Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s10086-021-02008-z
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The e ec o mois u e on hep ope ies
o cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds made
wi hnon- adi ional aw ma e ials
Tomas Melicha * , Lenka Mesza oso a, Ji i Bydzo sky, Ma ej Ledl and Sil es Vasas
Abs ac
The pape p esen s esea ch in o he changes o p ope ies in cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds caused by mois u e
sa u a ion o e he cou se o 504 h. Th ee pa icleboa d a ian s we e es ed, all a he age o 18 mon hs. The i s is a
s anda d p oduc ion-line boa d manu ac u ed by CIDEM H anice, a.s. (iden i ied as CP-R). The o he wo a ian s we e
modi ied by by-p oduc s o he pa icleboa d manu ac u ing p ocess—dus (CP-D) and a pa icula e mix u e (CP-P).
The expe imen obse ed changes in he boa ds’ dimensions, olume, and mass. The e ec o mois u e on hei basic
ma e ial p ope ies was also in es iga ed. While he boa ds we e being sa u a ed by wa e , changes in hei s uc u e
we e examined using an op ical mic oscope. I was ound ha he boa ds beha e di e en ly depending on hei
composi ion. Also he e we e di e ences in he dynamics o he p ope y changes. The modi ied pa icleboa ds a e
mo e suscep ible o dimensional and olume changes. Bo h, olume and mass unde go he mos signi ican changes
du ing he i s 24 h. C acks and ai oids inside he wood chips begin o close upon con ac wi h wa e as a esul
o swelling. I was obse ed by op ical mic oscopy ha his p ocess occu s wi hin 3 o 5 min since imme sion in he
wa e ba h. Be ween 24 and 96 h he a e a which he ai oids and po es a e closing begins o dec ease and he e is
a di e ence in he dynamics o mass and olume changes as well. We –d y cycling o he boa ds was analysed as well.
Tempe a u e and mois u e luc ua ions nega i ely a ec ed pa icleboa d beha iou and p ope ies. S eng h d opped
up o 50%. Wide c acks in s uc u e o he pa icleboa ds we e de ec ed by op ical mic oscopy, namely in ITZ (in e -
nal ansi ion zone) o cemen ma ix and sp uce chips.
Keywo ds: Cemen -bonded pa icleboa d, Modi ica ion, Composi ion, Wa e sa u a ion, We –d y cycle, Dynamics,
Volume, Mass, S eng h, Suga con en , Mic os uc u e
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In oduc ion
Pa icleboa ds a e composi e ma e ials consis ing o
small wood pa icles bonded by a ma ix [1]. The e a e
many binde s being used, including cemen -based ones.
Wang e al. [2] in es iga ed a mix u e ha consis ed o
was e wood bonded by magnesium phospha e cemen .
Mi anda de Lima e al. [3] p esen ed esea ch in o he
modi ica ion o binde s by me akaolin and calcined
ce amics. Cap ai e al. [4] deal wi h he subs i u ion o
cemen by MSWI (municipal solid was e incine a ion)
bo om ash. The wood pa icles may come om many
di e en kinds o wood, as documen ed by he indings
o Odeyemi e al. [1] (A ican balsam ee), Nadha i [5]
(banana unk), A.N. Papadopoulos [6] (Ca pinus be ulis
L.), So annde e al. [7] (A zelia a icana wood esidues),
Fuwape e al. [8] ( opical wood), Bo ysiuk e al. [9] (suga
bee pulp), Taha e al. [10] ( oma o s alk), Amiandamhen
and Izeko [11] (Gmelina a bo ea wood), Hossain e al.
[12] a Wang [13, 14] (cons uc ion wood was e), Cab al
e al. [15] (s alk pa icles o Je usalem A ichoke), Ka ade
e  al. [16] (lignocellulosic was es), Sassoni e  al. [17]
(hemp) and Schwa zo a e al. [18, 19] (hemp ib es).
Open Access
Jou nal o Wood Scienc
e
*Co espondence: melicha [email p o ec ed].cz
Ins i u e o Technology o Building Ma e ials and Componen s, Facul y
o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, B no, Czech Republic
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Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
The p ope ies o wood and he cemen ma ix a e
ma kedly di e en . Wood is a he e ogeneous ma e-
ial consis ing mos ly o s uc u al componen s (cel-
lulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and non-s uc u al
componen s (polysaccha ides o s a ch, ex ac i es,
p o eins, some wa e -soluble o ganic compounds, and
ino ganic compounds). Wood is suscep ible o olume
changes due o mois u e. Wood can hold wa e in he cell
walls as bound wa e o in he cell ca i ies as ee wa e
[20]. In heo y, mos , i no all, o he hyd oxyl g oups
in hemicelluloses a e accessible o mois u e [21]. Ch is-
ensen and Kelsey [22] es ima ed ha cellulose, hemicel-
luloses and lignin in Eucalyp us egnans a e esponsible
o app oxima ely 47%, 37% and 16% o he o al wa e
so p ion o his wood species. The use o wood in cemen
composi es is also s ongly in luenced by he leaching
o hemicellulose, which slows he hyd a ion a e o he
cemen ma ix; c . Janusa e al. [23].
Howe e , wi h he p ope ea men , he p ope ies
o wood can be a leas somewha s abilized agains he
e ec o mois u e o he unwan ed ex ac ion o hemi-
cellulose. The modi ica ion o wood in cemen -bonded
pa icleboa ds has al eady been he subjec o esea ch
by So annde e al. [7] (modi ica ion by CaCl2, MgCl2, and
AlCl3), Maka ona e al. [24] (nanos uc u ed ZnO coa -
ing), Ahmed e al. [25] (oil imp egna ion, he mal modi-
ica ion), and Pelaez-Samaniego e  al. [20] ( he mally
modi ied acacia and sesendok). Lee e al. [26] conclude
ha a pa icleboa d made wi h highe p opo ion o oil
palm unk pa icles has be e dimensional s abili y han
ha wi h highe p opo ion o ubbe wood pa icles.
Nasse e al. [27] analysed he p e- ea men o he pa -
icles wi h ei he cold o ho wa e and he addi ion 3% o
CaCl2, Al2(SO4)3, o MgCl2 (by cemen weigh ) in e ms
o i s in luence on he p ope ies o he pa icleboa ds,
speci ically boa ds made wi h he p uning was es om
six wood species. In e ac ions be ween wood species and
he W/C (wa e /cemen ) a io we e highly signi ican
o all o mechanical p ope ies and dimensional s abil-
i y cha ac e is ics. T ea men by ho wa e and CaCl2
was in es iga ed by Amiandamhen and Izeko [11]. Thei
esea ch also aimed o de e mine how he ea men o
he wood ( lakes and sawdus o Gamelina a bo ea) in lu-
ences he s eng h, modulus o elas ici y, wa e abso p-
ion, and swelling in hickness o he pa icleboa ds
a e 24h in a wa e ba h [11]. Li e al. [28] eached he
conclusion ha he apou di usi i y o wood–cemen
composi es dec eases when he wa e con en inc eases
as a esul o capilla y condensa ion. Liquid di usi -
i y d ama ically inc eases because o he high ela i e
humidi y a which he liquid wa e ends o sa u a e he
po es, which allows he wa e o be ee and hus o di -
use mo e easily [28]. Lee [26], d awing on Sulaiman [29],
ound ha ubbe wood is mo e hyg oscopic han oil
palm unk. Pelaez-Samaniego [20] con i med ha he
main ac o con ibu ing o he imp o emen o dimen-
sional s abili y o pa icleboa ds o wood composi es is
he emo al o hemicelluloses om he wood.
Cu en ly he e a e se e al by-p oduc s ( om cemen -
bonded pa icleboa d p oduc ion) ha lack any u he
u iliza ion and a e he e o e disca ded as was e. The mos
p omising o hese ma e ials is dus p oduced by he cu -
ing and g inding o he boa ds (6500 /yea ) and a le o-
e pa icula e mix u e consis ing o cemen , wood chips,
admix u es, e c. (1000 /yea ). Bo h he dus (D) and he
pa icula e (P) con ain cemen and sp uce chips. These
ma e ials could po en ially be e-used in he p oduc ion
o new cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds. A su ey o a ail-
able li e a y sou ces and pa icleboa d manu ac u e s has
e ealed ha he e-use o he abo e-men ioned ma e-
ials is s ill a la gely unexplo ed a ea. Simila ly, au ho s
who ha e in es iga ed he wa e abso p ion o pa i-
cleboa ds ha e ailed o p oduce a mo e complex and
de ailed analysis. S udies usually limi hemsel es o es -
ing he compliance o ma e ials wi h he equi emen s o
echnical s anda ds [30–39].
Ma e ials
Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds we e manu ac u ed by
CIDEM H anice, a.s. The ba ch pe e e y es mix u e
was 11 m3. The e e ence mix u e ep esen s a s and-
a d ma ke -a ailable pa icleboa d. Two mo e mix u es
we e designed, bo h modi ied by al e na i e compo-
nen s p oduced as by-p oduc s du ing he pa icle-
boa d manu ac u ing p ocess. The modi ica ion ook
in o accoun p io esea ch conduc ed in collabo a ion
wi h CIDEM H anice, a.s.; see [40, 41]. Componen s
D and P we e no ea ed (milling, c ushing, si ing,
e c.). Composi ion o designed mix u es is shown in he
Table 1 (CP-R— e e ence pa icleboa ds; CP-D—pa -
icleboa ds modi ied by dus D; CP-P—pa icleboa ds
modi ied by pa icula e mix u e P).
Table 1 Volume composi ion (%) o designed mix u es—
e e ence and modi ied by dus and pa icula e mix u e
Componen Mix u e
CP-R Mix u e
CP-D Mix u e
CP-P
Cemen 25.00 24.75 24.00
Sp uce chips 63.00 59.22 60.48
Dus —D 0.00 4.03 0.00
Pa icula e mix u e—P 0.00 0.00 3.52
Wa e 10.00 10.00 10.00
Admix u es 2.00 2.00 2.00
Page 3 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
The mix u es a e based on blended cemen CEM II/A-
S 42,5 R (Českomo a ský cemen , a.s., Mok á, Czech
Republic; speci ic su ace a ea o 458 m2/kg; densi y
3124 kg/m3; ini ial se 215–250 min; 28-day s eng h
59MPa). The s uc u e and mic os uc u e o he wood
chips a e shown in Figs.1 and 2. Thei pa icle size dis-
ibu ion cu e is in he cha below along wi h he
o he ma e ials (Fig.3). Besides hese componen s, he
mix u es also con ained wa e and hyd a ion-con ol
admix u es.
The dus D is o med du ing cu ing by a o ma saw,
om whe e i is suc ioned away ia a cyclone ha sep-
a a es i om coa se pa icles. The pa icula e mix-
u e P is c ea ed, o ins ance, by changes made o he
manu ac u ing p ocess, such as when he mix u e is
adjus ed in esponse o wea he condi ions, e c. Anal-
ysis o D and P mic os uc u e (Fig.2) has e ealed a
e y ho ough mine aliza ion o a la ge numbe o
sp uce chips. Cemen ma ix esidues (hyd a ion p od-
uc s) a e p esen on wood chips su ace. I is he e o e
e iden ha he wood chips a e o a la ge ex en sealed
agains he ing ess o mois u e. The p ope ies o he
al e na i e componen s D and P ha e al eady been ana-
lysed by Melicha e al. [40–42]. Pa icle size dis ibu-
ion o P and D is shown in Fig.3.
The chemical and mine alogical composi ion o D
and P co esponds o he composi ion o a p oduc ion-
line pa icleboa d. The dus D has a la ge wood con-
en (de e mined by TOC analysis; Table2).
Fig. 1 S uc u e o : a he aw sp uce chips; b dus D; c pa icula e mix u e P
Fig. 2 Mic os uc u e o wood chips: a he aw sp uce chips mag. 500 × ; b wood pa icle in dus D mag. 5000 × ; c wood pa icle in pa icula e
mix u e P mag. 2000 × ; pic u es aken by a Tescan MIRA3 XMU scanning elec on mic oscope
Page 4 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
Expe imen al me hods
The pa icleboa ds wi h densi y 1300–1400kg/m3 and
12mm in hickness we e made and cu in o specimens
a he p oduc ion line a CIDEM H anice, a.s. 28days
la e he boa ds we e anspo ed o he labo a o ies
o he Ins i u e o Building Ma e ials and Componen s,
Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, BUT. Specimens ma u ed
o oughly 17mon hs in he labo a o ies. All he es s
and analyses we e planned so ha hei end would
coincide wi h he specimens eaching 18mon hs o age.
Specimen p epa a ion anddimensions
Specimens wi h he dimensions o
50 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm (wa e sa u a ion dynam-
ics up o 30 min), 290 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm
( es ing o mechanical p ope ies), and
300 mm × 100 mm × 12 mm (dimensional and mass
changes) we e made. All he specimens we e s o ed
in a clima e chambe un il hey eached a s able mass.
A e wa ds he specimens we e placed in an exica-
o o empe a u e s abiliza ion. Nex , all he dimen-
sions (leng h, wid h, and hickness) as well as mass
we e measu ed. Also de ailed images o he specimen
s uc u e we e aken using an op ical mic oscope. Each
indi idual pa ame e was de e mined using a se o 6
specimens whe e 3 specimens we e cu om he boa ds
in he longi udinal and 3 in he ans e se di ec ion.
Analysis o s uc u e—compu ed omog aphy
Be o e he wa e sa u a ion, h ee-dimensional s uc u e
o CP-R pa icleboa d was analysed. This non-des uc-
i e analysis was ocused on iden i ica ion o p e ailing
di ec ion and o ien a ion o sp uce chips in he boa ds.
O ien a ion o wood chips is impo an due o di e en
beha iou du ing dimensional changes ela ed o wa e
sa u a ion. XRD omog aphy de ice phoenix | ome|x m
300 was used o his pu pose.
Wa e sa u a ion, swelling
S anda d EN 317 [34] de e mines swelling in he hick-
ness o a specimen a e being comple ely subme ged
unde wa e a (20 ± 1)°C. In p inciple, he expe imen
ollowed EN 317. The s anda d only obse es changes
in hickness. The p esen ed esea ch examined ol-
ume changes in g ea e de ail, including changes in
leng h and wid h. The specimens had dimensions o
300mm × 100 mm × 12mm (see Fig.4), which is simi-
la o hose o pa icleboa ds used in eal-li e applica-
ions. Besides dimensional changes, mass inc eases
we e obse ed as well. The s anda d EN 634-2 [32] only
examines he alue o swelling in hickness 24h a e
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0111.010.0
Cumula i e passing [%]
Pa icle size [mm]
Cemen S
p
uce Chi
p
s D P
Fig. 3 Pa icle size dis ibu ion o he al e na i e componen s wi h he p ima y aw ma e ials
Table 2 Chemical composi ion, wood con en and wa e abso p ion o D and P
Al e na i e ma e ial SiO2
[%] CaO
[%] Al2O3
[%] Fe2O3
[%] Na2O, K2O
[%] Wood con en
[%] WA [%]
D 10.5 46.1 14.8 3.8 0.4 26.1 49.9
P 14.9 41.9 13.9 4.4 1.2 19.8 40.1
Page 5 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
ull imme sion in wa e . The abo e-men ioned p ope -
ies (dimensions and mass) we e measu ed a 0, 1, 4, 6, 8,
12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 336, and 504h o a mo e de ailed
de e mina ion o he wa e sa u a ion dynamics.
The specimens we e main ained in labo a o y en i on-
men a e hei emo al om he wa e . G adual d ying
o he es ed pa icleboa ds occu ed ill he s able weigh
was eached. Subsequen ly, i e e sible changes o moni-
o ed pa ame e s we e de e mined.
We –d y cycling
Condi ions cha ac e ized by cyclic we ing and d ying
we e simula ed in wa e ba h and d ying o en. One cycle
( o al 48h) consis ed o wo ollow-up phases—imme -
sion in wa e a 20°C o 24h; d ying in o en a 103°C
o 24h. A o al o 7 such cycles we e pe o med. Mass
and dimensions we e de e mined a e each cycle. E alu-
a ion o e e sible, i e e sible changes and mac oscopic
ailu es was possible.
Leachabili y o suga s
Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds con ain suga s, mainly
hemicellulose, which has nega i e e ec on cemen
ma ix ha dening. Hemicellulose is dissoluble in p esence
o wa e . Thus, he wa e om he ba h (whe e he speci-
mens we e s o ed) was sampled a e 168 and 504h and
es ed o suga con en . The suga con en de e mina-
ion (Fig. 5) ollowed he p inciple o educing suga
wi h po assium pe mangana e (KMnO4) in an alkaline
en i onmen . The educ ion o MnVI o MnIV changes
he colou o he solu ion o yellow o yellow–b own.
B own MnO2 p ecipi a e may o m a high pe mangana e
concen a ions.
Densi y, bending and ensile p ope ies
Th ee se s o specimens we e es ed. One e e ence se
was es ed. The second se con ained pa icleboa ds
ha we e sa u a ed by mois u e (up o 504h) and sub-
sequen ly d ied in labo a o y condi ions. The las se
consis ed o pa icleboa ds ha we e exposed o we –d y
cycles. Thei dimensions we e 50mm × 50mm × 12mm
(densi y, ensile) and 290mm × 50mm × 12 mm (bend-
ing). Be o e he es s o physical and mechanical p ope -
ies we e conduc ed, he pa icleboa d specimens we e
s o ed a ela i e humidi y o (65 ± 5)% and empe a u e
(20 ± 2)°C o allow hem o each s able mass.
The me hod o de e mining he densi y o pa icle-
boa ds is desc ibed in EN 323 [37]. Bending s eng h
and modulus o elas ici y in bending we e de e mined
acco ding o EN 310 [33] ( he h ee-poin bend es ).
The s eng h o he specimen is calcula ed as he a io
be ween he bending momen M a maximum load Fmax
and he momen o he whole c oss-sec ion. The dis-
ance be ween he cen es o he wo suppo olle s is
se a 20 × he hickness o he boa d. The maximum load
(specimen ailu e) mus occu no la e han (60 ± 30)s a
a cons an loading a e. Tensile s eng h pe pendicula o
he plane o he boa d was de e mined om he maxi-
mum o ce ac ing upon he specimen su ace acco ding
o EN 319 [36]. The loading a e was se so ha he speci-
mens would su e ailu e wi hin (60 ± 30)s; 3mm/min.
Fig. 4 Cemen -bonded pa icleboa d specimens abou 1 h a e
imme sion in wa e a app oxima ely 20 °C. The specimens we e used
o assess he dynamics o mois u e sa u a ion
Fig. 5 Analysis o suga concen a ion in he wa e solu ion in which he specimens we e imme sed o 504 h

Page 6 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
Mic os uc u al analysis—op ical mic oscope
The s uc u al changes we e analysed wi h a Keyence
VHX-950F op ical mic oscope (up o 200 × magni ica-
ion). Special a en ion was paid mainly o a eas whe e
c acks had o med, as hese pa s make i possible o
see how mois u e sa u a ion in luences he dimen-
sional o olume ic changes o he boa ds. The analy-
sis ocused mainly on he mois u e sa u a ion dynamics
o he cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds and i s ole in
he closing and subsequen e-occu ence o mic oc-
acks. The mois u e sa u a es he cell walls o he wood
chips, which causes i o swell and cause mic oc acks
o o m in he cemen ma ix. A o al o 3 se s o speci-
mens we e subjec ed o a de ailed analysis. The i s
se was examined om 0 h ough 30min a e imme -
sion and consis ed o specimens wi h he dimensions o
50 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm. The mic os uc u al analy-
sis o hese specimens ook place while hey emained
imme sed in wa e (see Fig.6). The second se comp ised
specimens o 300mm × 100mm × 12mm, which we e
examined a a se ime in e al oge he wi h weigh-
ing and dimension measu emen ; i.e. be o e wa e sa u-
a ion and a e 1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168h
unde wa e . The hi d se comp ised specimens o
300mm × 100mm × 12mm which we e analysed du ing
we –d y cycles, i.e. each 24h (a e wa e sa u a ion and
also a e d ying).
Resul s anddiscussion
3D s uc u e o  hepa icleboa ds
Following igu es (Figs.7 and 8) show CP-R boa d wi h
emphasis on o ien a ion o sp uce chips. O ien a ion
o chips in he pa icleboa ds is impo an in e ms o
dimensional changes because wood is an aniso opic
ma e ial. Signi ican dimensional and olume changes
occu in adial and angen ial di ec ion o wood [24, 43].
CT analysis p o ed ha axial di ec ion o he chips is
mos ly pa allel wi h plane o he pa icleboa d. Radial
and angen ial di ec ion o he wood chips is o ien ed
pe pendicula o he leng h (linea di ec ion) o he pa i-
cleboa ds. Thus, he mos appa en dimensional changes
could occu in hickness di ec ion.
Dynamics o wa e sa u a ion
The cha s (Fig.9) show a de ailed e alua ion and com-
pa ison o he dimensions, mass, and olume o he
pa icleboa d specimens (de elopmen up o 504h). I e-
e sible changes o es ed pa ame e s a e g adual d ying
in labo a o y en i onmen a e shown in Table3. Resul s
con i med di e se beha iou o boa ds in dependence on
hei composi ion du ing soaking. This ela es o di e -
en a io o cemen and chips in CP-R, CP-D and CP-P.
Ra io o cemen , chips and al e na i e aw ma e ials also
has e ec on s uc u e o ITZ o ma ix and sp uce chips.
The so p ion o he boa ds no only occu s sepa a ely in
sp uce chips and cemen ma ix, bu i is also compli-
ca ed by he in e acial egion [44]. So p ion dynamics,
cha ac e ized by apid changing dimensions and mass, is
appa en up o 96h o soaking. The mos apid change
was de e mined a e he i s hou o he imme sing
boa ds. This indica es ela i ely open po ous s uc u e
o he boa ds when he i s wa e pene a es h ough
cemen ma ix capilla y sys em in o he cell s uc u e o
sp uce chips. Pene a ion o wa e is mo e di icul wi h
inc easing wa e amoun wi hin he boa ds, because
po ous s uc u e is g adually illed by he wa e and less
Fig. 6 Obse a ion and e alua ion o olume changes in a specimen being sa u a ed by liquid mois u e using an op ical mic oscope: a he
mic oscope wi h a specimen; b specimen de ail unde he lens o he mic oscope
Page 7 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
ee space emains. The e o e, ano he pene a ion o
wa e in o he boa ds slows down. When ib e sa u a-
ion poin (FSP— ully sa u a ed cell walls o wood) is
eached, dimensional and olume ic changes a e no
so signi ican . Howe e , i is qui e di icul o de e mine
exac ly FSP o sp uce chips in he boa ds wi h ega d
o he e ogeneous s uc u e o his composi e ma e ial
(cemen ma ix, sp uce chips, ITZ). The sp uce chips
a e also s abilized (modi ied) by wa e glass, Ca ions o
cemen binde and he mal ea men du ing he p oduc-
ion o boa ds. This s abiliza ion o he chips pe cep ibly
changes hei so p ion dynamics. Re e ence boa ds CP-R
show he mos s able p ope ies in e ms o dimensional,
olume and mass changes. I e e sible changes o he
es ed pa ame e s we e de e mined in case o all ypes o
boa ds. I e e sible mass changes o CP-R co espond o
indings Fan e al. [45].
The linea di ec ion is cha ac e ized by he smalles
dimensional changes (0.39% CP-P; Fig.9a). This ela es o
he o ien a ion o sp uce chips in he pa icleboa ds and
di ec ion o p essu e du ing p oduc ion o he boa ds
(Figs. 7 and 8), including esidual s ess in he chips.
Residual s ess did no a ec linea expansion s ongly.
Leng h change 0.23% (CP-R), 0.28% (CP-D) and 0.29%
Fig. 7 S uc u e o boa d CP-R—CT analysis; o ien a ion o sp uce chips: a longi udinal slice—pe pendicula o he plane o he boa d; b 3D model;
c longi udinal slice—in plane o he boa d; d ans e sal slice
Fig. 8 S uc u e o boa d CP-R—CT analysis; o ien a ion o sp uce chips—de ail. Di ec ion o hickness and p essu e e ec ing du ing p oduc ion o
boa ds—yellow c ow oo
Page 8 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
(CP-P) was de e mined a e 24h o soaking. A e g ad-
ual d ying, i e e sible linea change was de e mined in
ange o 0.10% o 0.15%.
Radial and angen ial swelling occu s mos ly in hick-
ness di ec ion o he boa ds due o he chips o ien a-
ion. Also esidual s ess ( om p oduc ion o he boa ds)
in he chips is elaxed du ing hei soaking. This s ess
causes inc easing expansion p essu e o sp uce chips
and hus s ongly a ec s hickness change. The e o e,
compa ed o he linea changes, much highe alues o
swelling in hickness we e de e mined (see Fig. 9b)—
CP-P (1.58% a e 504h). A e 24h, he CP-R specimens
swelled by 0.3%, which co esponds o he in o ma-
ion decla ed by he manu ac u e [46]. The dynamics
o wa e sa u a ion in case o CP-P is he mos appa -
en up o 96h o soaking. CP-R shows a mo e signi ican
inc ease be ween 168 and 504h. A e g adual d ying,
i e e sible change o hickness was de e mined in ange
o 0.26% o 0.35%. Pa icleboa ds CP-D and CP-P su -
e ed om swelling in hickness a e 24h in a much
smalle deg ee han pa icleboa ds con aining o he
a ailable ag icul u al was e ( a ious plan s and woods).
This is suppo ed by esul s—Nasse e al. [27] (4.51% o
4.87%), Odeyemi e al. [1] (2%), So annde e al. [7] (0.8%
o 2.19%), Fuwape e al. [47] (4.44%), Okino e al. [48] (1.1
o 1.8%) and Zhou e al. [49] (0.53%). S ong dependence
o swelling in hickness on pa icleboa ds composi ion
was p o ed. Howe e , ela ionship be ween dimensional
changes (see Fig. 9a,b) and densi y (see “Physical and
mechanical pa ame e s” sec ion) o he pa icleboa ds
was no p o ed, as o example Nasse e al. [27] p esen .
Volume changes (see Fig.9c) oughly ollow he end
o swelling in hickness (see Fig. 9b). Pa icleboa d
specimens CP-P appea he mos suscep ible o olume
change wi h 1.52% (24h) and 2.51% (504h) du ing wa e
)b( )a(
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Linea Change -Leng h [%]
Time [hou s]
CP-R CP-D CP-P
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
La e al Change -Thickness [%]
Time [hou s]
CP-R CP-D CP-P
)d( )c(
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Change o Volume [%]
Time [hou s]
CP-R CP-D CP-P
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Change o Mass [%]
Time [hou s]
CP-R CP-D CP-P
Fig. 9 Dimensional, olume and mass he changes o he boa ds du ing wa e sa u a ion o e he o al o 504 h: a linea —leng h change; b
la e al— hickness change; c olume ic change; d mass change
Table 3 I e e sible changes o dimensions, olume and mass o
es ed cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds
Mix u e–boa ds Linea —leng h
[%] La e al—
hickness
[%]
Volume
[%] Mass
[%]
CP-R 0.10 0.26 0.69 1.20
CP-D 0.14 0.26 0.99 3.01
CP-P 0.15 0.35 1.38 3.14
Page 9 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
sa u a ion. The olume inc eases he mos apidly du -
ing he i s 48h o imme sion. This is pa ially caused
by he dissolu ion o soluble subs ances o he sp uce
chips, which may inc ease s ess in he emaining wood
subs ances and su ounding solids o cemen pas e. This
leads o a co esponding olume change in bo h he wood
chips and he adjacen cemen pas e [44]. Pa icleboa ds
CP-D and CP-P exhibi he same olume ic beha iou
o e he i s hou o soaking (0.76% and 0.77%). A e
g adual d ying, i e e sible olume ic change was de e -
mined in ange o 0.69% o 1.38%. These alues a e no
negligible conside ing he maximal olume ic changes
a e 504h.
The esul s show ha di e ences be ween mass
(Fig.9d) o CP-R, CP-D and CP-P boa ds a e smalle in
compa ison wi h he dimensional and olume changes.
The mos d ama ic inc ease occu s wi hin 1h o ini ial
imme sion (app oxima ely 10%). A e 504h o imme -
sion, he mass o all he specimens inc eased o a simi-
la deg ee, anging om 24.40% o 25.79%. A e g adual
d ying, i e e sible change o mass was de e mined in
ange 1.20% o 3.14%. The es ed pa icleboa ds exhibi
di e en wa e abso p ion depending on he ype o al e -
na i e ma e ial used. The dynamics o mass change a y
as well. This con i m esul s and indings ela ed o wa e
abso p ion a e 24h imme sion by So annde e al. [7]
(9.28–16.14%), Nasse e al. [27] (13.4–21.3%), Odeyemi
e al. [1] (5.8%), Fuwape e al. [47] (20.40%), Sa as ano
e al. [50] (10.7–24.8%), Okino e al. [48] (14.4–16.7%)
and Zhou e al. [49] (6.9%). The pa icleboa ds analysed
by Okino e al. [48] show a mo e dynamic wa e sa u a-
ion du ing he i s wo hou s o ini ial imme sion.
CP-D boa ds appea mo e esis an o mois u e-
induced changes han CP-P. The cause is pa ly due o
he na u e o he al e na i e componen s. Componen P
con ains la ge pa icles and agg ega ions o cemen and
wood chips. Ano he c ucial ac o is ha dus D comes
om pa icleboa ds ha ha e passed h ough he en i e
manu ac u ing p ocess, including wo he mal cu ing
cycles. On he con a y, pa icula e mix u e P accumu-
la es in he p oduc ion line a e mixing and laye ing in o
a con inuous shee . This means ha componen P has no
comple ed i s ull mine aliza ion cycle. Pe o med es s
con i med ha he o igin o he al e na i e componen
plays a signi ican pa in he dimensional and olume -
ic changes. Howe e , e ec on wa e abso p ion (mass
changes) o he pa icleboa ds is no so e iden .
We –d y cycling
E ec o cyclic wa e soaking and d ying on pa ame e s
o he pa icleboa ds was analysed (Fig. 10). I e e s-
ible and e e sible changes o he es ed pa ame e s
a e we –d y cycling a e appa en om Table4. Linea
changes a e he smalles , wi h i e e sible componen
app oxima ely − 0.1%. The di e ences be ween he
CP-R, CP-D and CP-P a e no signi ican . On he o he
hand, hickness change is mo e ob ious and inc ease was
no iced, while linea i e e sible change is cha ac e ized
by sh inkage. The di e ences in hickness be ween indi-
idual ypes o pa icleboa ds a e mo e e iden . Re e -
ence boa ds CP-R show he smalles dimensional, olume
and mass changes. Boa ds CP-P a e he mos suscep ible
o he analysed pa ame e s due o we –d y cycles.
I e e sible swelling is caused by he elease o he
esidual comp essi e s esses impa ed o he boa d du -
ing he p essing p ocess [47]. Relie o esidual s esses
wi hin he wood due o ho p essing p ocess was also
p esen ed by Rowell [51]. Composi ion o he pa icle-
boa ds also has signi ican e ec on i s changes du ing
we –d y cycles. Based on compa ison o esul s [47] wi h
ou comes in his s udy, e y s ong dependence on com-
posi ion o he pa icleboa ds is ob ious.
Boa ds CP-R, CP-D and CP-P show i e e sible change
in ange o 0.40 o 0.74%, whe eas au ho s [47] de e -
mined i e e sible changes o he pa icleboa ds in ange
15 o 21%. An in e es ing ac is ha hese di e en alues
a e no iceable despi e e y simila densi y and cemen /
pa icle a io o he pa icleboa ds. Ano he key ac o ,
a ec ing a e o changes, is de-bonding o he cemen
ma ix and wood pa icles due o chips sh inkage du ing
d ying [47]. Failu es be ween cemen ma ix and sp uce
chips a e appa en om mic oscopic obse a ion (see
“Mic os uc u e” sec ion). Rega ding o e y low changes
o CP-R, CP-D and CP-P i is e iden ha de-bonding
e ec is e y sligh in compa ison wi h boa ds based on
sawdus and was epape [47]. I e e sible changes o pa -
icleboa ds mass (g owing end) and leng h (downwa d
end) we e de e mined by Fan e al. [45] du ing we –d y
cycles (90–65–35–65–90% RH). Leng h and mass end
is ob ious also om hys e esis loops (iso he ms) [45].
Resul s (Fig.10 and Table4) a e suppo ed, among o h-
e s, by Ahmed e al. [25]. Mass loss o he pa icleboa ds
is connec ed wi h emo al o wa e -soluble ca bohy-
d a es o ex ac i es om sp uce chips, especially a e
he i s cycle (see Fig.10d). Ne e heless, he mass loss is
e y low, i.e. 0.76%. Mass and leng h end (Fig.10a and
d) is con i med also by Fan e al. [44]. Wood chips deg a-
da ion in cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds can occu due o
highly alkaline en i onmen (cemen ma ix). This causes
loss o mass and dimensional changes (chips).
Suga leachabili y
Nega i e e ec o suga s du ing cemen ma ix ha den-
ing analysed and desc ibed among o he s [52–55]. The e-
o e he wa e (in which he specimens esided) was
sampled a e 168 and 504h and es ed o suga con en .
Page 16 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
es ed boa ds was mo e appa en a e we –d y cycling.
I e e sible changes o cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds
also ela e o de o ma ion o cemen ma ix. The ma ix
is subjec ed o i e e sible changes du ing swelling and
subsequen d ying o he boa ds. Con a y, he chips
a e mo e lexible and each almos he same dimen-
sions a e d ying. The e o e, widened c acks in ITZ
o analysed boa ds a e appa en a e 7 we –d y cycles
(Fig.19b, d).
An in e es ing esea ch would be also s udy o ans-
po o he wa e in he boa ds and sepa a e componen s
(ma ix and chips) in e ms o di e en wa e en e ing
he edge and inne s uc u e o he boa ds. Howe e ,
his esea ch equi es mo e complex and de ailed s udy,
which is abo e he scope o he p esen ed s udy.
Conclusions
All he pa ame e s we e de e mined in e ms o he e ec
o he pa icleboa ds’ di e en composi ion.
Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds beha e di e en ly du -
ing wa e sa u a ion (up o 504h unde wa e ) depend-
ing on hei composi ion. The changes in he obse ed
pa ame e s ollow di e en dynamics. Pa icleboa ds
wi h a modi ied composi ion a e mo e suscep ible o ol-
ume and dimensional changes. Mos olume and dimen-
sional changes occu oughly wi hin he i s 24h. Ve y
as changes we e de ec ed by op ical mic oscopy wi hin
3 o 5min o being imme sed in wa e . Be ween 24 and
96h he a e a which po es and ai oids close begins o
dec ease. Volume and mass changes occu a a di e en
a e. Mass inc eases a la ge inc emen s han olume.
Mechanical p ope ies (s eng h and modulus o elas-
ici y) we e no ha med by swelling. In ac , he 504h
o wa e sa u a ion caused hem o inc ease by a small
deg ee. The con inuing cemen hyd a ion had a s onge
e ec han he s uc u al damage caused by he swell-
ing o he wood wi hin he pa icleboa d ma ix. On he
o he hand, boa ds subjec ed o we –d y cycling de e-
io a ed signi ican ly. Especially, appa en dec ease o
Fig. 19 De elopmen o ailu e in con ac zone o ma ix and sp uce chip wi hin he pa icleboa d du ing we –d y cycling: a CP-R be o e cycling; b
CP-R a e 7 cycles; c CP-P be o e cycling; d CP-P a e 7 cycles

Page 17 o 18
Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75
s eng h (up o 50%) and modulus has occu ed. Mic o-
s uc u e also con ained mo e ailu es and laws.
Despi e he ac ha he p ope ies o he wood chips
had been s abilized as pa o he manu ac u ing p ocess,
suga leaching had occu ed du ing he wa e sa u a ion.
A sligh ly highe suga concen a ion was ound only
a e 504h o wa e sa u a ion. Howe e , he s eng h
es s show ha he leached suga s ha e no a ec ed
p ope ies o he pa icleboa ds.
Abb e ia ions
D: Dus p oduced by he cu ing and g inding o he boa ds; P: Pa icula e
mix u e consis ing o cemen , wood chips, admix u es, e c.; CP-R: Re e -
ence cemen -bonded pa icleboa d; CP-D: Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds
modi ied wi h D (7%); CP-P: Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds modi ied wi h
P (8%); MSWI: Municipal solid was e incine a ion; W/C: Wa e /cemen ; TOC:
To al o ganic ca bon; p-R: Densi y o e e ence boa ds; p-So: Densi y o soaked
boa ds; p-WD: Densi y o we –d y cycled boa ds; Δp-RSo: Di e ence be ween
densi y o e e ence and soaked boa ds; Δp-RWD: Di e ence be ween densi y
o e e ence and we –d y cycled boa ds; m: Bending s eng h; Em: Modulus
o elas ici y in bending; : T ans e se ensile s eng h pe pendicula o he
plane o he boa d.
Acknowledgemen s
All es s and analyses we e ca ied ou a B no Uni e si y o Technology,
Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Technology o Building Ma e ials and
Componen s, and a AdMaS Cen e.
Au ho s’ con ibu ions
Concep ualiza ion—TM, me hodology—TM and LM, alida ion—JB, TM and
LM, o mal analysis—JB, in es iga ion—TM, LM, ML and SV, esou ces—LM
and TM, da a cu a ion—JB, w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion—TM, w i ing—
e iew and edi ing—TM and LM, isualiza ion—TM and LM, supe ision—TM
and JB, p ojec adminis a ion—TM, unding acquisi ion—TM and JB. All
au ho s ha e ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip .
Funding
Resea ch p esen ed in he a icle was unded by he Czech Science Founda-
ion (GA ČR), p ojec 19-00291S “Analysis o P ocesses du ing Fo ming he
S uc u e in Silica e Composi es wi h O ganic Fille s and hei Beha iou a
Speci ic Condi ions o S ess”.
A ailabili y o da a and ma e ials
The da ase s used and/o analysed du ing he cu en s udy a e a ailable om
he co esponding au ho on easonable eques .
Decla a ions
Compe ing in e es s
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Recei ed: 5 Oc obe 2021 Accep ed: 17 Decembe 2021
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