1
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
Syn he ic B owsing His o ies o
50 Coun ies Wo ldwide: Da ase s
o Resea ch, De elopmen , and
Educa ion
Dan Komosny 1 ✉ , Saeed U Rehman2 & Muhammad Sohaib Ayub3
B owsing his o ies can be a aluable esou ce o cybe secu i y, esea ch, and es ing. Indi iduals a e
o en eluc an o sha e hei b owsing his o ies online, and he use o pe sonal da a equi es ob aining
signed in o med consen . Resea ch shows ha anonymized his o ies can lead o e-iden i ica ion,
nulli ying he anonymi y p omised by in o med consen . In his wo k, we p esen 500 syn he ic
b owsing his o ies alid o 50 coun ies wo ldwide. The syn he ic his o ies a e compiled based on eal
b owsing da a using a se ies o ans o ma ion c i e ia, including websi e con en , popula i y, locali y,
and language, ensu ing hei alidi y o he espec i e coun ies. Each his o y main ains he o de o
webpage accesses and co e s a one-mon h pe iod. The mo i a ion o publishing his da ase a ises
om he communi y’s call o b owsing his o ies om di e en coun ies o esea ch, de elopmen ,
and educa ion. The published syn he ic b owsing his o ies can be used o any pu pose wi hou legal
es ic ions.
Backg ound & Summa y
The e is a common need o la ge public collec ions o b owsing his o ies o esea ch, educa ion, and de el-
opmen . Howe e , making a la ge se o eal b owsing his o ies online poses high isks o p i acy b eaches and
da a misuse. The e o e, s ic legal measu es a e in place o ensu e ha pe sonal da a a e p o ec ed. In o med
consen mus be signed by each pa icipan , which is p oblema ic in la ge numbe s and in e na ionally due o
di e en laws. In o med consen is common o ensu e he anonymi y o pa icipan s. This is an emp y p omise
as indi iduals can be e-iden i ied om anonymous b owsing his o ies.
Anonymi y Ques ioned. Su e al.1 p o ed ha anonymous b owsing his o ies can be used o e-iden i y
indi iduals. People commonly pos URL links on hei social media accoun s. URLs pos ed on a pe son’s X
accoun (p e iously known as Twi e ) we e used as he ecommenda ion se R. The au ho s assumed ha he use
had isi ed he links in he ecommenda ion se be o e hei pos ing online. The e o e, hese URLs a e also p esen
in he anonymous use his o y H. In he expe imen ca ied ou , 60 simula ed use s we e iden i ied by hei p o-
iles in 52 % o he cases using he maximum likelihood es ima e. O he me hods es ed we e he basic in e sec ion
size and he Jacca d index. The in e sec ion me hod linked a pe son’s his o y wi h he ecommenda ion se by mos
URLs p esen in | R∩H |. The Jacca d index was used o elimina e he e ec o he size o he ecommenda ion se
| H∩R | / | H∪R |. The me hods esul ed in 42 and 13 % o iden i ied use s, espec i ely. The esul s showed ha
he maximum likelihood es ima e ou pe o med he simple me hods. Deuße e al.2 showed ha gene aliza ion o
anonymize he da a does no wo k. The au ho s a emp ed o e-iden i y pe sons om anonymous b owsing da a
by a limi ed se o URLs known o he indi iduals. The known URLs may come om shoulde su ing, pos ed
links on social ne wo ks, o gene al knowledge o he pe son’s b owsing beha io . The au ho s used da a om
an audience measu emen p o ide in Ge many. O e 2.5 k websi es and applica ions we e included in he da a.
The anonymous da ase p ocessed con ained abou 4.1 M clien s, 1.2 k websi es and 62 k endpages. The pa ially
known da a abou he indi iduals we e he webpages isi ed and ime. The esul s showed ha only 2 isi ed URLs
1Depa men o Telecommunica ions, B no Uni e si y o Technology, B no, Czech Republic. 2college o Science
and enginee ing, linde s Uni e si y, Adelaide, Aus alia. 3School o Science and enginee ing, Laho e Uni e si y o
Managemen Sciences, Laho e, Pakis an. ✉e-mail: k[email p o ec ed]
DATA DESCRIpToR
opEN
2
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
wi h known access ime in minu es a e su icien o link abou 50 % o anonymous b owsing sessions o indi idu-
als. 10 isi ed URLs a e needed o link abou 80 % o anonymous b owsing sessions. Wi h he URL isi imes amp
less known, o example, as an hou o day, he iden i ica ion was educed subs an ially. Howe e , 7 URL isi s wi h
he known day access ime we e needed o iden i y abou 20 % o he anonymous b owsing sessions.
In o med Consen Needed. In o med consen is used o p o ec use p i acy. I ensu es ha indi iduals
who sha e hei pe sonal da a a e awa e o he pu pose and isks. Na u e Edi o ials3 s a ed ha esea ch s udies
based on pe sonal da a need in o med consen . Pe sonal da a is a ely used as o iginally in ended. The ou come o
he da a p ocessing can a y as unexpec ed pa e ns a e o en disco e ed. An example is gi en when phone ack-
ing eco ds we e collec ed. The esea che s could no ha e asked he pa icipan s o use hei da a o a pu pose
since he pu pose was no known a he ime o da a collec ion. The e o e, in o med consen mus be ela i ely
open o comply wi h unknown pu poses ha may co e esea ch, educa ion, and de elopmen . Fu he mo e, any
pa icipan should be able o wi hd aw hei pe sonal da a a any ime. This is almos impossible o implemen in
la ge amoun s o anonymized da a, especially when al eady pos ed online.
Syn he ic His o y Applica ions. The syn he ic b owsing his o ies in his da ase se e as a
p i acy-p ese ing al e na i e o eal b owsing da a while o e ing signi ican po en ial o a ious esea ch and
es ing applica ions. Syn he ic b owsing da a can be used in cybe secu i y esea ch o ain and es anomaly
de ec ion sys ems o iden i y suspicious b owsing and o e come p i acy es ic ions o eal-wo ld da a4. A spe-
ci ic example is phishing de ec ion, as syn he ic his o ies p o ide a aluable da ase o alid benign URLs o
speci ic coun ies5. The benign URLs in he syn he ic his o ies can be used o ain phishing de ec ion models.
This would allow o ailo ed phishing de ec ion sys ems. Ano he usage could be o he alida ion o machine
lea ning algo i hms, o example, o es web c awling, as he syn he ic his o ies p o ide local URLs linked o
places in coun ies6. Syn he ic his o ies can also p o ide insigh s in o global and local web da a pe coun y,
including ca ego ies such as News, Shopping, and Business1,2. On he o he hand, syn he ic b owsing his o ies
canno be used o beha io al insigh s by examining indi idual b owsing da a, including ime-o -access pa e ns.
The eason is ha he owne s o syn he ic his o ies do no exis . The i ual owne s o he his o ies mimic he
beha io o he owne o he o iginal his o y. The aw da a we e ob ained h ough a web c awl om Common
C awl7. Tha means ha he web con en may be co up ed, e ac ed, o no accessible. Cus om con en il e ing
may be applied o syn he ic his o y en ies o speci ic applica ions.
Limi ed Syn he ic Web Da a. The e is limi ed wo k on syn he ic web usage da a. Ho gesang e al.8 p o-
posed a me hodology o build syn he ic web da a gene a o s based on an ex ensi e analysis o i e eal-wo ld web
usage da ase s. Thei app oach emphasized he po en ial o syn he ic da a o b idge he gap in Web Usage Mining
(WUM) esea ch, whe e eal-wo ld da ase s a e o en inaccessible due o p i acy conce ns. Thei me hodology
elied on eal-wo ld usage pa e ns o c ea e da a gene a o s ha app oxima e ac ual web in e ac ions. This enables
he de elopmen o cus ome p o iling and pe sonaliza ion echniques. Howe e , i is limi ed only o i e websi es.
Ou wo k gene a es a la ge-scale da ase o syn he ic b owsing his o ies o 50 coun ies. The ela ed e o s on syn-
he ic da a ocused on domain-speci ic applica ions, including biomedical o assessing machine-lea ning heal h-
ca e so wa e9, inance o p edic i e ading s a egies10, aud de ec ion o he case o c edi ca ds11, and gene ic
educa ion cases12. Unlike hese e o s, ou da ase is designed o suppo a wide ange o esea ch ields, including
web analy ics, ecommenda ion sys ems, cybe secu i y, and e hical AI de elopmen . We a e using s a e-o - he-a
ools such as Common C awl o ensu e he da ase includes eal web da a while sa egua ding p i acy.
Me hods
The syn he ic b owsing his o ies o 50 coun ies a e based on a eal b owsing his o y. A se ies o ans o ma ion
c i e ia a e used o compile he syn he ic his o ies o he espec i e coun y. The syn he ic his o ies main ain
he o iginal his o y s uc u e. The websi e access imes in he syn he ic his o ies a e andomly shi ed om he
o iginal his o y o ensu e he p i acy o he eal his o y p o ide . The websi es in he syn he ic his o ies emain
unchanged when used commonly in bo h he sou ce and a ge coun ies. The websi e endpages in he syn he ic
his o ies a e always ans o med using he ans o ma ion c i e ia o main ain p i acy. The ans o ma ion c i-
e ia used make each syn he ic his o y alid o he a ge coun y. The compiled syn he ic his o ies a e e i ied
o hei alidi y in he a ge coun y.
Base Algo i hm. Algo i hm 1 desc ibes he compila ion p ocess o he syn he ic b owsing his o ies o he
a ge coun y. The algo i hm inpu s a e:
• O iginal b owsing his o y. This is a eal b owsing his o y ha is used o compile he syn he ic b owsing
his o ies o coun ies.
• Common C awl da a. This da a is used o ans o m he o iginal his o y websi e endpages in o he syn he ic
his o y websi e endpages. The websi es and hei endpages a e ans o med o be alid o he coun y.
• Coun y and wo ld anked websi es. The mos isi ed websi es in he wo ld and in he a ge coun y a e used
o ans o m websi es om he o iginal his o y o he syn he ic his o ies.
• OpenS ee Map da a. The mapping da a a e used o collec he local websi es in he a ge coun y o he
pu pose o ans o ma ion o local websi es, ha is, websi es ha a e no wo ld o coun y anked.
• Websi e con en de ec ion model. This model is used o es ima e he con en ca ego y o he websi es in he
o iginal his o y and in he coun y ans o ma ion pools. The con en ca ego y is used o ma ch he same
con en -ca ego y websi es be ween he o iginal and syn he ic his o ies.
3
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
• Language de ec ion model. The language de ec ion model is used o es ima e he language o he websi es in
he o iginal his o y and in he coun y ans o ma ion pools. The language is used o ma ch he equi alen
websi es be ween he o iginal his o y and he syn he ic his o ies.
• Ta ge coun ies. This is he lis o coun ies o which he syn he ic b owsing his o ies a e compiled.
Algo i hm 1 Algo i hm o compila ion o syn he ic b owsing his o ies o coun ies.
4
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
Algo i hm 1 lines 3-5 a e explained in de ail in he sec ion ‘Ta ge coun y da a pools’. Lines 8-13 and 18-23
a e explained in he sec ion ‘Da a classi ica ion’. Lines 28-43 and 48-54 a e explained in de ail in he sec ion
‘Syn he ic his o y ans o ma ion’.
Ta ge Coun y Da a pools. The coun y da a pools con ain websi es and hei endpages isi ed by use s in
he a ge coun y. These websi es come om he coun y anked websi es, which a e he op isi ed websi es in he
coun y. Coun y local websi es a e also included in he da a pools. Local websi es a e isi ed by use s in he coun-
y. Table1 lis s he c ea ed da a pools o 50 a ge coun ies. The pa icula da a sou ces used a e he ollowing:
• The coun y global websi es a e aken om Da aFo SEO13. Da aFo SEO p o ides lis s o he op websi es
isi ed by use s in he a ge coun ies.
• The coun y local websi es a e ex ac ed om he mapping da a p o ided by OpenS ee Map14. Websi es
ela ed o places in he a ge coun y a e used.
• The websi e endpages a e compiled om Common C awl7. Common C awl p o ides ex ensi e da ase s o
mon hly collec ions om he whole In e ne . The websi e endpages p o ided by Common C awl om he
same ime ange as he o iginal his o y we e used o ensu e hei ime alidi y in he c ea ed coun y da a pools.
Da a Classi ica ion. The classi ica ion is used o he websi e ans o ma ion om he o iginal his o y in o
he syn he ic his o y o he a ge coun y. The websi es in he c ea ed coun y da a pools and in he o iginal
his o y a e classi ied o his eason. The classi ica ion p ocess is he ollowing:
• The websi es a e classi ied in o op wo ld anks o 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, and 1000000. The op 10 ank
class means ha he websi e is p esen in he 10 mos wo ld isi ed websi es. The 1000000 ank means ha he
websi e is p esen in he 1000000 mos wo ld isi ed websi es. A websi e ha is no anked is ma ked as −1.
Majes ic Million15 is used as he sou ce da a o he wo ld ank classi ica ion.
• The websi es a e classi ied in o op coun y anks o 10, 100, and 500. The op 10 ank class means ha he
websi e is p esen in he 10 mos isi ed websi es in he coun y. The op 500 ank class means ha he web-
si e is p esen in he 500 mos isi ed websi es in he coun y. A websi e ha is no anked is ma ked as –1.
Da aFo SEO13 is used as he sou ce da a o he coun y ank classi ica ion.
• The websi e con en is classi ied in o he ollowing ca ego ies: Business, Gene ic, News, Shopping, and Soci-
e y. A machine-lea ning model by Lugeon e al.16 is used o con en classi ica ion o he websi es. Mino
classes a e joined in majo g oups. Fo example, he classes Spo s and Games a e co e ed by he majo class
Socie y. This ensu es ep esen a i e eco ds o each g oup.
Coun y Websi es Endpages Coun y Websi es Endpages
A gen ina 126 2412 Aus ia 174 3433
Aus alia 113 2053 Belgium 162 3068
Bulga ia 133 2562 B azil 91 1773
Canada 160 3007 Swi ze land 177 3168
Chile 157 3134 Czechia 193 3858
Ge many 194 3780 Denma k 170 3366
Es onia 165 3199 Egyp 118 2070
Spain 148 2815 Finland 219 4336
F ance 185 3708 Uni ed Kingdom 160 2996
G eece 98 1853 C oa ia 216 4289
Hunga y 214 4243 I eland 172 3396
Is ael 109 2024 India 165 3218
I aly 161 3141 Japan 143 2797
S i Lanka 131 2445 Li huania 184 3565
La ia 145 2495 Mo occo 89 1677
Mexico 141 2656 Malaysia 110 2106
Ne he lands 198 3892 No way 65 1215
New Zealand 135 2612 Pakis an 155 3061
Poland 204 4068 Po ugal 136 2589
Romania 168 3270 Se bia 166 3270
Saudi A abia 120 2083 Sweden 181 3614
Singapo e 143 2694 Slo enia 176 3527
Slo akia 217 4463 Thailand 79 1456
Tu key 124 2453 Uk aine 73 1409
Uni ed S a es 158 3020 Vie nam 156 3069
Table 1. Coun y da a pools o compila ion o syn he ic his o ies.
5
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
• The websi e language is es ima ed using a de ec ion lib a y p o ided by S ahl, P.17. The languages used o he
a ge coun ies a e he ollowing: Hindi, Slo ene, Tu kish, Japanese, Bulga ian, Malay, Czech, Danish, A a-
bic, Nyno sk, Tamil, Polish, Thai, English, I ish, Se bian, Uk ainian, Hunga ian, Slo ak, U du, Vie namese,
Co e eco ds
syn he ic_ ime Syn he ic websi e endpage access ime
syn he ic_u l Syn he ic websi e endpage
Ex ended eco ds
o iginal_scope O iginal websi e scope
o iginal_con en O iginal websi e con en
ca ego y
o iginal_coun y_ ank O iginal websi e coun y ank
o iginal_wo ld_ ank O iginal websi e wo ld ank
o iginal_lang O iginal websi e language
o iginal_bin O iginal websi e endpage bin
Table 2. Co e and ex ended eco ds o syn he ic b owsing his o ies o coun ies. Co e eco ds o m he
syn he ic b owsing his o ies. Ex ended eco ds a e me ada a o he o iginal his o y.
Ex ended eco d Values
o iginal_scope Global, Local
o iginal_con en Business, Gene ic, News, Shopping, Socie y
o iginal_coun y_ ank 10, 100, 500, −1
o iginal_wo ld_ ank 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, −1
o iginal_lang Hindi, Slo ene, Tu kish, Japanese, Bulga ian, Malay, Czech, Danish, A abic, Nyno sk, Tamil, Polish, Thai, English,
I ish, Se bian, Uk ainian, Hunga ian, Slo ak, U du, Vie namese, Es onian, Swedish, G eek, Romanian, C oa ian,
Du ch, La ian, I alian, Spanish, F ench, Finnish, Li huanian, Ge man, Po uguese, Heb ew
o iginal_bin 1, 25, 50, −1
Table 3. Possible alues o ex ended syn he ic his o y eco ds. None alues a e ma ked as −1.
Coun y Websi es Endpages Coun y Websi es Endpages
A gen ina 71 6186 Aus alia 84 6262
Aus ia 100 6283 Belgium 84 6258
B azil 50 6125 Bulga ia 77 6332
Canada 120 6384 Chile 78 6252
C oa ia 83 6104 Czechia 92 6194
Denma k 103 6308 Egyp 66 5771
Es onia 72 6041 Finland 116 5913
F ance 101 6172 Ge many 103 5735
G eece 51 6088 Hunga y 100 6336
India 101 6322 I eland 116 6395
Is ael 71 6262 I aly 91 6179
Japan 70 6244 La ia 71 5798
Li huania 83 6335 Malaysia 77 6414
Mexico 86 5775 Mo occo 55 6082
Ne he lands 121 6222 New Zealand 103 6441
No way 39 6090 Pakis an 98 6282
Poland 104 6046 Po ugal 69 5885
Romania 83 5614 Saudi A abia 69 6205
Se bia 85 6407 Singapo e 101 6299
Slo akia 81 6369 Slo enia 106 6327
Spain 73 6020 S i Lanka 79 6127
Sweden 102 6282 Swi ze land 99 6249
Thailand 40 6237 Tu key 53 6220
Uk aine 42 6034 Uni ed Kingdom 132 6392
Uni ed S a es 116 6439 Vie nam 64 6055
Table 4. Unique websi es and o al eco ds o syn he ic his o ies.
6
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
Es onian, Swedish, G eek, Romanian, C oa ian, Du ch, La ian, I alian, Spanish, F ench, Finnish, Li huanian,
Ge man, Po uguese, and Heb ew.
• The websi e endpages a e classi ied in o classes o 1, 25, 50 by he endpage pa h leng h. The i s class is used
o he oo endpages o he websi es. An endpage pa h longe han 50 is ma ked as –1.
Syn he ic His o y T ans o ma ion. A se ies o ans o ma ion c i e ia a e used o compile he syn-
he ic b owsing his o ies o he a ge coun ies. The websi es a e i s ans o med, ollowed by hei end-
pages. The access imes in he syn he ic his o ies a e andomly shi ed o mask he o iginal his o y imes amps.
The o de o he webpage accesses is main ained as he o iginal. Sea ch websi es in he o iginal his o y a e no
p ocessed, e.g., google.com. The o iginal his o y is expo ed om a Google use accoun using he Google
Takeou 18 se ice a ailable a h ps:// akeou .google.com/se ings/ akeou in JSON o ma . O iginal his o y
eco ds a e limi ed o a pe iod o one mon h. The ans o ma ion s eps a e applied o he o iginal his o y
en ies as ollows:
1. Main ain he o iginal his o y websi e i i is lis ed in he op coun y anked websi es (mos isi ed
websi es) o he a ge coun y.
2. Fil e websi es om he same con en -ca ego y in he a ge coun y pool as he o iginal his o y websi e.
3. Fil e websi es om he same coun y ank in he a ge coun y pool as he o iginal his o y websi e.
4. Fil e websi es om he same wo ld ank ca ego y pool as he o iginal his o y websi e.
5. Fil e websi es by he a ge coun y o icial language(s) pool o English.
6. Shi he access ime o he o iginal his o y endpage by a andom alue. The websi es and hei endpages
access o de a e main ained as o iginal.
7. Main ain he o iginal his o y websi e i i is he oo page.
8. Fil e websi e endpages om he same pa h bin in he a ge coun y pool as he o iginal websi e endpage.
9. Sample a esul i he e a e mo e ou pu s om he ma ching c i e ia.
Example His o y Reco d T ans o ma ion. An example ans o ma ion o a syn he ic his o y eco d
is p esen ed. The o iginal his o y eco d is h ps://www.bohemiapc.cz/poci ace-no ebooky-p islusens i/kom-
ponen y/pame i/pame i-dd 5-pc/ wi h he access ime 2024-11-29 20:42:33.421201. The a ge coun y o he
ans o ma ion o he his o y eco d is Ge many. The example p ocessing s eps e e o he pseudo-code lines in
Algo i hm 1. We do no skip lines wi h code s uc u e o p o ide be e e e ence o he algo i hm.
1. Pseudo code line 27: This is he i s line o o iginal his o y ans o ma ion. The o iginal his o y is i e a ed
and he websi e eco d bohemiapc.cz is p ocessed.
2. Pseudo code line 28: The o iginal websi e bohemiapc.cz is checked o i s p esence in he a ge coun y
anked websi es.
3. Pseudo code line 29: The condi ion abou he websi e p esence in he a ge coun y anked websi es is no
me . The ac ion o main aining he o iginal websi e in he syn he ic his o y is no p ocessed.
4. Pseudo code line 30: The o iginal websi e bohemiapc.cz con en ca ego y is checked. The o iginal websi e
con en ca ego y is ‘Shopping’. The e a e websi es wi h he same con en ca ego y in he a ge coun y pool
o Ge many.
5. Pseudo code line 31: Websi es wi h he same con en ca ego y o ‘Shopping’ a e il e ed om he a ge
coun y pool.
6. Pseudo code line 32: The o iginal websi e bohemiapc.cz coun y ank is checked. The o iginal websi e does
no belong o he op isi ed websi es in he coun y. I is he e o e no a coun y anked websi e.
7. Pseudo code line 33: The condi ion abou he websi e p esence in he op coun y isi ed websi es is
no me . The ac ion o il e ing websi es wi h he same coun y ank om he a ge coun y pool is no
p ocessed.
8. Pseudo code line 34: Code s uc u e line.
Syn he ic Syn he ic O iginal O iginal O iginal O iginal O iginal O iginal
Access ime URL Scope Con en C ank W ank Lang Pa h bin
2024-11-01
08:49:49.085098 h ps://www.games ada .com/age-o -empi es-age-o -kings-
e iew/ Global Business −1 10000 eng 50
2024-11-01
09:35:46.817464 h ps://www.digi al ends.com/mobile/qualcomm-
snapd agon-8-gen-1-plus-7-gen-1-x / Global Socie y −1 10000 eng −1
2024-11-01
09:36:17.514660 h ps://www.bi dz.sk/ o um/mala-by-sa-eu opa-ak i ne-
zapoji -do- ojny-na-uk ajine/196669- ema.h ml Global Socie y 500 1000 eng −1
2024-11-29
20:06:16.230158 h ps://www. escoma.sk/zapekacia-doska-na- a le-p e-
send ico ac-p esiden -3- -1-1-ks Local Shopping −1−1 ces −1
2024-11-27
09:50:00.904429 h ps://auk o.sk/dalekohlady Global Shopping 100 100000 ces 25
Table 5. Sample syn he ic his o y eco ds o Slo akia wi h me ada a.
7
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
9. Pseudo code line 35: The o iginal websi e bohemiapc.cz wo ld ank is checked. The o iginal websi e does
no belong o he op wo d isi ed websi es. I is he e o e no a wo ld anked websi e.
10. Pseudo code line 36: The condi ion abou he websi e p esence in he op wo ld isi ed websi es is no me .
The ac ion o il e ing websi es wi h he same wo ld ank om he a ge coun y pool is no p ocessed.
11. Pseudo code line 37: Code s uc u e line.
12. Pseudo code line 38: The o iginal websi e bohemiapc.cz is checked o language. The esul is ‘CES’. This
language does no ma ch he a ge coun y language, which is ‘DEU’.
13. Pseudo code line 39: The condi ion abou he websi e same language used in he a ge coun y is no me .
The ac ion o il e ing he websi es wi h he same language om he a ge coun y pool is no p ocessed.
14. Pseudo code line 40: Code s uc u e line.
15. Pseudo code line 41: The o iginal websi e language is no conside ed and he language o he a ge coun y
is used. The a ge coun y pool con ains websi es only wi h he a ge coun y languages.
16. Pseudo code line 42: Code s uc u e line.
17. Pseudo code line 43: A websi e om he il e ed esul s o he a ge coun y pool is sampled. The esul is
he websi e h ps://www.be ndwol .de.
18. Pseudo code line 44: Code s uc u e line.
19. Pseudo code line 45: Code s uc u e line.
20. Pseudo code line 46: Code s uc u e line.
21. Pseudo code line 47: The o iginal websi e endpages a e i e a ed and he endpage poci ace-no ebooky-
p islusens i/komponen y/pame i/pame i-dd 5-pc is p ocessed.
Fig. 1 Pe cen age o syn he ic his o y websi es in coun ies ha belong o he op coun y isi ed websi es.
O iginal his o y sha e is 52%.
Fig. 2 Empi ical complemen a y cumula i e dis ibu ion unc ion o syn he ic his o y eco ds p esen in
coun y op isi ed websi es.
8
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
22. Pseudo code line 48: The access ime 2024-11-29 20:42:33.421201 is shi ed by a andom alue o
2024-11-29 20:44:31.221766 o p ese e p i acy o he o iginal his o y eco d.
23. Pseudo code line 49: The endpage poci ace-no ebooky-p islusens i/komponen y/pame i/pame i-dd 5-pc
is no a oo page o he websi e.
Coun y Business Gene ic News Shopping Socie y
A gen ina 355 205 736 1264 3626
Aus alia 364 203 726 1277 3692
Aus ia 364 214 736 1377 3592
Belgium 360 217 729 1363 3589
B azil 323 103 145 1349 4205
Bulga ia 313 199 2350 662 2808
Canada 345 205 733 1400 3701
Chile 347 206 732 1325 3642
C oa ia 327 208 1562 1299 2708
Czechia 1698 212 149 1339 2796
Denma k 360 213 720 1376 3639
Egyp 343 212 1819 246 3151
Es onia 264 206 1499 1328 2744
Finland 324 186 1348 1284 2771
F ance 364 217 1727 323 3541
Ge many 367 205 737 1090 3336
G eece 323 1510 149 1277 2829
Hunga y 365 217 692 1412 3650
India 326 206 1585 1340 2865
I eland 363 219 731 1369 3713
Is ael 710 622 148 293 4489
I aly 368 187 728 1369 3527
Japan 484 372 270 296 4822
La ia 319 206 1553 1347 2373
Li huania 338 216 718 1399 3664
Malaysia 367 210 733 1377 3727
Mexico 362 199 736 1132 3346
Mo occo 1017 171 1049 211 3634
Ne he lands 365 213 711 1319 3614
New Zealand 637 743 731 334 3996
No way 1384 214 1550 314 2628
Pakis an 358 213 738 1263 3710
Poland 327 196 1217 1502 2804
Po ugal 364 195 1645 293 3388
Romania 330 210 149 2626 2299
Saudi A abia 547 680 1123 323 3532
Se bia 360 205 707 1414 3721
Singapo e 366 214 720 1354 3645
Slo akia 763 199 1152 1418 2837
Slo enia 365 208 731 1410 3613
Spain 758 498 467 191 4106
S i Lanka 1405 123 727 320 3552
Sweden 363 211 689 1408 3611
Swi ze land 367 197 735 1332 3618
Thailand 872 1667 674 198 2826
Tu key 318 1611 147 1399 2745
Uk aine 993 210 432 319 4080
Uni ed Kingdom 369 214 726 1389 3694
Uni ed S a es 368 216 734 1386 3735
Vie nam 329 193 1556 1271 2706
Table 6. Dis ibu ion o websi e con en ca ego ies in syn he ic his o ies.
9
Scien i ic Da a | (2025) 12:128 | h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41597-025-04407-z
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a
www.na u e.com/scien i icda a/
24. Pseudo code line 50: The condi ion abou he oo page is no me . The ac ion o main aining he endpage
is no p ocessed.
25. Pseudo code line 51: The o iginal endpage poci ace-no ebooky-p islusens i/komponen y/pame i/pame i-
dd 5-pc is checked o he pa h bin. The esul is –1. The e a e websi es wi h he same pa h bin in he a ge
coun y pool.
26. Pseudo code line 52: Endpages wi h he same pa h bin a e il e ed om he a ge coun y pool.
27. Pseudo code line 53: Code s uc u e line.
28. Pseudo code line 54: An endpage om he il e ed esul s in he a ge coun y pool is sampled. The esul
endpage is an oine e-ke en-mi -anhaenge -s e lingsilbe -925-g ana - o .
The inal ans o ma ion esul o he o iginal his o y eco d h ps://www.bohemiapc.cz/poci ace-no ebooky-
p islusens i/komponen y/pame i/pame i-dd 5-pc wi h he access ime 2024-11-29 20:42:33.421201 is he syn-
he ic his o y eco d h ps://www.be ndwol .de/an oine e-ke en-mi -anhaenge -s e lingsilbe -925-g ana - o
wi h access ime 2024-11-29 20:44:31.221766 alid o Ge many.
Da a Reco ds
The syn he ic b owsing his o ies a e deposi ed on Figsha e19. Table2 desc ibes he eco ds o he published
syn he ic b owsing his o ies. The co e eco ds a e he access ime and he URL. The ex ended eco ds a e he
me ada a o he o iginal his o y used o compile he syn he ic his o y eco d. Table3 gi es an o e iew o he
alues o each eco d. Table4 shows he numbe o syn he ic his o y eco ds in he a ge coun ies. The e a e 10
syn he ic his o ies compiled o each coun y.
Table5 shows sample alues o a syn he ic his o y o Slo akia. Ex ended samples o syn he ic his o ies pe
coun y a e a ailable on Gi Hub20. Ex ended samples a e p esen o each o 500 syn he ic his o ies.
Fig. 3 Empi ical complemen a y cumula i e dis ibu ion unc ion o ans o med o iginal his o y eco ds.
Fig. 4 Success ully ans o med syn he ic his o y eco ds in coun ies.
