1
Cybe secu i y in Social Ne wo ks
Rica do Jo ge Gi an e Gonçal es
Disse a ion epo p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o
ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee in In o ma ion Managemen
ii
NOVA In o ma ion Managemen School
Ins i u o Supe io de Es a ís ica e Ges ão de In o mação
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa
CYBERSECURITY IN SOCIAL NETWORKS
by
Rica do Jo ge Gi an e Gonçal es
Disse a ion epo p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee in
In o ma ion Managemen , wi h a specializa ion in Business In elligence.
Ad iso : P o . D . Ví o Dua e dos San os
JULY 2021
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like o lea e he e a wo d o app ecia ion o all hose who con ibu ed di ec ly o
indi ec ly o he p epa a ion o his Mas e ’s hesis. In pa icula , o he supe iso o his
disse a ion, P o esso Vi o Dua e dos San os, who was always excep ional. Thank you e y
much o all you suppo , unde s anding, help, encou agemen , and a ailabili y o guide me
h oughou his jou ney. I mus also hank
I mus also hank No a IMS o he oppo uni y o in eg a e his mas e ’s deg ee and be able o
lea n and de elop mo e skills. Thank you o all he eaching and non- eaching s a o he
lea ning and suppo h oughou his ime. To all he people who comple ed he su ey, who
we e essen ial o he p epa a ion o his Mas e ’s hesis.
To all my colleagues who along his pa h also helped me o b ing his mas e ’s deg ee o a
success ul conclusion. To my wi e, o he uncondi ional suppo , help and unde s anding ha
we e essen ial o inish my Mas e 's hesis. And inally, o my amily and iends who suppo
me uncondi ionally in e e y hing I do.
A big THANK YOU o e e yone once again!
i
ABSTRACT
In ecen yea s, he use o social ne wo ks has been inc easing subs an ially. As we know,
pla o ms such as Facebook, Twi e , Google +, Pin e es , LinkedIn o Ins ag am allow millions
o indi iduals o c ea e online p o iles and sha e pe sonal in o ma ion wi h se e al iends
h ough social ne wo ks – and, o en, i ’s possible o do he same wi h a la ge amoun o
s ange s.
By i sel , social ne wo ks should no be conside ed a cybe h ea . Howe e , he e a e se e al
issues ela ed o main aining he use ’s da a secu i y and p i acy, especially when hey upload
pe sonal in o ma ion, pho os and / o ideos. The la ge majo i y o use s igno es he secu i y
bes p ac ices, which some imes acili a es he hacke s’ a acks.
The main goal o his esea ch is o unde s and pa e ns o in o ma ion ha a e e ealed on
online social ne wo ks and hei p i acy implica ions. The goal is o map people beha iou on
social ne wo ks and unde s and i hey ca e abou he secu i y o hei da a exposed on he
In e ne . This esea ch also aims o unde s and he impac o cybe secu i y in social ne wo ks
and a compa ison o which social ne wo k is mos conce ned wi h he exposu e o i s use . I
will be also add essed he cu en de ence solu ions ha can p o ec social ne wo k use s om
hese kinds o h ea s.
KEYWORDS:
Social Ne wo ks, Secu i y Bes P ac ices, Use Beha io , Cybe secu i y, De ense Solu ions.
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.1. BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ....................................................................... 9
1.2. RESEARCH MOTIVATION – WHY WE SHOULD CARE ABOUT THIS “BIG” PROBLEM? .................... 10
1.3. STUDY OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 10
1.4. STUDY RELEVANCE AND IMPORTANCE ................................................................................ 11
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 12
3. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 14
3.1. SOCIAL MEDIA ................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.1. Social Ne wo ks/ Social Communi ies ........................................................... 15
3.1.1.1. Social Ne wo ks .............................................................................................. 15
3.1.1.2. Social Ne wo k O ganiza ion ......................................................................... 17
3.1.1.3. Social Ne wo k Con en s ................................................................................ 18
3.1.1.4. Social Communi ies ......................................................................................... 19
3.1.2. Typologies ....................................................................................................... 22
3.1.2.1. Social Ne wo ks .............................................................................................. 22
3.1.3. Van ages and disad an ages .......................................................................... 24
3.1.3.1. Van ages ......................................................................................................... 24
3.1.3.2. Disad an ages ................................................................................................ 24
3.2. COMPUTER SECURITY ....................................................................................................... 25
3.2.1. Cybe secu i y .................................................................................................. 25
3.2.2. Concep s .......................................................................................................... 25
3.2.3. T ea s .............................................................................................................. 27
3.2.4. Cybe secu i y in Social Ne wo ks ................................................................... 29
4. STUDY .................................................................................................................................. 31
4.1. CONCEPTUALIZATION & DESIGN ........................................................................................ 31
4.2. SURVEY .......................................................................................................................... 34
4.2.1. Pa A – Cha ac e iza ion o esponden s ...................................................... 34
4.2.2. Analysis o Responden s' Responses ............................................................. 36
4.2.2.1. Pa B ............................................................................................................... 36
4.2.2.2. Pa C ............................................................................................................... 41
4.3. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................... 59
4.3.1. Discussion ....................................................................................................... 59
4.3.2. Recommenda ions .......................................................................................... 60
5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 63

i
5.1. SYNTHESIS OF THE DEVELOPED WORK................................................................................. 63
5.2. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................... 64
5.3. FUTURE WORK ............................................................................................................... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 66
ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................... 71
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figu e 1 – Resea ch s eps ............................................................................................................ 12
Figu e 2 – The Con e sion P ism ................................................................................................. 14
Figu e 3 – Social Ne wo ks o ganiza ion. .................................................................................... 17
Figu e 4 – Facebook Pos ............................................................................................................ 18
Figu e 5 – Twi e Pos ................................................................................................................ 19
Figu e 6 – Social Media Engagemen Funnel. ............................................................................. 20
Figu e 7 – Six co e p inciples o communi y pa icipa ion acco ding o Ga ne . ...................... 21
Figu e 8 – T iad CIA. .................................................................................................................... 26
LIST OF GRAPHICS
G aphic 1 – Gende o Responden s. .......................................................................................... 34
G aphic 2 – Age o Responden s. ................................................................................................ 34
G aphic 3 – Educa ion o Responden s. ...................................................................................... 35
G aphic 4 – Occupa ion o Responden s. .................................................................................... 35
G aphic 5 – Analisis o Ques ion 1. ............................................................................................. 36
G aphic 6 – Analysis o Ques ion 2.............................................................................................. 37
G aphic 7 – Analysis o Ques ion 3.............................................................................................. 37
G aphic 8 – Analysis o Ques ion 4.............................................................................................. 38
G aphic 9 – Analysis o Ques ion 5.............................................................................................. 38
G aphic 10 – Analysis o Ques ion 6. .......................................................................................... 39
G aphic 11 – Analysis o Ques ion 7. .......................................................................................... 39
G aphic 12 – Analysis o Ques ion 8. .......................................................................................... 40
G aphic 13 – Analysis o Ques ion 9. .......................................................................................... 40
G aphic 14 – Analysis o Ques ion 1. .......................................................................................... 41
G aphic 15 – Analysis o Ques ion 2. .......................................................................................... 41
G aphic 16 – Analysis o Ques ion 3. .......................................................................................... 42
G aphic 17 – Analysis o Ques ion 4. .......................................................................................... 42
G aphic 18 – Analysis o Ques ion 5.1. ....................................................................................... 43
G aphic 19 – Analysis o Ques ion 5.2. ....................................................................................... 43
G aphic 20 – Analysis o Ques ion 5.3. ....................................................................................... 44
G aphic 21 – Analysis o Ques ion 5.4. ....................................................................................... 44
G aphic 22 – Analysis o Ques ion 5.5. ....................................................................................... 45
G aphic 23 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.1. ....................................................................................... 45
G aphic 24 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.2. ....................................................................................... 46
G aphic 25 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.3. ....................................................................................... 46
G aphic 26 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.4. ....................................................................................... 47
G aphic 27 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.5. ....................................................................................... 47
G aphic 28 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.6. ....................................................................................... 48
G aphic 29 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.7. ....................................................................................... 48
G aphic 30 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.8. ....................................................................................... 49
iii
G aphic 31 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.1. ....................................................................................... 50
G aphic 32 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.2. ....................................................................................... 50
G aphic 33 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.3. ....................................................................................... 51
G aphic 34 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.4. ....................................................................................... 51
G aphic 35 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.5. ....................................................................................... 52
G aphic 36 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.6. ....................................................................................... 52
G aphic 37 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.7. ....................................................................................... 53
G aphic 38 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.8. ....................................................................................... 53
G aphic 39 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.1. ....................................................................................... 54
G aphic 40 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.2. ....................................................................................... 54
G aphic 41 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.3. ....................................................................................... 55
G aphic 42 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.4. ....................................................................................... 55
G aphic 43 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.5. ....................................................................................... 56
G aphic 44 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.6. ....................................................................................... 56
G aphic 45 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.7. ....................................................................................... 57
G aphic 46 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.8. ....................................................................................... 57
G aphic 47 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.9. ....................................................................................... 58
9
1. INTRODUCTION
This esea ch aims o con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o use s’ beha iou on social
ne wo ks. The wo ld’s bes -known social ne wo ks a e in es ing in cybe secu i y, especially now
wi h he en y o he Gene al Da a P o ec ion Regula ion (GDPR), which is a new Eu opean
e e ence ex on he p o ec ion o pe sonal da a, ha aims o “gi e back o he ci izens he
con ol o hei da a while simpli ying he egula o y en i onmen o companies” (Union, 2018).
The goal is o analyse he use ’s beha iou and c ea e a model/ lis o bes p ac ices ha can
con ibu e o be e use o he social ne wo ks.
Cybe secu i y in social ne wo ks has al eady been s udied, especial by he bigges pla o ms,
such as Facebook and Google. Al hough mos ecen ly, Ma k Zucke be g, Facebook’s chai man
and chie execu i e o ice , was in ol ed in legal issues when he Camb idge Analy ica company
u ilized he use s’ da a o hei social ne wo ks wi hou hei consen .
Wha happened o Facebook is jus a small example o wha is happening wo ldwide, many
people s ill use social ne wo ks o sha e e e y hing abou hei li es and i is necessa y o s udy
in de ail all he p omises ha lead people o do such hings.
1.1. BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
In he ac ual wo ld o be e digi al wo ld, social ne wo ks ha e become pa o ou daily li e.
E e y day all o us pos some hing on LinkedIn, Facebook, o Twi e and we a e sha ing ou
pe sonal in o ma ion wi h ou iends and wi h pe sons ha a e s ange s o us.
In he a icle by Pa ke (2017), all email use s a e well-in o med abou how o handle email
secu i y issues, especially he people who deal wi h wo k emails e e y day. Fo ins ance, we
canno open emails ha seem s ange o us and click on unknown links. The malicious me hods
ha a e used in emails can also be used in social ne wo ks o in ec people’s compu e s and
sma de ices.
Once a single use is in ec ed success ully, he message can be sen back o all ha pe son’s
con ac s. Fo example, a link sha ed by a iend on he social ne wo k a e mo e expec ed o be
us ed, bu when someone clicks on i he e is a high p obabili y ha i will be edi ec ed o a
malicious websi e.
A ecen Syman ec’s (cybe secu i y i m) esea ch indica es ha 65 pe cen o spea -phishing
emails we e used by all o he known g oups ca ying ou a ge ed cybe -a acks. And 96% o
he a ge ed a acks a e ca ied ou o he pu pose o in elligence ga he ing (Syman ec, 2019).
Acco ding o he Bene enu o, Rod igues e al. (2009), he majo i y o online ideo a social
ne wo ks, such as he wo ld’s mos popula – YouTube – ha allow use s o pos ideos gi es
he oppo uni y o in oduce eliable con en o e en poo -quali y con en .
Fo ins ance, when a i al message is sp ead on Wha sApp, YouTube, Facebook, among o he s,
i can be seen by housands o people, which can open he “doo s” o spamme s access o ou
da a. “Con en pollu ion may jeopa dize he us o use s on he sys em, hus comp omising i s
16
To s a , when a use egis e s in any social ne wo k au oma ically becomes a membe and has
an associa ed p o ile, and om ha momen he membe o he social ne wo k will ha e he
page wi h his in o ma ion made a ailable o he o he membe s ha can do i a eques o
iendship (An unes & Rod igues, 2018).
The membe has a lis o iends who may o may no g ow o e ime, you can also pos pos s
a you page ha can be commen ed o sha ed. Each membe linked wi h ano he use ecei es
all he upda es o he pos s o each o he , o de ed ch onologically, ha is a eed.
Membe s can also iden i y hei iends/ links in hei pos s. In social ne wo ks, he e is also he
possibili y o c ea e g oups/ channels acco ding o hei in e es s.
In each ype o social ne wo k, we can e i y he e a e a leas one o he h ee op ions:
F iendship – This ype o ela ionship is done by sending a eques o iendship, and he
in o ma ion sha ed will become a ailable in he eed o bo h membe s.
Fan – This ype o ela ionship is mos commonly used be ween membe s and he pages o
b ands and/ o companies. The membe subsc ibes he page and has access o he con en
published by he companies h ough i s eed.
Followe – In his case, he membe can only choose o ollow ano he membe , as is he case
o Twi e ha allows you o ollow pe sonali ies. I does no imply o send and accep a iend
eques . I is a unila e al ela ionship in which he ollowe does no ecei e con en published
by his ollowe s in his eed.
The as majo i y o social ne wo ks ha e adop ed hese e minologies, bu o example, in he
case o Twi e pos s, a e conside ed wee s and ha e a maximum o 140 cha ac e s and a e
classi ied by se e al wo ds p eceded by a hash ag (#) and epublishing a pos is called a e wee .

17
3.1.1.2. Social Ne wo k O ganiza ion
Concep ually, a social ne wo k is seen as a se o bidi ec ionally ela ed “membe s”, acco ding
o igu e (3). Each o he membe s is connec ed di ec ly o o he s and his link co esponds o a
iendship be ween he wo use s (An unes & Rod igues, 2018).
Figu e 3 – Social Ne wo ks o ganiza ion.
18
3.1.1.3. Social Ne wo k Con en s
Social ne wo ks can co e he mos a ied o ma s o con en ha essen ially depend on a se
o publica ion ules de ined by each ype o social ne wo k and he ype o con en is au ho ized.
As well as he ea u es ha a e a ailable also a y be ween each ype o ne wo k. To illus a e
his, below we ca see wo images o publica ions made in wo o he mos used ne wo ks in he
wo ld, Facebook and Twi e .
Figu e 4 – Facebook Pos
As shown in he igu e abo e, we can obse e ha a pos is di ided in o he ollowing elemen s:
• Con en – Tex message and a pho og aph.
• Use iden i ica ion – The pos was placed by he use “C is iano Ronaldo”.
• Commen s – This pos has 13 housand commen s.
• Emo ions – This pos ob ained h ee ypes o mani es a ions om 536
housand use s.
• Sha es – The pos in ques ion was sha ed 9583 imes.
19
The abo e image is om Twi e . In his case, he publica ion has he name o wee , and we
can iden i y:
• Use iden i ica ion – The pos was placed by he use “La Liga”.
• Hash ag – The hash ag is “#Le an eBa ça”.
• Con en – The con en consis s o a sho ex message.
• Re wee s – Re wee s indica e he numbe o imes his wee was sha ed;
in his case i was sha ed only 19 imes. Each ime you e wee i , i is
possible o see he message ha accompanies i .
• Emo ions – This pos ob ained 74 emo ions.
3.1.1.4. Social Communi ies
A Social Communi y o online communi y is no buil o be iended, bu i is a g oup o people
wi h some hing in common, whe e hey can sha e expe iences, ideas, goals, sha ed in e es s,
hough s, and solu ions (usually hese ne wo ks a e non-p o i ) (Bond, 2020).
The e a e se e al ools o b ing oge he communi ies o discussion on opics ha a communi y
o ne wo k inds mu ually in e es ing o bene icial. “S ack o e low” and “Zwame” a e an
example o a social communi y whe e we can sha e ou doub s, ideas, and solu ions o o he
people.
Social communi ies a e online communi ies ha use social pla o ms, hey can include pe sonal
communi ies and communi ies as hey a e buil using ools such as LinkedIn.
As said be o e an online communi y i ’s a g oup o people based on p oximi y and wi h
some hing in common, like expe iences, ideals, goals, o p o iles.
Figu e 5 – Twi e Pos
20
In some communi ies, i s use s a e “in isible”, such as a communi y ha accompanies a blog. In
he communi y ha accompanies he blog he e is always a cen al communi y o belie e s/ ans
o a speci ic blog and o he people who a e only in e es ed in a speci ic subjec o ha same
blog ha con inue o equen he si e. Bu mos o hem will no make any kind o commen a y
on he published a icles.
As a way o iden i y who does no make commen s he au ho o he blog can c ea e o ms and
mechanisms o o e a ouche , o e en a discoun on any a icle in o de o e ain people o
you si e.
In o he communi ies, i is easie o iden i y use s because hey a e buil on he p o ile o each
use ’s in e es s.
In he image below we can see how he inspi ed ision o an engagemen unnel (di e en ypes
o communi ies) shows how use s in e ac wi h b ands (Aboulhosn, 2020).
Acco ding o B adley and McDonald (2011), he Ga ne g oup has c ea ed six basic p inciples
o communi y in ol emen o a social communi y o succeed and enjoy he pa icipa ion o i s
use s, as men ioned below ( igu e 7):
1. Pa icipa ion
a. Some companies see social ne wo king as a good oppo uni y o elease some
in o ma ion o ocus on he use ’s a en ion.
b. The design o social ne wo ks becomes he main ocus o companies and wi h
his, hey some imes lose he no ion ha hey should ocus mo e on “please” he
cus ome .
Figu e 6 – Social Media Engagemen Funnel.
21
2. Collec i e
a. I ’s so easy o ge people o join a communi y and con ibu e o hei g ow h.
b. A plan mus be c ea ed o be able o “ each” he a ge audience.
3. T anspa ency
a. Success ul communi ies allow use s o see he pa icipa ion o o he use s,
gene a ing mu ual knowledge.
b. Fo his pu pose, communi y ne wo k manage s p o ide he means o hei
ollowe s o e alua e o he use s' pos s, o example by a ing he pos o o he
use s wi h s a s o allowing eedback om he pos o imp o e communica ion.
4. Independence
a. In social communi ies, he e has o be dependency so ha anyone can pa icipa e,
bu o his, he mode a o and/ o ce ain mechanisms can il e which ypes o
use s can pa icipa e in hei si es o a oid gene a ing con lic s.
5. Pe sis ence
a. O he g ea ea u es o communi y ne wo ks a e he abili y o e ain in o ma ion
and in e ac ions among hei use s.
6. Eme gency
a. The ac ha he e is a gian collabo a ion on he pa o i s ollowe s also causes
ce ain beha iou s o appea g adually as an in e ac ion exis s. These beha iou s
mus be egula ed bu so ha he communi ies hemsel es ha e he au onomy
o manage hemsel es by c ea ing p oduc i i y.
Figu e 7 – Six co e p inciples o communi y pa icipa ion acco ding o Ga ne .

22
3.1.2. Typologies
The e a e se e al ypes o social ne wo ks, di ided in o di e en ypes and acco ding o hei
pu pose, ha will be demons a ed below:
3.1.2.1. Social Ne wo ks
Acco ding o An unes and Rod igues (2018), social ne wo ks a e di ided in o i e ca ego ies:
• Gene alis s
o Rela ionship Social Ne wo k: This kind o social ne wo king is mean
o connec people om all o e he wo ld. In ac , he bigges goal
o social ne wo ks is o c ea e a ela ionship be ween use s. Among
hem, he e a e LinkedIn, Google+, e c.
o P o essional Social Ne wo k: They a e social ne wo ks ha aim o
gene a e p o essional ela ionships wi h o he use s, by exposing
hei cu iculum and skills, ge ing leads, jobs e c. As an example,
we ha e he social ne wo k LinkedIn he bes -know and he mos
used a ound he wo ld.
o Niche Social Ne wo k: Ta ge ing a speci ic audience, be i a
p o essional ca ego y o people who ha e a speci ic common
in e es . The bes -known case is T ipAd iso , whe e use s gi e
a ings o places ela ed o he gas onomy and ou ism indus y.
• Mul imedia
o En e ainmen Social Ne wo k (Mul imedia): The ocus o hese
social ne wo ks is no o c ea e ela ionships be ween hei use s,
as seen in he poin abo e, hei main goal is con en consump ion.
The bigges example o such social ne wo ks is YouTube, being he
la ges ideo dis ibu ion pla o m in he wo ld, whe e he goal is
o publish and wa ch ideos.
23
• Mic oblogging
o The mic oblogs p o ide he o igin o blogs, whe e i is no hing mo e
han a mini e sion o he o iginal blog, bu wi h ewe ea u es and
in e ace op ions. These blogs ha e an a e age cha ac e size o
120-180 pe pos , no exceeding h ee lines. As an example, he
mos popula se ice in he ca ego y is mic oblogging Twi e wi h
he slogan “Wha a e you doing?”.
• Messaging
o The Messaging Social Ne wo ks a e pla o ms ha enable
messaging, many o which s a ed a ound social ne wo king
pla o ms, like Facebook. Facebook Messenge and Wha sApp a e
he bes -known pla o ms ha enable he use o in e ac wi h
e e yone ha is on hei ne wo k.
• Games
o Like he Messaging Social Ne wo k, in his one (Game Social
Ne wo k) use has he games he bough , and he can cha wi h
anyone on hei ne wo k. S eam and O igin a e he bes -known
pla o ms ha enable us o play mul iplaye games and cha wi h
o he use s.
24
3.1.3. Van ages and disad an ages
Social ne wo ks and social communi ies a e al eady pa o people's ou ines. This “ ashion”
has made b ands and companies also begin o use and in e ac wi h hei p ospec s and
cus ome s, b inging some ad an ages and disad an ages o socie y, such as:
3.1.3.1. Van ages
1. Social ne wo ks p o ide us wi h g ea ease o communica ion, hey allow
connec ions wi h a lo o people, ega dless o hei loca ion.
2. The sea ch o old iends, amily, e c. The social ne wo k gi es us he
possibili y o ind people who ha e mo ed om a long ime ago, colleagues
and e en ela i es.
3. Due o a la ge numbe o use s, social ne wo ks p o ide he possibili y ha
all membe s disco e iends acco ding o hei in e es s and hobbies.
4. Social ne wo ks can be well used as In e ne ads and, looking a he
numbe o isi o s, o e y e ec i e ads, b inging inc edible possibili ies o
ind good job o e s.
5. Being able o pa icipa e in discussion g oups is ano he posi i e aspec o
social ne wo ks. Some g oups ga he people in e es ed in exchanging
in o ma ion on a ange o subjec s, such as illnesses, doub s, cou ses,
books, e c.
6. Companies can ha e a much mo e pe sonalized and di ec ela ionship
wi h each clien o possible clien , since you can con ac each one, ei he
o sol e p oblems o gi e new in o ma ion.
7. Be able o know mo e abou each o you cus ome s: people sha e hei
likes, desi es, and o he in o ma ion ha can be aluable o businesses
when i comes o ge ing close o hei a ge audience.
8. Real- ime in o ma ion: Social ne wo ks allow you o communica e u gen
b and messages on an o icial channel.
3.1.3.2. Disad an ages
1. The in o ma ion p o ided in social ne wo ks can be used by anyone
wi hou he use s ha ing any knowledge abou i .
2. Con ac in o ma ion can be used o spam.
3. some imes social ne wo ks can e en ha m amilies, and use s who a e e y
in e es ed in social ne wo ks, because hey spend all hei ee ime online
and do no pay a en ion o he people a ound hem.
25
4. Pa en s should moni o wha hei child en a e doing in o de o p e en
hem om being ic ims o malicious people, such as paedophiles.
5. A la ge numbe o people canno spend a day o e en a ew hou s wi hou
isi ing he social ne wo k. The ice o people and he absence o he
In e ne becomes a disas e and people do no know wha o do when
canno access online communica ion.
6. Dissemina ion o alse in o ma ion is ano he p oblem ha occu s in social
ne wo ks. The sp ead o alse in o ma ion leads o gigan ic p opo ions,
e en se iously damaging he ic ims o such lies.
7. Mos people demons a e hei li es on social ne wo ks, ha is, hey ell
whe e hey li e, o whe e hey a el, whe e hei child en s udy, e c. This
in o ma ion is a ga eway o he w ong people who can use his in o ma ion
o plan obbe ies, kidnappings, e c.
3.2. COMPUTER SECURITY
3.2.1. Cybe secu i y
Wi h he eme gence o social ne wo ks and he ad ancemen o echnology, i was necessa y o
c ea e some hing ha would allow he sa egua ding o use s o social ne wo ks, so, in he 80’s,
eme ged he concep o cybe secu i y (Academy, 2021).
Acco ding o Shea (n.d.), “Cybe secu i y is he p o ec ion o In e ne -connec ed sys ems such as
ha dwa e, so wa e and da a om cybe h ea s. The p ac ice is used by indi iduals and
en e p ises o p o ec hem agains unau ho ized access o da a cen e s and o he
compu e ized sys ems”. Cybe secu i y consis s o a se o echnologies, designed o p o ec
ne wo ks, da a, and sys ems agains cybe -a acks.
Some people conside he eme gence o cybe -secu i y as he hi d indus ial e olu ion, whe e
he p esence o la ge-scale in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies, in ol ed in a ious
a eas o human ac i i y, is obse ed, and has he capaci y o educe he isk o a ack and p o ec
agains he unau ho ized en y o hi d pa ies in o he sys ems.
3.2.2. Concep s
In o de o ha e a success ul cybe -secu i y sys em, i is necessa y o ul il h ee g ea
cha ac e is ics, known as he T iad CIA (Walkowski, 2019), a concep wi hou whom i would no
be possible o implemen any kind o cybe secu i y. And he h ee big equi emen s a e:
32
In o ma ion ela ed o compu e secu i y, cybe secu i y, hei concep s, ea s and
cybe secu i y in social ne wo ks we e add essed in sec ion C, using he ollowing ques ions:
• Do you keep he passwo ds sa ed in he b owse ?
• Which social ne wo k p o ides he bes da a secu i y?
• Do you us in cybe secu i y?
• How well in o med do you eel abou cybe c ime isk?
• Do you ag ee o disag ee wi h he ollowing s a emen s?
▪ I a oid e ealing my pe sonal in o ma ion.
▪ The isk o being a cybe c ime ic im is inc easing.
▪ I’m conce ned ha my pe sonal in o ma ion isn’ secu e on he
websi es.
▪ I’m conce ned ha my pe sonal in o ma ion isn’ p o ec ed he
public au ho i ies.
▪ A p o ec ion ool, like an an i i us, will p o ec me om
cybe c ime?
• Cybe c imes include many ypes o c iminal ac i i ies. How conce ned a e
you, pe sonally, abou expe iencing o being a ic im o he ollowing
si ua ions?
▪ De ice in ec ion wi h malicious so wa e (malwa e, e c.).
▪ Iden i y he (someone ha s eals you pe sonal in o ma ion).
▪ Bank ca d o online banking aud.
▪ Hacking you social ne wo ks o email accoun .
▪ Online ma e ial ha p omo es acial o eligious ex emism.
▪ Cybe -a acks ha p e en you om accessing online se ices, such
as you bank accoun .
▪ Paymen eques in exchange o egaining con ol o e you
de ice.
▪ Online aud in which pu chased p oduc s a e no deli e ed,
coun e ei o do no co espond o he ad e ised.
• In you opinion, which o hese si ua ions ep esen s a e y se ious,
easonably se ious, mino c ime o is i no e en a c ime?
▪ In ec ion o de ices wi h malicious so wa e (malwa e, e c.).
▪ Iden i y he (someone ha s eals you pe sonal in o ma ion).
▪ Bank ca d o online banking aud.
▪ Hacking you social ne wo ks o email accoun .
▪ Online ma e ial ha p omo es acial o eligious ex emism.

33
▪ Cybe -a acks ha p e en you om accessing online se ices, such
as you bank accoun .
▪ Paymen eques in exchange o egaining con ol o e you
de ice.
▪ Online aud in which pu chased p oduc s a e no deli e ed,
coun e ei o do no co espond o he ad e ised
• Wha would you do in he ollowing si ua ions i you had been a cybe c ime
ic im?
▪ Disco e malicious so wa e on you de ice ( i us, e c.).
▪ Iden i y he (someone ha s eals you da a).
▪ Being a ic im o online bank o bank ca d aud.
▪ Find online child po nog aphy.
▪ Hacking you social ne wo ks o email accoun .
▪ Finding online ma e ial ha p omo es acial o eligious ex emism.
▪ Paymen eques in exchange o egaining con ol o e you
de ice.
▪ Recei e audulen e-mails o phone calls asking o you pe sonal
in o ma ion (e.g., login, compu e access, audulen paymen s, o
you bank in o ma ion).
▪ Online aud in which pu chased p oduc s a e no deli e ed,
coun e ei o do no co espond o he ad e ised.
The s uc u ed su ey is a ailable in he annexes, in o de o acili a e he analysis o he
ques ions p oposed o he esponden s.
34
4.2. SURVEY
A e he c ea ion o he s uc u ed su ey, i was made a ailable online, on Facebook, LinkedIn,
and email pla o ms, ob aining a o al o 170 inal esponses.
4.2.1. Pa A – Cha ac e iza ion o esponden s
O he 170 esponden s, 99 (58%) a e emale and 71 (42%) a e male.
G aphic 2 – Age o Responden s.
We can see ha he majo i y o answe s co espond o ages be ween 26 - 35 (31%), ollowed by
he 36 o 45 age g oup wi h 24%.
< 25 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 > 66
Age G oup 15% 31% 24% 23% 6% 2%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
42%
58%
Male Female
G aphic 1 – Gende o Responden s.
35
G aphic 3 – Educa ion o Responden s.
Mos esponden s ha e an academic deg ee (33%), 17% o hem ha e a mas e ’s and high school
g adua e.
G aphic 4 – Occupa ion o Responden s.
Acco ding o he g aph abo e, we can see ha 20% o esponden s wo k in in o ma ion
echnology and only 1% in anspo , dis ibu ion and logis ics.
0%
17%
6%
11%
8%
33%
17%
5%
3%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
No Fo mal School
High School G adua e
P o essional deg ee
Bachelo 's deg ee
Pos g adua e
Academic License
Mas e 's Deg ee
Doc o a e Deg ee
Basic Educa ion
0%
4%
2%
14%
8%
4%
7%
6%
2%
3%
20%
2%
0%
12%
3%
6%
2%
5%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Ag icul u e, Food and Na u al Resou ces
A chi ec u e and Cons uc ion
A s, Audio/Video Technology and Communica ions
Business Managemen and Adminis a ion
Educa ion and T aining
Finance
Go e nmen and Public Adminis a ion
Heal h Science
Hospi ali y and Tou ism
Human Se ices
In o ma ion Technology
Law, Public Sa e y, Co ec ions and Secu i y
Manu ac u ing
Ma ke ing, Sales and Se ice
Re i ed
Science, Technology, Enginee ing and Ma hema ics
T anspo a ion, Dis ibu ion and Logis ics
Unemployed
36
4.2.2. Analysis o Responden s' Responses
Nex , he esul s and espec i e analyses o he answe s gi en in he online su ey will be
p esen ed. In he i s sec ion, will be shown he esul s o he analysis o he second pa o he
su ey ela ed o social media. In he second sec ion will be shown he esul s o he
cybe secu i y analysis (Pa C).
4.2.2.1. Pa B
1. How much ime do you spend on social media pe day?
G aphic 5 – Analisis o Ques ion 1.
In g aph 5, we can see ha 37% o esponden s spend be ween 1 and 2 hou s a day on social
ne wo ks.
I should be no ed ha only 17% o esponden s spend mo e han 3 hou s on social ne wo ks.
19%
37%
27%
17%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Less han 1 hou F om 1 hou o 2
hou s
F om 2 hou s o 3
hou s
Mo e han 3 hou s
37
2. Which o he ollowing social ne wo ks do you use?
G aphic 6 – Analysis o Ques ion 2.
In he cha abo e he as majo i y o esponden s use Wha sApp (18%) and hen Facebook,
wi h 17% o esponses. I should be no ed ha only 1% o esponden s use Snapcha and 3% use
bo h Pin e es and TikTok.
3. Wha a e you looking o in Social Ne wo ks?
G aphic 7 – Analysis o Ques ion 3.
We can see ha in g aph 7, 45% o esponden s use social ne wo ks o keep in ouch wi h hei
iends. I can also be seen ha 29% use he ne wo ks o p o essional con ac s, and 13% o ind
old iends.
17%
15%
3%
13%
18%
12%
2%
1%
3%
4%
11%
0%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Facebook
Ins ag am
TikTok
YouTube
Wha sApp
Messenge
Reddi
Snapcha
Pin e es
Twi e
LinkedIn
I do no use
45%
3%
13%
29%
10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Con ac s wi h
iends
Lo ing
ela ionships
Find old iends P o essional
con ac s
Look o a job

38
4. Which a e he mos nega i e ac o s in he use o Social Ne wo ks?
G aphic 8 – Analysis o Ques ion 4.
In he eigh h g aph, 28% o esponden s hink ha he bigges nega i e ac o is secu i y isks.
Al eady 25% indica e ha i is he loss o p i acy.
5. Which a e he mos posi i e ac o s in he use o Social Ne wo ks?
G aphic 9 – Analysis o Ques ion 5.
In he cha abo e, we can see ha 51% o esponden s indica e ha one o he posi i e ac o s
is sha ing in o ma ion. 22% o esponden s e e ha ano he posi i e ac o is connec ing wi h
people. I should be no ed ha only 1% hink ha i is alking wi h iends.
22%
25% 24%
28%
0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
The dispe sion Loss o p i acy Time alloca ed o
ne wo ks
Secu i y isks The e a e no
nega i e poin s
51%
22%
12% 13%
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
In o ma ion
sha ing
Peoples
connec ion
F eedom o
exp ession
Business
oppo uni y
Cha wi h iends
39
6. Wha goal did you achie e on Social Ne wo ks?
G aphic 10 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.
In g aph 10, we can see ha 38% o esponden s we e able o c ea e new iendships and 26%
a new job. Ano he in e es ing poin is ha 16% o he esponden s had an inc ease in sel -
es eem.
7. In you opinion, in which a ea do Social Ne wo ks makes he mos impac ?
G aphic 11 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.
In he esponden s' opinion, he a ea whe e social media impac s he mos a e in ela ionships
(40%) and also in he wo k en i onmen (24%), i can also be seen ha 23% indica e ha i also
impac s on educa ion and 11% on go e nmen .
13%
7%
16%
38%
26%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
24%
42%
23%
11%
Wo k en i onmen Rela ionships Educa ion Go e nmen
40
8. Which de ice do you p e e o access Social Ne wo ks?
G aphic 12 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.
The as majo i y o esponden s use sma phones o access social ne wo ks (73%), while 2%
use a sma TV.
9. How many iends do you cu en ly ha e on you Social Ne wo ks?
G aphic 13 – Analysis o Ques ion 9.
In g aph 13 i is achie ed ha 35% o he esponden s ha e mo e han 450 iends on social
ne wo ks and 25% below 150. I should be no ed ha only 6% o esponden s ha e be ween
350 and 450 con ac s on social ne wo ks.
73%
17%
7% 2% 0%
Sma phone Compu e Table Sma TV Todos
25%
19%
15%
6%
35%
< 150 151 - 250 251 - 350 351 - 450 > 451
41
4.2.2.2. Pa C
1. Do you keep he passwo ds sa ed in he b owse ?
G aphic 14 – Analysis o Ques ion 1.
I should be no ed ha in he g aph abo e, 54% o esponden s keep hei passwo ds in hei
b owse s. The emaining esponden s (46%) do no s o e passwo ds in hei b owse s.
2. Which social ne wo k p o ides he bes da a secu i y?
G aphic 15 – Analysis o Ques ion 2.
In g aph 15, i is achie ed ha 31% o he esponden s us in LinkedIn, 21% in Wha sApp and
18% on YouTube.
54%
46%
40%
42%
44%
46%
48%
50%
52%
54%
56%
Yes No
Yes
No
9%
12%
3%
18%
21%
6%
0% 1% 0% 0%
31%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
48
6.6. Cybe -a acks ha p e en you om accessing online se ices, such as you bank
accoun .
G aphic 28 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.6.
In he g aph abo e, 65% o esponden s a e well conce ned ha hey could be a ic im o a
cybe -a ack ha p e en hem om accessing hei online se ices, as well 20% is easonably
conce ned.Also, i can be seen ha 5% is no conce ned and 9% a e no e y well conce ned
abou being a ic im o a cybe -a ack whe e hey canno access hei online se ices.
6.7. Paymen eques in exchange o egaining con ol o e you de ice.
G aphic 29 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.7.
In Cha 29, he as majo i y o esponden s a e e y conce ned ha hey may be he ic im o
demands o paymen in exchange o egaining con ol o e hei de ices. As o 18% a e
easonably well conce ned and 9% a e no e y well conce ned and 9% a e no conce ned a all.
5% 9%
20%
65%
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
No Conce ned No e y well
Conce ned
Reasonably well
Conce ned
Well Conce ned Do no Know
9% 9%
18%
64%
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
No Conce ned No e y well
Conce ned
Reasonably well
Conce ned
Well Conce ned Do no Know

49
6.8. Online aud in which pu chased p oduc s a e no deli e ed, coun e ei o do no
co espond o he ad e ised.
G aphic 30 – Analysis o Ques ion 6.8.
In he cha abo e, i can be seen ha 60% o esponden s a e e y conce ned abou alling
ic im o online aud whe e pu chased p oduc s a e no deli e ed, coun e ei o no eal. I
can also be seen ha 22% o people a e easonably well conce ned and 11% a e no e y well
conce ned.
I should also be no ed ha 7% a e no conce ned abou being a ic im o online aud.
7% 11%
22%
60%
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
No Conce ned No e y well
Conce ned
Reasonably well
Conce ned
Well Conce ned Do no Know
50
7. In you opinion, which o hese si ua ions ep esen s a e y se ious, easonably se ious,
mino c ime o is i no e en a c ime?
7.1. In ec ion o de ices wi h malicious so wa e (malwa e, e c.).
G aphic 31 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.1.
In g aph 31, 45% o esponden s conside ha in ec ing de ices wi h malicious so wa e is a
easonably se ious c ime, and 36% o hem conside i a e y se ious c ime. I should be no ed
ha 16% conside a mino c ime and 2% hinks ha i ’s no e en a c ime.
7.2. Iden i y he (someone ha s eals you pe sonal in o ma ion).
G aphic 32 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.2.
In he cha abo e, he majo i y o esponden s (89%), conside iden i y he o be a e y se ious
c ime and only 9% conside i o be a easonably se ious c ime.
36%
45%
16%
2% 1%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know
89%
9%
1% 1% 0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know
51
7.3. Bank ca d o online banking aud.
G aphic 33 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.3.
In Cha 33, he majo i y o esponden s (96%), conside online banking aud o bank ca d he
o be a e y se ious c ime and only 2% conside i o be a easonably se ious c ime.
7.4. Hacking you social ne wo ks o email accoun .
G aphic 34 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.4.
In Cha 34, 49% o esponden s conside ed hacking in o hei social ne wo ks o email o be a
e y se ious c ime and 39% conside ed i o be a easonably se ious c ime and 19% conside ed
i o be a mino c ime.
96%
2% 1% 0% 0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know
49%
39%
10%
1% 0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know
52
7.5. Online ma e ial ha p omo es acial o eligious ex emism.
G aphic 35 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.5.
In Cha 35, 55% o esponden s conside acism o eligious ex emism a e y se ious c ime and
32% conside i a easonably se ious c ime, 10% conside i a mino c ime and 3% do no
conside i a c ime.
7.6. Cybe -a acks ha p e en you om accessing online se ices, such as you bank
accoun .
G aphic 36 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.6.
In he g aph abo e, 74% o esponden s, conside ha cybe -a acks ha p e en hem om
accessing hei online se ices is a e y se ious c ime and 20% conside i a easonably se ious
c ime. Also, 4% o he esponden s conside i a mino c ime and 1% do no conside i a c ime.
55%
32%
10%
3% 1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know
74%
20%
4% 1% 1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know
53
7.7. Paymen eques in exchange o egaining con ol o e you de ice.
G aphic 37 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.7.
In he abo e g aph, he as majo i y o esponden s (81%), conside ha eques ing paymen
in exchange o being able o access hei de ices is a e y se ious c ime. I is also no ed ha
20% conside i a easonably se ious c ime, 1% conside i a mino c ime also 1% do no conside
i a c ime.
7.8. Online aud in which pu chased p oduc s a e no deli e ed, coun e ei o do no
co espond o he ad e ised.
G aphic 38 – Analysis o Ques ion 7.8.
In Cha 38, 56% o esponden s conside online aud in which he p oduc s pu chased do no
ma ch he ad e isemen , a e no deli e ed o a e coun e ei ed o be a e y se ious c ime. I
should also be no ed ha 36% conside i o be a easonably se ious c ime, 6% conside i o be
a mino c ime and 1% do no conside i o be a c ime.
81%
17%
1% 1% 0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know
56%
36%
6%
1% 1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Ve y se ious Reasonably
se ious
Mino c ime I ’s no e en a
c ime
Do no Know

54
8. Wha would you do in he ollowing si ua ions i you had been a cybe c ime ic im?
8.1. Disco e malicious so wa e on you de ice ( i us, e c.).
G aphic 39 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.1.
In he g aph abo e, i can be seen ha 28% o esponden s i hey we e a ic im o cybe c ime
would epo he si ua ion h ough o icial websi es o email. As also nex 25% would con ac
he police, 19% would con ac he websi e/selle , ano he 19% would do no hing.
8.2. Iden i y he (someone ha s eals you da a).
G aphic 40 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.2.
In g aph 40, mos o he esponden s (79%) i hey we e a ic im o cybe c ime by iden i y he
would con ac he police. Also, 8% would epo he si ua ion h ough an o icial websi e, 6%
would con ac he websi e/ endo , 4% would con ac he consume p o ec ion o ganisa ion.
19%
25%
19%
6%
28%
2%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
3%
79%
6% 4% 8% 1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
55
8.3. Being a ic im o online bank o bank ca d aud.
G aphic 41 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.3.
Acco ding o he g aph abo e, mos o he esponden s (78%) i hey we e a ic im o cybe c ime
o bank aud, would con ac he police. I can also be seen ha 11% would epo he si ua ion
h ough an o icial websi e, 4% would con ac he websi e/ endo , 5% would con ac he
consume p o ec ion o ganiza ion. I is no ewo hy ha 2% would do no hing in his si ua ion.
8.4. Find online child po nog aphy.
G aphic 42 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.4.
As g aph 42 indica es, 82% o he esponden s, i hey ound child online po nog aphy, would
con ac he police. I is also no ed ha 6% would epo he si ua ion h ough an o icial websi e,
4% would con ac he websi e/ deale , 5% would con ac a consume p o ec ion o ganiza ion
and i should be no ed ha 4% would do no hing abou he si ua ion.
2%
78%
4% 5% 11%
0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
4%
82%
4% 2% 6% 1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
56
8.5. Hacking you social ne wo ks o email accoun .
G aphic 43 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.5.
G aph 43 shows ha 34% o esponden s i hey we e ic ims o cybe c ime by hacking hei
social ne wo ks o email, would con ac he police.
I should also be no ed ha 28% would con ac he websi e/ endo and 24% would epo he
si ua ion ia an o icial websi e.
8.6. Finding online ma e ial ha p omo es acial o eligious ex emism.
G aphic 44 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.6.
Acco ding o he g aph abo e i shows ha 38% o esponden s i hey ound acis o ex emis
ma e ial would con ac he police, 25% would epo i h ough an o icial websi e, 16% would
con ac he websi e/ endo and 11% would do no hing.
7%
34%
28%
6%
24%
2%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
11%
38%
16%
6%
25%
5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
57
8.7. Paymen eques in exchange o egaining con ol o e you de ice.
G aphic 45 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.7.
The abo e g aph shows ha mos o he esponden s (69%), i hey we e a ic im o cybe c ime
by eques ing paymen in exchange o access o hei de ices would con ac he police.
Also, we can e i y ha 9% would epo he si ua ion h ough an o icial websi e, ano he 9%
would con ac he websi e/ endo and 2% would con ac he consume p o ec ion
o ganisa ion.
8.8. Recei e audulen e-mails o phone calls asking o you pe sonal in o ma ion (e.g.,
login, compu e access, audulen paymen s o you bank in o ma ion).
G aphic 46 – Analysis o Ques ion 8.8.
Cha 46 indica es ha 48% o esponden s would con ac he police, i hey ecei ed audulen
emails o phone calls asking o hei pe sonal in o ma ion. Acco ding o he same cha , 20%
9%
69%
9%
2% 9%
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
20%
48%
12%
4%
14%
2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
No hing Con ac he
police
Con ac he
websi e /
selle
Con ac a
consume
p o ec ion
o ganiza ion
Repo he
si ua ion
h ough an
o icial
websi e o
email
Do no know
64
5.2. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
The bigges limi a ion o his esea ch was he da a used. he i s momen s a s wi h he su ey
ha was sen o he esponden s, as i is wo ying ha some o hem may ha e p o ided w ong
answe s o alse da a. In ac , his is because he su ey was online, bo h on Facebook and
LinkedIn and was sen by email, i was a bi long and he e was no compensa ion o
esponden s.
Ano he limi a ion was he ime es ic ion. The su ey was ca ied ou wi hin a s ipula ed
deadline, howe e , he e we e some delays, especially in he deli e y o da a by esponden s.
As he su ey was online, use s we e ee o ill i a any ime o day.
The e we e also o he challenges beyond his esea ch, such as balancing wo k o he mas e ’s
deg ee and my daily wo k. The e o e, as I was limi ed in e ms o ime, I ook ad an age o all
he ee ime I had o be able o dedica e mysel o his esea ch. As he e we e also mone a y
cons ain s, da a analysis was no done h ough p emium ools. The main da a collec ion ool o
lowe esea ch cos .
The selec ed sample was also a limi a ion, as i was e y di icul o ind esponden s who would
make a ailable pa o hei ime o answe he su ey. Ini ially, when he su ey was made
a ailable on social ne wo ks, no all olun ee s illed in and sen back hei answe s. Howe e ,
e en wi h all hese limi a ions, a signi ican numbe o esponses we e ob ained, enough o
ex ac he necessa y in o ma ion om hem.
And, inally he bigges limi a ion ound in his esea ch was w i ing. To ca y ou his esea ch
and p esen ing he p oblems objec i ely seems o be an easy hing o do. Howe e , once he
in o ma ion becomes a ailable and new disco e ies a e made, esea ch de elopmen becomes
mo e challenging.

65
5.3. FUTURE WORK
By analysing he mos di e se wo ks in he exis ing li e a u e on he subjec , his esea ch sough
o add ess he main h ea s o p i acy and secu i y in social media. This has been ou lined by
ea lie esea che s in hei wo ks. Fo his eason, his esea ch aims o p esen some a eas o
u u e esea che s o deepen and, p obably, b ing mo e knowledge on he subjec .
One o he opics ha u u e esea che s will be able o add ess is o ho oughly esea ch and
analyse how applica ions a e collec ing all use s’ in o ma ion and how access o pe sonal
in o ma ion can be limi ed. Ano he poin ha can be add essed in u u e esea ch is how social
ne wo ks and go e nmen s can collabo a e oge he o igh cybe c ime, which inc eases day
by day, o a oid bigge p oblems.
A hi d poin ha could also be add essed is he legisla ion ha go e nmen s a e o should be
d a ing o p o ec hei ci izens and how hey can ensu e hei p i acy. I would also be
in e es ing o make he su ey a ailable by di e en pa s o he wo ld and also by di e en age
g oups, in o de o gain mo e knowledge abou how people a e in o med abou he exposu e o
hei da a on online pla o ms and how hey p o ec hemsel es.
66
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aboulhosn, S. (2020, Feb ua y 19). How o build a social media ma ke ing unnel ha con e s.
Re ie ed om Sp ou social: h ps://sp ou social.com/insigh s/social-media-
ma ke ing- unnel/
Academy, E. F. (2021, Janua y 25). A Decade-by-Decade His o y o Cybe secu i y. Re ie ed
om Ele en Fi y Academy: h ps://ele en i y.o g/blog/a-decade-by-decade-his o y-
o -cybe secu i y/
Aga wal, K. (2021, Ma ch 03). 10 Ways o Imp o e Da a Secu i y. Re ie ed om Lepide:
h ps://www.lepide.com/blog/ en-ways- o-imp o e-da a-secu i y/
Alliance, N. C. (n.d.). Social Media. Re ie ed om S ay Sa e Online:
h ps://s aysa eonline.o g/s ay-sa e-online/secu ing-key-accoun s-de ices/social-
media/
An unes, M., & Rod igues, B. (2018). In odução à Cibe segu ança: A In e ne , os aspe os legais
e a análise digi al o ense. Lisboa: FCA – Edi o a de In o má ica.
B., A. (2017, June 28). Na ional Cybe secu i y Cen e. Re ie ed om LinkedIn 2012 hack: wha
you need o know: h ps://www.ncsc.go .uk/blog-pos /linkedin-2012-hack-
wha -you-need-know
Bane jee, S. (2017, Sep embe 19). The Cybe Secu i y Risks On Social Media – Lea n F om
Case S udies. Re ie ed om RS Websols:
h ps://www. swebsols.com/ u o ials/in e ne /cybe -secu i y- isks-social-media
Belcic, I. (2021, May 19). O guia essencial sob e phishing: Como unciona e como se p o ege .
Re ie ed om A as Academy: h ps://www.a as .com/p -b /c-phishing# opic-7
Bene enu o, F., Rod igues, T., Almeida, V., Almeida, J., & Gonçal es, M. (2009, July 19).
De ec ing spamme s and con en p omo e s in online ideo social ne wo ks. Re ie ed
om ACM Digi al Lib a y: h ps://dl.acm.o g/ci a ion.c m?id=1572047
Bene enu o, F., Rod igues, T., Almeida, V., Almeida, J., Zhang, C., & Ross, K. (2008, Ap il 22).
Iden i ying ideo spamme s in online social ne wo ks. Re ie ed om ACM Digi al
Lib a y: h ps://dl.acm.o g/ci a ion.c m?id=1451996
Bisson, D. (2020, Oc obe 15). 7 Da a B eaches Caused by Human E o : Did Enc yp ion Play a
Role? Re ie ed om Vena i: h ps://www. ena i.com/blog/7-da a-b eaches-caused-
human-e o -did-enc yp ion-play- ole
Bond, M. (2020, Decembe 16). Wha is an Online Communi y? The Basics & Bene i s.
Re ie ed om Hige Logic: h ps://www.highe logic.com/blog/wha -is-an-online-
communi y/
B adley, A. J., & McDonald, M. P. (2011). The Social O ganiza ion - How o use social media o
ap he collec i e genius o you cus ome s and employees. Bos on, Massachuse s:
Ga ne Inc.
Cadwallad , C., & G aham-Ha ison, E. (2018, Ma ch 17). Re ealed: 50 million Facebook
p o iles ha es ed o Camb idge Analy ica in majo da a b each. Re ie ed om The
67
Gua dian: h ps://www. hegua dian.com/news/2018/ma /17/camb idge-analy ica-
acebook-in luence-us-elec ion
Cas illo, C., Mendoza, M., & Poble e, B. (2011, Ma ch 28). In o ma ion c edibili y on wi e .
Re ie ed om ACM Digi al Lib a y: h ps://dl.acm.o g/ci a ion.c m?id=1963500
Ca el y , M. D. (2007). Cybe -Secu i y and Th ea Poli ics: Us E o s To Secu e The In o ma ion
Age. Taylo & F ancis LTD.
CDNe wo ks. (2021, May 17). Bo ne A acks – E e y hing you need o know. Re ie ed om
CDNe wo ks: h ps://www.cdne wo ks.com/cloud-secu i y-blog/bo ne -a acks/
Cybe Secu i y In o ma ion Po al. (n.d.). Lea ning Cen e: Sa e Social Ne wo king. Re ie ed
om Cybe Secu i y In o ma ion Po al: h ps://www.cybe secu i y.hk/en/lea ning-
social-ne wo king.php#slide-1
Da a epo al. (n.d.). Global Social Media S a s. Re ie ed om Da a epo al:
h ps://da a epo al.com/social-media-use s
Finjan Team. (2017, Feb ua y 27). Finjan Cybe secu i y. Re ie ed om Wha is Non-
Repudia ion? A Close Look a he P inciples, Techniques and Bes P ac ices:
h ps://blog. injan.com/wha -is-non- epudia ion/
Ge Cybe Sa e. (2020, Janua y 15). So wa e upda es: Why hey ma e o cybe secu i y.
Re ie ed om Go e nmen o Canada:
h ps://www.ge cybe sa e.gc.ca/en/blogs/so wa e-upda es-why- hey-ma e -cybe -
secu i y
Ghosh, S. (2011, Janua y 28). Se en social media secu i y bes p ac ices. Re ie ed om
Compu e Weekly.com: h ps://www.compu e weekly.com/ ip/Se en-social-media-
secu i y-bes -p ac ices
Gi olamo, R. D. (2019, Oc obe 02). Ne e Click and Tell: S aying Sa e on Social Media.
Re ie ed om Connec ed: h ps://communi y.connec ion.com/ne e -click-and- ell-
s aying-sa e-on-social-media/
G undy, W. (n.d.). Cybe Secu i y Risk in a Social Media Wo ld. Re ie ed om Cybe Risk &
Insu ance Fo um: h p://www.cybe iskinsu ance o um.com/con en /cybe -secu i y-
isk-social-media-wo ld
Hayes, N. (20016, June 09). Why Social Media Si es A e The New Cybe Weapons O Choice.
Re ie ed om Da k Reading: h ps://www.da k eading.com/a acks-b eaches/why-
social-media-si es-a e- he-new-cybe -weapons-o -choice/a/d-id/1326802
IBM Co po a ion. (2015). IBM 2015 Cybe Secu i y In elligence Index. USA: IBM. Re ie ed
om h ps://essex ec.com/wp-con en /uploads/2015/09/IBM-2015-Cybe -Secu i y-
In elligence-Index_FULL-REPORT.pd
Jabee, R., & A sha , A. (2016, June). Issues and Challenges o Cybe Secu i y o Social
Ne wo king Si es (Facebook). Re ie ed om Resea chga e:
h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/304066517_Issues_and_Challenges_o _Cy
be _Secu i y_ o _Social_Ne wo king_Si es_Facebook
68
Kemp, S. (2020, Janua y 30). Digi al 2020: Global Digi al O e iew. Re ie ed om
Da a epo al: h ps://da a epo al.com/ epo s/digi al-2020-global-digi al-o e iew
Olzak, T. (2021, Ma ch 8). Malicious B owse Ex ensions: Why hey could be he nex big
cybe secu i y headache. Re ie ed om Toolbox: h ps://www. oolbox.com/i -
secu i y/ ulne abili y-managemen /a icles/malicious-b owse -ex ensions/
Pa ke , S. (2017, Jully 31). Cybe Secu i y Risks in he Social Wo ld. Re ie ed om The S a e o
Secu i y: h ps://www. ipwi e.com/s a e-o -secu i y/secu i y-da a-p o ec ion/cybe -
secu i y/cybe -secu i y- isks-social-wo ld/
Pa ke , S. (2017, June 06). Cybe Secu i y Risks On Social Media: 5 Ways Use s A e Vulne able.
Re ie ed om SAC - The Secu i y Awa eness Company:
h ps://www. hesecu i yawa enesscompany.com/2017/06/06/cybe -secu i y- isks-
social-media-5-ways-use s- ulne able/
Pa el, F., Ko eh, R., Le ingson-Waldman, R., & DenUyl, S. (2019, May 22). Social Media
Moni o ing. Re ie ed om B ennan Cen e Fo Jus ice:
h ps://www.b ennancen e .o g/ou -wo k/ esea ch- epo s/social-media-moni o ing
Pe e s, J. (2018, Ma ch 31). Weekly Cybe Risk Roundup: My i nesspal b each, ca banak leade
a es ed. Re ie ed om Cybe in Sigh :
h ps://blog.su wa chlabs.com/2018/03/31/weekly-cybe - isk- oundup-my i nesspal-
b each-ca banak-leade -a es ed/
Pe e s, J. (2018, Ma ch 24). Weekly Cybe Risk Roundup: O bi z b each, Facebook P i acy
Fallou . Re ie ed om Cybe in Sigh :
h ps://blog.su wa chlabs.com/2018/03/24/weekly-cybe - isk- oundup-o bi z-
b each- acebook-p i acy- allou /
Po emba, S. (2017, Decembe 21). P edic ion: Social Impac o Cybe secu i y B eakdowns.
Re ie ed om IT Business Edge: h ps://www.i businessedge.com/blogs/da a-
secu i y/p edic ion-social-impac -o -cybe secu i y-b eakdowns.h ml
Ra ho e, S., Sha ma, P. K., Loia, V., Jeong, Y.-S., & Pa k, J. H. (2017, Augus 23). Social ne wo k
secu i y: Issues, challenges, h ea s, and solu ions. Re ie ed om ScienceDi ec :
h ps://www.sciencedi ec .com/science/a icle/pii/S0020025517309106
Regan, J. (2019, July 10). O que é malwa e? Como malwa es uncionam e como se li a deles.
Re ie ed om AVG: h ps://www.a g.com/p /signal/wha -is-malwa e
Ri a, P. (2018, Feb ua y 19). Resea ch Design. Uni e sidade No a In o ma ion Managemen
School.
Ro h, Y., & Pickles, N. (2020, May 18). Bo o no ? The ac s abou pla o m manipula ion on
Twi e . Re ie ed om Twi e :
h ps://blog. wi e .com/en_us/ opics/company/2020/bo -o -no
Salam, M., Panda, M., Elba awy, Y., Hassanien, A. E., & Ab aham, A. (2012, June 20).
Compu a ional Social Ne wo ks: Secu i y and P i acy. Re ie ed om Sp inge Link:
h ps://link.sp inge .com/chap e /10.1007%2F978-1-4471-4051-1_1
Samu , A. (2018, No embe 22). The His o y o Social Media: 29+ Key Momen s. Re ie ed
om Ho sui e: h ps://blog.hoo sui e.com/his o y-social-media/
69
SBA – U.S. Small Business Adminis a ion. (n.d.). Cybe -a acks a e a g owing conce n o small
businesses. Lea n abou he h ea s and how o p o ec you sel . Re ie ed om S ay
sa e om cybe secu i y h ea s: h ps://www.sba.go /managing-
business/cybe secu i y/social-media-cybe - andalism- oolki
Shea, S., Gillis, A., & Cla k, C. (n.d.). Cybe secu i y. Re ie ed om Sea chsecu i y:
h ps://sea chsecu i y. ech a ge .com/de ini ion/cybe secu i y
Solis, B. (2017, July 24). The 2017 Social Media Uni e se in One In og aphic: In oducing The
Con e sa ion P ism 5.0. Re ie ed om LinkedIn:
h ps://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2017-social-media-uni e se-one-in og aphic-p ism-
50-b ian-solis/
S a is a. (2021). Numbe o mon hly ac i e Facebook use s wo ldwide as 1s qua e 2021 (in
millions). Re ie ed om S a is a:
h ps://www.s a is a.com/s a is ics/264810/numbe -o -mon hly-ac i e- acebook-
use s-wo ldwide/
S eal h Labs. (2020, Decembe 04). Cybe Secu i y Th ea s and A acks: All You Need o Know.
Re ie ed om S eal h Labs: h ps://www.s eal hlabs.com/blog/cybe -secu i y-
h ea s-all-you-need- o-know/
Syman ec. (2019). ISTR – In e ne Secu i y Th ea Repo . Uni ed S a ed o Ame ica: Syman ec.
Re ie ed om h ps://docs.b oadcom.com/doc/is -24-2019-en
Te ill, C. (2017, Ap il 28). Wha You Need To Know Now Abou Cybe secu i y And Social
Media. Re ie ed om Fo bes:
h ps://www. o bes.com/si es/ch is ie e ill/2017/04/28/wha -you-need- o-know-
now-abou -cybe secu i y-and-social-media/#1ea936543a16
T end Mic o. (2016, May 18). 2012 Linkedin B each had 117 Million Emails and Passwo ds
S olen, No 6.5M. Re ie ed om T end Mic o:
h ps://www. endmic o.com/ in o/us/secu i y/news/cybe -a acks/2012-linkedin-
b each-117-million-emails-and-passwo ds-s olen-no -6-5m
T end Mic o. (2018, May 04). Change You Passwo ds: Twi e Bug Exposes Use Passwo ds.
Re ie ed om T end Mic o:
h ps://www. endmic o.com/ in o/us/secu i y/news/online-p i acy/change-you -
passwo ds- wi e -bug-exposes-use -passwo ds
T end Mic o. (2019, June 30). Hun ing Th ea s on Twi e . Re ie ed om T end Mic o:
h ps://www. endmic o.com/ in o/us/secu i y/news/cybe c ime-and-digi al-
h ea s/hun ing- h ea s-on- wi e
TSR – The So wa e Repo . (2020, Decembe 22). The Top 25 Cybe secu i y Companies O
2020. Re ie ed om TSR – The So wa e Repo :
h ps://www. heso wa e epo .com/ he- op-25-cybe secu i y-companies-o -2020/
Union, E. (2018). The GDPR: new oppo uni ies, new obliga ions. Luxembou g: Publica ions
O ice o he Eu opean Union. Re ie ed om
h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/in o/si es/de aul / iles/da a-p o ec ion- ac shee -sme-
obliga ions_en.pd

70
Uni e si y In o ma ion Technology Se ices. (2021, Ma ch 16). Abou i uses, wo ms, and
T ojan ho ses. Re ie ed om Uni e si y In o ma ion Technology Se ices:
h ps://kb.iu.edu/d/aehm
Walkowski, D. (2019, July 09). Wha Is he CIA T iad? Re ie ed om F5 Labs Applica ion Th ea
In elligence: h ps://www. 5.com/labs/a icles/educa ion/wha -is- he-cia- iad
Yang, C., Ha k eade , R., Zhang, J., Shin, S., & Gu, G. (2012, Ap il 16). Analyzing spamme s'
social ne wo ks o un and p o i : a case s udy o cybe c iminal ecosys em on wi e .
Re ie ed om ACM Digi al Lib a y: h ps://dl.acm.o g/ci a ion.c m?id=2187847
71
ANNEXES
Cybe secu i y on Social Ne wo ks
This su ey aims o cha ac e ize and assess you conce n wi h cybe secu i y issues on social
ne wo ks. The in o ma ion collec ed will be ea ed wi h he u mos espec o he con iden iali y
o esponden s.
Pa A
Age
☐ <25 ☐ 26 – 35 ☐ 36 – 45 ☐ 46 – 55 ☐ 56 – 65 ☐ > 66
Gende :
☐ Male ☐ Female ☐ O he
Educa ion:
☐ No Fo mal School
☐ High School G adua e
☐ P o essional deg ee
☐ Bachelo ’s deg ee
☐ Pos g adua e
☐ Academic License
☐ Mas e ’s Deg ee
☐ Doc o a e Deg ee
Occupa ion:
☐ Ag icul u e, Food and Na u al Resou ces
☐ A chi ec u e and Cons uc ion
☐ A s, Audio/ Video Technology and Communica ions
☐ Business Managemen and Adminis a ion
☐ Educa ion and T aining
☐ Finance
☐ Go e nmen and Public Adminis a ion
☐ Heal h Science
☐ Hospi ali y and Tou ism
☐ Human Se ices
☐ Law, Public Sa e y, Co ec ions and Secu i y
☐ In o ma ion Technology
☐ Ma ke ing, Sales and Se ice
☐ Manu ac u ing
72
☐ T anspo a ion, Dis ibu ion and Logis ics
☐ Science, Technology, Enginee ing and Ma hema ics
☐ Unemployed
☐ Re i ed
☐ O he
Pa B
1. How much ime do you spend on social media pe day?
☐ Less han 1 hou
☐ F om 1 hou o 2 hou s
☐ F om 2 hou s o 3 hou s
☐ Mo e han 3 hou s
☐ None
2. Which o he ollowing social ne wo ks do you use?
☐ Facebook
☐ Ins ag am
☐ TikTok
☐ YouTube
☐ Wha sApp
☐ Messenge
☐ Reddi
☐ Snapcha
☐ Pin e es
☐ Twi e
☐ LinkedIn
☐ I do no use
3. Wha a e you looking o in Social Ne wo ks?
☐ Con ac s wi h iends
☐ Lo ing ela ionships
☐ Find old iends
☐ P o essional con ac s
☐ Look o a job
73
4. Which a e he mos nega i e ac o s in he use o Social Ne wo ks?
☐ The dispe sion
☐ Loss o p i acy
☐ Time alloca ed o ne wo ks
☐ Secu i y isks
☐ The e a e no nega i e poin s
5. Which a e he mos posi i e ac o s in he use o Social Ne wo ks?
☐ In o ma ion sha ing
☐ Peoples connec ion
☐ F eedom o exp ession
☐ Business oppo uni y
☐ Cha wi h iends
6. Wha goal did you achie e on Social Ne wo ks?
☐ Fame/ Recogni ion
☐ Boy iend/ Gi l iend
☐ Inc eased sel -es eem
☐ New iends
☐ New job
7. In you opinion, in which a ea do Social Ne wo ks makes he mos impac ?
☐ Wo k en i onmen
☐ Rela ionships
☐ Educa ion
☐ Go e nmen
8. Which de ice do you p e e o access Social Ne wo ks?
☐ Sma phone
☐ Compu e
☐ Table
9. How many iends do you cu en ly ha e on you Social Ne wo ks?
☐ < 150
☐ 151-250
☐ 251-350
☐ 351-450
☐ 151-250
☐ > 451