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Selec ion o Li ing Mechanism o Small-Scale Cons uc ion P ojec : A
Compa a i e Me hod Based on Building Volume and an Au oma ed
Schedule
To ci e his a icle: Václa Venk bec and Michal B and ne 2019 IOP Con . Se .: Ea h En i on. Sci. 221 012092
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 221 (2019) 012092 IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012092
1
Selec ion o Li ing Mechanism o Small-Scale Cons uc ion
P ojec : A Compa a i e Me hod Based on Building Volume
and an Au oma ed Schedule
Václa Venk bec 1, Michal B and ne 1
1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ve eří 331/95, 602 00
B no, Czech Republic
[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . The selec ion o cons uc ion machine y o a p ojec is a e y impo an pa o he
cons uc ion p ocess. Rigo ous p epa a ion o cons uc ion is e y o en neglec ed in p ac ice
e en hough h ee i hs o he cons uc ion companies in he Czech Republic ope a e a p ices
ha lie below he sa e p icing h eshold. Fo small-scale buildings his a io is e en mo e
p onounced. This ac can be unde s ood as meaning ha he p ice o cons uc ion is
unde alued in such a way ha i also has a nega i e impac on cons uc ion sa e y. On he
o he hand, he selec ion o a li ing mechanism usually elies on he indi idual decision-
making capabili ies o he cons uc ion manage , and he decision is mos ly based on he
op ions ha a e locally a ailable. In such cases, he esul is o en ha he o al cos is
disp opo iona ely high and/o he li ing mechanism is o e sized. The p ope selec ion o he
main li ing mechanism o a p ojec depends on many ac o s and c i e ia, such as c ane
posi ion, load cha ac e is ics, economic c i e ia and he lexibili y o he schedule. E ec i e
li ing mechanism selec ion undamen ally depends on he de ini ion o he economic and
echnological c i e ia o each indi idual s uc u e a he beginning o he p ojec . This pape
p esen s an app oach de eloped by he au ho s o assess he sui abili y o a li ing mechanism
o small-scale cons uc ion wo k based on an au oma ed schedule in combina ion wi h he
olume o he s uc u e. A case s udy compa ing wo ypes o small sel -e ec ing c ane and a
mobile c ane is p esen ed in o de o p o e he use ulness o his me hod. The esul s include a
g aph om which he sui abili y o unsui abili y o each indi idual mechanism can be ound. A
cos cu e wi h a ansi ion poin depic ed o a ange o six small-scale s uc u es wi h
di e en building olumes is shown o each mechanism. A clea ansi ion poin was ound a
a building olume o 6030 m3.
1. In oduc ion
The issue o li ing mechanism selec ion is one o he c ucial pa s o he cons uc ion managemen
sec ion o he echnical p epa a ion phase o a cons uc ion p ojec , and i should be deal wi h be o e
cons uc ion begins. The selec ion o a sui able mechanism depends on many c i e ia, and on a wide
ange o bounda y condi ions. A p esen , he design and assessmen o a small li ing mechanism is
usually ca ied ou by he supplie himsel , o by he cons uc ion manage . The ime a ailable o bo h
o hese pa ies o make his assessmen is al eady limi ed, and he e o e he bounda y condi ions a e
only aken in o accoun o a limi ed ex en . The supplie ’s aim is o sell/ en hei p oduc s, so hey
may ha e eason o delibe a ely igno e he economic c i e ion. In p ac ice, he mos commonly used
me hod o selec ing a li ing mechanism is based on an assessmen o he weigh o loads, and he
Wo ld Mul idisciplina y Ea h Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2018)
IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 221 (2019) 012092 IOP Publishing
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dis ance hey need o each. The necessa y bounda y condi ions in his me hod a e he geo echnical
condi ions o he subsoil and he po en ial o collision wi h su ounding objec s, he plan o
anspo a ion and logis ics and he op ions o he e ec ion o he mechanism. When selec ing a
mechanism o a speci ic s uc u e, a a ie y o possibili ies can a ise when he e a e se e al ypes o
li ing mechanism and iden ical c i e ia. In hese cases, i is ad isable o selec om op ions based on
mul i-c i e ia me hods when e alua ing his decision-making p oblem.
Me hods o designing li ing mechanisms can be di ided in o wo g oups, namely me hods o
de e mining he mos sui able posi ion o a c ane on a cons uc ion si e, and me hods o he op imal
selec ion o a pa icula ype o li ing mechanism. The au ho s published pape [1] in which hey
de eloped a new algo i hm o he selec ion o a c ane posi ion on a cons uc ion si e. The algo i hm
ook in o accoun he geome ic cha ac e is ics o he c ane, he maximum hook heigh , echnical
shee s and o he cha ac e is ics. The ou pu was a g aphically p esen ed model wi h a ma hema ical
eco d o he indi idual s eps o he algo i hm. Two scena ios we e analyzed using an algo i hm wi hin
so wa e de eloped by he au ho s. In he pape [2], he au ho s p esen ed a me hodology o c ane
placemen on a cons uc ion si e. The me hod includes a ma ix o he selec ion o sui able, non-
con lic ing posi ions o he li ing mechanism. The me hodology was e i ied ia a s udy whe e a
e y hea y weigh ed c ane wi h 102 ons bea ing capaci y was assessed. The esul was he selec ion
o wo necessa y li ing mechanisms. O he au ho s p esen ed he a icle [3], whe e hey combined an
algo i hm o selec ing he op imal loca ion o a li ing mechanism, as well as selec ing a sui able
ype. A 3D model was c ea ed wi h zones ha de ine he placemen o loads and he al e na i e
loca ions o li ing mechanisms. The loads in he case s udy weighed be ween 1.1 and 5.4 ons. The
ou pu was demons a ed in a 3D c ane selec ion layou exp essing he op imal posi ion and a
isualiza ion o ime on he e ical axis (2D + ime). The second ca ego y o me hods can include a
pape p esen ed by he au ho s [4], in which da a ob ained om building manage s om se en
cons uc ion p ojec s we e used o iden i y he ac o s in luencing li ing mechanism deploymen
imes. The au ho s hen u ilized wo me hods, one based on neu al ne wo ks and he o he on gene ic
algo i hms, o model he necessa y ime. The esul was a p o en model ha showed be e esul s
using he gene ic algo i hm. In he pape [5], he au ho s p esen ed a p edic i e model based on
nonlinea neu al ne wo ks and a linea eg ession model, whe e hey e alua ed 15 a iables in o de o
p edic he op imal esul o c ane deploymen ime. As a esul o he me hod compa ison, he neu al
ne wo k me hod was con i med o be mo e accu a e (accu acy ± 2%) han he eg ession model (+ 2%;
-8%).In he a icle [6], he au ho s p esen ed an op imiza ion model which was di ided in o he
ca ego ies o he ounda ion, design and p o ec ion agains wind e ec s o he c ane, and i s cos . The
c i e ion was he minimum o al cos . Howe e , his model does no wo k wi h speci ic load weigh s.
Va ious li ing mechanism design me hods and p ocedu es ha e been de eloped in he pas o
logis ics pu poses wi hin he Czech Republic. Pape [7] p esen ed a me hod using he indica o o he
olume o he ealized s uc u e pe uni o ime. In ano he a icle, he au ho s [8] p esen ed a e iew
o he me hods used in he design o he li ing mechanism. The numbe o c anes needed can be
de e mined by a me hod using he numbe o wo ke s whose ask equi es se icing by a c ane.
Howe e , he au ho s did no deal wi h he ype o c ane. The me hod using he indica o o building
olume pe uni o ime conside s how many m3 o building olume can be buil when one c ane pe
ime uni is used o supply he cons uc ion p ocess. Howe e , his me hod does no conside he ype
o c ane. Ano he me hod, which uses he weigh o he ans e ed ma e ial pe uni o ime, indica es
how many kN o ma e ial can be anspo ed by one c ane pe uni o ime. This me hod also does no
deal wi h c ane ype. The me hod using he olume indica o , o he weigh o c ucial ma e ials pe
uni o ime, is based on he olume o weigh o he c i ical anspo ma e ials o be anspo ed in a
gi en pe iod o ime. Ano he me hod o c ane design based on he s anda d du a ion o c ane-se iced
p ocesses deals wi h he de e mina ion o s anda d imes o c ane-se iced ac i i ies, om which he
du a ion o hese ac i i ies can hen be de e mined. I is a me hod o de e mining he numbe o
Wo ld Mul idisciplina y Ea h Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2018)
IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 221 (2019) 012092 IOP Publishing
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mechanisms. The me hod o es ima ing he equi ed c ane deploymen ime assumes ha 80% o he
ma e ial on he cons uc ion si e will be anspo ed by he c ane: his me hod wo ks ia he
de e mina ion o he densi y o he s uc u e. The me hod, which u ilizes he heo y o mass con ol, is
based on he p ecise modelling o he mo emen s o indi idual li ing mechanisms in h ee basic
g oups. The i s g oup conside s ac i i ies equi ing ull c ane ime capaci y, he second con ains
ac i i ies equi ing pa ial c ane capaci y and he hi d only has ac i i ies wi h unusual li ing
mechanism equi emen s. The nex a icle [9] ook he size o he cons uc ion p ojec in o accoun
using p ede ined schedules. The me hod deals mainly wi h ela ed p ocesses and he associa ed
du a ion and echnological con inui y o subsidia y cons uc ion p ocesses. This me hodology has no
been e i ied ia any case s udy ye .
2. Me hods
F om he abo e-men ioned e e ences i can gene ally be in e ed ha he au ho s ocused mainly on
ela i ely la ge s uc u es. The algo i hms a e based p ima ily on neu al ne wo ks and gene ic
algo i hms, whe e he la ge combina ion o possible solu ions plays a key ole in he decision p oblem.
O , on he o he hand, hey a e based on mass and olume cha ac e is ics and do no conside a choice
o se e al mechanisms, ins ead ocusing on he assessmen o a mechanism ha has al eady been
selec ed. Small buildings a e neglec ed in he con ex o li ing mechanism deploymen , and he e is
also a gap in he li e a u e.
2.1. A compa a i e me hod based on building olume and an au oma ed schedule
The compa a i e me hod is al eady used in p ac ice. This is he mos commonly used me hod on si e,
and i s use is based on he expe ience o he gi en manage ha ’s in cha ge. The p inciple o he
me hod is o compa e mechanisms in e ms o o al cos s, which depend on he ime u iliza ion o he
mechanism in ela ion o he asks on he schedule. The compa a i e me hod becomes p oblema ic i
he compa ison is limi ed due o hei only being a small ange o al e na i es. This occu s due o a
lack o ime equi ed o he calcula ion o he limi ed abili y o he cons uc ion manage o wo k wi h
analy ical da a and algo i hms. This was he eason o he c ea ion o a ange o models o small
cons uc ion si es ea u ing s uc u es wi h di e en olumes. The p e equisi e o using he p esen ed
me hod is i s use in small-scale s uc u es unde he pa icula bounda y condi ions se ou below. An
impo an ac is ha he p esen ed me hod does no conside he selec ion o he op imal loca ion o
he li ing mechanism on he cons uc ion si e. The op imal loca ion should be esol ed by ano he
me hod in he p e ious s ep ia a sui able enginee ing design o es ima ion. The pu pose o he me hod
is o de e mine a e e ence cons uc ion which can be used in combina ion wi h olume cha ac e is ics
o u he de ine a ange o o he s uc u es o di e en sizes. These can subsequen ly be used on an
analogous basis o he e alua ion o o he simila s uc u es.
2.2. De e mina ion o gene al condi ions
Gene al condi ions we e se o he p oposed me hod. These condi ions mus be assessed and aken
in o accoun be o e applying he me hod o , whe e app op ia e, he easons o no aking he
condi ions in o accoun should be desc ibed. The condi ions a e:
 ime condi ions
 he economic c i e ion
 he maximum possible load capaci y o he conside ed mechanism
 he maximum possible ange o he conside ed mechanism
 he sui able e ical handling space
 he si e plan (ho izon al) handling space a ailable o he mechanism
2.3. De e mina ion o he bounda y condi ions o a pa icula s uc u e (e.g. an apa men building)
and he assessed li ing mechanism
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 The hyd aulic a m o he mobile c ane being conside ed se es only as a li ing
mechanism. When using a hyd aulic a m moun ed on a uck, he machine is no used o
o - oad anspo a ion.
 The small sel -e ec ing c ane will be deployed on he cons uc ion si e o he en i e
cons uc ion pe iod, while he hyd aulic mobile c ane will only be a he si e o ce ain
impo an ope a ions equi ing i ems o be mo ed using machine y.
 The compa ison o he e e ence s uc u e and de i ed s uc u es is pe o med ia
pe cen ages. This means ha he e e ence s uc u e co esponds o a building olume o
100%. The de i ed s uc u es a e di ided in s eps o ei he 25% o 50% (e.g. 50%, 75%,
125%, 150%, 200%o he building olume), which also co esponds o he numbe o
apa men s in he building.
 All o he es ed buildings ha e he same cons uc ion sys em, and a e buil om he same
ma e ials and using he same cons uc ion echnique.
 Only ca cass s uc u e asks on he e e ence and de i ed s uc u es a e compa ed wi h
each o he
 The selec ed numbe o la s om x1 o x
n linea ly co esponds o he olume o he
s uc u eV1 o Vn [m3].
 The assump ion o he cos o en ing, anspo ing and ins alling he selec ed li ing
mechanisms depends on he loca ion o he cons uc ion si e and he ele an p ices o he
nea es possible supplie .
 The o al cos does no include he cos s o ma e ials and hei anspo a ion o he si e.
 The ma e ial is eady o be mo ed on-si e by bo h o he compa ed mechanisms. The
deli e y ime o he ma e ial o he cons uc ion si e is neglec ed because he deli e y ime
o he ma e ial o he conside ed mechanisms is iden ical.
 The compa ed mechanism deploymen s a e only conside ed o he pu pose o anspo ing
ma e ials on-si e om he place o deposi o hei inal posi ion wi hin he s uc u e.
 The maximum weigh o one load is 1300 kg.
 In he schedules o he deploymen o he mechanisms, he minimum uni o ime is 1
hou , and he wo k shi is 8 hou s.
3. Resul s and discussions
To e i y he sui abili y o a new compa a i e me hod based on s uc u e olume and an au oma ed
schedule, da a om he cons uc ion o a poly unc ional building in he own o O oko ice in he
Czech Republic was used. This building will se e as a e e ence s uc u e o he pu pose o he
ollowing calcula ions - i.e., i s olume o 5200 m3will be conside ed o be“100%”.The o he assessed
objec s wi h di e en olumes a e de i ed and se e only as models o he compa ison o he wo
ypes o mechanism in o de o choose he mos sui able a ian . The e is a gene al assump ion ha
he e is a di e ence in use be ween he wo compa ed mechanisms. The sel -e ec ing c ane will
emain on he cons uc ion si e h oughou he cons uc ion phase o he selec ed s age, while he
hyd aulic mobile c ane (o a small mobile c ane) will only be p esen on si e du ing he execu ion o
key c i ical p ocesses, such as hose ela ed o mason y o o mwo k, he p epa a ion o ein o cemen ,
e c. In o de o calcula e he economic ad an age o each mechanism o s uc u es wi h di e en
olumes, i was necessa y o i s selec he mechanisms and de e mine hei cos s, which can be seen
om Table 1.The cos o elec ici y was calcula ed on he basis o he Czech ene gy supplie ’s p ice
lis a 0.15EUR pe kWh: he sel -e ec ing c ane consumes 160 kWh pe day o elec ici y. All
amoun s a e con e ed om CZK cu ency o EUR a he exchange a e 1EUR = 26CZK.A Liebhe
35K sel -e ec ing owe c ane was selec ed o he esea ch, along wi h a Te exDemagAC 25 Ci y
hyd aulic mobile c ane. The speci ic ypes o mechanisms can be changed as needed based on local
a ailabili y.

Wo ld Mul idisciplina y Ea h Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2018)
IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 221 (2019) 012092 IOP Publishing
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Table 1. Cos s o indi idual ypes o mechanisms
Ren
[EUR / day]
P ice o
ins alla ion
Cos o
ope a ing he
machine
[EUR / day]
Cos o el.
ene gy
[EUR / day]
Cos s o a sel -e ec in
g
c ane 42.308 769.231 75.385 24.000
Cos s o a mobile
c ane 215.385
pa o he
en al p ice 70.769
pa o he
en al p ice
Subsequen ly, a e calcula ing he cos s, i is necessa y o de e mine he numbe o days when he
sel -e ec ing c ane will be used and when he mobile c ane will be p esen on he cons uc ion si e.
This mus be done by a compe en enginee o cons uc ion manage wi h expe ience in o ganizing
such a cons uc ion p ojec . The numbe o wo king days can be de e mined om schedules gene a ed
om scheduling so wa e. Fi s , a schedule o he e e ence s uc u e can be c ea ed acco ding o he
ules o scheduling. To de e mine he du a ion o wo k on he de i ed s uc u es, mul iply he
e e ence du a ion o he ac i i ies by he ac o o he building olume. Fo ins ance, a s uc u e wi h
a olume o 150% o he o iginal olume would be mul iplied by 1.5. All o he de i ed s uc u es
we e calcula ed in his manne . Pauses in cons uc ion o echnical easons a e he same o all
s uc u es. In gene al, i can be de e mined ha he cons uc ion ime does no g ow linea ly wi h he
building olume. The nonlinea i y o he ela ionship be ween s uc u e olume and he du a ion o
cons uc ion is shown in Figu e 1, om which he o al cons uc ion ime o each de i ed cons uc ion
is isible.
Figu e 1. Non-linea i y o he ela ionship be ween building olume and cons uc ion ime
The numbe o wo king days was de e mined o he sel -e ec ed c ane o each s uc u e. The
numbe o wo king days was de e mined o he hyd aulic mobile c ane by selec ing he speci ic asks
in he cons uc ion schedule in which he mobile c ane pa icipa es. These include mason y p ocesses,
lin el assembly, o mwo k p ocesses, ein o cemen p epa a ion, e c. Rega ding he use o a c ane, i is
conside ed ha ope a ing and ene gy cos s will only be incu ed on wo king days. The cos s o each
s uc u e a e summa ized in he compa a i e Figu e 2 and Table 2. The numbe o he e e ence
s uc u e is ma ked wi h a ci cle in he ba cha in Figu e 2. Table 2 shows he di e ence in cos s
be ween he c ane and he mobile c ane: om 50% o 100% o he e e ence olume i is economically
mo e ad an ageous o use he mobile c ane, while he opposi e is ue o a olume ha is 125% o
Wo ld Mul idisciplina y Ea h Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2018)
IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 221 (2019) 012092 IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012092
6
200% o he e e ence olume – in his case he economic ad an age o he sel -e ec ed c ane is
shown. Fo a be e unde s anding o he calcula ions and esul s, ano he ype o cha was chosen,
om which i is possible o ead he olume a which one may heo e ically conside he wo ypes o
mechanism o ha e he same cos . F om Figu e 3 he di e ences be ween he wo mechanisms can be
de i ed om he cou se o hei cos cu es.
Figu e 2. Cos compa ison o li ing mechanisms o di e en s uc u es
Figu e 3. Cos cu es o li ing mechanisms o each s uc u e, wi h he ansi ion poin ma ked in ed
Wo ld Mul idisciplina y Ea h Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2018)
IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 221 (2019) 012092 IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012092
7
Table 2. Wo king days and cos s o he compa ed mechanisms o di e en s uc u es
Building
olume
No. o o al
wo king days
acco ding o
au oma ed
schedule
Sel -e ec ed
c ane
No. o
wo king
days
Sel -e ec ed
c ane
Cos s
[EUR]
Sel -e ec ed
c ane
el. ene gy
consump ion
[kWh]
Hyd aulic
mobile c ane
No. o
wo king
days
Hyd aulic
mobile c ane
Cos s
[EUR]
Cos
Di e ence
[c ane
Minus
mobile
c ane]
50% 64 45 7949.231 7200 22 6295.385 1653.846
75% 76 54 9351.385 8640 28 8012.308 1339.077
100% 87 61 10512.462 9760 32 9156.923 1355.538
125% 101 71 12098.615 11360 44 12590.769 -492.154
150% 116 82 13826.462 13120 52 14880.000 -1053.538
200% 149 105 17508.462 16800 79 22606.154 -5097.692
4. Conclusions
A new compa a i e me hod o c ane ype selec ion based on s uc u e olume and an au oma ed
schedule was p esen ed in his pape . The p esen ed s udy has shown ha in his pa icula case, a
hyd aulic mobile c ane, which will only be p esen on he cons uc ion si e on some days, is he
op imal choice o he e e ence cons uc ion. Fo an objec ha is wice as la ge as he olume o he
e e ence cons uc ion i is ad an ageous o use a sel -e ec ing c ane, which will be p esen on he
cons uc ion si e h oughou he cons uc ion phase. The calcula ion se es as a calcula ion model o
his me hod ha can be applied o di e en ypes o s uc u es unde iden ical o o he bounda y
condi ions. By selec ing o he bounda y condi ions (cos o mechanisms, cons uc ion echnique, e c.)
a di e en mechanism can be selec ed. In p ac ice, his calcula ion model can be used by he
con ac o o decide which ype o mechanism will be economically bene icial o him. The con ac o
simply en e s his own inpu da a in o he calcula ion. Fu u e esea ch op ions include he algo i hm o
selec ing he op imum posi ion o he li ing de ice wi hin he cons uc ion si e, o ins ance h ough
me hods such as neu al ne wo ks o gene ic algo i hms. This would be combined wi h a digi al 3D
model o he building and cons uc ion si e using Building In o ma ion Modelling (BIM) and wi h he
aid o wha a e e med "Ac i e BIM" sys ems [10] whe e, using he 3D model and he in o ma ion
con ained he ein, an "ac i e" compu a ional algo i hm can be added, based on ei he ma hema ical o
heu is ic op imiza ion me hods.
Acknowledgmen s
The esea ch and esul s p esen ed in his a icle we e achie ed wi h he suppo o he Minis y o
Indus y and T ade o he Czech Republic p ojec TRIO, No. FV10078, and wi h he inancial suppo
o S anda d In e nal G an No. FAST-S-18-5286, which was p o ided by B no Uni e si y o
Technology.
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