Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic
Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
Documen :
Repo
Au ho :
González Chacón, And eu
Supe iso :
Boccaccio, An onio
Deg ee:
Mas e ’s Deg ee in Indus ial Enginee ing
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
Abs ac
The ad ancemen o bioma e ials and enginee ing me hodologies has e olu ionized many
o hopedic solu ions, o e ing p omising a enues o he de elopmen o e ec i e o hopedic
p os heses. This hesis explo es he op imiza ion o auxe ic cells wi hin o hopedic p os heses
h ough gene a i e design, le e aging Au odesk Fusion so wa e. The esea ch ocuses on
in eg a ing o hopedics and me ama e ials, pa icula ly i anium alloys, o enhance
biomechanical pe o mance and biocompa ibili y.
The s udy begins wi h a comp ehensi e e iew o po ous ma e ials o o hopedic applica ions,
emphasizing hei c i ical ole in p o iding s uc u al in eg i y. Ti anium and i s alloys a e
highligh ed as exempla y ma e ials o hese applica ions due o hei po osi y, co osion
esis ance, and mechanical s eng h akin o na u al bone.
Me ama e ials, speci ically auxe ic ma e ials, a e in oduced as inno a i e s uc u es o
enhancing bone p os heses. The concep o gene a i e design using Au odesk Fusion is
employed o op imize he geome y o he auxe ic cells, aiming o educe mass while
main aining o imp o ing mechanical pe o mance. The hesis de ails he wo k low o
gene a i e design simula ions, encompassing inpu pa ame e s, geome ies, cons ain s, and
manu ac u ing echniques.
Fini e elemen analysis se es as a pi o al ool o e alua e he mechanical beha iou o
op imized auxe ic cell models. Resul s om FEA simula ions p o ide insigh s in o s ess
dis ibu ion, de o ma ion cha ac e is ics, and s uc u al esponse unde physiological loading
condi ions. Compa a i e analyses be ween ini ial and op imized designs elucida e he e icacy
o gene a i e design in achie ing supe io biomechanical ou comes.
In conclusion, his hesis unde sco es he in e disciplina y syne gy o ma e ials science,
biomechanics, and compu a ional modeling in ad ancing bone p os heses. By op imizing
auxe ic cells h ough gene a i e design and in eg a ing i anium-based p os heses, he s udy
con ibu es o he e olu ion o o hopedic implan s, o e ing po en ial bene i s o pa ien
ou comes and heal hca e ad ancemen s.
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
Table o con en s
1 In oduc ion ......................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Ta ge ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Reach ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Requi emen s .......................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Jus i ica ion .............................................................................................................. 6
2 De eloping O hopedics .................................................................................... 7
2.1 Design C i e ia o O hopedic De ices Using Po ous Ma e ials ............................... 7
2.2 Po ous Ma e ials o O hopedics ............................................................................. 8
2.2.1 Bioce amics ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Polyme s .......................................................................................................... 8
2.2.3 Composi es ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2.4 Me als ............................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Fab ica ion Techniques ............................................................................................ 9
2.3.1 Sol en Cas ing and Pa icula e Leaching ......................................................... 9
2.3.2 Elec ospinning ................................................................................................. 9
2.3.3 3D P in ing and Addi i e Manu ac u ing .......................................................... 10
2.3.4 F eeze-D ying ................................................................................................. 10
2.3.5 The mally Induced Phase Sepa a ion (TIPS) .................................................. 10
3 Me ama e ials and Auxe ic Ma e ials .............................................................. 10
3.1 P ope ies and Cha ac e is ics ............................................................................... 10
3.2 Rele ance in O hopedics ...................................................................................... 11
3.3 Exis ing Auxe ic Cells ............................................................................................. 11
4 Op imiza ion wi h Gene a i e Design.............................................................. 12
4.1 Applica ion in O hopedics ..................................................................................... 12
4.1.1 Explo e Complex Design Spaces .................................................................... 12
4.1.2 Op imize Pe o mance .................................................................................... 12
4.1.3 Inco po a e Biological Conside a ions ............................................................. 13
4.1.4 Enable Cus omiza ion and Pe sonaliza ion ..................................................... 13
4.2 Bene i s o Gene a i e Design in O hopedics ........................................................ 13
5 The Models o Uni Cells Buil ......................................................................... 13
5.1 Basic Cells and Pa ame e s ................................................................................... 13
5.2 Cell Modeling wi h Solidwo ks................................................................................ 15
5.3 Gene a ing Op imal Cells wi h Au odesk Fusion .................................................... 16
5.4 Fini e Elemen Analyses wi h Abaqus..................................................................... 18
6 Resul s o he Fini e Elemen Analyses .......................................................... 19
6.1 S uc u e Fo ma ion om Auxe ic Uni Cells........................................................... 19
6.2 Load and Bounda y Condi ions in Abaqus ............................................................. 20
6.3 Von Misses S ess Analyses .................................................................................. 21
6.4 E alua ion o Resul s ............................................................................................. 22
6.4.1 His og ams o Cell 1 ...................................................................................... 22
6.4.2 His og ams o Cell 2 ...................................................................................... 24
6.4.3 His og ams o Cell 3 ...................................................................................... 26
6.5 Selec ion o he Bes Auxe ic Cell .......................................................................... 29
7 Re e ences ........................................................................................................ 30
Table o igu es
Figu e 1. Re-en an Auxe ic Cell (Taken om link [6] o Re e ences) ....................... 11
Figu e 2. Chi al Auxe ic Cell (Taken om link [6] o Re e ences) ............................... 11
Figu e 3. Complemen a y Auxe ic Cell (Taken om link [7] o Re e ences) ............... 12
Figu e 4. Hip P os hesis Using Auxe ic Ma e ials (Taken om link [3] o Re e ences)
.................................................................................................................................. 14
Figu e 5. C i ical Sec ion o he Hip Bone P os hesis ................................................ 14
Figu e 6. Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3 in Solidwo ks ........................................................ 16
Figu e 7. The Th ee Spaces in Au odesk Fusion o Cell 1 ....................................... 16
Figu e 8. The Th ee Spaces in Au odesk Fusion o Cell 2 ....................................... 17
Figu e 9. The Th ee Spaces in Au odesk Fusion o Cell 3 ....................................... 17
Figu e 10. Gene a i e Objec i es Con igu a ion ........................................................ 17
Figu e 11. Op imized Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3 ........................................................... 18
Figu e 12. Subs uc u e in Abaqus Made o Ini ial Auxe ic Cells 2 ............................. 18
Figu e 13. S uc u e Fo ma ion F om Ini ial Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3 ......................... 19
Figu e 14. S uc u e Fo ma ion F om Op imized Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3 ................. 20
Figu e 15. Load and Bounda y Condi ions ................................................................ 20
Figu e 16. Von Misses S ess Analyses o Auxe ic Cell 1 ......................................... 21
Figu e 17. Von Misses S ess Analyses o Auxe ic Cell 2 ......................................... 21
Figu e 18. Von Misses S ess Analyses o Auxe ic Cell 3 ......................................... 22
Figu e 19. His og ams o Las Con e gen Time Inc emen o Simula ion (Cell 1) .... 23
Figu e 20. His og am o he 350 MPa Si ua ion o he Op imized Geome y (Cell 1) 24
Figu e 21. His og ams o Las Con e gen Time Inc emen o Simula ion (Cell 2) .... 25
Figu e 22. His og ams o he 350 MPa Si ua ion (Cell 2) ......................................... 26
Figu e 23. His og ams o Las Con e gen Time Inc emen o Simula ion (Cell 3) .... 27
Figu e 24. His og ams o he 350 MPa Si ua ion (Cell 3) ......................................... 28
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
1 In oduc ion
1.1 Ta ge
The p ima y a ge o his p ojec is o op imize he design o auxe ic cells used in p os heses
o enhance hei mechanical pe o mance, biocompa ibili y, and o e all e ec i eness in
suppo ing bone egene a ion. The op imiza ion will be conduc ed using Au odesk Fusion's
gene a i e design ools, ocusing on educing mass while main aining o imp o ing s uc u al
in eg i y and unc ionali y.
1.2 Reach
The each o his p ojec ex ends o mul iple s akeholde s in he ield o o hopedic and
biomedical enginee ing, including pa ien s, aiming o imp o e he quali y o li e o indi iduals
equi ing p os heses by o e ing mo e e ec i e and eliable implan s. To heal hca e p o ide s,
o e ing ad anced p os he ic solu ions ha enhance pa ien ou comes and educe eco e y
imes. Addi ionally, o medical de ice manu ac u e s by enhancing p oduc o e ings wi h
op imized and inno a i e designs ha mee he la es s anda ds in biocompa ibili y and
mechanical pe o mance. Finally, o he esea ch communi y by con ibu ing o he body o
knowledge in o hopedics and me ama e ials, po en ially in luencing u u e esea ch and
de elopmen e o s.
1.3 Requi emen s
To achie e he p ojec a ge , he ollowing equi emen s mus be me :
• Ma e ial Selec ion: Iden i y and use app op ia e ma e ials ha a e biocompa ible,
du able, and sui able o gene a i e design and manu ac u ing p ocesses. This
includes bioce amics, polyme s, composi es, and me als like i anium.
• Design Pa ame e s: De ine he design pa ame e s o he auxe ic cells, including
geome y, po osi y, and mechanical p ope ies such as s i ness and s eng h.
• Gene a i e Design P ocess: U ilize Au odesk Fusion's gene a i e design ools o
explo e a wide ange o design op ions, op imize he auxe ic cell s uc u es, and educe
he mass o he p os hesis.
• Fini e Elemen Analysis: Conduc ho ough FEA o e alua e he mechanical
pe o mance o he op imized designs unde a ious loading condi ions, ensu ing hey
mee he equi ed s anda ds o s eng h and du abili y.
• Manu ac u ing Feasibili y: Ensu e ha he op imized designs can be manu ac u ed
using exis ing echnologies, such as 3D p in ing o o he addi i e manu ac u ing
echniques.
1.4 Jus i ica ion
The op imiza ion o auxe ic cells in o hopedic p os heses is jus i ied by he po en ial o
signi ican ly imp o e pa ien ou comes. Op imized p os heses can lead o be e in eg a ion
wi h na u al bone, educed isk o implan ailu e, and enhanced o e all pa ien mobili y and
quali y o li e.
Addi ionally, his op imiza ion con ibu es o ad ancemen s in ma e ials science by de eloping
and enhancing he unique p ope ies o auxe ic ma e ials and op imizing exis ing echnologies.
In e ms o gene a i e design, we can imp o e e iciency in bo h design and manu ac u ing.
This app oach allows o he explo a ion and c ea ion o inno a i e, e icien s uc u es ha
minimize ma e ial use, educe manu ac u ing cos s, and main ain high pe o mance.
Finally, a c ucial aspec is add essing ac ual clinical needs. The e is a con inuous demand o
imp o ed o hopedic implan s ha be e mimic he p ope ies o na u al bone and suppo he
body's healing p ocesses, making his esea ch highly ele an and impac ul.
2 De eloping O hopedics
Po ous ma e ials play a c ucial ole in o hopedics by p o iding a 3D amewo k ha suppo s
cell a achmen , p oli e a ion, di e en ia ion, and he o ma ion o new ex acellula ma ix
(ECM). Below is a de ailed discussion on po ous ma e ials o o hopedics, co e ing hei
design c i e ia, ma e ials, ab ica ion echniques, and ecen ad ancemen s.
2.1 Design C i e ia o O hopedic De ices Using Po ous Ma e ials
The design o o hopedic de ices wi h po ous ma e ials mus mee se e al key c i e ia o be
e ec i e. Tha ’s because hese c i e ia ensu e ha he o hopedic de ices can adequa ely
suppo he biological p ocesses necessa y o bone egene a ion and p o ide he mechanical
s abili y needed du ing he healing p ocess.
Biocompa ibili y: I ensu es ha he o hopedic de ices does no p o oke an immune
esponse when implan ed in o he body. I i is no biocompa ible, i can cause in lamma ion,
ejec ion, o o he ad e se eac ions, which can impede healing and po en ially cause u he
damage o he su ounding issues. A biocompa ible ma e ial suppo s cellula ac i i ies such
as adhesion, p oli e a ion, and di e en ia ion, which a e c i ical o e ec i e bone egene a ion.
Mechanical P ope ies: O hopedic de ices mus possess mechanical p ope ies ha a e
simila o he na u al bone hey a e eplacing o suppo ing. This includes adequa e
comp essi e s eng h, ensile s eng h, and elas ic modulus o wi hs and physiological loads.
P ope mechanical p ope ies a e essen ial o ensu e ha i can suppo no mal physical
ac i i ies and main ain s uc u al in eg i y. Misma ched mechanical p ope ies can lead o
ailu e o insu icien suppo o no mal ac i i ies.
Po osi y and In e connec i i y: High po osi y and in e connec ed po es a e essen ial o
acili a ing cell in il a ion, ascula iza ion, nu ien and oxygen di usion, and was e emo al.
These cha ac e is ics p omo e he in eg a ion o he p os hesis wi h he hos issue and suppo
he su i al and unc ion o he cells su ounding i .
Su ace P ope ies: The su ace p ope ies o he o hopedic de ices, including ex u e and
chemical composi ion, play a c i ical ole in p omo ing cell a achmen . Su ace modi ica ions
o coa ings wi h bioac i e molecules can enhance he p os hesis abili y o suppo cellula
unc ions. A su ace ha mimics he na u al ex acellula ma ix (ECM) can signi ican ly imp o e
he p os hesis pe o mance by encou aging cells o adhe e o i .
A e conside ing all hese c i e ia, we can ensu e ha i he design o he o hopedic de ices
mee s hem, i will be e ec i e om bo h a medical and mechanical pe spec i e.
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
2.2 Po ous Ma e ials o O hopedics
Va ious ma e ials a e used o o hopedic p os hesis, each wi h i s ad an ages and limi a ions.
These ma e ials can be b oadly classi ied in o bioce amics, polyme s, composi es and me als.
2.2.1 Bioce amics
Bioce amics a e a class o ce amic ma e ials speci ically designed o medical and den al
applica ions. They a e used o epai and econs uc damaged o diseased pa s o he body,
pa icula ly bones and ee h.
Ad an ages:
• Biocompa ibili y: Bioce amics in eg a e well wi h o hopedics wi hou causing
ad e se immune eac ions.
• Os eoconduc i i y: They suppo new bone g ow h by p o iding a su ace o
bone cells o a ach and p oli e a e.
• Mechanical S eng h: Bioce amics o en ha e mechanical p ope ies simila o
na u al bone, p o iding s uc u al suppo .
Limi a ions:
• B i leness: Bioce amics a e p one o ac u e unde high s ess o impac .
• Slow Deg ada ion Ra e: Some bioce amics deg ade slowly, which may no be
ideal o applica ions equi ing as e eso p ion.
2.2.2 Polyme s
Polyme s a e la ge and complex molecules made up o long chains o epea ing subuni s called
monome s. These monome s a e co alen ly bonded o o m a polyme , which can ha e a wide
ange o p ope ies and applica ions.
Ad an ages:
• Ve sa ili y: Easily p ocessed in o a ious shapes and s uc u es, including
po ous p os hesis.
• Tunable P ope ies: Mechanical and deg ada ion p ope ies can be adjus ed by
modi ying hei chemical s uc u e o blending wi h o he ma e ials.
Limi a ions:
• Mechanical Weakness: Some na u al polyme s may no ha e su icien
mechanical s eng h o load-bea ing applica ions.
• Po en ial Toxici y: Deg ada ion p oduc s o ce ain syn he ic polyme s can be
acidic, po en ially causing local issue in lamma ion o oxici y.
2.2.3 Composi es
Composi es a e ma e ials made om wo o mo e ma e ials wi h signi ican ly di e en physical
o chemical p ope ies. When combined, hese ma e ials p oduce a composi e wi h
cha ac e is ics di e en om he indi idual componen s. The cons i uen ma e ials ypically
consis o a ma ix and a ein o cemen phase.
Ad an ages:
• Combining S eng hs: Combine a o able p ope ies o di e en ma e ials, such
as s eng h o bioce amics and lexibili y o polyme s.
• Enhanced Mechanical P ope ies: Achie e mechanical p ope ies close o
hose o na u al bone.
• Bioac i i y: Can be ailo ed o include bioac i e componen s p omo ing bone
egene a ion.
Limi a ions:
• Complex Fab ica ion: C ea ing composi es can be mo e complex and cos ly.
• Incompa ibili y Issues: Challenges in achie ing good in e acial bonding
be ween di e en ma e ials, c i ical o s uc u al in eg i y and pe o mance.
2.2.4 Me als
Me als a e a class o ma e ials cha ac e ized by hei high elec ical and he mal conduc i i y,
malleabili y, duc ili y and hey usually ha e a high densi y. Me als play a c ucial ole in a wide
ange o applica ions due o hei di e se p ope ies.
Ad an ages:
• High Mechanical S eng h: Me als like i anium ha e excellen mechanical
p ope ies, p o iding obus s uc u al suppo , pa icula ly in load-bea ing
applica ions.
• Biocompa ibili y: Ti anium is highly biocompa ible and widely used in o hopedic
and den al implan s.
• Co osion Resis ance: Ti anium is esis an o co osion in he physiological
en i onmen , ensu ing long- e m s abili y.
• Os eoin eg a ion: Ti anium can o m a di ec bond wi h bone, known as
os eoin eg a ion, which is c ucial o he s abili y o implan s.
Limi a ions:
• Non-Deg adabili y: Ti anium does no deg ade o e ime, meaning i emains in
he body pe manen ly unless su gically emo ed. This can be a disad an age
in si ua ions whe e empo a y sca olds a e needed. This is no ou case
because he p os hesis will eplace he bone.
• Densi y: Ti anium is dense and hea ie han o he ma e ials like polyme s and
some ce amics, which can be a d awback o ce ain applica ions.
• Manu ac u ing Complexi y: Fab ica ing i anium p os hesis wi h he necessa y
po osi y and complex s uc u es can be echnically challenging and expensi e.
2.3 Fab ica ion Techniques
The ab ica ion o o hopedic de ices in ol es c ea ing a s uc u e wi h he desi ed shape,
po osi y, and mechanical p ope ies. Va ious echniques a e used o ab ica e hem, including:
2.3.1 Sol en Cas ing and Pa icula e Leaching
A polyme solu ion is cas in o a mold wi h a po ogen (e.g., sal pa icles). A e he sol en
e apo a es, he po ogen is leached ou , lea ing a po ous s uc u e.
2.3.2 Elec ospinning
Elec ospinning c ea es ib ous p os hesis by applying a high ol age o a polyme solu ion,
which o ms ine ibe s collec ed on a a ge . This echnique is sui able o c ea ing s uc u es
ha mimic he ECM's ib ous na u e.
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
o co e he emaining olume su ounding he cell. This hi d solid was designed o be used
as he obs acle geome y in Fusion so wa e, ensu ing ha he gene a i e esul closely
adhe ed o he auxe ic geome y.
Figu e 6. Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3 in Solidwo ks
In he image abo e (Figu e 6), we can see he h ee designed cells wi h hei espec i e
co e ings o he obs acle geome y. We will e e o hem as Cell 1, Cell 2, and Cell 3,
espec i ely. I should be no ed ha Cell 1 is he mos commonly used auxe ic cell and is known
as he e-en an cell.
5.3 Gene a ing Op imal Cells wi h Au odesk Fusion
The modeled cells we e hen impo ed in o Au odesk Fusion, and a Gene a i e Design analysis
was selec ed. Fi s , he h ee di e en pa s o he cell we e ma ched wi h he a ious
conside a ions o gene a ing he design, (Figu es 7-9).
Figu e 7. The Th ee Spaces in Au odesk Fusion o Cell 1
Figu e 8. The Th ee Spaces in Au odesk Fusion o Cell 2
Figu e 9. The Th ee Spaces in Au odesk Fusion o Cell 3
Fo he h ee Auxe ic Cells, we can see he h ee di e en geome ies: in ed is he obs acle
geome y, in yellow is he ini ial geome y whe e he p og am can add ma e ial, and in g een
is he conse a ion geome y ha canno be al e ed by he algo i hm.
In all he images, we can obse e he p essu e applied o he cell, wi h a alue o 600 MPa.
We can also see he mo emen es ic ions applied o he piece, indica ing he le els o
mo emen eedom equi ed o ensu e he piece unc ions as an auxe ic cell.
Ti anium 6Al-4V was hen selec ed as he ma e ial o s udy because i is used in he e e ence
documen o hip p os heses wi h auxe ic geome ies [3]. This ma e ial can be ab ica ed using
ad anced addi i e manu ac u ing echniques. Addi ionally, as no ed ea lie , his ma e ial
possesses many p ope ies sui able o bo h o hopedic applica ions and Auxe ic Ma e ials.
Figu e 10. Gene a i e Objec i es Con igu a ion
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
Nex , o he Gene a i e Design algo i hm, we selec ed mass educ ion as he objec i e wi h a
sa e y ac o o 2.00 o he s eng h o he esul . This con igu a ion ensu es ha he esul will
achie e he lowes possible mass o he applied p essu e and he gi en geome y.
Figu e 11. Op imized Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3
We hen s a ed he gene a i e p ocess, du ing which he p og am sough o achie e he
op imal esul based on he gi en objec i es and cons ain s. A e se e al i e a ions, his
p ocess p oduced he h ee esul s o he auxe ic cells, (Figu e 11).
5.4 Fini e Elemen Analyses wi h Abaqus
Based on he esul s ob ained om Au odesk Fusion, we p oceeded o es whe he he cells
we e eac ing as expec ed. We also compa ed he op imized geome ies wi h he ini ial
geome ies o de e mine i i is wo hwhile o p oduce he new cells o i he basic geome y is
su icien .
Fo hese simula ions, a g oup o iden ical auxe ic cells was assembled o c ea e a la ge
s uc u e wi h wo laye s (Figu e 12), allowing us o obse e how he en i e s uc u e eac s o
s ess. Gi en he applied ensile s ess we e alua ed he s uc u al esponse o he auxe ic
cells.
Fo he co ec analysis, we applied he cons ain s o he lowe bases and he ensile s ess
on he uppe bases. Wi h his analysis we a e going o de e mine he Von Misses s ess on
e e y single cell while applying he load and he bounda y condi ions o he o e all s uc u e.
Figu e 12. Subs uc u e in Abaqus Made o Ini ial Auxe ic Cells 2
To illus a e he con igu a ion, he e is he subs uc u e o auxe ic cells o he ini ial geome y
o Cell 2. The same p ocedu e was ollowed o all he o he cells, esul ing in a o al o 6
analyses.
6 Resul s o he Fini e Elemen Analyses
The esul s o he ini e elemen analyses p o ided insigh s in o he mechanical beha iou and
op imiza ion po en ial o he auxe ic p os heses.
6.1 S uc u e Fo ma ion om Auxe ic Uni Cells
To pe o m he Fini e Elemen Analyses wi h Abaqus, we eplica ed he same auxe ic uni cell
o c ea e a la ge s uc u e and obse e how he en i e g oup eac s.
Fi s , we began wi h he h ee auxe ic cells in hei basic geome y, which had no been
op imized wi h gene a i e design. The esul ing s uc u es om he h ee auxe ic cells a e
shown in he ollowing igu e, (Figu e 13).
Figu e 13. S uc u e Fo ma ion F om Ini ial Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3
In his igu e, we can obse e he la ge s uc u e c ea ed by eplica ing he ini ial auxe ic cells
1, 2, and 3. Von Mises s ess analyses will be compu ed o hese h ee s uc u es.
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
Nex , we cons uc ed he h ee la ge s uc u es using he op imized auxe ic cells in he same
manne as o he ini ial geome ies. The esul s a e shown in he ollowing igu e, (Figu e 14).
Figu e 14. S uc u e Fo ma ion F om Op imized Auxe ic Cells 1, 2 and 3
6.2 Load and Bounda y Condi ions in Abaqus
The nex s ep was o apply he bounda y and loading condi ions o he o e all s uc u es o
ensu e hey we e p ope ly de ined o ou analyses. The p essu e applied, as p e iously
men ioned, was 600 MPa on each cell's cen al beam, and he bounda y condi ion in ol ed
embedding he bo om cen al beams. These de ails a e shown in he ollowing igu e, (Figu e
15).
Figu e 15. Load and Bounda y Condi ions
6.3 Von Misses S ess Analyses
Once we had all he la ge es ing s uc u es eady o analysis, he simula ions we e
conduc ed, and he esul s a e shown in he ollowing igu es. These igu es p o ide a
compa ison be ween each ini ial auxe ic cell and i s op imized coun e pa . The i s cell we will
compa e is Cell 1, in bo h i s ini ial and op imized o ms.
Figu e 16. Von Misses S ess Analyses o Auxe ic Cell 1
We obse e ha he ini ial cell canno wi hs and he applied p essu e, while he op imized cell
pe o ms well in he simula ion. This indica es ha he op imized Cell 1 is sui able o he s ess
analysis.
Now we con inue wi h he Cell 2:
Figu e 17. Von Misses S ess Analyses o Auxe ic Cell 2
Auxe ic Cell 2 pe o med simila ly, wi h he ini ial cell unable o wi hs and he applied p essu e,
while he op imized cell success ully esis ed all he analyses. Compa ed o Auxe ic Cell 1, his
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
ini ial cell can endu e mo e load, bo h in i s ini ial and op imized geome ies, making i sligh ly
s i e .
Finally, we p oceed wi h he las case, he Cell 3:
Figu e 18. Von Misses S ess Analyses o Auxe ic Cell 3
We can obse e ha o Cell 3, he simula ion is success ul o bo h he op imized and non-
op imized geome ies. Howe e , he op imized geome y exhibi s a s ess dis ibu ion wi h
ewe c i ical sec ions in e ms o s ess.
As no ed, a o al o six Fini e Elemen Analyses we e conduc ed o e alua e he mechanical
esponse o he s uc u e. The goal was o ensu e ha he cells ha e a uni o m s ess
dis ibu ion ac oss he en i e olume o p e en localized ailu es and o con i m ha he o e all
subs uc u e e ains he ecognized lexibili y o auxe ic ma e ials.
6.4 E alua ion o Resul s
The p ocedu e o e alua ing he esul s in ol es compa ing he a e age alues o he Von
Mises s ess analysis and he wid h o he his og ams. This compa ison allows us o de e mine
ha cells wi h a na owe his og am exhibi mo e consis en beha iou ac oss all s udy cases.
Using his me hod, we will assess whe he he op imized geome ies a e uly a be e choice
by compa ing he his og ams o he non-op imized and op imized cells indi idually. Two
di e en scena ios will be e alua ed: he his og ams a he inal con e gen ime inc emen o
each simula ion, and he his og ams o an applied p essu e o 350 MPa.
6.4.1 His og ams o Cell 1
Fo he Auxe ic Cell 1, we ha e seen ha in he case o he ini ial geome y he simula ion
ailed a he 58,44% o he applied s ess. We mus ake his in o accoun because o he
his og ams, he Von Mises s ess o he ini ial geome y gi es he esul s o an applied
p essu e o 350 MPa, which is he alue be o e ailu e, (Figu e 19).
Figu e 19. His og ams o Las Con e gen Time Inc emen o Simula ion (Cell 1)
Fo he case wi h an applied p essu e o 350 MPa, we ha e he case whe e bo h cells, he
ini ial geome y and he op imized one ha e he same applied s ess. A simila esul is
ob ained, leading o he same conclusion: he op imized geome y o Cell 1 is signi ican ly
be e in e ms o s abili y han he ini ial one. This is because he Von Misses ange o he
ini ial geome y goes up o 2.700 MPa and o he op imized one i goes up o 375 MPa, (Figu e
20).
Op imiza ion o he Uni Cell o Auxe ic Ma e ials o O hopedic Applica ions Using
Gene a i e Design
Figu e 20. His og am o he 350 MPa Si ua ion o he Op imized Geome y (Cell 1)
6.4.2 His og ams o Cell 2
Fo he Auxe ic Cell 2, we ha e seen ha in he case o he ini ial geome y he simula ion
ailed a he 81,41% o he applied s ess. As in he las case, he Von Mises s ess o he
ini ial geome y gi es he esul s o an applied p essu e o 488 MPa, which is he alue be o e
ailu e, (Figu e 21).
Figu e 21. His og ams o Las Con e gen Time Inc emen o Simula ion (Cell 2)
To compa e he his og ams o he di e en cells wi h he same condi ion, we also applied a
p essu e o 350 MPa o bo h cells, he ini ial geome y and he op imized one. The Von Misses
ange o he ini ial geome y goes up o 2.900 MPa and o he op imized one i goes up o
400 MPa. We obse e ha o he same applied p essu e han in he case o he Cell 1, he
Von Misses ange is e y simila o bo h op imized geome ies, (Figu e 22).
