Copy igh © 2015 Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y (VGTU) P ess Technika
h p://www.bj be. g u.l
THE BALTIC JOURNAL
OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING
ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288
2015 Volume 10(4): 316–324
doi:10.3846/bj be.2015.40
1. In oduc ion
Ho mix asphal (HMA) is commonly used ma e ial as a
wea ing laye o pa emen s o highways (o oads), s ee s,
ai po s and o he indus ial a eas. Du ing he las decades
he e ha e been d ama ic changes in a ic olumes, a ic
weigh s and y e p essu es, which ha e esul ed in a signi -
ican inc ease in a pe manen de o ma ion o ho mix as-
phal pa emen s. Pe manen de o ma ion is a majo mode
o ailu e in lexible pa emen s consis ing o bo h u ing
and sho ing. This p oblem is mo e common in ho clima es
whe e he s i ness o he asphal mix is u he dec eased
wi h he inc ease o pa emen empe a u e (Hajj e al. 2011).
The occu ence o such de o ma ions is inc easing
conside ably du ing he ho pe iod when ai empe a u-
e ises up o 25–30°C and asphal pa emen hea s up o
40–50°C (Lau ina ičius, Čygas 2003).
Acco ding o a ious scien is s, asphal pa emen
u ing is a ec ed mainly by h ee ac o s:
− he asphal mix ac o (eg agg ega e g ada ion,
binde pe o mance g ade, binde con en , ai oid
con en , ille );
−load ac o (eg wheel load, i e p essu e, load du a-
ion, es pe iod, load ype);
−en i onmen al ac o (eg mois u e, empe a u e,
ageing).
Ex ensi e esea ch has been conduc ed o e alua e
he in luence o hese ac o s on he pe o mance o pa-
emen s uc u e (B eakah e al. 2011; Collop, Ellio 1999;
Ding e al. 2011; Liu, Wang 2003). Howe e , he e s ill e-
mains many p oblems wi h he pe o mance o du able
pa emen s. T a ic loading, which di ec ly a ec s he as-
phal pa emen and s uc u e, is he mos s udied and ana-
lysed ac o . Howe e , i is impo an o no e, ha asphal
pa emen de e io a e e en i he e a e no a ic a all. This
is due o he i e e sible physical and chemical p ocesses
ha change in ime, and asphal pa emen su ace is also
a ec ed by en i onmen al ac o s such as empe a u e a-
ia ions, amoun o ain all and amoun o wa e in soil.
The asphal pa emen is subjec ed o many dis esses
du ing i s se ice li e. Recen ly, u ing in asphal pa e-
men s has become one o he majo dis ess o ms wi h
he inc ease in a ic olume, y e p essu e and axial load.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT
CONCRETE FILLED WITH A SPECIAL CEMENT GROUT
Pa lina Cihacko a1, Pe Hyzl2, Dusan S ehlik3, Ond ej Dasek4, O idijus Še nas5,
Aud ius Vai kus6
1, 2, 3, 4Dep o Roads, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eří 331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic
5, 6Road Resea ch Ins i u e, Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y,
Linkmenų g. 28, LT–08217 Vilnius, Li huania
E-mails: 1 cihacko[email p o ec ed]b .cz; 2 h[email p o ec ed]b .cz; 3 s ehlik.d@ ce. u b .cz; 4 dasek.o@ ce. u b .cz;
5 o id[email p o ec ed]; 6 aud ius. ai[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . This pape p esen s a pe o mance o he open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou in
he oad s uc u es, in oduces p ac ical examples o he usage o his echnology and de ines he main p ope ies. In
addi ion, labo a o y design o asphal mix u es illed wi h special g ou is esea ched. Finally, he esul s ob ained om
a ious labo a o y es s a e e alua ed. The pape con ains he open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen
g ou mix design p ocedu e and esul s o s i ness measu emen , low empe a u e p ope ies, pe manen de o ma ion
and skid esis ance. Open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou mix u e is compa ed o he com-
monly used asphal mixes. The open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou showed be e esul s
han he commonly used asphal mixes by he s i ness and esis ance o he pe manen de o ma ion cha ac e is ics bu
beha io a he low empe a u es is sligh ly p oblema ic.
Keywo ds: asphal skele on, cemen g ou , low empe a u e cha ac e is ics, pe manen de o ma ion, semi- igid laye ,
skid esis ance, s i ness modulus.
The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 317
Depending on he magni ude o he a ic loading and he
ela i e s eng h o he pa emen laye s, u ing occu in
he asphal wea ing laye , base o subg ade laye o in a
combina ion o hese laye s (Ta e de e al. 2003). I o en
happens wi hin he i s ew yea s a e opening o a ic.
The u is o med because o he shea s ess in asphal lay-
e which causes la ge plas ic de o ma ions, hus he pa o
he asphal laye is imp in ed in o he idge a he edges o
wheel oll zone (Osca sson 2011; Xu, Huang 2012).
The u ing beha iou o asphal mix depends no
only on he p ope ies o agg ega e and binde bu also on
how hey in e ac wi h each o he in a mix u e. The e a e
occasions when binde s (eg e y s i binde ) and agg ega-
e (eg agg ega e wi h 100% ac u ed su ace) a e adequa e,
bu he mix u e ails o exhibi low u ing because o o he
p ope ies (such as inco ec ai oids and binde con en ).
Mix u e p ope ies alone a e no su icien o ensu e low
u because hey a y wi h epea ed a ic loads, empe a-
u e and mois u e e c (Ta e de e al. 2003).
The empe a u e is one o he mos impo an en i-
onmen al ac o s, which a ec s he s i ness o asphal
pa emen . Low empe a u e c acking is one o he ma-
jo dis esses in asphal pa emen s. C acking is a se ious
p oblem in cold egions as well as in a eas wi h la ge dai-
ly empe a u e luc ua ion. Whene e he ambien ai
empe a u e d ops, he bi umen ends o con ac . This
con inuous con ac ion phenomenon esul s in a ensile
he mal s ess build-up in he mix u e. I his he mally
induced s ess exceeds he ensile s eng h o he asphal
pa emen , a ans e se c ack will occu a he su ace. This
he mal c acking de elops a a c i ically low empe a u e,
e e ed o as he ac u e empe a u e (Bhasin, Mo amed
2011; B ažiūnas e al. 2013; Kane a e al. 1994). Also due
o he ise in su ace empe a u e o e he empe a u e o
bi umen so ening poin he bi umen so ens and causes
o ma ion o wa es, in lows and u s.
The p oblem o u ing has been ele an and ye un-
esol ed in Li huania as well as in o he coun ies. Ru s
become deepe as hea y ehicles d i e on highways and
o he coun y oads. Wi h no imely co ec ions o he pa-
emen in a ew yea s u ing would exceed he limi dep h
o 20mm and each a c i ical dep h o 40mm, wha would
ine i ably inc ease he numbe o a ic acciden s (Si ile-
ičius, Vansauskas 2013).
Acco ding o Len an (2012), he e a e se e al ways o
sol e u ing p oblem:
− o use a ha de binde g ade,
− o educe he hickness o wea ing cou ses,
− o inc ease s i ness modulus,
− o use a high pene a ion index binde ,
−a highe quali y o agg ega es in asphal mixes.
Gene ally, pa emen s uc u es a e di ided in o wo
g oups: lexible and igid. While lexible asphal pa emen
s i ness depends hea ily on he empe a u e, he empe-
a u e has no e ec on igid conc e e pa emen s. Asphal
pa emen s consis o se e al ela i ely hin asphal laye s,
which a e connec ed and in e ac wi h each o he . They
a e laid on he base laye , which lies on he subg ade.
Loads om a ic a e dis ibu ed h ough all he laye s
om he su ace o he subg ade and by app oxima ely i-
angula sp eading o o ces. Conc e e pa emen s consis
o conc e e slabs and base laye s which lie on he subg a-
de. The laye has a hickness o app oxima ely 200mm o
300mm (depending on a ic load) and i is necessa y o
use longi udinal and cons uc ion join s ein o ced wi h
dowels and ie ba s. The ad an ages and disad an ages o
he lexible and igid pa emen s a e gi en in Table1.
Semi- igid o semi- lexible pa emen s was de elo-
ped in F ance in ea ly 1960’s as a cos e ec i e al e na i e
o Po land cemen conc e e pa emen (Gawedzinki 2008).
This ype o pa emen has he ad an ages o he bo h pa s:
pe o ms like conc e e and is lexible like asphal mix u es.
As he cons uc ion o g ou ed macadam has de eloped, so
ha e he applica ions. Today i is used o bus s a ions, po
pa emen s, indus ial and wa ehouse loo s, ai po pla -
o ms, axiways and unways, b ake and accele a ion s ips
a a ic ligh s and b idge deck o e lays (Al-Qadi e al. 1994;
Oli ei a e al. 2006; VandeVen, Molenaa 2004).
Semi- igid pa emen s due o high pe o mance ha e
become he p e ailing s uc u e ype o base laye s used on
majo highways in China (Sun 2007; Zhuang e al. 2003).
Vai kus and Paliukai ė (2013) de e mined ha a e 5 yea s
o oad exploi a ion he u dep h o open g aded asphal iled
wi h cemen g ou is he lowes one o he es ed 27 di e en
pa emen s uc u es. Ande on (2000) made an in en o y o
ou USA Ai Fo ce acili ies whe e g ou ed macadam had
been used. The o e all condi ion o hese si es was e y good.
The ci y o S ockholm has been using g ou ed macadam a
bus s ops since 2001. Mos o hem needed no main enance.
Mississippi Dep o T anspo a ion pe o med a p o-
jec in es iga ing g ou ed macadam a wo signalized,
Table 1. The ad an ages and disad an ages o lexible and igid pa emen s
Ad an ages Disad an ages
Flexible pa emen Rigid pa emen Flexible pa emen Rigid pa emen
Designing, cons uc ing
and epai ing is easie ;
Easily ecycled;
P oduce less noise;
Do no equi e any longi udinal
o ans e se join s.
Abili y o use wi hou any
epai s;
High du abili y and
ligh ness o he su ace;
Mo e esis an o loads
om hea y ucks.
Black su ace;
The possibili y o p ope ies
changing du ing usage pe iod;
Sensi i i y o high/low
empe a u es and high s a ic
loads.
The base cou se mus be
o a highe quali y;
Di icul epai s and ecycling;
Highe ini ial cos s.
318 P. Cihacko a e al. Pe o mance Cha ac e is ics o he Open-G aded Asphal ...
hea ily a icked in e sec ions (Ba ey, Whi ing on 2007).
The p ojec included cons uc ion, es ing and a i e-ye-
a pe o mance e alua ion. In he pe o mance e alua ion
he g ou ed macadam was he only pa emen ma e ial ha
had no u ing. I was also o he wise in a good condi ion
bu he e we e some p oblems wi h skid esis ance.
Jacobsen (2012) concluded ha g ou ed macadam has
mechanical p ope ies simila o hose o asphal conc e e,
he di e ence is ha i is s onge , s i e and no p one o u -
ing. Thus i is conside ed sui able as a pa emen ma e ial al-
e na i e o in e sec ions expe iencing p oblems wi h se e e
u ing. The downside o his ma e ial is ha i is expensi e
and akes mo e ime and p ecision o cons uc compa ed o
asphal conc e e and ha a special license is o en equi ed.
F om he analysis o he expe ience o semi lexible as-
phal pa emen wi h a special cemen g ou , i is necessa y
o u he de elop his echnology. The aim o his pape is
o e alua e he de e mined cha ac e is ics o designed open-
g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou
(AC o-g CG) and compa e o common asphal mixes.
2. The concep o a semi- igid laye
A semi- igid laye consis s o wo majo componen s,
which a e he open-g aded asphal acco ding o he s and-
a d EN13108-7:2006 and EN 13108-7:2006/AC:2008 Bi u-
minous Mix u es – Ma e ial Speci ica ions – Pa 7: Po ous
Asphal , and he high-pe o mance polyme -modi ied ce-
men mo a g ou ing ma e ial. The basic p ope y o open-
g aded asphal is ai oid con en . Ai oid con en o open-
g aded asphal mix mus be be ween 25% and 30% o ai
oids by olume (Ma shall Mix Design me hod). The ec-
ommended componen s and hei composi ion o he open-
g aded asphal a e gi en in Table 2 based on EucoDensi
Densiphal Handbook o 2004 and Wu and Zhang (2011).
Cemen mo a , which is pou ed in o he open-g a-
ded asphal skele on, consis s o cemen , ine agg ega es,
wa e and plas icize s. Examples o sui able conc e e su-
pe plas icize s as naph halene-based, melamine-based,
inyl-based, ac ylic-based and ca boxylic-based p oduc s
a e gi en in Densi Pa en No. WO2002075052 A1 o 2002.
The c i ical ac o s in he design o modi ied cemen mo -
a a e he low ime and comp essi e/ lexu al s eng h.
The Czech s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 S a ba Vozo ek
− P olé ané V s y – Čás 3: As al ocemen o ý Be on [Road
Building – G ou ed Cou ses– Pa 3: Open-G aded As-
phal Conc e e Filled wi h a Special Cemen G ou ] spe-
ci ies he equi emen s o cemen mo a s eng h du-
ing comp ession (a leas 25 MPa a e 28 days) and o
lexu al s eng h (a leas 4MPa a e 28 days).
The Ge man documen o Road and T anspo a ion
Resea ch Associa ion (FGSV) M HD – Me kbla ü die
He s ellung on Halbs a en Deckschich en [Technical Rules
o P oduc ion o he Semi-Rigid Pa emen s] o 2010 con-
ains samples o pa emen s uc u es using AC o-g CG.
Choice o binde ype is also p esc ibed (50/70, 70/100
and PMB 25/55-55). Con en o ibe s is a leas 0.2%. The
quali y o cemen mo a is con olled isually as in Czech
equi emen s. Taking in o accoun he unc ional cha ac-
e is ics, AC o-g CG has usually highe alues o s i ness
modulus compa ed o con en ional asphal mix u es.
This ype o laye s is used in pa king a eas, bus s ops,
ai po unways, e minals, o a eas ahead o c oss oads,
whe e hey e ec i ely p e en o ma ion o pe manen de-
o ma ions. Fu he mo e, he laye is also used in con aine
depo s, po ans-shipmen s and in indus ial s o age a eas,
whe e i is possible o ake he ad an age o i s esis ance
agains local punc u e loads. They a e also used on su aces
o pe ol s a ions and oil depo s, whe e he subg ade o soil
is no pollu ed due o impe meabili y o he laye . Semi- ig-
id laye s a e capable o esis ing he e ec s o chemical de-
os ing subs ances and a e esis an e en o la ge a ia ions
in empe a u e. Due o as s eng hening, i is possible o
pu he su aces in o ope a ion al eady a e 12–24h.
AC o-g CG is a semi- lexible wea ing cou se com-
posed o a lexible asphal mix u e wi h a g ada ion up
o 8mm o 11mm and g ou ed mo a . The semi- lexi-
ble p ope ies a e achie ed by illing he open-g aded as-
phal mix u e (ai oid con en be ween 25% and 30%)
wi h a sel -le elling g ou ed mo a . A e mixing, mo a
is sp ead e enly o pumped on o he open-g aded asphal
and sp ead e enly by using a ubbe sc ape s and he eby
pene a es in o he oids wi hou equi ing ib a ion. The
mo a is applied only on he cooled down open-g aded as-
phal mix u e. Usual dosage o mo a is 10l/m2−15l/m2 a
50mm hickness o AC o-g CG laye .
In he Czech Republic, his echnology is ully ap-
p o ed and a alid s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 exis s
since 2008. Semi- igid laye is now used qui e commonly,
eg in many indus ial a eas and on bus s ops in P ague. In
Li huania, semi- igid pa emen s ha e s a ed being used
in 1999. Since hen his pa emen ype was laid on he Vil-
nius In e na ional Ai po , on bus s ops, oundabou s, and
in 2007 also on he expe imen al pa emen s uc u e oad
in he Vilnius Ci y (Vai kus e al. 2012). An example o a
semi- igid laye is shown in Fig.1.
Table 2. The ecommended componen s and composi ion
o he open-g aded asphal conc e e
Componen Pe cen age by weigh
Bi umen om 3.6 o 4.6
Limes one ille 4.0
Cellulose ibe s 0.2
C ushed agg ega es om 91.2 o 92.2
Fig.1. Semi- igid laye
The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 319
3.Expe imen al esea ch
3.1.Design o asphal mix u es
Asphal mix u e o ms he suppo ing skele on o a semi-
igid laye . The s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 equi es ha
he oid con en is be ween 17% and 32% and ha he
binde d ainage does no exceed 0.3%. The esul ing com-
posi ion o he asphal mix u e is gi en in Table3.
The empe a u es o he asphal mix u e we e chosen
acco ding o he s anda d EN 12697-35:2004+A1:2007
Bi uminous Mix u es – Tes Me hods o Ho Mix As-
phal – Pa 35: Labo a o y Mixing. The empe a u e o
mixing was 160 °C and he empe a u e o compac ion
– 150 °C.
The ai oid con en o he designed mix u es was
de e mined acco ding o he s anda d EN12697-8:2003
Bi uminous Mix u es – Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal –
Pa 8: De e mina ion o Void Cha ac e is ics o Bi uminous
Specimens and he inal alue was calcula ed as 27.9%,
which complies wi h he s anda d equi emen s.
The second equi emen o he asphal mix u e is
binde d ainage, which was de e mined by Schellenbe g’s
me hod inco po a ed in he s anda d EN12697-18:2004
Bi uminous Mix u es – Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal –
Pa 18: Binde D ainage. The esul ing alue was 0.10%,
ul illing he second condi ion o he s anda d.
3.2.Design o illing g ou
Filling g ou o ms an essen ial pa o semi- igid laye s
and has a signi ican e ec on i s majo p ope ies. I is
he e o e impo an o pay close a en ion o i s design and
o ind a sui able composi ion. The accu acy o he com-
posi ion was assessed using he Ma shall specimens. A -
e cu ing, he quali y o he illing o gaps was inspec ed
isually. The ini ial composi ion was de e mined expe i-
men ally and g adually imp o ed un il eaching he inal
e sion gi en in Table4.
Czech s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 speci ies he e-
qui emen s o illing g ou comp ession (a leas 25 MPa)
and lexu al s eng h (a leas 4 MPa). To e i y ha bo h
pa ame e s a e wi hin he s anda d equi emen s, wo
se s o he es specimens o g ou inal composi ion we e
made. The i s specimen s eng h was de e mined a e
7days and he second − a e 28 days. The es was ca ied
ou acco ding o he s anda d EN196-1:2005 Me hods o
Tes ing Cemen – Pa 1: De e mina ion o S eng h, which
speci ies he speci ica ions o he comp essi e and lexu al
s eng h de e mina ion es wi h specimens, dimensions o
which a e 40×40×160mm.
The esul s o he inal composi ion illing g ou
s eng h a e 28 days we e e y p omising and wi h
su icien ma gins. The de e mined alue o comp es-
si e s eng h was 29.9MPa and he lexu al s eng h −
8.7MPa. This composi ion o illing g ou was used o
u he es s.
3.3.Me hods o he expe imen al esea ch
The esea ch scheme o AC o-g CG and common asphal
mix u es cha ac e is ics is shown in Fig.2.
Mechanical p ope ies o he AC o-g CG, which
we e ca ied ou du ing he esea ch a e gi en in Table5.
All labo a o y es s we e pe o med in oad labo a o y
o B no Uni e si y o Technology. Fo he pu poses
o he s i ness modulus compa ison, i e apezoidal
shaped specimens we e p oduced om each mix u e.
Each measu ed alue o low empe a u e cha ac e is ics
is an a e age o he esul s om i e measu emen s ( i e
es specimens).
Fo all es s o he AC o-g CG he es slabs we e
made. Specimens o s i ness modulus and low empe a-
u es cha ac e is ics de e mina ion es we e cu using a
ci cula saw wi h a diamond blade.
Table 3. Composi ion o po ous asphal mix u e
Componen Pe cen age
by weigh
Recommended
% by weigh 1
Agg ega e ac ion 8/11 91.9 om 91.2 o 92.2
Limes one ille 3.3 4.0
Bi uminous binde 50/70 4.5 om 3.6 o 4.6
Fibe s TOPCEL 0.3 0.2
To al 100.0 100.0
No e: 1 – hese quan i ies a e ecommended by EucoDensi Densiphal
Handbook o 2004 and Wu and Zhang (2011).
Table4.Composi ion o illing g ou
Componen % by weigh
Sand ac ion 0.063/0.5 20.4
Limes one ille 20.4
Cemen 40.8
Wa e 8.2
Supe plas i icise Soic a 10.2
To al 100.0
Fig.2. The esea ch scheme o AC o-g CG and common asphal
mix u es cha ac e is ics
320 P. Cihacko a e al. Pe o mance Cha ac e is ics o he Open-G aded Asphal ...
4.Analysis o he expe imen al esea ch
4.1.S i ness modulus
Measu emen s o he s i ness modulus we e pe o med on
i e es specimens, which we e made om ACo-gCG. The
es empe a u e was 15 °C and loading equencies a ied
om 5Hz o 25Hz. Acco ding o Uddin (2003) he na u al
equency o he pa emen oscilla ion is be ween 6−12Hz.
The design alue was se in acco dance wi h Czech Tech-
nical Guidelines TP 170 Na ho ání ozo ek pozemních
komunikací [Pa emen Design] o 15°C and equency o
loading − o 10Hz. The es esul s a e p esen ed in Fig.3.
The es esul s showed, ha he s i ness modulus o
he AC o-g CG a he ange o na u al pa emen condi ion is
7980 MPa. This alue complies wi h he equi emen s o he
asphal mix u e s i ness modulus acco ding o he Czech
Na ional Annex (Pe o mance App oach) o he s anda d
EN13108-1:2006. In compa ison wi h o he mix u es,
which a e commonly used in he Czech Republic in u ban
a eas o wea ing cou ses and binde cou ses, he s i ness
modulus o he AC o-g CG is he highes a all equencies.
The ela ionship be ween s i ness modulus o he
AC o-g CG and empe a u e is p esen ed in Fig.4. Fo
he pu pose o mo e ex ensi e e alua ion o he mix u es,
selec ed pa ame e s o he common asphal mix u es wi h
di e en binde s a e also included in Fig.4.
S i ness modulus o AC o-g CG a 40 °C was
4012MPa and i was he highes o all compa ed mix u es.
Fig.3 shows ha he AC o-g CG does no exhibi such a
high empe a u e in luence as in he case o asphal mix-
u es. This is due o he p esence o he cemen mo a .
Such p ope y is ad an ageous especially a he highe
empe a u es when he AC o-g CG exhibi s high s i ness
and he e o e he lowes endency owa ds o ma ion o
he pe manen de o ma ions ( u ing).
4.2.Low empe a u e c acking and p ope ies
by The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes
Table 6 shows a compa ison o low empe a u e cha ac-
e is ics o he AC o-g CG and he selec ed commonly
used asphal mix u es wi h di e en binde s.
The The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes
showed ha AC o-g CG empe a u e o ailu e ( os
c ack) was –11.2 °C. In compa ison wi h o he ypes
o asphal mix u es, he empe a u e o ailu e was 36%
highe han he a e age o all mix u es. The highes s ess
a ailu e was 5.03MPa lowe han he a e age o all
compa ed mix u es. P obably a low esis ance o os is
caused by low s ess elaxa ion o cemen g ou in low
empe a u es.
4.3.Wheel acking es
The wheel acking es s we e pe o med acco ding o he
s anda d EN 12697-22:2003+A1:2007 a 50 °C empe a-
u e using small de ice (ai condi ioning). Two pa ame e s
we e e alua ed acco ding o he s anda d:
WTSAIR = he inc emen o he u dep h, which is
calcula ed as an a e age alue a which he u dep h in-
c eases as a esul o epea ed mo emen o loading wheel
in a small es de ice, in mm/103 cycles.
PRDAIR = ela i e dep h o he u o he es ed asphal
mix u es a e N load cycles in a small es de ice, in %.
The esul s o he AC o-g CG wheel acking es and
a compa ison wi h he equi emen s o he s anda d alid
in he Czech Republic a e gi en in Table7. The measu ed
alue is an a e age o he esul s de e mined on wo slabs.
The es esul s showed ha he AC o-g CG pe o ms
ex emely well and complies wi h he equi emen s o he
s anda d − PRDAIR alue is 6 imes lowe and he WTSAIR
alue is 17.5 imes lowe han he equi emen o asphal
wea ing cou se.
4.4.Skid esis ance
Skid esis ance is in luenced especially by mac o ex u e and
mic o ex u e o pa emen su ace. When he mac o ex u e
and mic o ex u e inc eases, he skid esis ance also inc eases.
Mac o ex u e is a de ia ion om he ideal la su -
ace wi h speci ic dimensions o 0.5mm o 50mm co -
esponding o he wa eleng h o he hi d-oc a e bands
wi h an a e age wa eleng h o 0.5mm o 50mm. Mac o-
ex u e consis s o coa se and ine ac ions o agg ega es o
su ace ea men o conc e e pa emen s.
Table 5. Me hods o he expe imen al esea ch
P ope y Tes me hod by he Eu opean s anda d
S i ness modulus EN12697-26:2012 Bi uminous Mix u es. Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal − Pa 26: S i ness (Two Poin
Bending Tes on T apezoidal Specimens, 15°C, 5–25Hz)
Low empe a u e
cha ac e is ics
EN12697-46:2012 Bi uminous Mix u es. Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal − Pa 46: Low Tempe a u e
C acking and P ope ies by Uniaxial Tension Tes s (The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes )
Wheel acking es EN 12697-22:2003+A1:2007 Bi uminous Mix u es. Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal – Pa 2: Wheel T acking
(Small Size De ice on he Ai , 50°C)
Skid esis ance:
Mac o ex u e EN13036-1:2010 Road and Ai ield Su ace Cha ac e is ics. Tes Me hods – Pa 1: Measu emen
o Pa emen Su ace Mac o ex u e Dep h Using a Volume ic Pa ch Technique
Mic o ex u e EN13036-4:2011 Road and Ai ield Su ace Cha ac e is ics. Tes Me hods – Pa 4: Me hod
o Measu emen o Slip/Skid Resis ance o a Su ace: The Pendulum Tes

The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 321
Fig.3.The ela ionship be ween s i ness modulus o ACo-gCG and equency a empe a u e +15°C including a compa ison
wi h o he common asphal mix u es
No e: equi emen s o asphal conc e e acco ding o EN 13108-1:2006 Bi uminous Mix u es − Ma e ial Speci ica ions – Pa 1: Asphal Conc e e
(5500−9000MPa)
Fig. 4. The ela ionship be ween s i ness modulus o AC o-g CG and empe a u e a equency 10Hz including a compa ison
wi h o he common asphal mix u es
Table 6. The The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes p ope ies o AC o-g CG compa ed wi h he commonly used asphal mix u es
wi h di e en binde s
Mix u e
AC 16 50/70
(5.4%)
AC 16 50/70
(4.6%)
AC 16 PmB 10/40
(5.4%)
AC 16 PmB 10/40
(4.6%)
AC 16 PmB 25/55
(5.4%)
AC 16 PmB 25/55
(4.6%)
AC 16 PmB 45/80
(5.4%)
AC o-g CG
Max s ess a ailu e, MPa 3.80 2.87 3.78 2.72 4.08 2.31 4.89 1.45
Tempe a u e a ailu e, °C –21.30 –21.00 –17.00 –14.40 –17.60 –16.40 –21.20 –11.20
No e: he alue in pa en heses ep esen s he binde con en .
322 P. Cihacko a e al. Pe o mance Cha ac e is ics o he Open-G aded Asphal ...
MTD alue = he mean ex u e dep h, exp essed in
mm, es p ocedu e acco ding o he EN13036-1:2010.
The Czech Technical Guidelines TP 87 Na ho ání
úd žby a op a ne uhých ozo ek [Design o Main enance
and Repai o Flexible Pa emen s] and he Czech s anda d
ČSN736177:2009 Měření a Hodnocení P o ismyko ých
Vlas nos í Po chů Vozo ek [Measu ing and E alua ion o
he Skid Resis ance o Road Pa emen Su aces] we e used
o e alua e skid esis ance by measu ing he mean ex u e
dep h. The MTD alue was 0.89 mm, which alls in o he
i s le el o classi ica ion om i e-s age classi ica ion ( he
bes classi ica ion). This le el mus be ob ained on all oads
o he su ace o pa emen s in o de o be accep ed o he
se ice o he oad sec ion.
O he MTD alues o he di e en commonly used
su aces, aken om li e a u e, we e used o compa ison
in Fig.5.
These alues clea ly show ha he designed semi- igid
laye s pe o m qui e well in compa ison wi h he o he su -
aces.
Mic o ex u e is a de ia ion om he ideal la su -
ace wi h cha ac e is ic dimensions o less han 0.5mm
co esponding o he wa eleng hs o he hi d-oc a e
bands wi h an a e age wa eleng h o 0.5mm. The mic o-
ex u e is de e mined by he size and shape o he indi-
idual g ains o he agg ega e.
Pendulum Tes Value (PTV) = loss o ene gy as he
s anda d ubbe coa ed slide assembly slides ac oss he
es su ace and p o ides a s anda dized alue o skid
esis ance, es p ocedu e acco ding o he s anda d
EN13036-4:2011.
The alue o mic o ex u e was de e mined using
he B i ish pendulum es , whe e he PTV alue is de-
duc ed om a scale. To achie e highe accu acy, he
es was epea ed i e imes and he esul ing alue was
gi en as he a e age alue ounded o he nea es in e-
ge . Because he es was pe o med in a oom wi h a
con olled empe a u e (20±2) °C, no co ec ions o he
alue we e necessa y. Technical Guidelines TP 87 and
he s anda d ČSN736177:2009 we e used o e alua e
skid esis ance using he pendulum es . The de e mined
PTV alue was 63, which alls in o he second le el o
classi ica ion om i e-s age classi ica ion ( he second
bes classi ica ion).
5.Conclusions
The open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special ce-
men g ou showed be e esul s han he commonly used
asphal mix u es by s i ness and esis ance o pe manen
de o ma ion cha ac e is ics. Also, he specimen o his
ma e ial showed excellen skid esis ance esul s.
The open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special
cemen g ou showed be e esul s han common asphal
mix u es by hese cha ac e is ics:
−S i ness Modulus a 15 °C and 10 Hz − om 2.8%
o 41.2% highe ;
−S i ness Modulus a 40 °C and 10 Hz − om 1.35
imes o 3.33 imes highe ;
−P opo ional Ru Dep h − om 3.75 imes o 6.25
imes lowe ;
−Wheel T acking Slope − om 12.5 imes o 17.5
imes lowe .
Sligh ly p oblema ic is he open-g aded asphal con-
c e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou beha iou a low
empe a u es, which could be due o he ac ual composi-
ion o he illing g ou (eg he usage o cemen o a lowe
s eng h o he addi ion o esins). The The mal S ess Res-
ained Specimen Tes showed ha open-g aded asphal
conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou empe a u e o
ailu e ( os c ack) was 36% highe han he a e age o all
he mix u es.
Based on he e alua ion o he expe imen al esea ch
esul , he au ho s main ain ha he p oposed open-g a-
ded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou
complies wi h all he s anda d mechanical p ope ies
equi emen s. In addi ion, o he selec ed p ope ies (mos-
ly unc ional) we e also assessed in o de o be e un-
de s and he beha iou o he laye .
Table 7. The esul s o he wheel acking es o he AC o-g CG
and a compa ison wi h he equi emen s o he Czech Na ional
Annex (NA) o he s anda d ČSN EN 13108-1-NA:2006*
Pa ame e
Requi emen o AC
(wea ing cou ses)
Requi emen o AC
(binde laye s)
Requi emen o SMA
(wea ing cou ses)
AC o-g CG
PRDAIR, 10000, % 5 3 5 0.8
WTSAIR, mm/103
cycles 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.004
No e: * − ČSN EN 13108-1-NA:2006 As al o é směsi − Speci i-
kace p o ma e iály – Čás 1: As al o ý be on [Bi uminous Mix-
u es − Ma e ial Speci ica ions – Pa 1: Asphal Conc e e].
Fig.5.The compa ison o he AC o-g CG and o he MTD alues
o he mos commonly used su aces
The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 323
Acknowledgemen
The pape was suppo ed by Compe ence Cen es p og am
o Technology Agency o he Czech Republic (TACR),
P ojec No. TE01020168 Cen e o E ec i e and Sus ain-
able T anspo In as uc u e (CESTI).
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