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Closed U ban Blocks e sus Open Housing Es a e S uc u es:
Sus ainabili y Su eys in B no, Czech Republic
To ci e his a icle: Maxmilian Wi mann e al 2019 IOP Con . Se .: Ma e . Sci. Eng. 471 102061
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Closed U ban Blocks e sus Open Housing Es a e S uc u es:
Sus ainabili y Su eys in B no, Czech Republic
Maxmilian Wi mann 1, Gab iel Kopacik 1, And ea Lei manno a 1
1 B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o A chi ec u e, Pořičí 273/5, 639 00 B no,
Czech Republic
[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . A p ominen place in he spa ial a angemen o Czech as well as o he pos -socialis ,
Cen al Eu opean ci ies belongs o 19 h cen u y closed u ban blocks and he open panel housing
es a es which we e e ec ed du ing he socialism e a in he second hal o 20 h cen u y. The u ban
cha ac e is ics o hese wo undamen ally di e se ypes o esiden ial s uc u es ha e, as we
suppose, a di e en impac on he sus ainable de elopmen o he u ban a ea. The amoun and
cha ac e o local g eene y, he spa ial a angemen and accessibili y o he cou ya ds, he spa ial
o ms o he su ounding buildings and many o he ac o s can in luence he ecological s abili y
o he a ea, i s hygienic quali ies, he in ensi y and way o using by a ious social g oups, and
also e.g. he p ices o eal es a es. These and many o he phenomena indica e he ecological,
hygienic, social and economic sus ainabili y o he u ban a ea. The esea ch me hodology
e alua es speci ic measu eable indica o s o sus ainabili y wi hin a ange om 0 o 10 poin s
whe e 5 poin s co espond o he gene al s anda d in he a ea, 0 poin s indica e deg ada ion, and
10 poin s indica e he highes con ibu ion o sus ainable de elopmen . The su ey esul s a e
e lec ed in he o e all sus ainabili y index and in he esiden s’ sa is ac ion index ha e lec s
he subjec i e sa is ac ion based on ques ionnai es su eys. The pape analyses he esiden ial
s uc u es in he Cen al Eu opean ci y o B no, Czech Republic. The case s udies o he u ban
blocks nea he ci y cen e and o he panel housing es a e B no - Vinoh ady a e compa ed. The
esul s imply ha a conside able posi i e impac on he sus ainable de elopmen o he a ea
should be asc ibed o he g een closed u ban blocks nea he ci y cen e. These u ban blocks wi h
a closed cou ya d p o ide a quali y ou doo en i onmen wi h a ce ain le el o p i acy. This
ac o can signi ican ly suppo he de elopmen o local communi y.
1. In oduc ion
An impo an ole in he spa ial s uc u e o Czech and o he pos -socialis ci ies play wo ypes o
housing de elopmen . One o hem a e closed u ban blocks om he 19 h cen u y and he o he is an
open housing es a e s uc u e om he second hal o he 20 h cen u y. Bo h ypes o housing
de elopmen c ea e spa ial s uc u es made up o mul i-s o ey buildings and a iously a anged spaces
be ween houses. Despi e each ype o housing de elopmen is he esul o a di e en u ban planning
concep ion c ea ed in di e en pe iods, he p inciples o bo h concep ions a e s ill applied nowadays.
We a e wonde ing which o hese concep s is be e sui ed o he p inciples o sus ainable de elopmen
o u banized e i o y. We will ocus speci ically on he in luence o he spaces be ween esiden ial
buildings on sus ainabili y and on he sa is ac ion o he local communi y, o which we conside o
esea ch pu poses he inhabi an s o houses a ound he in es iga ed spaces be ween houses. How do
hese spaces a ec he cha ac e o he ou doo en i onmen ? Do he esiden s conside he spaces as
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 102061 IOP Publishing
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impo an o hei quali y o li e? The answe o hese ques ions can be a basic lesson no only in he
condi ions o he Czech Republic. The indings can also b ing a new pe spec i e on he u u e o he
p e ab ica ed panel housing es a es, whe e he dange o hei social decline is o en discussed.
Sus ainable de elopmen o housing es a es is o en discussed [1] conside ing he in ensi y and he way
o using he spaces be ween esiden ial buildings
Bo h o he abo e-men ioned u ban concep ions had he ambi ion o c ea ing a aluable ou doo
en i onmen whe e people spend ime in con ac wi h o he people and na u e nea hei home. The
ou doo en i onmen immedia ely accessible o he inhabi an s ep esen he spaces be ween he houses.
The quali y o he ou doo en i onmen , which is a signi ican ac o o he quali y o li e [2], can be
in luenced by he pa ial cha ac e is ics o spaces be ween he houses. The amoun and cha ac e o local
g eene y, he spa ial a angemen and accessibili y o he spaces, he spa ial o ms o he su ounding
buildings and many o he ac o s can in luence he ecological s abili y o he a ea, i s hygienic quali ies,
he in ensi y and way o using by a ious social g oups, and also e.g. he p ices o eal es a es. These
and many o he phenomena indica e he ecological, hygienic, social and economic sus ainabili y o he
u ban a ea. Many p inciples a e desc ibed in p o essional li e a u e. G ass su aces and ee shades
e icien ly educe he high su ace empe a u e [3]. U ban g eene y educes he ai empe a u e in he
u ban a ea, a leas on he local scale [4]. Di e en o ms o buildings help o mi iga e he le el o a ic-
induced noise in he open spaces [5]. O he cha ac e is ics o open spaces may ha e impac on social
quali ies o neighbou hood. The le el o noise pollu ion in he en i onmen is pe cei ed di e en ly by
a ious social g oups, wi h highe sensi i i y in he middle-aged people [6]. The e a e o he ac o s as
ai pollu ion ha ha e a s ong in luence on he heal h o communi ies and hei social de elopmen [7].
The p esence o g eene y in public space may also in luence he eeling o sa e y [8]. G eene y, wa e
and quali y public space can in luence he p ice o su ounding eal es a e [9,10].
The aim o his s udy is o analyse he in luence o he cha ac e is ics o spaces be ween he houses
on selec ed (a ailable) indica o s o he sus ainabili y o he a ea and on he sa is ac ion o he local
communi y. The s udy examines hese ela ionships on he example o wo p incipally di e en u ban
s uc u es in he ci y o B no in he Czech Republic. This s udy builds on he esul s o he p e ious
esea ch [11], which is now ocused in de ail on wo loca ions in B no.
2. Me hods and analysed a eas
2.1. Me hodology and da a
The spaces be ween esiden ial buildings a e an in eg al pa o di e en ypes o housing s uc u es.
The analysis o he ela ionship be ween he cha ac e is ics o he spaces be ween buildings and he
indica o s o sus ainabili y and he esiden ' sa is ac ion allows o iden i y he ad an ages and
disad an ages o di e en housing de elopmen - housing s uc u es.
The analyse co e s ollowing u ban cha ac e is ics o he spaces be ween esiden ial buildings:
loca ion wi hin he ci y, he quan i y and cha ac e o g eene y, he way o he space a angemen and
accessibili y, he o m and high o su ounding buildings, he owne ship o he spaces and su ounding
buildings, e c. These cha ac e is ics can in luence he ecological s abili y o he a ea, i s hygienic
quali ies, he social and economic de elopmen and sus ainabili y o he locali y.
The con ibu ion o spaces be ween buildings o sus ainabili y is e alua ed using he mul i-c i e ia
analyse, whe e he indica o s o sus ainabili y we e used as he c i e ia. The selec ed (accessible)
indica o s o sus ainabili y a e g ouped in o ou main pilla s: ecology, hygiene, socie y and economy.
Each indica o was e alua ed on he scale om 0 o 10 poin s when he median alue (5 poin s) e e ed
o common s anda ds in he a ea, 0 poin s e e ed o deg ada ion o he measu ed indica o , and 10
poin s e e ed o he maximal con ibu ion o he phenomenon o he sus ainable de elopmen . I a
gi en indica o could only a ain un a ou able alues, i was e alua ed on a scale om 0 o 5 poin s (e.g.
mani es a ions o andalism). I a gi en indica o was no assessed o no de e mined in he s udied a ea,
i was assigned he neu al alue o 5 poin s. The median alues o ce ain indica o s (di e si y and
numbe o ac i i ies, numbe s o isi o s, e c.) we e de e mined on he basis o p elimina y obse a ions
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in a pilo s udy o he a ea BV4 on he B no-Vinoh ady housing es a e. The median alues in
ques ionnai es co esponded o a neu al pe cep ion o he gi en phenomenon. The median alues o
o he hygienic and social indica o s co espond wi h he s anda d le el o he phenomenon in Czech
Republic [11,12].
The impo ance o he indi idual indica o s o sus ainabili y was aken in o accoun by he weigh ings
– an index ha con e ed he poin s awa ded o a pa ial indica o o g oup o indica o s. This weigh ing
index was de eloped by di iding he o e all weigh ing o 100 among he pa ial pilla s o sus ainabili y,
subsequen ly among amewo k agg ega ed g oups o indica o s, and inally among pa ial measu able
indica o s. Specialis s in he indi idual pilla s o sus ainabili y pe o med he alloca ion o weigh ings
and he de ini ion o indica o s e alua ion. The en i onmen al pilla was di ided in o an ecological pilla
and a hygiene pilla . O he o al weigh ing o 100 %, 10 % was alloca ed o he ecological pilla , 25 %
o he hygiene pilla , 35 % o he social pilla , and 30 % o he economic pilla . The esul an alue o
weigh ed poin s in he sus ainabili y pilla is equal o he sum o weigh ed poin s in he amewo k
agg ega ed indica o . The esul an alue o weigh ed poin s in he amewo k agg ega ed indica o is
equal o he sum o he weigh ed poin s o he pa ial indica o s. The weigh ed poin s o he pa ial
indica o s we e ob ained as he p oduc o he poin s and weigh ings o hese indica o s di ided by 10,
whe e he numbe 10 ep esen s he maximum o a ailable poin s [11,12]. The able 1 p esen ed in his
pape because o i s abili y o be published co e s jus he pilla s, he pa ial measu able indica o s and
he poin s assigned o each case s udy.
The ollowing me hods we e used o he indica o s de e mina ion (e alua ion): he obse a ion,
ques ionnai e su ey among he esiden s o ela ed houses, he s a is ical analysis, and he analysis o
eal es a e p ices.
The obse a ion was ocused on he in o ma ion abou he manne and equency o using he space,
and on he occu ence o pa hological phenomena which po en ially in luence he eeling o sa e y in
he in es iga ed space. The obse a ion p ocess included measu ing o empe a u e, humidi y and
acous ic p essu e (used ce i ied, calib a ed de ices). The measu ing was held om 12 o 15 o’clock
du ing wa m summe day. Ob ained in o ma ion we e used o de e mine he hygienic indica o s. They
con i m he published esea ch esul s [3, 4].
The impo an sou ce o in o ma ion is he ques ionnai e su ey among he esiden s o he adjoining
buildings. In o al he e we e dis ibu ed abou 1200 ques ionnai es, ou o hese 20-35% we e comple ed
o each building (building en ance) wi hin 2-3 weeks (mos case s udies included abou 150 dis ibu ed
ques ionnai es). This in es iga ion aimed a he manne o using he space, a he way he use s pe cei ed
i , whe he hey eel sa e, and las bu leas a he eeling o belonging o he gi en locali y. The
ques ionnai e in es iga ion se ed o quan i y some social indica o s.
Subsequen ly also he index o esiden s’ sa is ac ion [q] was quan i ied. The sou ce o da a o
quan i y he sa is ac ion index [q] was also and only he ques ionnai e answe s. The index is a
p opo ional a io o he o al sum o he conc e e poin s ob ained om he esponden s’ answe s o he
maximal sum o a ailable poin s. I exp esses he le el o inhabi an s’ sa is ac ion; he highe e alua ion,
he highe sa is ac ion. The index o sa is ac ion e lec s he answe s o he ques ions conce ning e.g.
equency and pu pose o he isi s in he in es iga ed space, he eeling o sa e y, aes he ic quali y,
neighbou hood ela ionship, eeling o home, pa icipa ion in he main enance o he space, e c. The
index co e s also he subjec i e pe cep ion o he measu able phenomenon (measu ed and exp essed in
he indica o s) - noise, wind, dus and smell.
The da a abou he social s uc u e o he esiden s we e ge om he 2011 census (inhabi an s
numbe , age s uc u e, economic ac i i y and educa ion s uc u e) and he 2001 census (inhabi an s
numbe o he end compa ison) pe o med by he Czech S a is ical O ice [13]. The sou ce o
in o ma ion abou he p ope y p ices and he en s we e he s a is ics o he eal es a e agency Real
Spec um [14]. These las men ioned da a we e used o he indica o s de e mina ion.
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2.2. Analysed a eas
The p esen ed case s udies a e loca ed in he ci y o B no. This ci y wi h almos 400 000 inhabi an s is
he second la ges ci y in he Czech Republic and ep esen s a ypical pos -indus ial ci y in he Cen al
Eu ope. Two o ms o esiden ial s uc u es in he Ci y o B no in he Czech Republic we e selec ed o
he analysis: closed u ban blocks om he 19 h cen u y (case s udies BS1-BS6), and open housing es a e
s uc u es cons uc ed unde he socialism e a in he 20 h cen u y (case s udies BV1-BV4).
Figu e 1. Posi ion o locali ies wi h he case s udies BS1-BS6 (BS) and BV1-BV4 (BV) on he Map
o B no [15]
2.2.1. The closed u ban blocks in he ci y cen e o B no (BS1–BS6). The su eyed spaces a e in eg al
pa o closed u ban blocks o ou - o six- loo esiden ial buildings om he second hal o 19 h cen u y
which a e loca ed in he wide ci y cen e o B no (in Czech: B no - s řed). The esea ch ocused on six
case s udies in o al which a e labelled BS1–BS6. The spaces be ween esiden ial buildings – he
cou ya ds wi h a signi ican p opo ion o well-main ained low and ully-g own g eene y a e no , wi h
excep ion o BS3, accessible o public. The BS1 cou ya d is pa ly used by he p ima y and nu se y
school. The B6 consis s o wo small cou ya ds loca ed app oxima ely 300 m sou heas o B1–B5; hey
a e ela i ely small in compa ison wi h he o he locali ies; and a e p edominan ly used as s o ing space
o he comme cial p emises si ua ed on he g ound loo . All cou ya ds a e he p ope y o he ci y
which main ains hem. The adjoining buildings a e owned by a coope a i e o associa ion o la owne s.
The locali y ep esen s an a ac i e place o housing which is unde going con inuous eno a ions. The
sale and en p ices o housing and comme cial space in he locali y a e abo e he a e age wi hin he
ci y o B no. While he space BS6 is an excep ion as he p ices o housing a e below he p ices o BS1–
BS5 and he p ices o comme cial space a e a he same le el as in BS1–BS5.

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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 102061 IOP Publishing
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Figu e 2. Map ma ked wi h he geog aphical bo de s o case s udies BS1– BS5 [15]
Figu e 3. Map ma ked wi h he geog aphical bo de s o he B6 case s udy [15]
2.2.2. The open housing es a e s uc u e in B no-Vinoh ady (BV1–BV4). The su ey was pe o med on
he open housing es a e s uc u e - he p e ab ica ed panel housing es a e B no-Vinoh ady, in he eas e n
pa o he ci y. The su eyed spaces labelled BV1–BV4 a e loca ed on he plo s owned by he ci y who
main ains hem. BV1 labels Pála ské náměs í [Pála a squa e] which is a pa k wi h a signi ican
p opo ion o well-main ained low and ull-g own g eene y. The pa k is loca ed in on o a new
esiden ial building owned by a coope a i e wi h an unde g ound pa king space. The e a e shops on he
s ee le el o he building. On he no h side o he pa k (behind he oad) he e is a one-s o y
comme cial building. BV2 labels a space whe e g eene y consis s o only wo ees. I is he space
be ween he abo e men ioned new esiden ial building wi h comme cial spaces on he g ound loo and
a wo-s o y comme cial building. BV3 labels a space wi h a signi ican amoun o well-main ained low
and ull-g own g eene y. The BV3 space su ounds a wel e-s o y p e ab ica ed block o la s in p i a e
owne ship. The BV4 labels he space wi h a signi ican amoun o well-main ained low and ull-g own
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g eene y. The space is su ounded by wo esiden ial buildings; in he sou h i is a ou -s o y building
wi h la s in p i a e owne ship, in he no h i is an eigh -s o y building owned by he ci y. The
p e ab ica ed conc e e panel housing es a e was comple ed in he socialis e a in he second hal o
1980s. The housing in his housing es a e is conside ably popula hanks o i s as se ices and
ameni ies as well as a o dable p ices. The only signi ican d awback is a lack o pa king spaces.
Figu e 4. Map ma ked wi h he geog aphical bo de s o case s udies BV1–BV4 [15]
3. Resul s
The esea ch esul s a e summa ized and p esen ed in he ollowing Table 1. I p esen s a summa y o
he indica o s and he pilla s o sus ainabili y o he analysed case s udies BS1-BS6, BV1-BV4.
Table 1. Table o Sus ainabili y Indica o s.
Pilla / Poin s
Weigh /
Weigh ed
poin s
Pa ial measu able indica o BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6 BV1 BV2 BV3 BV4 Weigh
Ecology
[x] 1-1-1 size 4.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 6.0 5.0 1.67
10 1-1-2 in e ac ion wi h he su oundings - ege a ion 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 4.0 3.0 8.0 8.0 0.83
5.74 1-1-3 in e ac ion wi h he su oundings - wa e 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.83
6.05 1-1-4 shape 9.5 9.0 3.0 8.5 7.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 2.5 4.0 1.67
4.35 1-2-1 biodi e si y o desi able ee species 6.0 9.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 0.0 8.0 2.0 8.0 4.0 0.45
5.57 1-2-2 age o desi able ee species 5.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 9.0 0.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 0.45
5.76 1-2-3 occu ence o undesi able ee species 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.45
2.01 1-2-4 occu ence o undesi able he bs 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 0.45
6.28 1-2-5 desi able animals li ing in he wild 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 0.45
2.53 1-2-6 abili y o collec ainwa e 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 4.0 0.45
5.55 1-2-7 na u al quali y o wa e a ea 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.45
5.45 1-2-8 na u alness o bank zones 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.45
1-2-9 aqua ic animals li ing in he wild 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.45
1-2-10 densi y o ege a ion 5.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.91
Hygien
e [y] 2-1-1 educ ion o empe a u e ex emes 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 6.0 1.92
25 2-2-1 educ ion o humidi y ex emes 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 1.92
15.70 2-3-1 educ ion o sunbu n in summe 6.5 6.5 8.5 7.5 7.0 9.0 2.0 7.0 10.0 4.0 0.96
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Pilla / Poin s
Weigh /
Weigh ed
poin s
Pa ial measu able indica o BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6 BV1 BV2 BV3 BV4 Weigh
17.45 2-3-2 educ ion o insola ion ou side summe 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 0.96
14.70 2-4-1 educ ion o windiness 7.5 7.5 6.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 2.5 5.0 3.0 7.5 1.92
18.25 2-5-1 dus con ol 9.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 5.0 1.0 6.0 7.0 1.92
15.97 2-6-1 le el o acous ic p essu e 7.1 7.1 5.7 7.1 7.1 7.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 1.28
14.88 2-6-2 educ ion o ex e nal noise om a ic 10.0 10.0 7.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 4.0 7.5 7.5 0.64
11.29 2-6-3 noise nuisance om he neighbou hood 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.7 4.3 4.7 3.3 1.6 3.2 4.1 0.64
10.46 2-6-4 local noise nuisance 3.7 3.3 3.4 4.1 3.7 4.0 2.7 2.0 3.5 3.9 0.64
13.91 2-6-5 pleasan na u al sounds 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 9.0 7.0 0.64
15.01 2-7-1 local smell nuisance 4.0 4.6 3.5 4.5 4.3 2.0 3.9 2.4 3.7 4.1 0.96
2-7-2 pleasan na u al smell 7.0 9.0 7.5 7.5 7.0 3.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 6.0 0.96
2-8-1 a e o insec nuisance 4.3 4.3 3.8 4.5 4.3 4.3 2.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 1.92
2-9-1 cleanliness o he space 5.5 9.5 5.5 9.5 5.5 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 3.85
2-10-1 limi a ion o chemical pollu an s 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 3.85
Socie y
[z] 3-1-1 change in he numbe o esiden s 8.0 9.0 5.4 4.5 6.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 0.0 1.75
35 3-1-2 esiden s age s uc u e gi en in he census 5.0 3.4 5.0 4.7 3.0 2.5 3.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.75
22.38 3-1-3 esiden s age s uc u e in su ey 10.0 8.0 9.5 4.0 4.0 0.0 8.5 1.0 7.0 5.0 1.75
21.47 3-1-4 gende di e si y o he space use s 9.6 5.0 8.5 4.0 8.5 5.0 3.5 7.5 5.5 10.0 1.75
22.30 3-2-1 subjec i e s a e o heal h 7.5 6.9 8.8 7.9 7.2 8.6 8.1 8.2 7.0 6.3 7.00
19.60 3-3-1 educa ional s uc u e o esiden s 8.5 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.8 3.3 4.6 6.0 4.9 4.9 0.58
21.16 3-3-2 median o mon hly income 7.5 6.3 7.5 6.5 7.5 5.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 0.58
16.83 3-3-3 unemploymen 5.6 10.0 6.2 9.0 7.0 7.8 4.5 7.0 4.6 4.0 0.58
21.25 3-3-4 e hnic di e si y 5.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 0.58
19.30 3-3-5 eeling o sa e y in he locali y by day 4.1 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.3 2.4 3.7 3.0 0.58
19.70 3-3-6 eeling o sa e y in he locali y by nigh 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.3 1.8 3.1 2.3 0.58
17.98 3-3-7 eeling o sa e y in he space 8.4 9.0 7.2 9.4 8.4 7.0 6.9 3.8 6.5 5.3 0.58
3-3-8 display o andalism 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 0.58
3-3-9 aces o using d ugs 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.58
3-3-10 g oups d inking alcohol 5.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 0.58
3-3-11 un us wo hy s ange pe sons 5.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.8 1.6 5.0 4.1 0.58
3-3-12 “good add ess” 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.4 9.5 6.5 5.2 4.5 5.4 5.8 0.58
3-4-1 di e si y o ac i i ies 2.7 2.7 1.7 2.3 2.5 2.8 6.8 3.9 5.4 3.9 1.00
3-4-2 equency o ac i i ies 3.8 5.1 2.7 3.3 4.0 8.6 9.2 10.0 9.7 5.6 1.00
3-4-3 maximum numbe o isi o s 1.5 7.5 7.5 2.0 6.0 0.0 1.5 8.0 1.7 1.5 1.00
3-4-4 a e age numbe o isi o s 7.3 5.7 5.0 1.1 5.0 0.0 2.0 10.0 4.5 1.5 1.00
3-4-5 space co e s he needs 6.7 7.5 3.4 7.1 7.2 4.6 6.9 1.5 4.7 4.7 1.00
3-4-6 pe cep ion o aes he ic quali y o he space 6.5 7.6 4.3 8.0 7.2 5.0 7.3 3.4 4.2 5.4 1.00
3-4-7 pleasan iew 3.9 5.6 5.0 3.0 6.8 2.9 7.5 3.0 5.7 5.6 1.00
3-5-1 eeling o home 7.7 7.1 6.3 6.9 6.8 5.4 5.5 4.5 5.4 5.2 1.40
3-5-2 pe cep ion o esiden ial mobili y 6.5 4.6 7.1 6.8 5.2 6.1 8.1 8.0 6.3 8.4 1.40
3-5-3 “long ime esidency” 7.4 6.7 9.8 7.7 7.1 4.0 8.1 6.2 8.8 9.7 1.40
3-5-4 ela ionship wi h neighbou s 6.9 6.3 6.3 6.9 6.2 6.4 6.5 5.5 5.4 5.2 1.40
3-5-5 pa icipa ion in main enance o he space 0.6 2.8 1.7 2.2 3.8 3.2 3.2 1.5 2.2 2.3 1.40
Econom
y [w] 4-1-1 building plo 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 10.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 4.29
30 4-2-1 apa men 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 6.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.61
21.98 4-2-2 shop 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 9.0 5.0 5.0 0.61
21.41 4-2-3 adminis a ion 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 6.7 7.5 5.0 5.0 0.61
21.97 4-2-4 manu ac u ing and s o age 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.61
WMCAUS 2018
IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 102061 IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/10/102061
8
Pilla / Poin s
Weigh /
Weigh ed
poin s
Pa ial measu able indica o BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6 BV1 BV2 BV3 BV4 Weigh
22.42 4-2-5 buil -in pa king space 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.61
21.69 4-2-6 ou doo pa king space 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.61
19.31 4-2-7 pa king space in a sepa a e ga age 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 0.61
15.89 4-3-1 apa men 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 7.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 0.61
14.90 4-3-2 shop 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.8 9.0 2.5 2.5 0.61
16.35 4-3-3 adminis a ion 6.5 6.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 3.6 3.6 5.0 5.0 0.61
16.60 4-3-4 manu ac u ing and s o age 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 0.61
4-3-5 buil -in pa king space 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.61
4-3-6 ou doo pa king space 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.61
4-3-7 pa king space in a sepa a e ga age 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.61
4-4-1 occupancy o apa men s 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 2.14
4-4-2 use o comme cial spaces 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 2.14
4-5-1 upkeeping cos s pe uni a ea 5.0 4.5 4.2 3.0 4.2 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 2.14
4-5-2 upkeeping cos s pe esiden 8.2 5.0 6.8 6.1 6.8 5.0 4.6 3.6 6.0 6.2 2.14
4-6-1 idiness and echnical condi ion o he space 3.5 7.5 5.5 7.5 3.5 2.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.5 1.43
4-6-2 idiness and echnical condi ion o he
u nishing elemen s
5.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 7.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 1.43
4-6-3 idiness and condi ion o he ege a ion 3.5 5.5 5.5 7.5 5.5 0.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.5 1.43
4-7-1 median mon hly income 5.5 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.29
The signi ican phenomena and ela ions e lec ed in he indica o s a e summa ized in ollowing
commen a ies.
3.1. Ecology
The closed u ban blocks in he ci y cen e (BS1-BS5), speci ically he cou ya ds in he blocks and also
he spaces be ween and a ound he esiden ial buildings in he housing es a e B no-Vinoh ady (BV1,
BV3, BV4) gene a e good o accep able ecological quali y o he u ban a ea. In all he men ioned cases
he spaces ha e a signi ican amoun o main ained g eene y which includes di e se species. The spaces
be ween buildings (case s udies BV2 and BS6) se ing as ope a ional co ido s do no gene a e good
ecological quali y o he a ea. Thei weakness is he lack o na u al elemen s. I is impo an o say in
gene al, ha he e alua ed spaces gene a e ecological quali y which is no gene ally s anda dized in
u ban a eas. We can jus compa e he assed quali ies.
3.2. Hygiene
The mos o analysed u ban s uc u es gene a e good hygiene quali ies o he en i onmen , only he BV1
and BV2 case s udies a e sligh ly below a e age. They do no educe some hygiene phenomenon o a
su icien ex en (noise, windiness, e c.) In case o he BS1-BS6 spaces i is wo h men ioning he
capaci y o closed blocks o educe he le el o acous ic p essu e and o elimina e he ex e nal a ic
noise. The BV1-BV4 u ban s uc u es do no ha e such capaci y. All o he u ban s uc u es a e able o
aise he humidi y o a desi ed le el. In all he case s udies a e p esen signi ican ly pleasan na u al
sounds and smells (excep he highe smell nuisance in BS6 and BV2). The com o o s aying in he
su eyed spaces could be conside ed o a good le el. The wo s hygiene condi ion o e s he BV2 case
s udy (a simple pedes ian co ido ). In gene al, he closed u ban blocks p o ide highe le el o hygiene
quali ies han he open housing es a e s uc u es.
3.3. Socie y
None o he locali ies is conside ed a socially deg aded a ea. The summa y o social indica o s exp essed
in he sus ainabili y pilla is abo e he s anda d in all su eyed case s udies.