MAPPING THE INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
OF CITIES AND REGIONS
Flo inda Ma os
Ins i u o Supe io de Ges ão e Adminis ação de San a ém, Po ugal
Val e Vai inhos
ICLab - In ellec ual Capi al Acc edi a ion Associa ion - ICAA - San a ém, Po ugal
ABSTRACT
Con empo a y ci ies o egions ha e complex challenges ha equi e ongoing moni o ing enabling in elligen answe s in an
app op ia e pe iod o ime.
The e a e many s udies ha indica e ha his moni o ing should ake in o accoun no only he angible asse s, bu also he
asse s o in ellec ual capi al. Se e al au ho s conside ha hese a e he asse s ha a e c ucial ei he in sus ainable inno a ion
p ocesses ei he in he p ocess o de eloping he necessa y epu a ion o building s ong b ands, able o a ac alen ed people and
in es men s.
Based on he li e a u e e iew and p elimina y s udies ha compa e he me ics o e alua ing he in ellec ual capi al o
companies wi h he in ellec ual capi al o he coun ies, his pape p esen s a heo e ical model suppo ing he audi ing and he mapping
o in ellec ual capi al managemen o ci ies and egions.
This p ocess is based on he c ea ion o senso s o moni o ing he in ellec ual capi al and on he e alua ion o how hese a e
managed so as o suppo he decision making o he decision-make s and economic policy-make s.
Wi h his pape we in end o b oaden he discussion on he impo ance o he decision make s o he s a egies o ci ies o
egions o suppo hei choices on c i e ia ha ake in o accoun he asse s o in ellec ual capi al.
Keywo ds: ci ies, egions, in ellec ual capi al.
INTRODUCTION
The aim o his explo a o y wo k is o iden i y and cha ac e ize possible in es iga ion lines ela ed wi h he p oblem o egional
IC (ci ies and egions) o be explo ed in u u e wo k. F om he li e a u e e iew – see pa 1 – i is no en i ely clea wha a e he ela ions
be ween he IC o en i ies a dis inc le els o e i o ial o ganiza ion, al hough i is in ui i ely appealing o conside , o example, ha
he IC om an en e p ise is a unc ion (wha unc ion?) om he IC o pe sons ha composes ha en e p ise and ha he IC o a ci y
mus conside ( how? ) no only he IC om he en e p ises, o he o ganiza ions and ins i u ions ha in eg a e he ci y, bu also he IC
o he people connec ed in o he ways wi h he ci y- no being en i ely clea i he de ini ions should be he same, independen o le el,
and i i s meaning is in a ian h ough he hie a chy o uni s. This kind o ques ions is he objec o pa 2 o he pape . In pa 3 we
explo e ques ions associa ed wi h a possible me hodology o use when we come up wi h he need o speci y a sys em capable o helping
in he de elopmen and managemen o he IC o speci ic e i o ial uni s (ci y, egion, me opoli an a ea...). Wha a e he ele an
concep s? Is he e a se o concep ual componen s use ul o his and in a ian wi h he le el o uni s? Wha mus be he na u e o a
possible IC mapping o a speci ic uni ? How can ha IC mapping be moni o ed and upda ed? This is he mo e specula i e pa o he
pape and mus be seen as an e o in eg a ed in an ongoing ask, an explo a o y wo k and no as a inished wo k. Pa 4 – conclusions
– p esen s he main indings o his explo a o y wo k.
1 - LITERATURE REVIEW
The mac oeconomic esea ches on in ellec ual capi al ha e eme ged in he ea ly 2000s. Resea che s and some go e nmen s
(pa icula ly he Danish and he Du ch) ealized ha i was impo an o know and measu e he in ellec ual capi al o coun ies, egions
and ci ies.
Some o hese s udies ha e had a majo impac on he ecogni ion o he impo ance o measu ing in ellec ual capi al a mac o-
le el. The main pu pose o hese s udies on in ellec ual capi al is o p oduce guidance on economic de elopmen (e.g. And iessen &
S am, 2004). Howe e , i has o en been men ioned ha he models o measu ing in ellec ual capi al, adap ed om business models,
ha e many laws (e.g. S åhle & S åhle, 2012; Lazuka, 2012).
I we analyse he models o in ellec ual capi al applied o ci ies o smalle u ban uni s (e.g. illages), we ind ha he e is e en
less li e a u e. Usually, we conside wo app oaches: he i s one, based on he measu emen o in ellec ual capi al o companies as
p oposed by Ed insson and Malone (1997); he second one, based on he mac o-le el o coun ies.
The e a e some app oaches o he subjec o in ellec ual capi al applied o ci ies, in pa icula : Ca illo (2004) s udied he
knowledge ci ies, iden i ying h ee ypes o capi al (human capi al, me a-capi al and ins umen al capi al).
Viedma (2003) p oposed a me hodology (CICBS - Ci ies' In ellec ual Capi al Benchma king Sys em), a me hodology o
measu e in ellec ual capi al o ci ies, consis ing o wo models: a model o med by he ision, esou ces, skills and indica o s, based on
“Skandia Na iga o ”, and ano he ha iden i ies he mic o-clus e s o he ci y.
Rod íguez e al. (2004) de eloped a model o he in ellec ual capi al o he Mad id egion based on he “In ellec us model”,
wi h i e a iables o egional capi al: human, o ganiza ional, echnological, social and inancial-economic.
Bossi e al. (2005) adap ed o he ci ies, he me hodology o in ellec ual capi al in he public sec o . Acco ding o Schiuma e
al. (2008), ci y’s compe i i eness depends on i s inno a ion capaci y. Au ho s di ided ci y’s knowledge capi al in o he ou ca ego ies:
human, ela ional, s uc u al and social.
Boun ou (2005) also in es iga ed he in ellec ual capi al o he Eu opean Union coun ies, using a measu emen model a he
mac oeconomic le el.
Schiuma, Le o & Ca lucci (2008) used he “Regional In ellec ual Capi al Index” (RICI) o c ea e a se o indica o s o egions.
López e al. (2008) p oposed a model applied o 25 egions o he Eu opean Union.
S åhle and Boun ou (2008) ha e sough o unde s and he impac o in ellec ual capi al in he economy. These au ho s used
ele an mac oeconomic indica o s o 51 coun ies and showed ha indica o s ela ed o in ellec ual capi al ha e di e en impac s on
he GDP o a coun y and on i s economic g ow h. They a ibu e hese di e ences o he di e en s ages o economic de elopmen .
Co ado e al. (2009) used models de eloped o he mac oeconomic le el in o de o a emp o es ima e he weigh o
in angible asse s in he U.S. economy.
To Cab i a and Cab i a (2010), he mos impo an ac o s in luencing ci ies in ellec ual capi al a e he ope a ions o c ea i e
indus ies. They di ided he c ea i e indus ies esou ces in o ou ca ego ies: human, ins i u ional, o ganiza ional, physical and social.
E gazakis and Me axio is (2011) p esen ed he “KnowCis 2.0 me hodology”, a me hodology p oposed o he o mula ion o
a Knowledge Ci ies s a egy.
Al a o, López and Ne ado (2013) p esen ed he MEICC, a heo e ical model o measu e and e alua e he ci ies in ellec ual
capi al. Be o e his au ho s had p esen ed a model o measu e na ional in ellec ual capi al (Al a o, López & Ne ado, 2011a) and a model
o es ima ion o in ellec ual capi al in he Eu opean Union (Al a o, López & Ne ado 2011b).
The e a e o he s udies ha ha e anked he ci ies, o example, he s udy by P icewa e houseCoope s (2012) and he s udies
o Me ce Human Resou ce Consul ing (2010) and Me ce 's Loca ion E alua ion and Quali y o Li ing Repo (2015). These s udies
ha e akings o ci ies based on some ecognized indica o s o in ellec ual capi al.
Acco ding o some au ho s (e.g. And iessen & S am, 2004) i was no necessa y o de elop new models o mac o-measu emen
o in ellec ual capi al, since he concep o in ellec ual capi al was ans e able om a mic o-le el (en e p ise) o a mac o-le el.
This app oaches conside he s a is ical ela ionship be ween he a ious componen s o in ellec ual capi al and he le el o
economic de elopmen o he egion o ci y and he in ellec ual capi al is de ined as in angible a ibu es o he egion's esiden s,
businesses, ins i u ions, o ganiza ions, public s uc u es, communi ies and adminis a i e uni s,, ha ep esen he iden i y o he egion
and which a e po en ial sou ces o u u e imp o emen and economic g ow h.
2 – REGIONAL IC – A MULTILEVEL PERSPECTIVE
The e i o ial uni s ha a e he objec o IC o m a na u al hie a chical s uc u e whose le els a e: pe son, o ganiza ion, ci y,
me opoli an a ea, egion, na ion and s a e; jus o men ion he main le els.
The concep o IC makes sense o all he a o emen ioned uni s and is use ul as a subjec o s udy, economic and poli ical
decision. A legi ima e me hodological ques ion is o know i he de ini ion o IC o be used wi h he uni s a dis inc le els o he
hie a chy – and he co esponding obse a ion, measu emen and s a is ical me hods – mus accoun o he le els o should/can be he
same.
Some imes – see o example Na a o e al (2014) and Viedma (2013) - he p oblem is no he hie a chical ela ions be ween
uni s bu he ac ha i is necessa y o compa e/benchma k o associa e uni s o he same hie a chical le el, belonging o dis inc
geog aphical places o ha ing economical o echnological dis inc s a us: he ques ion o compa abili y o isomo phism be ween simila
uni s.
Con a y o wha happens wi h o he domains – o example s uden s’ e alua ion in educa ional science, heal h and beha io al
science – in he IC consul ed li e a u e we did no no ice simila o mal conce ns abou he consequences o he hie a chical na u e o
uni s o he s a is ical me hodologies. Fo example, i he s uden s a e g ouped in classes and he classes a e g ouped in schools, he
ea u es o classes and schools mus coun in he explana ion o a e age classi ica ions ob ained by s uden s. See, o example, Golds ein
(1987, 2003), Leyland e al (2001).
Speci ically, suppose we ha e wo uni s belonging o he le els l and l + 1. Fo example: l o Ci y (C) and l + 1 o Region
(R). Is IC (R) he sum o he IC (Ci) o all ci ies Ci (i=1…nc) belonging o he egion R? I is clea ha IC o he egion mus be some
unc ion o IC o i s ci ies, bu wha kind o unc ion? On he o he hand, i seems also clea ha his unc ion mus be comple ed wi h
he con ibu ion o some o he in angibles, when we pass, say, om he le el o ci y o he le el o egion.
Le us illus a e his kind o p oblem wi h an example in ol ing he concep o NIC - Na ional In ellec ual Capi al – see Lin e
al (2011), and he concep o EIC – En e p ise In ellec ual Capi al as p oposed by Ma os e al (2013).
Acco ding o Lin e al (2011), NIC is ob ained g ouping in 5 componen s he 29 indica o s desc ibed in able 3.1 o Lin e al
(2011). The da a used by Lin e al (2011), can be seen in able Lin e al (2011). Those componen s a e HC - Human Capi al; MC -
Ma ke Capi al; PC - P ocess Capi al; FC - Finance Capi al; RC - Renewal Capi al.
On he o he hand, acco ding wi h Ma os e al (2009), da a om a andom sample o 100 i ms was ob ained using a
ques ionnai e o med by 97 indica o s, measu ed in a Like scale o 5 alues. Those measu emen s we e agg ega ed in i e (I, II, III,
IV, V) a iables o quad an s ha p e ious s udies had shown o be he adequa e. The esul is a da a se whose ows co espond o 100
ows and i e columns, co esponding o he quad an s: I, II, III, IV, V.
Employing he same me hodology (p incipal componen s/biplo s) o analyze bo h da a se s, we came up wi h wo plo s (biplo s)
wi h a simila s uc u e. See igu es 1 and 2.
As can be seen, al hough he wo plo s we e ob ained ou o wo da a se s cons uc ed wi h da a esul ing om obse ing uni s
a dis inc le els o he hie a chy (Coun ies I, he case o Liu e al (2011) and En e p ises in he case o Ma os e al (2009) ), belonging
o dis inc eali ies, he s uc u e o he cons uc s is e y simila .
Figu e Nº1 - Biplo o 40 coun ies
Fi e quad an s (I, II,…V)
Figu e Nº2 - Biplo o 100 i ms obse ed
on 5 quad an s HC, MC,…RC
We can see ha a iable MC_S (Sco e o Ma ke Capi al) in he plo 1 co esponds o quad an IV, app oxima ely wi h he
same meaning; PC_S (Sco e o P ocess Capi al) co esponds o quad an III (app oxima ely wi h he same meaning) in he second plo .
This simila i y seems o anscend he opological s uc u e and o ouch he seman ic le el; i would jus i y he hypo hesis
o mula ion ha i is possible o use he same de ini ion o IC bo h o En e p ises and Coun ies.
This example is, possibly - depending on hypo hesis alida ion- an illus a ion o he p oblem o mula ed in Tay e al (2014):
is he e, in his case, e idence o he p esence o an isomo phism be ween he de ini ion o IC o uni s o dis inc hie a chical le els?
How o de ine and alida e such isomo phism using a mix o obse a ional and andom da a?
Fo a simila kind o p oblem – now ela ed wi h possible isomo phisms o egions – see
h p://s3pla o m.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/ egional-benchma king- ool whe e i is possible, using he Eu opean Sma Specializa ion Pla o m
o ind, online, e e ence egions based on s uc u al simila i ies. See also Na a o e al (2014).
3 – REGIONAL IC – COMPONENTS OF SENSORIAL SYSTEM
Rela ed wi h he p oblems o de elopmen o IC o ci ies and egions – o o he e i o ial uni s o he hie a chic s uc u e
men ioned in he p e ious pa – comes he p ac ical ques ion o speci ying in o ma ion sys ems o suppo bo h he de elopmen and
he managemen o such p ocesses. Is i be possible o ob ain a common s uc u e –independen ly o le el – o an in o ma ion sys em
ha suppo s IC mapping and decision asks connec ed wi h he de elopmen o IC o a ci y o egion? Wha should be he goals and
main building blocks o use in he speci ica ion o such sys ems?
In wha ollows, we use as an inspi ing pa adigm he biological coun e pa o o ma ion and de elopmen o a human onscience
(“Sel ”), as seen in Damásio (2010). We belie e ha he i s condi ion o speak abou a ci y o egion capi al in ellec ual (RIC) is he
exis ence o a sense o belonging o membe ship o he ci y o egion, sha ed by almos all i s inhabi an s, poli ical co ps, o ganiza ions
and o he ins i u ions. The e mus be an in angible we could name Ci y o Region Iden i y. This “ eeling” o iden i y and belonging, is
some hing ha is buil along a mo e o less la ge pe iod o ime, based in consensus, nu u ed by sha ed alues, in e es s, cul u e,
language and a common his o y. All hose in angibles - ha we could name as collec i e Regional Iden i y - o m, in ou iew, he basis
sine qua non o a success ul de elopmen o a egional IC. This de elopmen p ocess seems o sha e wi h he de elopmen o a human
sel -consciousness, ou o a biological eali y, simila asks and p ocesses.
This app oach – o base in na u e he o mula ion and de elopmen o op imiza ion algo i hms and o he models – is no new.
To ci e only wo e y well-known examples, conside wha happened wi h he de elopmen o he compu a ional me hod known as
a i icial neu al ne wo ks - see o example (McCulloch e al, 1943) o (Haykin, 1999) - and he op imiza ion me hodology known as
Gene ic Algo i hms (Michalewicz, Z., 1995) gene alized o he concep o e olu iona y compu a ion, no o speak in he da a analysis
concep known as da a mining, o lea ning machines, sou ce o ecen new and e olu iona y concep s in s a is ics and da a d i en
science. Examining some o ecen esea ch, Damásio (2010) p oposes a model o sel -de elopmen o a human being and conscience
o ma ion ou o a biologic basis om which i is possible o abs ac some simila i ies wi h wha seems o happen in he p ocess o
de elopmen o a collec i e conscience, in which we ound he basis o he de elopmen o a RIC model.
In Johnson-Lai d (1987, 2010), we disco e he o mula ion, expe imen al e idence and p ac ical applica ion o he concep o
men al model ha seems o explain he way human beings beha e when easoning, simula ing in b ain - h ough ep esen a ions o
eali y known as men al models o images - he ace s o eali y ele an o he a ional decisions in speci ic domains.
As li ing o ganisms, ci ies and egions seek no only o su i e bu also o pe pe ua e i s exis ence de eloping as much as
possible he espec i e po en ial o imp o e he wel a e o hei espec i e inhabi an s.
The de elopmen and managemen o In ellec ual Capi al (IC) o a ci y o a egion should be seen in his con ex and no as an
end in i sel . View (S ewa , 1997).
The key issues o conside in he s a egic managemen o a ci y o egion o which he de elopmen o IC is needed a e ela ed
wi h he answe s o he ollowing ques ions:
1 - Wha makes people wan o isi o li e in he ci y o egion? (Why do hey come?)
2 - Wha makes people isi ing o li ing in a ci y o egion wan ing o s ay? (Why do hey s ay?)
3 - Wha makes cu en inhabi an s o isi o s eel hey would like o lea e he ci y o egion? (Why do hey lea e?)
The moni o ing o he sen imen s o people in ela ion o hese h ee ques ions is among he main unc ions o a sys em o
de elop and manage IC o a ci y o egion, meaning ha his is one o he main wo ld ep esen a ions o conside .
Ob iously, he popula ion sen imen s ha e unde lying economic issues such as employmen , wages, p ices le el, housing,
heal h, educa ion, communi y acili ies, quali y o li e, sa e y and access o cul u e, amily issues, and poli ical issues. Tha is, he ac
ha he ci y and he egion a ac and ix popula ion means o has unde lying he ac ha he ci y o egion has sa is ac o y and
compe i i e esponses (compa ed o o he al e na i es) o he ques ions asked. When one is led o conside he possibili y o mo ing,
do i long be o e he ac , using all he in o ma ion a ailable. Tha is, he ci y and he egion mus be able o p edic as ea ly as possible
be o e i s occu ence, he main changes expec ed, in wha a eas o ac i i y and hei espec i e causes, and, based in his ep esen a ion
o eali y, ake he necessa y s a egic ac ions. This can be done de eloping wha one could call a senso y sys em o he ci y o egion -
o ne ous sys em o he ci y - ha con inuously cap u es he ele an signals ha de e mine he eeling o he inhabi an s and o ecas s
he u u e sen imen o he popula ion o he h ee a i udes iden i ied, in luencing wha one migh call he IC o he egion o ci y. This
de elopmen is inspi ed by wha seems o happen wi h he human body and b ain in which a senso y sys em ha co e s he en i e body
cap u es he basic da a and o wa ds i o a cen al sys em whe e i is p ocessed. A pa icula ly impo an aspec o his p ocess appea s
o be associa ed wi h he cons uc ion o men al images - see (Kosslyn, 1996) and (Damásio, 2010) - o men al models - see (Johnson-
Lai d, 1983, 2010).
Many o he eac ions o he b ain o s imuli cap u ed by he senso s a e pu ely au oma ic and seem o implemen ules
embodied in biological ci cui s, lea ned h ough biological e olu ion, wi hou any easoning p ocess. See Damásio (2010). When
easoning, human mind ocus no on eal objec s om he ou side wo ld bu on dynamic ep esen a ions (images and men al models)
gene a ed by he b ain. As has been shown expe imen ally - see (Kosslyn, 1996) - hese images a e manipula ed ( o a ed, o example)
du ing he p ocess o easoning, as a esul o compu a ional p ocesses ha ac on hese images o o he ep esen a ions o he wo ld
s o ed in memo y.
Ha ing hese e e ences in mind, we hink ha he s uc u e o a senso y sys em o a ci y o egion could be speci ied using
he unc ions and so wa e coun e pa s o he co esponding human neu onal sys ems wi h he ollowing componen s: Senso s (S),
Rep esen a ions Gene a o s (RG), Rep esen a ions (R) and Memo y (M).
Senso s (S) - G aphical symbol: a ci cle. I s unc ion is o collec da a on a single aspec o eali y, cha ac e ized by a single-
a iable which may ha e one o mo e componen s. Each senso co esponds o a con inuous low o da a (da a s eam) ha will eed
one o mo e decision-making p ocesses. These da a can be ob ained di ec ly om he ou side wo ld o om p e-exis ing da a
eposi o ies- Memo y (Da abases). Fo example, a senso can cap u e he answe s o a ce ain ques ion in a ques ionnai e pe iodically
applied. Ano he senso can collec ex ual in o ma ion gene a ed andomly by ci izens using he espec i e mobile o epo acciden s,
assaul s, diso de s, complain s, e c; ano he example: selec ed ex s o he daily p ess may be collec ed by one o mo e senso s ha
ansmi hese aw da a o ep esen a ions gene a o s o poli ical sen imen s o public opinion.
Rep esen a ion Gene a o s (RG) - G aphical symbol: a diamond. Rep esen a ions gene a o s ecei e senso da a and implemen
speci ic s a is ical, op imiza ion, o he ma hema ical and simula ion models and o he algo i hms; also calcula e o upda e speci ic
ep esen a ions o he eal wo ld o speci ic decision p ocesses.
Rep esen a ions (R) - G aphical symbol: a ec angle. Ra ional decisions a e made easoning on ep esen a ions o he wo ld o
aking in o accoun he cu en s a e o he wo ld ep esen ed by hese dynamic ep esen a ions.
Memo y (M) - Rep esen ed by one o se e al da a bases o s o e he ele an knowledge abou he sys em and he wo ld.
Using hese componen s we can speci y in o ma ion sys ems wi h di ec ed g aphs such as he simple example o igu e 3. In
his kind o g aph, he exis ence o an a ch A  B means ha componen B uses in o ma ion supplied by componen A.
In he speci ic case o igu e 3, he sys em is composed by wo senso s (S1 and S2).
Figu e 3 - A sys em wi h wo senso s, wo ep esen a ions gene a o s, wo ep esen a ions (CI as an in e ac i e, dynamical,
concep ual map and CI as an in e ac i e, dynamic biplo ) and he memo y o sys em (da a base).
Assuming ha he unc ions o hese senso s a e: Senso 1 - o collec con inuously he answe s o people o ques ions o IC
om uni e si ies o a ce ain egion and Senso 2 - o collec con inuously he answe s o people wo king in i ms o ha egion o
ques ions o an IC ques ionnai e such as he one p oposed in Ma os e al (2009). The da a o Bo h da a s eams - a e some p elimina y
ans o ma ions - is supplied o wo specialized Rep esen a ions Gene a o s (RG1 and RG2) ha gene a e and upda e he wo wo ld
ep esen a ions R1 and R2 wi h which use s in e ac o decide. Jus as an example, suppose ha RG1 composes dynamic (con inuously
upda ed) and in e ac i e digi al plo s o concep s esul ing om he wo s eams gene a ed by S1 ( ep esen a ion R1) and S2 and ha

RG2 gene a es a dynamic in e ac i e concep ual map ( he ep esen a ion R2), also esul ing om he same da a (S1 and S2) bu c ea ed
by a dis inc algo i hm. The memo y o sys em is ep esen ed by one o se e al da a bases (DB1) o s o e he knowledge gene a ed by
he sys em and by he in e ac ion wi h use s: da a, s a es o sys em, e en s and decisions o use s.
4 – SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS
Wi h his explo a o y pape we ha e iden i ied some in es iga ion lines and concep s ha can guide u u e wo k in his domain:
1 - The ele ance o mul i-le el s a is ical me hodology o measu emen and concep ualiza ion o IC ela ing dis inc e i o ial
uni s.
2 - The ele ance o concep o isomo phism o compa e s uc u es o IC o uni s a dis inc le els o e i o ial o ganiza ion
and as an ins umen o heo e ical de elopmen .
3 - The ele ance o mode n de elopmen s in neu opsychology as an inspi ing model o speci ying in o ma ion sys ems o
de elopmen and managemen o egions and ci ies IC.
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