo ins ance, accessibili y s anda ds o disabled people by Ame icans wi h Disabili ies Ac
(ADA) (US Depa men o Jus ice, 2010) a e limi ed o mobili y o wheel chai ed popula ion. In
addi ion, mos ISO s anda ds excep o ISO 22411 and ISO 9241-20 omi s elde ly people and
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many o hem such as ISO 9241-20, ISO TR 29138-1, and ISO TS 16071 add ess web and so wa e-
based accessibili y issues (Lee e al., 2021).
Designing “ o hose wi h speci ic needs” (Pullin, 2009) equi es empa hy and i can lead o
misconcep ions d i en by misin e p e a ion o hose use s’ expe iences when empa hy lacks
Goodman, Langdon, & Cla kson, 2007; Lee e al., 2021; Segels öm, 2009). Because no all
s akeholde s who design and p oduce GUIs ha e he p e-buil empa hy abili y o apply he gi en
s anda ds (Lee e al., 2021).
In ac , s udies abou he accessibili y o GUIs mos ly ocus on web and so wa e-based con ex s
because GUIs ha e a i al ole in human-compu e in e ac ion (HCI) especially o b idging he
in o ma ion ou pu and use inpu isually. Howe e , he e a e se e al au ho s ou line basic and
sha ed p inciples o uni e sal accessibili y o display and con ol elemen s o p oduc s. Fo
ins ance, Vande heiden and Vande heiden (1992) sugges ha all impo an isual in o ma ion
should be con eyed ia he audi o y and/o ac ile senses and sequen ial asks should be
minimized o he e should be clea cues abou he o de . Displays wi h alues ha mus be
obse ed oge he should be in he same ho izon al o e ical alignmen (Cushman and
Rosenbe g, 1991; Pheasan and Hasleg a e, 2005). Mo eo e , con ols mus be ope able wi h
minimum o ce, speed, and accu acy and mus be designed wi h he needs o he lowes -capaci y
use in mind (Cushman and Rosenbe g, 1991; Damon, S oud , and McFa land, 1966;
Vande heiden and Vande heiden, 1992). Fo simplici y, he numbe o con ol elemen s should
be as ew as possible (Cushman and Rosenbe g, 1991; Damon e al., 1966; Vande heiden and
Vande heiden, 1992). No complex o unnecessa y ope a ions should be equi ed o ope a e he
machine (B idge , 1995). Howe e , hese s udies a e oo gene al o imp o ed accessibili y o
GUIs and mos ly lack o low ision use -speci ic guides.
The aim o his s udy is o unco e da ase s associa ed wi h QoE o low ision use s in home
appliances’ GUI in e ac ions. To his end, we de e mined he GUI o he bes -selling washing
machine in Tu key in 2021 as he case o analyse he e ec s o a ious display op ions on QoE o
low ision use s. Fi s , we modelled a 1/1 scale copy o he ligh backg ounded e sion o his GUI
as a ec o . Then, based on his model, we modelled wo di e en al e na i es ha included he
display ea u es equen ly encoun e ed in o he washing machine GUIs on he ma ke . Finally,
we modelled a new GUI p oposal ha we de eloped based on he expe iences o one o he
au ho s, he low ision designe . We de e mined he dial indica o s as he basic a iable in all
hese ou GUI cases. In o de o es colou a iables o dial indica o s, by aking he sample GUI
colou s as e e ence, we c ea ed a da k backg ounded copy o each case. In addi ion, we
de eloped wo mo e al e na i e dials o es he dial ypes. We c ea ed a o al o ou cases by
p oducing an al e na i e o each o hese dials, again based on he colou s o he sample GUI. As
a esul , we subjec ed hese 12 cases o an online simula ion es wi h se en low ision and se en
no mal ision pa icipan s. We eco ded he ask comple ion imes in seconds and e o s made
by each pa icipan , whe e hey comple ed a o al o 72 asks. We also ied o each quali a i e
da a by conduc ing semi-s uc u ed open-ended sho in e iews wi h each pa icipan a he end
o he simula ion es . We analysed he ac o s a ec ing he QoE o low ision pa icipan s in
washing machine GUIs by examining bo h he quali a i e and quan i a i e da a oge he . The
cu en esea ch is o mode n impo ance and ele ance as i con ibu es o a be e
unde s anding o he challenges aced by low ision use s in e ac ing wi h washing machine GUIs
and o e s p ac ical ecommenda ions o c ea ing mo e inclusi e and accessible UIs.
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2. Visual pe cep ion and isual impai men
Visual impai men e m is used o desc ibe all kinds o sigh loss which co e s mode a e sigh loss,
se e e sigh loss and blindness (Sa degna & Shelly, 2002). When esea ching wi h isually
impai ed use s, i is impo an o ecognize and unde s and he le el o he impai men . This
includes de e mining whe he a pa icula use is comple ely blind, unc ionally-blind o pa ially-
sigh ed (Jacko & Sea s, 1998).
WHO (2004) de ines isually-impai ed people as hose wi h low ision, and blindness wi h less
han 6/18, bu 3/60 o mo e o a co esponding loss o ision. This can co espond o mo e han
20 deg ees o di e gence wi h he bes possible eye. Comple ely-blind people ha e no ligh
pe cep ion o usable ision. People who a e unc ionally-blind can pe cei e ligh , bu any ision-
enhancing de ice (op ical aids such as binocula s, magni ie s, and elescopes) can gi e hem mo e
ision. Pa ially-sigh ed people ha e some use ul ision ea u es and can use isual enhancemen
echniques and de ices o unc ion alike ully-sigh ed people (K au & McCabe, 1994).
An assessmen o he isual limi a ions includes a baseline da a o isual acui y, con as
sensi i i y, ield o iew and colou pe cep ion (Jacko e al., 1999). Visual acui y e e s o a
pe son's abili y o esol e he ine spa ial de ails (Kline & Schiebe , 1985) om bo h close and a
loca ions (Dini e al., 2007). Con as sensi i i y es s a pe son's abili y o pe cei e he pa e n
s imuli a low o mode a e con as le els. I is he capaci y o de ec he di e ences be ween he
adjacen elemen s (Dini e al., 2007, p. 16). Con as sensi i i y unc ion ep esen s he spa ial
disc imina ion capabili ies o he isual channels in a comp ehensi e manne (Wood & T ou beck,
1994). Use ul ield o iew is he o al a ea whe e an e ec i e ision is main ained based on he
ixed s aigh edge ixa ion poin (Kline & Schiebe , 1985). The size o he ield o iew is he size
o he space ha can be emb aced a a glance (Dini e al., 2007). A pe son's abili y o dis inguish
and de ine he colou s is called colou ision (Dini e al., 2007). Addi ionally, ligh sensi i i y is he
eye eac ion o ligh and ligh changes (Dini e al., 2007).
The abili y o pe cei e dep h, known as s e eopsis and binocula i y, is achie ed by u ilising he
a ia ions in he iewing angles o he eyes (Dini e al., 2007). By combining isual in o ma ion
om bo h eyes, asks such as accu a ely judging dis ances, g asping objec s wi h p ecision, and
gaining a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o he isual wo ld can be ca ied ou (Dini e al.,
2007). The e m mo ili y e e s o he abili y o he eyes o make coo dina ed and con inuous
mo emen s (Co n, 1983). I encompasses he egula ion and synch onisa ion o eye mo emen s,
enabling indi iduals o ack mo ing objec s, shi hei ocus be ween di e en poin s, and
sus ain s able and synch onised mo ions. Impai ed mo ili y can esul in challenges when
engaging in asks ha necessi a e p ecise eye mo emen s and coo dina ion.
3. Me hods
The esea ch was conduc ed based on he analyses o bo h quali a i e and quan i a i e da a
ob ained om se en low ision pa icipan s wi h a isual acui y o 0,10-0,40 and we e able o use
hei pe sonal compu e s and ano he se en wi h no mal ision (see Appendices). Fou o no mal
ision pa icipan s we e indus ial designe s by whom we could ge p o essional sugges ions on
GUI es cases. We de eloped an online simula ion pla o m o es he isual quali ies o a ious
washing machine GUIs. We c ea ed 12 dis inc cases by modelling he GUI o a bes selling b and’s
washing machine in Tu key in 2021. The es s we e ca ied ou be ween 12 h and 30 h Janua y
2022 ia an online mee ing so wa e ha allows sc een sha ing.
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Figu e 1. Sample UI Model
3.1. Design o GUI Cases
Fi s , we de ined op i e b ands ha ha e he la ges ma ke sha es o he Tu kish whi e goods’
sec o based on he 2019 epo by Eu omoni o (Özden, Sehe i, & E san, 2019). Then we
ob ained bes -selling washing machine models o hese op i e companies in 2021 om wo
well-known p ice compa ison websi es in Tu key. No ably, all hese i e models sha e a simila
ype o UI, ea u ing a black digi al display wi h a p og am selec ion dial on he le and o he
bu on adjus men s on he igh . Fo he pu pose o his s udy, we de ined he GUI shown Figu e
1 o es ing, gi en ha his b and holds he highes ma ke sha e.
The cu en GUI models a ailable in he ma ke a e p esen ed in he o m o dial op ions, whe e
symbols, ex s, and combina ions o bo h a e displayed in a ious sequences and g aphic o ma s.
In he p o ided GUI sample, he display o ma s o he sc een and he op ions con olled by he
bu ons p ima ily ely on ex ual in o ma ion. Consequen ly, he dial GUI o e s g ea e po en ial
o c ea ing di e se g aphic display o ma s compa ed o he igh panel. Hence, i was deemed
sui able o expe imen wi h di e en ep esen a ions o he dial op ions in ega ds o he
esea ch goals.
Du ing he design phase, we modelled he 1/1 scale o he sample GUI in ec o s. Acco dingly,
he p e e ed on used in he sample GUI was de e mined as Hel e ica Neue LT P o L wi h 16-
poin size. In addi ion, he sample GUI icons exhibi ed a ying dimensions, wi h a minimum size
o 6x6 mm and a maximum leng h o 6.5 mm.
We de eloped ou dis inc GUIs hose which included he sample GUI model (C1), wo design
adap a ions ailo ed o speci ic unc ionali ies (C3, C6), and a design p oposal (C5) based on he
expe iences o low ision designe - esea che o his s udy. In addi ion o he o iginal e sion
which ea u ed a ligh backg ound, we c ea ed an iden ical se o he ou GUIs wi h a da k
backg ound (C2, C4, C7, C8) (see Figu e 2). Hence we should e alua e he impac o hese wo
a iables on he cha ac e is ics o he dial colou s. The loca ion o he dial indica o s was a ied
in each GUI o p e en pa icipan s om habi ua ing o he indica o loca ions.
In cases C1 and C2, we ma ched all GUI a ibu es exac ly wi h he sample GUI. Howe e , in C3,
C4, C6 and C7, we p oduced a iables by p ese ing he sample GUI's icon sizes, on and ex
size. O hese, we ob ained cases C4 and C6 by adhe ing o a popula o ma equen ly
encoun e ed in he ma ke . We de e mined he icons in C3 and C7 h ough ou esea ch on
washing machine p og am icons.
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Figu e 2. Dial indica o es cases
Tex size is one o he mos common p oblems aced by low ision use s. D ummond e al. (2004)
conduc ed a s udy whe e hey es ed unmodi ied A ial on samples o a ious sizes wi h 180
pa icipan s. They ound ha using a on size o 16 poin s is p e e able o use s wi h a isual
acui y o 6/24, 18 poin s o hose wi h 6/36, and 22 poin s o indi iduals wi h 6/60 isual acui y.
The sample GUI u ilized a 16-poin Hel e ica Neue LT P o L on , which add essed some o hese
si ua ions bu may s ill pose accessibili y challenges in o he cases. To add ess his, we de eloped
a di e en display model based on he empa hy o one o he esea che s, a p o essional isually
impai ed designe . In his design p oposal seen in cases C5 and C8 in Figu e 2, he i s o i s wo
syllables o he display ex ha may e oke he a ge ask, o he en i e ex in cases whe e he e
is enough space o posi ion he ex , we e displayed in a 22-poin on and capi al le e s, and he
syllable(s) ollowing hese si ua ions, i any, we e displayed in a 11-poin on and lowe case
le e s.
To de e mine he co ela ion be ween he dial colou and he backg ound colou , we conduc ed
an in es iga ion using he GUI o he sample models (C1 and C2). As pa o he es , we designed
a dial in a ligh e shade, as shown in Figu e 3 (C9 and C10).
Figu e 3. Dial ype es cases
The dial o he GUI sample is a da k-colou ed model whe e i s ma ke should ha e wo-
dimensional cla i y p oblems due o he colou con as . Al hough he dial o sample GUI had a
ac ile dep h, i should be di icul o low ision use s o pe cei e i om a a . To assess his
si ua ion, we added a dial wi h a ligh -colou ed a ow ma ke o he simula ion (see Figu e 3; C11
and C12).
3.2. Simula ion es p ocedu es
P io o conduc ing he es s, we subjec ed he GUI o a p elimina y es o amilia ize he
pa icipan s wi h he simula ion pla o m (see Figu e 4). A his s age we used a null GUI ha ha e
numbe indica o s a he han washing p og ams. Addi ionally, each pa icipan was asked o
adjus he wid h o he GUI hey saw on he in e ne b owse sc een o 40 cm (1/1 scale o he
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sample model wid h) using he b owse 's zoom ea u e and a ule . To main ain accu acy, we
moni o ed he wid h adjus men s o he pa icipan GUIs displayed on ou moni o s
simul aneously wi h he pa icipan s. We in o med he pa icipan s when hese dimensions
eached he ixed wid h o he pa icipan GUI wid h we de e mined be o e he es on ou own
moni o , so ha each pa icipan es ed GUIs wi h he same wid h. Hence, we compensa ed o
di e ences in pa icipan s' sc een esolu ions by p epa ing he GUI simula ions in jpeg o ma
ha is ixed o he same wid h. Di e ences in con as and colou se ings on he pa icipan s'
moni o s we e igno ed, assuming ha he pa icipan s pe cei ed hem bes on hei own
compu e s. This was addi ionally su icien o us o ha e each pa icipan es each case using
he same moni o se ings. Following his phase, unde he guidance o he esea che , he
pa icipan s we e andomly assigned asks o pe o m on he null GUI.
Figu e 4. Simula ion GUI: (a) null GUI, (b) ac i e bu ons and hei displays
All he bu ons loca ed on he igh con ol panel o he es simula ion sc een we e con igu ed
o be ac i e. The pu pose o he asks associa ed wi h empe a u e se ings, spin p e e ences,
and p e-wash s a us was o di e he pa icipan s' a en ion owa ds he igh con ol panel,
he eby p e en ing hem om becoming acquain ed wi h he dial indica o s. We aimed o assess
he pa icipan s' le el o awa eness ega ding he dial ask hey we e engaged in by his app oach.
Mo eo e , we eco ded he numbe o clicks pe o med du ing bu on asks o e alua e he
pa icipan s' p o iciency in comple ing he assigned ask. Fu he mo e, in hese supplemen a y
asks, we enabled all he alues wi hin all p og ams o p e en pa icipan s om de ec ing hei
e o s in he p og am- ela ed asks since in eali y bu on adjus men s o he washing p og ams
a e limi ed in ega ds o selec ed washing p og ams.
Dial ou ing in e ac ion was p o ided by disc e e “ u n igh - u n le ” bu ons suppo ed by 22
poin Hel e ica Neue LT P o L on and a ow indica o in 34x34 mm ac i e click a ea. The eason
o choosing such a disc e e in e ac ion was o p e en pa icipan s' ask concen a ion on he
dial om being dis ac ed by pla o m bu on in e ac ions. I was o eseen ha an in e ac ion o
be posi ioned a ound o on he dial could a ec he pe o mances o he pa icipan s and inc ease
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he ma gin o e o s. In he es simula ion, no isual o audial eedback was p o ided by
in e ac i e bu ons bu he isual change on he display sc een and dial i sel .
The cases we e es ed in a andom sequence o a oid he pa icipan s om lea ning he p og am
display and he logic behind he ask que ies. In each case, all pa icipan s we e asked o adjus
six p og ams in di e en asks. We aimed o ende he dial indica o s wi hin a o al o 24 s eps;
17 on he igh and 7 on he le . The asks we e asked by he esea che ia ocal inpu and he
mouse mo es and clicks o each pa icipan we e moni o ed in a s ep-by-s ep ashion. Fo
ins ance, in case C2 (see Figu e 5), he pa icipan s we e asked o ind “pe de (cu ain)” mode (+5
s eps) be o e hey ha e seen he upcoming GUI. When hey we e su e ha hey ound he
p og am, hey we e asked o epea he ask “pe de” o say “yes/ok”. Righ a e he pa icipan s’
ocal inpu , he esea che posed he nex que y o he ask ega ding empe a u e, spin and p e-
wash (e. g. 40 deg ees, 800 pm, wi h p e-wash) adjus men s. Righ be o e he pa icipan s’ push
o he “başla/bekle (s a /pause)” bu on, he esea che aised he nex ask que y as “pamuklu
(co on)” (+4 s eps). The s eps we e epea ed un il he comple ion o six asks o each case.
Figu e 5. Video con e ence sc eensho .
A e he comple ion o he 12 cases wi h 72 asks, we showed he images o he dial indica o
(C1-C8) and he dial ype (C1, C2, C9-C12) cases espec i ely o each pa icipan in wo sepa a e
s ages. In hese phases, we conduc ed sho open-ended in e iews abou he pa icipan s'
expe iences wi h GUIs and dial ea u es wi hin he con ex s:
• Com o : Which GUI layou hey eel com o able using and why.
• Accessibili y: Which dial and g ound con as hey can pe cei e mo e easily.
• Easiness: Which dial ype is easie o use and why.
• Sugges ion: Wha can be done o a mo e accessible GUI design in hese cases.
We asked he pa icipan s o e alua e he GUIs and sco e 1 as he lowes and 5 as he highes .
We did no es ic he pa icipan s in sco ing alue epe i ions so ha hey could examine hei
expe iences wi hin a wide pe spec i e a he han g ading he GUIs wi h dis inc sco es.
3.3. Da a collec ion and analysis p ocedu es
We eco ded da a in ideo o ma wi h he pa icipan s’ pe missions and analysed he execu ion
imes o he 72 asks in seconds manually o each pa icipan . I was deemed su icien and
app op ia e o ecei e he da a in seconds because he pa icipan s exhibi ed e y di e en
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DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.17411/jacces. 15i1.538
9
beha iou s while comple ing he asks, and hese di e ences equi ed pa icipan -speci ic ollow-
ups. Fo example, some pa icipan s p e e ed o use hei mouse and ake ac ion a he same
ime when hinking abou he asks bu o he s p e e ed o ind he desi ed p og am se ing i s
and hen ake ac ion. Simila ly, some pa icipan s comple ed he dial asks by cons an ly
sea ching om le o igh , while o he s did he opposi e. The e o e, he GUI es s we e
adminis e ed by he esea che ollowing he cu so mo emen s, bu on click beha iou s, and
oice eedbacks o each pa icipan a he han analysing he numbe and du a ion o mouse
clicks wi h a so wa e ha may cause da a de ia ions.
4. Resul s
4.1. Dial indica o es esul s
Th oughou he analysis, we did no obse e any disc epancies in he ime equi ed o comple e
he dial and bu on asks. Howe e , 6 ou o he 7 low ision pa icipan s we e unable o
success ully comple e cases C3, C4, C6, and C7, esul ing in a o al o 64 e o s, (see Table 1). This
was a ibu ed o he ac ha he simula ion p esen ed he same choices o each mode o
bu on adjus men s, making i di icul o pa icipan s o iden i y hei mis akes. Consequen ly,
he pa icipan s spen mo e ime on bo h dial and bu on adjus men s o hese pa icula asks
due o he con usion hey expe ienced.
Table 1. Low ision use s' comple ion imes and o al e o s in dial indica o asks (C1-8).
Cases
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
A g. ime (sec.)
To al e o s
C1
25
101
78
46
45
39
63
57
1
C2
27
60
47
54
46
44
59
47
-
C3
48
88
87
49
70
76
78
71
16
C4
36
118
53
40
55
63
82
64
18
C5
27
63
52
40
38
41
56
45
-
C6
28
84
83
44
64
81
95
68
15
C7
29
103
57
38
62
96
83
67
14
C8
25
56
39
40
40
37
51
41
-
57,5
64
L: Low ision use
Based on he Skewness and Ku osis alues o C1-C8 asks o low ision pa icipan s alling wi hin
he ange o +2 and -2, he es imes o each case showed a no mal dis ibu ion. Howe e , he
homogenei y es exhibi ed a Sig.(p) alue o 0.037<0.05 indica ing ha he a iances we e no
dis ibu ed uni o mly. Ano a Welch Tes also showed a signi ican di e ence be ween he es
imes o low ision pa icipan s in C1-C8 cases wi h a Sig.(p) alue o 0.02<0.05. Pos Hoc Tes
esul s e ealed ha only he C3 and C8 cases ha e a signi ican di e ence wi h a Sig.(p) alue o
0.032<0.05. The mean di e ence alues (29,714) sugges ed ha his di e ence was in a ou o
C8.
No mal ision use s' ime sco es and e o s made in C1-C8 asks a e shown in Table 2. Since he
es o no mali y o Skewness and Ku osis alues o he cases we e be ween +2 and -2 alues,
© Jou nal o Accessibili y and Design o All (JACCES), Volume 15, Issue 1, 2025, ISSN: 2013-7087
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.17411/jacces. 15i1.538
16
in he same on size. Fu he mo e, we sugges ha a ex display in sea ch-and- ind asks can be
pe cei ed mo e easily by low ision use s, ega dless o he size o he es o he ex , i he i s
syllable o he i s pa which e oca es he meaning o he en i e ex is w i en in uppe case
le e s and a la ge on .
The s udy’s holis ic app oach, in eg a ing quan i a i e da a, quali a i e assessmen s, and use
eedback, p o ides a de ailed unde s anding o he complex in e play be ween design elemen s
and QoE in GUIs, wi h implica ions o bo h low ision and no mal ision use s. Ul ima ely, hese
indings can in o m u u e de elopmen s in GUI design, p omo ing inclusi i y and accessibili y
ac oss di e se use g oups.
7. Acknowledgemen s
We would like o hank P o . D . Onde E ka slan and MSc. Fe da Gul Aydin Emekligil o hei
suppo on his a icle.
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9. Appendices
9.1. Pa icipan demog aphics
Table 7. Low ision pa icipan p o iles
Pa icipan
Age
Gende
Educa ion
L1
30
Female
BSc
L2
65
Female
BSc
L3
39
Male
MSc
L4
34
Female
BSc
L5
42
Female
MSc
L6
30
Male
BSc
L7
55
Male
High Edu.
Table 8. No mal ision pa icipan p o iles
Pa icipan
Age
Gende
Educa ion
N1
33
Female
MSc
N2
35
Female
BSc
N3*
37
Male
MSc
N4*
40
Female
PhD
N5
33
Female
BSc
N6*
26
Female
BSc
N7*
40
Male
MSc
* Indus ial designe
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DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.17411/jacces. 15i1.538
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9.2. Tes s o Be ween-Subjec s e ec s
Table 9. Tes s o Be ween-Subjec s e ec s o dial indica o cases
Sou ce Type III Sum o
Squa es
d Mean Squa e F Sig. Pa ial E a
Squa ed
Co ec ed
Model
38260,205a 15 2550,680 11,149 ,000 ,635
In e cep
187862,223
1
187862,223
821,159
,000
,895
Visual S a us
31255,723
1
31255,723
136,621
,000
,587
Case
4890,134
7
698,591
3,054
,006
,182
Visual S a us *
Case
2114,348
7
302,050
1,320
,249
,088
E o
21962,571
96
228,777
To al
248085,000
112
Co ec ed To al
60222,777
111
Dependen Va iable: Time; a. R Squa ed = ,635 (Adjus ed R Squa ed = ,578)
Table 10. Tes s o Be ween-Subjec s e ec s o dial ype cases
Sou ce Type III Sum o
Squa es
d Mean Squa e F Sig. Pa ial E a
Squa ed
Co ec ed
Model
12447,238a 11 1131,567 10,207 ,000 ,609
In e cep
87300,762
1
87300,762
787,479
,000
,916
Visual S a us
9945,190
1
9945,190
89,709
,000
,555
Case
1923,381
5
384,676
3,470
,007
,194
Visual S a us *
Case
578,667
5
115,733
1,044
,399
,068
E o
7982,000
72
110,861
To al
107730,000
84
Co ec ed To al
20429,238
83
Dependen Va iable: Time; a. R Squa ed = ,609 (Adjus ed R Squa ed = ,550)
© Jou nal o Accessibili y and Design o All (JACCES), Volume 15, Issue 1, 2025, ISSN: 2013-7087
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.17411/jacces. 15i1.538
21
How o ci e his a icle
Aydin M. F., Ya uzcan H. G., Low ision use s in g aphical use in e ace in e ac ion: Examining
he e ec s o isual pe cep ion pa ame e s on quali y o expe ience h ough a display s yle
p oposal. Jou nal o Accessibili y and Design o All, 15(1), 1–20.
h ps://doi.o g/10.17411/jacces. 15i1.538
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