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Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal
(E-ISSN: 2476-3055; ISSN: 2676-6957)
Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
687
Pe o mance o Technical Supe ision and I s E alua ion on
T anspo Cons uc ions
Pe Suchánek 1
*
, Zdeněk Du ek 1
1 Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Technology, B no, Czech Republic.
Recei ed 23 Decembe 2022; Re ised 15 Feb ua y 2023; Accep ed 24 Feb ua y 2023; Published 01 Ma ch 2023
Abs ac
The aim and pu pose o he esea ch a e o analyze he pe o mance o he echnical supe ision o he in es o wi hin he
Czech cons uc ion indus y du ing he cons uc ion, pa icula ly ocused on anspo line s uc u es. I is abou cla i ying
he meaning and ole o echnical supe ision in he public sec o in anspo a ion s uc u es. In he i s phase, a li e a u e
sea ch is ca ied ou on he cu en s a e o pe o mance o he echnical su ey, and i s wo k con en is de e mined,
including he me hod o i s e alua ion wi hin he amewo k o a public con ac . On he basis o hese conclusions, a
ques ionnai e is designed, which de e mines he eal ime-consuming ac i i ies du ing he pe o mance o supe ision and,
a he same ime, examines he ools used in i s pe o mance. Conclusions om he ques ionnai e esea ch a e examined,
and s eps o possible s eamlining a e p oposed. As pa o he examina ion o he p ope e alua ion o pe o mance, a
mo e sui able model o e alua ion o hese se ices is sough based on he p e ious analysis o he ime-consuming na u e
o he echnical supe ision ac i i y and acco ding o he exis ing e alua ion me hods.
Keywo ds: Technical Supe ision o he In es o ; Cons uc ion Manage ; E alua ion o Technical Supe ision; T anspo Lines.
1. In oduc ion
The a icle deals wi h he ole and impo ance o supe ision in he Czech cons uc ion indus y. I accen ua es i s
ole in public p ocu emen and p o ides a comp ehensi e iew o i s ac i i ies. The a icle also cla i ies he unc ion,
con en , and du ies o supe ision o he impo ance o supe ision o he cons uc ion li e cycle.
The pe o mance o echnical supe ision o he con ac ing au ho i y o he Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways
is ca ied ou exclusi ely using he me hodological ins uc ions o he pe o mance o supe ision issued by he
Minis e o T anspo . Howe e , his me hodological ins uc ion no longe es ablishes he op imal ime ame o
indi idual ac i i ies. I is s ill necessa y o e lec he en i e ange o se ices o he pe o mance o echnical
supe ision as se ou in he implemen a ion con ac , bu nei he he solu ion o he esol ed ime ul illmen issue
no he ools wi h which he pe o mance o echnical supe ision is ca ied ou . As pa o he pe o mance o
supe ision, only he ime in e als o indi idual supe iso y posi ions a e moni o ed, he con en side o he ac i i y,
i s e ec i eness, and possible op imiza ion a e no moni o ed. Fu he mo e, he Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways
uses ex e nal consul ing i ms, which p o ide echnical supe ision; howe e , he posi ion o The Enginee is
pe o med by he con ac ing au ho i y o he Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways wi h i s own employees. As pa o
he pe o mance o supe ision, wo o ms o pe manen and occasional supe ision a e analyzed, bu his di ision is
no expec ed by he eal needs on he cons uc ion si e. F om he poin o iew o he Building Ac , he supe ision
unc ion is always only a pe manen o m.
*
Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-013
© 2023 by he au ho s. Licensee C.E.J, Teh an, I an. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
688
In he case o public con ac s, he pe o mance o echnical supe ision should be ca ied ou by ex e nal wo ke s.
The ex e nal pe o mance o no only indi idual wo ke s, bu also he posi ions o The Enginee will ensu e independen
and echnically expe con ol o he con ac o 's wo k. The con ac ing au ho i y should only supe ise his ex e nal
pe o mance, and his supe ision should be ca ied ou exclusi ely on he con en side and by checking he ul illmen
o he essence o he supe ision. The pe o mance o echnical supe ision should be iewed as a comp ehensi e
se ice. The e mus be a depa u e om he cu en si ua ion, whe e he ime in e al o he pe o mance o echnical
supe ision is mainly moni o ed a he expense o he con en side o he pe o mance. A he same ime, his should
esul in he aboli ion o he dis inc ion be ween pe manen and occasional o ms o supe ision.
2. The Posi ion o Technical Supe ision
2.1. The posi ion o echnical supe ision in he Czech Republic
The public con ac ing au ho i y o he Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways, cu en ly exclusi ely uses business
condi ions o con ac o cons uc ion ha a e s anda dized by he In e na ional Fede a ion o Consul ing Enginee s
(FIDIC) [1, 2]. I is necessa y o no e ha he employe has he igh o choose he ype o condi ions o con ac o
cons uc ion when awa ding a p ocu emen p ocedu e and, a he same ime, can eely change indi idual p o isions in
he special business e ms and condi ions o con ac a i s own disc e ion. Acco ding Condi ions o Con ac o
Cons uc ion he FIDIC, he Enginee has wo main oles:
1. Role – ac s and ep esen s The Employe . He does no ha e he au ho i y o change he con ac o he wo k, bu
he is he bea e o mos o he app o al and app o al p ocesses wi hin he cons uc ion;
2. Role – o be a neu al expe de e mining a ai solu ion.
I is also e iden ha he o e all con en o he pe o mance o echnical supe ision and he Enginee is no only
abou he pe o mance o one indi idual; he e o e, a eam o The Enginee needs o be de ined. This is a mul i-membe
eam o expe s, whe e he powe s, compe ences, and o e all pe o mance o supe ision (The Enginee ) will be di ided
among se e al people, which will ensu e p ope pe o mance o he se ice. De e mining he exac numbe o membe s
o he Enginee eams is en i ely up o he Employe , which he Enginee eam de ines du ing he p epa a ion o he
selec ion p ocedu e o he supe ision se ice [3]. A he same ime, he employe mus e lec he complexi y and
echnical pa ame e s o he gi en building. In he case o la ge-scale anspo cons uc ions, i is possible o lis some
posi ions mo e han once; on he con a y, o example, i he planned cons uc ion does no include, e.g., b idge
s uc u es, he e is no need o conside he posi ion o specialis o b idge s uc u es. Fo he o e all de e mina ion o
he membe s o he Enginee eam, i is necessa y o e lec on:
 Expec ed inancial olume o he cons uc ion;
 De ined ype o cons uc ion – new cons uc ion / econs uc ion unde exis ing ope a ion;
 Lis o cons uc ion objec s;
 Technical speci ica ion o he building.
2.2. The Posi ion o Technical Supe ision Wo ldwide
I is e iden om he conduc ed global esea ch ha e en i a coun y has i s own con ac ual s anda ds ha
co espond o he laws o he gi en coun y and he app op ia e cus oms in he gi en coun y, he wo ld- ecognized
s anda ds o FIDIC, ICE [4], o AIA [5] a e s ill he mos commonly used. Fu he mo e, i is necessa y o e lec ha
no only in Eu ope, bu also in he wo ld, con ac ual o ms o a di e en ype a e o en used, e.g. EPC [6] and Tu nkey.
When analyzing he pe o mance o echnical supe ision a ound he wo ld, i is also necessa y o ake in o accoun i s
supe ision e minology and wha he scope o supe ision should be. A g ea a ie y o e ms and hei in e p e a ions,
including di e en con en s o he ac i i y, we e ound:
 The Enginee – his is he pe o mance o The Enginee as s a ed in he FIDIC Condi ions o Con ac o
Cons uc ion [1];
 Enginee ep esen a i e – his is a ep esen a i e o The Enginee acco ding o FIDIC Condi ions o Con ac o
Cons uc ion and we can conside him as a pe manen supe iso [1];
 Si e inspec o - usually appoin ed o la ge p ojec s, he is supposed o inspec cons uc ion wo ks and ep esen s
The Employe . The cons uc ion inspec o p o ides an independen assessmen o he wo ks and usually p o ides
app op ia e in o ma ion o The Employe . Fo he la ges p ojec s, i is ad isable o elec se e al building
inspec o s acco ding o hei ocus and ields. In his con ex , building inspec o s do no ake o e cons uc ion
wo k and a e no esponsible o i , hey only inspec he wo k and p o ide an independen iew [7];
 Technical supe ision - moni o s public cons uc ion p ojec s, such as highway cons uc ion, ai po and b idge
cons uc ion. The ac i i y o he echnical supe iso is di ec ly ela ed o he implemen a ion o cons uc ion wo ks
Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
689
and a he same ime he is amilia wi h all aspec s and con ac ual ela ionships on he p ojec . The echnical
supe iso checks and moni o s ha all cons uc ion s akeholde s a e wo king as hey should and pe o ms a isual
inspec ion o he wo k pe o med. Technical supe iso s can p o ide moni o ing epo s and cons uc ion epo s.
[8];
 Residen enginee - is esponsible o ensu ing ha he cons uc ion wo k on he p ojec is ca ied ou in acco dance
wi h he con ac ual equi emen s o quali y, ime and cos . He is esponsible o he P ojec Enginee and is o en
he in e media y be ween him and he Con ac o . The exac esponsibili ies o he Residen Enginee will a y
acco ding o he ex en o au ho i y delega ed o The Enginee . He mus keep The Enginee in o med o cu en
wo k on he si e and keep de ailed eco ds o all ma e s ha may a ec The Enginee 's ins uc ions. Unde he
e ms o he con ac , The Enginee may choose o delega e addi ional du ies and esponsibili ies o he Residen
enginee [6, 9, 10]. This e m is mainly used in he Ins i u ion o Ci il Enginee s (ICE) e ms and condi ions, which
a e he mos widely used wo ldwide [11];
 Consul ing enginee s - p o ides enginee ing se ices and expe ise o bo h he public and p i a e sec o s.
Consul ing enginee s ac as independen wo ke s and ep esen a i es o hei clien s. They a e esponsible o
inding solu ions o echnical p oblems and p o ide managemen consul ing se ices [12];
 P ojec manage – his is a pe son o he han The Enginee , in pa icula , he is no independen . He can pe o m
many simila du ies as The Enginee , and his ac ions a e unde s ood by he Con ac o as hose o he Clien [11].
3. Resea ch Me hodology
The esea ch me hodology includes h ee phases. The i s phase ocuses on he cu en s a e ega ding he
pe o mance o echnical supe ision in he Czech Republic and ab oad, and i s wo k con en will be de e mined,
including he me hod o i s alua ion wi hin he amewo k o a public con ac in he Czech Republic (see Figu e 1).
Figu e 1. Flowcha o he esea ch me hodology
Phase wo deals wi h da a collec ion and analysis p ocesses, which include he eal- ime equi emen o ac i i ies
du ing he pe o mance o echnical supe ision and, a he same ime, an examina ion o he ools used in he
pe o mance. The las phase is he analysis o he da a ound om he ques ionnai e esea ch, and new measu es will be
p oposed, which will be e alua ed and commen ed on. Theo e ical me hods a e mainly used o esea ch, such as
analysis, induc ion, deduc ion, o compa ison. Fu he mo e, basic scien i ic, ma hema ical, and s a is ical me hods a e
used in he wo k. A ques ionnai e su ey was conduc ed as pa o he esea ch among wo ke s pe o ming echnical
supe ision in bo h he Czech Republic and Slo akia. This is an anonymous ques ionnai e among independen echnical
wo ke s who hold a ious unc ions o echnical supe ision and a he same ime wo k on di e en cons uc ion si es.
The ques ionnai e con ains a lis o 28 supe iso y (see Table 1) ac i i ies ha a p ope ly quali ied echnical supe iso
should pe o m. This lis o ac i i ies co esponds o he scope o se ices acco ding o s anda dized con ac ual ela ions
o he p o ision o echnical supe ision se ices in he Czech Republic [13, 14]. The pe sons ca ying ou echnical
supe ision hen added ime da a o he indi idual ac i i ies, indica ing how long hey pe o med he gi en ac i i y pe
week, and a he same ime indica ed wha ools hey needed and used o his ac i i y. The pe sons add essed wo k on
a ious de ailed and la ge-scale anspo cons uc ions, i.e., some o he illed-in da a ela e o ac i i ies on he
cons uc ion o a highway sec ion wi h an in es men alue o o e 40 million EUR, and his is he posi ion o pe manen
supe iso . Ano he pe son, on he o he hand, supe ises smalle cons uc ions and akes in o accoun ha he is in
Yes
No
No
Yes
Pe o mance o
echnical
supe ision
Ques ionnai e o echnical supe iso s
- ime ul illmen acco ding o ac i i ies
- used ools acco ding o ac i i ies
Sample o 70x anspo cons uc ions
o he public au ho i y o he
Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways
whe e is aced he con ac ual
ela ionship o he pe o mance o
echnical supe ision o The Enginee
Da a p ocessing
Da a p ocessing
Resea ch and
anlysis o he
cu ne s a e
Is he e a p ecise
de ini ion o he con en
and ime equi emen s o
supe ision ac i i ies?
Does he cu en
e alua ion o
supe iso y pe o mance
co espond o he ac ual
needs in
End
Ou pu and
display o esul s
Ou pu and
display o esul s
End
Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
690
cha ge o mo e o hese buildings, and he e o e i is a ype o occasional supe ision. A he same ime, he pe sons
add essed wo k in a ious posi ions pe o ming echnical supe ision. They we e included in he ques ionnai e, and
bo h he head o a mul i-membe he Enginee eam and, o example, he posi ion o Quali y Manage , he posi ion o
assis an he Enginee o b idge s uc u es, o , as men ioned ea lie , he echnical supe iso o smalle -scale
cons uc ions, which is in cha ge o he en i e ange o hese ac i i ies, we e app oached. This di ision was chosen on
pu pose, as i is in ended o be a summa y o e iew o he posi ion o echnical supe iso . Indi iduals illed ou he
su ey independen ly o o he indi iduals, and i was ecommended ha he in e iewed pe son moni o (ideally
measu e) he ime spen on he gi en ac i i y du ing he wo king week and hen ill in he da a. The weekly in e al was
chosen as a su icien ly ep esen a i e ime da a, which can also be con e ed o a mon hly in e al.
Table 1. Lis o ac i i ies du ing he pe o mance o echnical supe ision and hei ca ego iza ion
4. Pe o mance o Technical Supe ision
4.1. Pe o mance o Technical Supe ision in he Czech Republic
In he Czech Republic, he pe o mance o echnical supe ision on p ocu emen p ocedu es o public con ac s is
assigned and legally obliged o be ensu ed by The Employe o he public con ac . Among o he hings, wo o ms o
supe ision a e dis inguished in he case o public p ocu emen , i.e., pe manen supe ision o occasional supe ision
[15]. A he same ime, i is necessa y o e lec he ac ha he pe o mance o echnical supe ision can also be ca ied
I.
Ca ego iza ion
Desc ip ion o echnical supe ision ac i i ies
II. Ca ego iza ion
ou ine / non- ou ine
manual / knowledge
III. Ca ego iza ion
CDE dis ibu ion
1 Physical inspec ion o cons uc ion wo k - a gene al o e iew o he cons uc ion p ocess ou ine / knowledge Cons uc ion ac i i ies
2
Physical inspec ion o cons uc ion wo k - equi emen o inspec ion o pa ial uni s (accep ance
o ein o cemen , accep ance o back ill)
ou ine / knowledge Cons uc ion ac i i ies
3
Physical inspec ion o cons uc ion wo k - p esence du ing he ul illmen o he inspec ion es
plan (compac ion es , conc e ing es s)
ou ine / knowledge Cons uc ion ac i i ies
4 Pho o documen a ion p ocessing ou ine / knowledge P ocesses
5 Regis a ion in he cons uc ion dia y ou ine / knowledge P ocesses
6 App o al o he amoun o wo k pe o med by he Con ac o - measu ing dia y o o he me hod non- ou ine / knowledge P ocesses
7
Con ol o he inancial pe o mance o he cons uc ion - inancial schedule o he Con ac o and
in oicing o he Con ac o
non- ou ine / knowledge P ocesses
8 Checking he ime pe o mance o he cons uc ion - ime schedule o he Con ac o non- ou ine / knowledge P ocesses
9 Quali y con ol - app o al p ocess o newly issued echnological egula ions and con ol es plans ou ine / knowledge Documen s
10 Quali y con ol - app o al p ocess o embedded ma e ials ou ine / knowledge Documen s
11 Re iew and app o al p ocess P ojec documen a ion ou ine / knowledge Documen s
12 Con ol o p ojec documen a ion wi h espec o he de ec ed condi ion on si e ou ine / knowledge Documen s
13 Checking he documen a y pa o al eady comple ed cons uc ion wo ks non- ou ine / knowledge Documen s
14
Inspec ion o he documen a y pa o al eady comple ed cons uc ion objec s - accep ance
p ocedu e
ou ine / knowledge Documen s
15 Checking he inco po a ion o commen s on documen s al eady submi ed ou ine / knowledge Documen s
16 Coo dina ion mee ings - physical p esence ou ine / knowledge Documen s
17 Coo dina ion mee ings - ideo con e encing ou ine / knowledge Documen s
18 Coo dina ion mee ings - c ea ion o eco d, p epa a ion, e c. ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
19 P ocessing o s a emen s echnical supe ision and o he s ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
20 Con ol o he co ec ness o Va ia ion and Claim du ing cons uc ion ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
21 In e nal mee ings - physical p esence non- ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
22 In e nal mee ings - ideo con e encing non- ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
23 In e nal managemen o o he in e nal agenda ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
24 Email communica ion - Con ac o / Clien non- ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
25 Email communica ion - in e nal non- ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
26 Telephone communica ion - Con ac o / Clien non- ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
27 Telephone communica ion - in e nal non- ou ine / knowledge Communica ion
28 o he ac i i y a ious a ious
Physical inspec ion o
he cons uc ion
Adminis a i e inspec ion ac i i y
Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
691
ou by he Employe own capaci ies. The e o e, i is also necessa y om his poin o iew o dis inguish h ee basic
ypes o pe o mance in echnical supe ision.
 The Enginee and his en i e eam a e composed only o he Employe ‘s employees ⟹ he Employe comple ely
ensu es he pe o mance o supe ision himsel .
 The Enginee and dedica ed assis an s a e employees o he Employe , bu pa o he assis an s is om an ex e nal
consul ing i m ⟹ supe ision is handled by he Employe and a he same ime by ex e nal wo ke s based on a
con ac ual ela ionship.
 The Enginee and his en i e eam a e composed only o ex e nal employees, i.e., an ex e nal consul ing i m ⟹
supe ision is pe o med only by ex e nal wo ke s based on a con ac ual ela ionship.
4.2. De e mina ion o he Op imal P ice o he Pe o mance o Technical Supe ision
The op imal and adequa e p ice o he echnical supe ision se ice canno be de e mined exac ly. The uni p ice
o he pe o mance o echnical supe ision is a nume ical e alua ion o complex pe o mance, including adequa e
echnical expe ise, and is no only abou di ec p o i and labou cos s. Especially i i is a pe son in an employmen
ela ionship, a conside able pa o he uni p ice o se ices alls o he employe , who has o he cos s ha , on he o he
hand, mus be included in hese uni p ices. The uni p ice hen co esponds o he company's o e all app oach o
pe o mance, e.g., u he p o essional g ow h o employees, adequa e IT equipmen , company inno a ion,
compe i i eness, e c. The uni p ice mus possibly include he cos s associa ed wi h housing a he cons uc ion si e and
a el expenses, which a e poin ed ou by he con ac ing au ho i y du ing he p ocu emen p ocedu e. In he case o a
physical pe son who has he app op ia e au ho iza ions o pe o m and is he holde o a ade license o pe o m
supe ision, he side cos s ha mus be included in he o al p ice o he pe o mance a e diame ically di e en .
On he o he hand, i is e y di icul o hese pe sons o ob ain e e ence shee s om la ge cons uc ion p ojec s
and hus o mee he quali ica ion equi emen s in he selec ion p ocedu e o mo e signi ican cons uc ions. The
in oicing o he pe o mance o supe ision co esponds o he ac ual pe o mance o se ices and is de e mined
acco ding o he implemen a ion con ac , whe e he e ms o paymen and he p ice o he se ices a e s a ed, which is
based on he public con ac ha ook place. Usually, he o al p ice o a public con ac is de e mined on he basis o
he inancial a e and he ime in e al. The choice o a uni o measu e ha will be ully op imal o he pe o mance o
echnical supe ision canno be de e mined exac ly. The ime in e al as a uni o measu emen does no ully desc ibe
he pe o mance i sel ; on he o he hand, he pe o mance o echnical supe ision does no desc ibe he numbe o
pe o med ac ions ei he . E.g., du ing supe iso y ac i i y when checking he a ia ion shee , pe o mance canno be
measu ed only acco ding o he supe iso ’s opinion submi ed – whe he hey ag ee/disag ee wi h he a ia ion / claim.
The pe o mance o supe ision is no de ined only by he no ma i e side o he submi ed opinion; his ac ion includes
many o he ac i i ies such as he s udy o documen a ion and documen s (p ojec documen a ion, cons uc ion dia y,
inancial d awdown o i ems, e c.). The app oach whe e he uni o measu e o he pe o mance o supe ision will be
he di ec ly gi en ac i i y, o ask e alua ion, would be possible p o ided ha i was clea ly de ined how exac ly his
ac i i y should ake place, including clea ly de ined inpu pa ame e s E.g., in he labo e p o ession, when digging he
soil, i is possible o clea ly de e mine wha kind o soil will be he subjec o he ac i i y, how much o he ac i i y he e
will be, and wha ools he wo ke should use o i . The e o e, he measu emen uni EUR/m3, o only he mone a y
e alua ion o EUR, can be de e mined.
In he case o p o essional ac i i y, which includes he pe o mance o echnical supe ision, he inpu pa ame e s
o he ac i i y a e no clea ly de ined, and he p ima y ac i i y i sel is condi ioned by ano he ac i i y ha mus be
pe o med in o de o ul ill he p ima y ac i i y. I is also a ma e o cou se ha he wo ke in ques ion has p o essional
knowledge and skills ha he uses o he gi en ac i i y. On a sample o 70 anspo cons uc ions o he public employe ,
he Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways [16], i is also possible o ace he con ac ual ela ionship o he pe o mance
o echnical supe ision, o The Enginee . F om he alue o he con ac ual ela ionship o he pe o mance o echnical
supe ision, he pe cen age a io o he cos s o he pe o mance o supe ision o he con ac ual alue o he
cons uc ion ac i i ies is calcula ed. F om he alues ound, i can be s a ed ha i i is necessa y o la - a e he p ice o
echnical supe ision, he a e age cos o echnical supe ision amoun s o 3.69 % o cons uc ion cos s. A p opo ional
pe cen age de e mina ion was ca ied ou o he la - a e e alua ion o he pe o mance o supe ision on 70 anspo
cons uc ions o he public employe Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways, and i can be obse ed ha e en i he
pe o mance o echnical supe ision can be la - a ed and a e aged om a inancial poin o iew, an indi idual
app oach o each cons uc ion as such mus s ill be main ained. F om hese da a, i is also possible o obse e he end
ha he highe in es men cons uc ion cos s o he building a e no di ec ly p opo ional o he assessmen o he
pe o mance o echnical supe ision. The ela ionship does no apply; he mo e expensi e he building, he mo e
expensi e he pe o mance o supe ision. On he con a y, acco ding o he da a ound, i is possible o obse e a
downwa d end in he alua ion o he pe o mance o echnical supe ision o buildings wo h 28 o 40 million eu os.
This obse ed end can be a ibu ed o he ac ha o he pe o mance o he echnical supe ision and he en i e eam,

Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
692
i no longe makes a undamen al di e ence whe he he in es men cos s a e 40 o o e 120 million EUR. The a iable
is only on he side o he con ac o o he olume o wo k pe o med, i.e., a e a ce ain olume o supe ised and
con olled wo k, he olume o wo k ceases o be decisi e o he pe o mance o echnical supe ision (see Figu e 2).
Figu e 2. Fla a e alua ion o echnical supe ision
4.3. The Value and Role o Technical Supe ision
In he case o non-pe o mance o independen (ex e nal) echnical supe ision on public con ac s, he e is a isk
ha he con ac o 's in e es is o comple e he wo k as quickly as possible and a he same ime a he lowes possible
cos . Wi h he knowledge ha quali y pa ame e s a e no en i ely a p io i y and ha imminen mal unc ions o he wo k
will only become appa en a e he wa an y pe iod has passed, hus wi hou he isk o subsequen complain s. E en
hough he leng h o he wa an y pe iod has inc eased signi ican ly o e he las decade and he usual wa an y pe iod
is al eady 120 mon hs, we canno expec a si ua ion whe e he wa an y pe iod will be equal o he design li e. And ha
is p ecisely why he pe o mance o independen echnical supe ision is an impo an aspec , which is he i s con ol
body o e he wo k pe o med by he con ac o and hus e en i i indi ec ly a ec s he quali y o he wo k i sel .
As pa o echnical supe ision, one o he main asks is o check he quali y o he con ac o 's wo k. Technical
supe ision en e s in o he e y p ocess o checking he cons uc ion wo k e en be o e i s implemen a ion. Be o e
s a ing he cons uc ion ac i i y, he echnological wo k p ocedu e chosen by he con ac o and i s compliance wi h he
p ojec documen a ion mus be assessed. All subcon ac s, p oduc s, cons uc ion ma e ials and mix u es ha will be
inco po a ed o used in he execu ion o he wo k a e also subjec o assessmen .
The echnical supe ision, wi h i s p esence on he cons uc ion si e, checks and assesses he ul illmen o he
app o ed echnological p ocedu e by he con ac o 's wo k, including he use o only ma e ials app o ed by The
Enginee . A he same ime, he app o es and akes o e he wo k he has al eady done. In he e en o a non-con o mi y
being de ec ed, whe he in he con ac o 's wo k p og ess du ing he implemen a ion o use/ins alla ion o non-complian
p oduc s, he echnical supe ision has he au ho i y acco ding o FIDIC o eques emedial wo ks, o in ex eme cases,
hei ejec ion may occu . The beginning o he wa an y pe iod is de e mined by he accep ance o he wo k by he
cus ome . Howe e , his ac is p eceded by a inal check by he echnical supe iso o all he collec ed documen s, e.g.
es epo s, geode ic su eying and e alua ion o he de ec s and un inished wo ks ha may o may no p e en he use
o he wo k. O en, howe e , e en wi h his ac , he unc ion o he echnical supe ision o he gi en wo k does no
end, and only pa o his du ies a e emo ed by pu ing i in o ope a ion. F om he posi ion o echnical supe ision, i is
also impo an o keep con inuous eco ds (pho o documen a ion, ideos) abou he wo k pe o med. A e hey ha e
been co e ed up due o he ongoing implemen a ion o he wo k, in many cases i is no longe possible o p o e ha he
wo k was eally ca ied ou in he con ex o u u e doub s on he pa o he con ol au ho i ies. Pho o documen a ion
he e o e se es as indispu able p oo ha all pa ial ac ions ha e been ca ied ou .
All hese pe o mance ac i i ies a e in a o o main aining he quali y o cons uc ion wo ks and a e in ended o
se e o he p ope ope a ional phase o he cons uc ion. When handing o e he wo k, he echnical supe iso oge he
wi h he con ac o no only hands o e he physically pe o med wo k (cons uc ion wo k), bu also a huge amoun o
da a, documen s and in o ma ion ha mus be p ope ly s o ed, p ocessed and will need o be wo ked wi h in he
ope a ional phase o he li e cycle.
4,15%
5,59%
2,88%
3,92%
4,82%
3,37%
2,61%
1,48%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
< 4 4 - 8 16 - 28 16 - 28 28 - 40 40 - 80 80 - 120 > 120
a io [ % ]
alua ion Residen enginee / in es men
cons uc ion cos s
in es men cons uc ion cos s [ million € ]
De elopmen o la a e alua ion o Technical supe ision
Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
693
5. Quali y o Pe o mance o Technical Supe ision
The E en hough he quali y o se ices nowadays can also be de ined nume ically, i.e. measu able da a, i is s ill a
ma e o senso y pe cep ion and a subjec i e iew. A dis inc ion mus be made be ween p oduc quali y, which can be
clea ly de ined by mee ing a ce ain pa ame e , and se ice quali y, which canno be quan i ied abou a pe son alone.
Cu en ly, se ice quali y is commonly e alua ed using a e e ence poin o iew communica ed by he cus ome .
Ano he pe spec i e ha can be used o look a he echnical supe ision se ice is based on he di ision o wo k asks
in o he ca ego ies o ou ine ac i i ies and knowledge ac i i ies [17-19].
F om his ca ego iza ion, p esen ed in Figu e 3, i clea ly ollows ha he easies ac i i y o au oma e and obo ize is
a ou ine and a he same ime manual ac i i y. I is based on simple manual asks, in a p ede ined en i onmen . The
second possibili y esul ing om his ca ego iza ion is a non- ou ine and a he same ime manual ac i i y, which is
al eady mo e di icul o au oma e. These a e p edic able manual skills, bu he ac ion i sel is unp edic able and equi es
adap abili y, isual and e bal con ac o u he speci y he ac ion. Hai d essing is an example, i is a manual se ice,
bu e e y cus ome wan s a hai cu di e en ly. Ano he example, a bus d i e , e en i he d i es a p e-de ined ou e and
always uses wheel, he e will always be a di e en low o a ic, e c. The hi d ca ego y is ou ine and a he same ime
knowledge-based, which means ha e en i i is always he same ac ion and ac i i y, i mus be pe o med by a quali ied
pe son. This g oup could mainly include o ice wo k o co po a e companies, e c. The las ca ego y is non- ou ine and
cu en knowledge ac i i ies. These ac i i ies equi e lexibili y, c ea i i y, o ganiza ional skills, use o judgmen and
decision-making skills. The pe o mance o he echnical supe ision o he in es o ully mee s he knowledge ca ego y,
and a he same ime some o he ac ions could be classi ied as ou ine, bu a signi ican pa is s ill non- ou ine. P ecisely
ou ine ac ions can be conside ed as an oppo uni y o digi ize and au oma e he pe o mance o supe ision using, o
example, BIM (Building In o ma ion Modeling) o o he applica ions, which hen pe o m he gi en ac i i y [20-22].
Figu e 3. Ca ego iza ion o wo k asks [10]
5.1. Ac ual Pe o mance o Technical Supe ision Ac i i ies in he Czech Republic
The As pa o he esea ch, a abula ion o he display o indi idual ac i i ies ha we e lis ed in he ques ionnai e is
p ocessed and hese a e ac i i ies ca ied ou du ing he pe o mance o supe ision. I is possible o ca y ou a
ca ego iza ion wi h ega d o he me hod o pe o mance, i.e. whe he i is a physical inspec ion o he building o , on
he o he hand, whe he i is an adminis a i e con ol ac i i y o he building. Physical con ol o he cons uc ion is
unde s ood as di ec p esence on he cons uc ion si e, and adminis a i e con ol ac i i ies a e o ice ac i i ies ou side
he cons uc ion si e. A ca ego iza ion and b eakdown o hese ac i i ies can also be done, which ac i i ies a e ou ine /
non- ou ine and which a e manual / knowledge. Fu he ca ego iza ion o ac ions du ing he cu en pe o mance o
echnical supe ision can be done om he poin o iew o he u u e in oduc ion o BIM and CDE (Common Da a
En i onmen ). The common da a en i onmen has 4 main pa s – 3D model / communica ion / p ocesses / documen s.
[23-25].
F om he i s ca ego iza ion, i is qui e clea ha he ac i i y o pe o ming echnical supe ision is 90%
adminis a i e con ol ac i i y and only 10 % o i s ac ions a e di ec ly connec ed wi h con ol on he cons uc ion si e.
In o he wo ds, he ac i i y o echnical supe ision is mainly ca ied ou in he o ice, on he equipmen o he
cons uc ion si e and ou side o di ec con ac wi h eal cons uc ion ac i i y. This s a emen also co esponds o he ac
ha di ec cons uc ion wo k is ca ied ou by he Con ac o and he pe o mance o supe ision is mainly a con ol
ac i i y. I ollows om he second ca ego iza ion ha he ac i i y o pe o ming echnical supe ision is in all i s pa s
ou ine non- ou ine
- machine ope a ion - epai and eno a ion
- packing and palle izing - se ices and pe sonal ca e
- dosage - d i ing means o anspo
- - esea ch and analysis
- da a collec ion and p ocessing - e alua ion and planning
- ex and da a p oo eading - cons uc ion o ules and p ocedu es
- measu emen - lea ning, aining
- quali y con ol - leade ship
manual
knowledge
c
o
u
n
i
n
g
a
nd accoun ing
Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
694
a knowledge ac i i y and a he same ime only 1/3 o he ac i i ies can be de ined as non- ou ine, he emaining ac i i ies
can be cha ac e ized as ou ine and can be conside ed as ac i i ies ha could be op imized and sol e mo e e ec i ely.
6. Resul s and Discussions
As pa o he esea ch, he ime poin o iew o indi idual echnical supe ision ac ions was moni o ed and a he
same ime a ca ego iza ion was ca ied ou wi h ega d o he me hod o pe o mance, i.e., whe he i is a physical
inspec ion o he cons uc ion o , on he o he hand, whe he i is an adminis a i e con ol ac i i y (Figu e 4).
1) Physical inspec ion o he cons uc ion - The echnical supe iso spends an a e age o 25.0 % o he wo king
ime on hese ac i i ies. Exp essed in e ms o ime, i is 540 min/week, i.e. 9 hou s/week.
2) Adminis a i e con ol ac i i ies o he cons uc ion - The echnical supe iso spends an a e age o 75.0 % o
he wo king ime on hese ac i i ies. Exp essed in e ms o ime, his is 1583 min/week, i.e. o e 26 hou s/week.
Figu e 4. Time dis ibu ion du ing he pe o mance o echnical supe ision
Ano he possible ca ego iza ion o ac i i ies in he pe o mance o echnical supe ision ac i i ies is ca ied ou
wi hin he amewo k o he ou main pa s o he BIM me hod (Figu e 5). The pu pose o his ca ego iza ion is o
demons a e he ac ha he assumed BIM and CDE model is comple ely based on al eady cu en p ocedu es and
p ocesses.
 3D Model (Cons uc ion) can be assigned o 3 ac i i ies ou o a o al o 28. The echnical supe iso spends 25 %
o his wo king ime on hese ac i i ies.
 Communica ion can be assigned o 10 ac i i ies ou o a o al o 28. The echnical supe iso spends 24 % o his
wo king ime on hese ac i i ies.
 P ocesses can be assigned o 5 ac i i ies ou o a o al o 28. The echnical supe iso spends 19 % o his wo king
ime on hese ac i i ies.
 Documen s can be assigned o 9 ac i i ies ou o a o al o 28. The echnical supe iso spends 32 % o his wo king
ime on hese ac i i ies.
Figu e 5. BIM ime dis ibu ion du ing echnical supe ision
25%
75%
Time dis ibu ion o ac i i ies du ing Technical supe ision pe o mance
Physical inspec ion o
he cons uc ion
Adminis a i e
inspec ion ac i i y
25%
19%
32%
24%
Time dis ibu ion acco ding o BIM ca ego iza ion du ing Technical
supe ision pe o mance
Cons uc ion ac i i ies
P ocesses
Documen s
Communica ion
Ci il Enginee ing Jou nal Vol. 9, No. 03, Ma ch, 2023
695
The sub-ca ego iza ion ca ied ou in his way is only indica i e, as i is no possible o s ic ly assign all ac i i ies
o his pa only. Fu he , om he alues men ioned abo e, i can be concluded ha he ideal case should be an e en
dis ibu ion o adminis a i e con ol ac i i ies a 3x 25%, bu he di e ence ound has no e ec . All documen s,
p ocesses and o ms o communica ion mus always be app oached indi idually acco ding o he speci ic cons uc ion.
As pa o he esea ch on he pe o mance o echnical supe ision in he Czech Republic, no s udies we e ound ha
would di ide supe ision ac i i ies acco ding o he BIM model, no we e any o he s udies dealing wi h he e y
ca ego iza ion o ac ions du ing supe ision ound
F om he abo e, i ollows ha he main bene i o he possible in oduc ion o digi iza ion and BIM will a ec he
pe o mance o supe ision especially in he way o communica ion, wo k wi h documen s and mu ual in e ac ion
be ween subjec s (p ocesses). On he con a y, i can be s a ed ha he applica ion o d awing models in 3D o ma will
no undamen ally a ec he pe o mance o echnical supe ision. As pa o he esea ch, an analysis o he ad an ages
and disad an ages o he ime in e als used was ca ied ou , and a he same ime, he o e all non-sys ema ic solu ion
is poin ed ou , since he pe o mance o echnical supe ision is also ca ied ou ou side he ime in e als ha a e no
in oiced inancially, bu his is he pe iod when he pe o mance is con ac ed. The e is also a si ua ion whe e echnical
supe iso s a e appoin ed on cons uc ion si es and epo ed a he same ime, bu hey also wo k on o he cons uc ion
si es a he same ime, so hey canno ac ually be in oiced, and hus he supe ision pe o mance i sel canno be ca ied
ou in ull.
In ano he case, he e is a si ua ion whe e he supe iso on he cons uc ion si e is lis ed in he o m o Pe manen
supe iso , i.e. e e y wo king day h oughou he cons uc ion pe iod, bu his ac ual wo kload does no co espond o
his. This can be caused ei he by an inco ec balance shee du ing he public p ocu emen , when he posi ion is
eques ed in ull- ime mode, o i is caused by he p og ess o he cons uc ion. The p og ess o he wo k i sel is unde
he esponsibili y o he Con ac o , i.e. he posi ion o specialis supe iso o b idge s uc u es will be possible o
pe o m when he Con ac o p oceeds wi h he implemen a ion o he b idge objec s, which may be when he e-laying
o enginee ing ne wo ks and o he con lic ing elemen s o he cons uc ion a e comple ed. In his case, when he
supe iso y posi ion is ully occupied, hen i is no used qui e e ec i ely. This undamen al con adic ion hen leads o
he newly p oposed concep o inancial pe o mance, i.e. la - a e pe o mance o echnical supe ision. As pa o he
su ey, he pe cen age a io be ween cons uc ion in es men cos s and he cos s o pe o ming echnical supe ision is
de e mined. This a io can be used by he Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways o de e mine he expec ed p ice o he
supe ision se ice.
The accep ed con ac p ice i sel is de e mined by ende , bu his p ice should now be paid by he Employe as a
la a e (mon hly/qua e ly) ega dless o he ac ual numbe o pe sons pe o ming supe ision in he gi en pe iod. The
public con ac ing au ho i y o Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways should emphasize he ul ilmen o all supe ision
ac i i ies as de ined by he scope o se ices in he gi en con ac , no moni o ing how long and wi h wha ools he
pe son pe o ming he supe ision pe o ms he ac i i y. Clien s should comple ely abandon he opinion ha he
pe o mance o echnical supe ision is mainly ca ied ou by physical p esence on he cons uc ion si e. The me e
p esence o a supe iso a he cons uc ion si e wi hou app op ia e ac ions is an inapp op ia e and unin o ma i e ac
ha does no mean much. Ano he impo an pa o p icing su eillance pe o mance is he use o an app op ia e ime
in e al. The cu en model, whe e he public con ac ing au ho i y Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways uses in oicing
ime in e als - hou / day / week - is no ully indica i e o echnical supe ision's pe o mance. The chosen model o
he Di ec o a e o Roads and Highways is also app oached wi h ega d o compliance wi h he me hodological
ins uc ion, whe e echnical supe ision is di ided in o Pe manen and Occasional supe ision.
The solu ion is o make he pe o mance i sel la - a e, and he uni o measu emen o he echnical supe ision
ac i i y should be a se o a la - a e alua ion. Wi h his solu ion, bo h pa ies, bo h he con ac ing au ho i y and he
p o ide o supe ision se ices, mus be awa e o he p ocu emen pa ame e s and s udy hem e y ho oughly and
de ine wha is included in he lump sum assessmen and wha is no . The agg ega ed alues de ine o us he ime limi
when he echnical supe ision pe o ms all he p esc ibed ac i i ies in he op imal ime and i should hen be a ques ion
o quali y pe o mance o he echnical supe ision o he in es o . Con ac ual ag eemen s a e ul illed ha he
pe o mance is pe o med comp ehensi ely, i.e. in he en i e ange o se ices and he e is no si ua ion whe e one ac i i y
is p io i ized o e ano he and also ha one is no comple ely neglec ed. I he pe o mance o supe ision is iewed as
a la a e, no only du ing i s e alua ion, bu also du ing he pe o mance o supe ision i sel , i is hen possible o
combine he scope o ac i i ies, i.e. ac i i ies No. 1 o No. 28 in o one se , i.e. om a ma hema ical poin o iew, he
pe o mance o echnical supe ision can be iewed as a con inuous unc ion, and he ime equi emen s o indi idual
sub-ac i i ies can also be me ged. The g aphic ep esen a ion o he abo e is shown in Figu e 6, i.e., he ul illmen o
he o al scope o ac i i ies du ing he pe o mance o echnical supe ision, in his case a weekly ime in e al is
conside ed.