The End o G eek Rule in Soghd. Ea ly Eu hydemus
Imi a ions om Bukha a
Aleksand Nayma k
ABSTRACT
The composi ion o he inds o Hellenis ic coins in Sogdiana sugges ha G eeks los con ol o e his coun-
y du ing o igh a e he e ol o Eu hydemus (ca. 230–226 BCE). Ye he s anda d ype o he Bukha an
imi a ions o Eu hydemus’ e ad achms, on which mode n schola s base hei da es o “Sogdian indepen-
dence”, was min ed a ound he ime o Bac a siege– he peak o he eas e n anabasis o An iochus III (ca.
206 BCE). In o he wo ds, he e is agap o some 20 o 30 yea s be ween he da es de i ed om wo di e en
ca ego ies o numisma ic e idence. The cu en a icle emo es his seeming con adic ion by p esen ing,
ch onologically a anging, and linking o hei p o o ypes ase ies o Bukha an imi a ions ha ep oduces
he ea ly ypes o Eu hydemus’ e ad achms. This numisma ic da a allows he au ho o da e he collapse
o he G eek ule in Soghd o 230–226 BCE.
KEY WORDS
Bukha a; Soghd; Bac ia; G eeks; Hellenis ic; Diodo us; Eu hydemus; An iochus III; coins; e ad achms;
imi a ions.
THE PROBLEM
The a chaeological explo a ion o he e i o y o ancien Soghd (Sogdiana, Sogdia) s a ed in
1874, i.e., exac ly 150 yea s ago, when Majo Bo zenko conduc ed he i s ama eu exca a-
ions on A asiab (Shishkin 1969, 10–12). In 1934, he S a e Academy o Ma e ial Cul u e o he
USSR o ganized he i s p o essionally led a chaeological expedi ion o he Za a shan Valley
(Yakubo skii 1940). And ye , despi e he la ge olume o a chaeological wo ks conduc ed by
So ie , local, and in e na ional expedi ions on he e i o y o ancien Soghd o such along
pe iod o ime, we s ill ha e e y li le a chaeological– and p ac ically no epig aphic– ma e i-
als pe aining o he Hellenis ic pe iod o he coun y’shis o y. As a esul , all ecen schola ly
econs uc ions o he poli ical and cul u al his o y o Soghd om he la e 4 h o he middle
o he 2nd cen u y BCE s ill ely on he ew sca e ed e e ences in su i ing Classical sou c-
es. The sca ci y and ambigui y o his in o ma ion esul ed in se e al comple ely di e gen
iews on he s a us o his coun y in he 3 d cen u y BCE (Nayma k 2005, 116–118; Nayma k
2008, 56, oo no e 4). I comes as no su p ise, hen, ha numisma ic ma e ials ha e become
he p incipal his o ical sou ce o his pe iod o Sogdian his o y.
The da e o he collapse o G eek con ol o e Soghd is jus one o anumbe o impo an
ques ions ha could no be answe ed on he basis o w i en sou ces bu can be cla i ied by
he analysis o coins inds. The e a e wo majo ca ego ies o numisma ic ma e ials ha а e
ele an o his discussion.
The inds o Hellenis ic coppe in he lands o ancien Soghd cons i u e he i s ca ego y.
Coppe coinage had a iducia y na u e and Hellenis ic chalkoi, wi h hei negligeable in in-
sic alue, we e no likely o be accep ed beyond he geog aphic limi s o he G eek au ho i y
STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2, 85–107
86 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2
esponsible o hei min ing. The his o y o money, o cou se, p o ides us wi h mul iple
excep ions o such “ ules” as he limi ed ci cula ion o oken cu ency. Ye , each o hese “ab-
no mal” cases esul s om awhole se o special ci cums ances, none o which was in place
in Soghd du ing he 3 d cen u y BCE.1 In o he wo ds, he inds o Hellenis ic coppe can help
us o de ine he e i o ial and ch onological ex en o he G eek p esence in Soghd (Zeymaľ
1978, 196–197; Nayma k 2001, 33–36; Nayma k 2005, 135–137).
Re ising he lis o inds o Hellenis ic coins in Soghd wo decades ago (Nayma k 2005,
129–134), Isugges ed ha : 1) du ing he Seleucid and Diodo id epoch bo h sil e and coppe o
hese dynas ies ci cula ed in he coun y, while 2) s a ing wi h he eign o Eu hydemus and
down o he end o he G aeco -Bac ian epoch we see almos exclusi ely sil e coins (Nayma k
2005, 136). I led me o belie e ha he G eeks los con ol o e Soghd igh be o e, du ing,
o immedia ely a e he so -called “ e ol o Eu hydemus” (Nayma k 2008, 56, oo no e 4).
Many mo e inds o Hellenis ic coins egis e ed in Sogdiana since hen con i m his heo y
(Nayma k– Yako le 2011a; 2011b; A akhodjhae 2013a; 2013b; 2019; 2021; Nayma k 2014;
2016; Go in 2014; 2015).
The gene al cou se o e en s can be econs uc ed as ollows. The ela i ely abundan inds
o coppe min ed unde An iochus Iand II sugges ha he Seleucids main ained con ol o e
Soghd h oughou he i s hal o he 3 d cen u y. Acco ding o na a i e sou ces, by he end
o he eign o An iochus II (261–246 BC), wo Cen al Asian sa aps, And ago as in Pa hia
and Diodo us in Bac ia, seceded wi h hei p o inces om he Seleucid kingdom. F om he
geog aphic poin o iew, i is absolu ely impossible ha Soghd emained aSeleucid possession
a e he loss o bo h Bac ia and Pa hia, since hese kingdoms we e si ua ed be ween Soghd
and he cen e s o Seleucid powe in I an, Mesopo amia, and Sy ia. As o he ac ual des iny
o Soghd, only h ee op ions we e possible: 1) he coun y’seli es gained independence; 2)
he coun y was occupied by he nomads om he no h; and 3) con ol o e Sogdiana passed
om Seleucids o hei successo s in he eas , he G eeks o Bac ia. The cu en ly a ailable
numisma ic e idence– i.e., he ai ly nume ous inds o Diodo id coppe and he lack o local
compa ible coinage– unambiguously sugges ha he coun y emained unde he sway o
Bac ian G eeks.
I appea s, howe e , ha he si ua ion d ama ically changed by he ime o he so -called
e ol o Eu hydemus– Sogdian soil yielded p ac ically no coppe o his king. This cons i-
u es as a k con as wi h he composi ion o numisma ic inds on he si es o neighbou ing
1 The e we e a leas h ee cases in he his o y o Cen al Asia when o eign coppe was accommoda ed
en masse by local ci cula ion: 1) Roman AE4 o he 4
h
and ea ly 5
h
cen u ies CE in Ma w (Hobbs 1995,
97–102; Nayma k 2012, 36–37), 2) Byzan ine anonymous olles in Fe ghana and Semi ech’e a he end
o he 11 h cen u y CE (Nayma k 2012, 31–36), and 3) e o m coppe kopeks o Alexei Mikhailo ich
in Tu kes an and Sai am a ea (E zako ich 1986, 51–54). In all h ee cases we see a e y speci ic
si ua ion on he ecei ing end: he se e e de ici o p ecious me als in ci cula ion and a emp s o
compensa e i by he massi e ou pu o poo ly (and, some imes, p i a ely) min ed local coppe . As
o he dono coun ies, he ou low o coins om hem happened in imes when he huge masses
o hei p e iously o e p oduced coppe we e se e ely de alued on he ma ke o e en o bidden
o ci cula e al oge he . In o de o make he long -dis ance a el o coppe coins p o i able, 1) he
p ice o hese coins in dono coun ies + 2) anspo a ion cos s + 3) some ma gin o p o i o he
me chan s esponsible o he ope a ion should equal he cos o he p oduc ion o coins om
he coppe a ailable on he ma ke s o he ecei ing coun y. Also c ucial o success would be he
secu i y o ade ou es. No doub , phenomena o his ype could only occu du ing c ises in he
coun ies wi h de eloped mone a y economies. Sogdiana o he 3 d cen u y BCE de ini ely did no
belong o his ca ego y.
87ALEKSANDR NAYMARK
Bac ia, whe e Eu hydemus’ coppe o ms one o he wo la ges g oups, compe ing o he
i s place wi h he coinage o Euc a ides (Be na d 1985; R eladze– Go in 2015; Go in–
D u echenskaya 2018). In o he wo ds, he composi ion o he inds o Hellenis ic coins in
Soghd sugges s ha Bac ian G eeks los hei e i o ial possessions in his coun y a ound
he ime o Eu hydemus’ en h onemen , i.e., some ime be ween 230 and 224 BCE.
The second ca ego y o numisma ic da a ha can be used as e idence o he collapse o
G eek con ol is he imi a i e sil e p oduced by h ee Sogdian min s ha eme ged a e his
e en (Nayma k 2008; Nayma k 2022, ig. 1). In ac , he majo i y o his o ical and numis-
ma ic s udies employ he da e o “Sogdian independence” de i ed om he s udy o Sogdian
imi a ional issues. Since he imes o Alo e de la Fuye, i has been a i m con ic ion in schol-
a ly li e a u e ha Sogdian imi a ions o he e ad achms o Eu hydemus ep oduced one o
he la e ypes in his king’scoinage. Combining his obse a ion wi h he sca ce in o ma ion
o w i en sou ces, schola s usually assume ha he Bac ian G eeks los con ol o e Soghd
du ing o soon a e he eas e n campaign o An iochus III, i.e. a he e y end o Eu hyde-
mus’ eign. In absolu e da es his would be he sho span be ween 206 BCE, when he siege
o Bac a ended, and 200 BCE– he yea o which schola ly opinion commonly a ibu es he
demise o Eu hydemus.
The e is adisc epancy o some 20–30 yea s be ween he da es based on hese wo ca e-
go ies o numisma ic e idence. Could i esul om agap in he his o y o local mone a y
ci cula ion? O , o pu i di e en ly: could he e be acoinless pe iod in he his o y o Bukha a?
Such ascena io seems a he unlikely– i is ha d o belie e ha acoun y once exposed o he
bene i s o mone a y ci cula ion would plunge in o amoneyless s a e igh a e he depa u e
o G eeks. Meanwhile, he e a e no inds ha could ill up his p esumed mone a y acuum.
These conside a ions b ing us o he immedia e pu pose o his a icle, which is mean o
close his yawning gap be ween wo da es de i ed om wo di e en ca ego ies o coins by
mobilizing an o e looked and misin e p e ed local imi a i e se ies.
Be o e discussing Bukha an coins, howe e , Ishould men ion he e wo heo ies based
on o he numisma ic ma e ials. One o hem was pu o wa d by An a A akhodjae , who
sugges ed ha c ab/bee coppe s wi h he name o An iochus, i e o which ha e been ound
in Sama qand Soghd, should be da ed o he ime o he anabasis o An iochusIII. In his ini-
ial publica ions, A akhodjae hesi a ed o assign hese coins o apa icula min and named
a ious possibili ies om he Island o Kos o Susa, and o Sama qand (A akhodjae , 2013a,
233–240; A akhodjae 2013b, 262–272). La e he accep ed he idea o na owing he a ibu ion
o his ype o Sama qand (Nayma k 2014; Go in 2014; 2015) bu emained con inced ha
hese coins we e min ed unde An iochus III (A akhodjae 2019, 262–272; A akhodjae ,
2021, 37–48). The accep ance o such ada e, howe e , c ea es asigni ican ch onological gap
be ween c ab/bee coins and he la es Hellenis ic chalkoi ound in Sogdiana (Diodo id cop-
pe ). A akhodjae smoo hed his con adic ion assuming ha c ab/bee coins we e p oduced
by a“mili a y” min o An iochus du ing his in asion o Bac ia and Sogdiana. Ido no ag ee
wi h his idea and emain con inced, as adecade ago (Nayma k 2014), ha he c ab/bee coins
we e p oduced by he min o Sama qand du ing he eigns o An iochus Io II. Ye we do no
need o dis ac om ou main opic he e o deal wi h his in e es ing issue, as a ansi o y
issue om a“mili a y” min would no change much in ou o hcoming discussion.
The second heo y was o ged in he 1940s by N.N. Zabelina, who sugges ed ha one o
he ea ly Sogdian coins imi a ing d achms o An iochus ca ied he name o Eu hydemus
(Zabelina 1949). Using his obse a ion, he schola buil apic u e o asepa a e G aeco-
-Sogdian kingdom o Sogdiana uled by Eu hydemus p io o his “ e ol ” and consequen
en h onemen in Bac ia. EugeneV. Zeymaľ pu his idea o es by showing ha he dis o ed
88 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2
le e s on his single specimen om he collec ion o he Sama qand Museum acciden ally
looked almos like he se e ely unca ed name o Eu hydemus (Zeymaľ 1983b, 84–85; Zeymaľ
1983c, 68, 160, pl. XVIII:17). In he 1990s, howe e , Je ey Le ne esu ec ed Zabelina’s heo y
and buil a ound his numisma ic “ ac ” awhole cons uc ion o “indi ec e idence” de i ed
om w i en sou ces (Le ne 1993; 1996; 1999). Du ing he qua e o acen u y ha passed
since Le ne ’slas publica ion, he numbe o ea ly An iochus imi a ions a ailable o s udy
inc eased d ama ically and i is e en mo e clea now ha he dis o ed le e ing on his single
specimen acqui ed apa ial esemblance o he name Eu hydemus by ame e chance. Ne e -
heless, Zabelina -Le ne ’s heo y ound an eage suppo e in Al iya A. Musakae a, who ini-
ially simply ci ed hese schola s, bu ecen ly wen u he and e ised he en i e ypology o
Eu hydemus e ad achms on he basis o he coins o he Tokhmach - epe hoa d (R eladze
1983; Ku bano – Niyazo a 1989) and he specimens om he collec ion o Tashken Museum
(i.e. some 60 coins al oge he ). Acco ding o he , Eu hydemus uled and min ed e ad achms
in Soghd s a ing in he middle o he 3 d cen u y, i.e. pa allel o Diodo us and his o sp ing(s)
who, du ing he same decades, con olled Bac ia (Musakae a 2014, 229–232). Ido no hink
we can a o d he e any kind o c i ical assessmen o he la e heo y.
COINAGE IN SOGHD AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF GREEK POWER:
GENERAL REMARKS
The na u e o he local coinages ha illed he mone a y acuum a e he collapse o G eek
con ol o e Soghd p omp s se e al en a i e conclusions abou he iden i y o he new
mas e s o he coun y. They issued imi a i e se ies, ha neglec ed bo h aes he ic and p oc-
lama i e aspec s o Hellenis ic coin ypes. Such ap o ile would ha dly i local G eeks o he
ep esen a i es o he old Sogdian a is oc acy who we e well acquain ed wi h he adi ions
o Hellenis ic coinage. These eli es li ed abou h ee qua e s o acen u y unde Seleucid
and Diodo id ule, when he coun y had amone a y economy and e en p oduced coins i sel
(A akhodjae 2013; 2021; Nayma k 2014; Go in 2014; 2015). I seems a mo e plausible ha
he new ule s we e nomadic chie ains who managed o cap u e he no he n p o ince o he
G aeco -Bac ian s a e du ing he u moil caused by he change o dynas y and he accession
o Eu hydemus. I is qui e possible ha hese we e he e y same nomads whom Eu hydemus
desc ibed as ag ea h ea o his kingdom while alking o Teleas acouple o decades la e
(Polybius xi, 34).2
On he o he hand, he same numisma ic ma e ial lea es no doub ha he seden a y pop-
ula ion o Soghd e ained an in e es in he mone a y economy– a leas h ee di e en p in-
cipali ies (Sama kand, Bukha a, and Kesh) began o min hei own coins almos immedia ely
a e he all o he G eek powe (Zeymaľ 1978, 201, pl. ii and iii; Zeymaľ 1983a, 244–245, pl.
19–21; Zeymaľ 1983b, 77–92, pl. 9; Zeymaľ 1983c, 68–78, 160–162, pl. x iii–xx; Nayma k 2008;
Nayma k 2022, ig. 1). Mo eo e , as E.V. Zeymaľ has shown, Sama kand min ed An iochus
imi a ions in h ee denomina ions: d achm, hemid achm, and obol (Zeymaľ 1983c, 68–75;
Zeymaľ 1983b, 81–92). This lea es no doub ha we a e dealing wi h a“ma ke ” coin mean
o mee he needs o ade eloped ade and economy, and no jus wi h p oclama i e issues
o he new nomadic mas e s o he coun y.
The composi ion o he inds o Hellenis ic coins in he e i o y o Soghd makes i clea
ha he G eeks los all h ee majo pa s o he coun y simul aneously. And ye he da es o
2 The mos ecen discussion o he possible iden i y o hese nomads see in Mo is 2023, 170–179.
89ALEKSANDR NAYMARK
he p o o ypes chosen by he new ule s o Soghd o hei coins sp ead o e many decades:
he p incipali y o Kesh min ed coins wi h he ypes o Alexande and he ule s o Sama -
kand op ed o he d achmas o he Seleucid king An iochus ISo e , whe eas in he Bukha a
oasis, hey decided o ep oduce he appea ance o he e ad achms o he con empo a y
G eco -Bac ian king Eu hydemus. I appea s ha he ea ly coins chosen as p o o ypes by he
ule s o Kesh and Sama qand possessed some special au ho i y on he Sogdian ma ke due o
acomplex blend o poli ical and economic easons. Iam planning o add ess his ques ion in
asepa a e pape , meanwhile i is su icien o say ha all h ee pos -G eek Sogdian coinages
s a ed a abou he same ime, igh a e he collapse o G eek powe .
As he goal o cu en pape is limi ed o he ques ion o he da e o he collapse o G eek
powe , we will deal he e wi h he Bukha an coinage only: as he ch onological gap be ween
he e ad achms o Eu hydemus and hei imi a ions was he sho es among he h ee ea ly
Sogdian imi a ion coinages, his imi a i e se ies gi es us amuch be e chance o econs uc
he poli ical si ua ion o he ime.
BRIEF HISTORY OF STUDY AND THE LOCALIZATION OF EUTHYDEMUS
IMITATIONS
Bukha an imi a ions o Eu hydemus’ e ad achms i s appea ed in he pages o aschola ly
publica ion in 1822, i.e., o e wo cen u ies ago (Köhle 1850, 5–6). E idence o he o igin o
he se ies a i ed on he scene only a ew yea s la e : i s Thomas Ch is ian Tychsen published
specimens om he collec ion b ough om Bukha a by Geo ge on Meyendo , amembe
o he Russian embassy o he Bukha an Khana e in 1820 (Tychsen 1828, 5–10, Ta . Ab . iii:
N. g aeci), and hen James P incep p esen ed mo e examples o his se ies acqui ed by Alexande
Bu nes du ing his ip o he same ci y in 1832 (P incep 1834, 464–466; Bu nes 1834, pl. “Bac-
ian and o he coins”). Rega ding one o he la e specimens Ho ace Hayman Willson w o e:
“This coin may, pe haps, be e e ed o one o he i s ba ba ic p inces who subdued Sogdiana,
i no Bac ia P ope , and adop ed he de ice o he Bac ian coins” (Willson 1834, 460).
Some o he la e ague epo s, howe e , blu ed his ini ially clea pic u e ( o example:
Ses ini 1831, 112, ci ing S ua ), and ano he 60 yea s had passed un il aschola ly publica ion
a i ma i ely na owed he o igin o he imi a ions o Eu hydemus’ e ad achms o Sogdiana
(D oin 1893). I ook almos hal acen u y mo e be o e he disco e y o a ai ly la ge hoa d
composed solely o such coins p omp ed he u he na owing o his a ibu ion down o
he Bukha an oasis (Masson 1940). Wi h addi ional in o ma ion abou a ew ind spo s o
such coins in he Bukha an oasis p esen ed by VadimM. Masson (Masson 1954, 87; Masson
1955, 41), Vasilii A. Shishkin (1963, 47), and Yahya G. Guliamo (1958, 22) he a ibu ion o his
imi a ional se ies o he Bukha an oasis u ned in o es ablished ac in Russian numisma ic
li e a u e (Zeymaľ 1978, 201; Zeymaľ 1983, 245, pl. 19; Zeymaľ– Niki in– Koshelenko 1985,
431, pl. cxliii; Zeimal 1996, 362, 363, 366, 367; R eladze– Musakae a 1986, 35–38; R e-
ladze 1987, 130, no 37; R eladze 1990, 180; R eladze 1999, 30–31; R eladze 2002, 24, 30;
Musakae a 1990, 20; Musakae a 1991; Musakae a 2014, 7–19, 48–113, 263, 264; Nayma k
1991, 163; Nayma k 2008, 62–68; Smi no a 2005, 165).
Mos schola ly, popula , and comme cial publica ions in o he Eu opean languages, howe -
e , con inued o a ibu e hese coins o he Yuezhi, o Soghd in gene al (Kingdom o Sogdiana
and Yuezhi p incipali ies in Sogdiana), o e en mo e speci ically o Sama qand (Göbl 1978, Ta .
113; Mi chine 1973, 26–43, pl. IV–VI; Mi chine 1975, 284, 287–294; Mi chine 1978, 274–276,
386–387; Al am 1986, 281; Senio 2001, 217). I was only in 1985 ha Paul Be na d wi h a e -

90 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2
e ence o Zeymaľ men ioned ha : “Les numisma es so ié iques si uen la p oduc ion de ces
imissions dans l’oasis de Bukha a” (Be na d 1985, 150). Osmund Bopea achchi ollowed him
in his espec , bu , ne e heless, made p ac ically no use o he “So ie ” li e a u e in ques ion
and s ill ied o apply ahis o ical econs uc ion based on hese coins o he en i e coun y
o Soghd (Bopea achchi 1990, 30–31; Bopea achchi 1991b, 12–13). Mo e ecen ly, he wo k
by Bopea achchi in luenced Michael Mi chine , who econside ed his coinage in he la es o
his compendiums and linked i o Bukha a (Mi chine 2004, 540–546). S ill, dis inguishing
wo lines o Eu hydemus’ imi a ions, Mi chine assigned o Sama qand ag oup o imi a ions
eplica ing ea ly e ad achms o he king, which he called he “mino ” se ies. Besides some
gene al conside a ions, he only jus i ica ion o his a ibu ion was Rudolph Hoe nle’swo k
o 1899, in which Eu hydemus imi a ions a e placed b oadly in he Sama qand -Tashken a ea
(Hoe nle 1898). Hoe nle’sin o ma ion, howe e , was ecei ed om collec o s who pu chased
coins in Sama qand and Tashken , i.e. in wo ci ies o Russian Tu kes an wi h an iqua ian
ma ke s. Mo eo e , i does no e e o ea ly e ad achms speci ically. As a as Ican judge,
Joe C ibb was he i s among “Wes e n” schola s o a ibu e Eu hydemus imi a ions a i m-
a i ely o Bukha a (C ibb 2008, 350).
In ecen yea s, howe e , he Bukha an o igin o his coinage became uni e sally accep ed,
as i was adop ed by he eam unning Zeno. u, he magni icen da abase ha became he
p incipal poin o e e ence o he communi y o people in e es ed in o ien al numisma ics.
Ye he o ma o he da abase is no mean o p o ide a gumen a ion o he localiza ions o
coin se ies and hus he a ibu ion o ou Bukha an coinage u ned o be “hanging in ai ”. In
o de o close his ques ion, Iwould like o p o ide he e he lis o egis e ed inds o such coins.
FIND SPOTS OF BUKHARAN COINS
A leas ou coins wi h he ype o Eu hydemus’ e ad achms came om he si e o Va akhsha
and om he adjacen zone: h ee coins ga he ed du ing he wo ks o Shishkin’sexpedi ion
a e now held in he collec ion o he Ins i u e o A chaeology, Sama qand (Coin cabine nos.
669, 1015, 1115);3 one mo e specimen ound i s way o he Tashken Museum.4
Mo e ecen ly, Al iya A. Musakae a published nine coins om he p i a e collec ion o Alexei
Nu ullae – an en husias om S e dlo /Jondo dis ic in he p o ince o Bukha a– as he inds
om he en i ons o Va akhsha (Musakae a 2014, ab.6: 1–2, 9: 3–4, 10: 1, 3–4, 12: 2, 21: 2). This
p o enance in o ma ion, howe e , should be unde s ood in a a he b oad sense: judging om
my in e ac ion wi h Alexei, his de ini ion o “Va akhsha a ea” included he en i e sou he n and
cen al “ la es” o he lands o ancien i iga ion on he wes e n inges o he Bukah an oasis.
3 Elena A. Da ido ich lis ed no. 1115 as agenuine e ad achm o Eu hydemus (Da ido ich 1956, 155).
This a ibu ion was accep ed by Vasilii A. Shishkin (1963, 47) and Tama a S. E naza o a (1974, 170).
Paul Be na d, howe e , exp essed his doub s abou his a ibu ion, sugges ing ha his coin migh
ha e been an imi a ion o Eu hydemus’ e ad achm (Be na d 1985, 139, n. 1). Indeed, my isual
examina ion o his specimen in he collec ion o he Sama qand ins i u e o A chaeology (Coin
Cabine , no. 1115, collec ion 5, no. 1) con i med ha i was an ea ly imi a ion (Nayma k 2005, 128).
Al iya A. Musakae a quali ied my “ e ision” o he ini ial a ibu ion as a“s ange s o y” (Musa-
kae a 2014, 17, beginning o he las pa ag aph). She p o ided, howe e , no c i ical basis o his
nega i e assessmen o my e -a ibu ion, and he sel included he e y same specimen in o he
ca ego y o imi a ions in he e y same book o he s (Musakae a 2014, 291, ab.3).
4 Ace ain ci izen Rubo ound i nea he “ o ess Va akhsha -kuduk” in 1949 (Musakae a 1990, 20,
no. 29; Musakae a 2014, ab.16, no. 4, 342).
91ALEKSANDR NAYMARK
Du ing he las wo and ahal decades, Ihea d se e al mo e epo s om p i a e collec-
o s abou inds o Eu hydemus imi a ions in he Va akhsha a ea. Un o una ely, mos o
his in o ma ion was nei he speci ic enough no could be subs an ia ed by he “physically
exis ing” coins o hei images.5
Six mo e inds o Eu hydemus imi a ions come om he speci ic si es si ua ed on he
wes e n inges o he Bukha a oasis. One specimen was eco ded om Qala -iMallyabek
(Guliamo 1958, 22) while ano he one comes om Kampi ak - epe.
6
In 2002, Tashken
collec o Vladimi Shagalo in o med me ha wo imi a ions o Eu hydemus we e picked up
in he la e 1990s om ap esen day su ace a adis ance o 70–100 me e s om he si e o
Tall -iSubuk - epa.7 One specimen was said o be ound in Rami an si ua ed o he no h -wes
o Bukha a (Masson 1954, 87) and ano he one was ound du ing he a chaeological wo ks
on Kyzyl -qy in he no he n sec ion o he wes e n bo de o he oasis (Guliamo 1956, 160;
Niľsen 1959, 77, oo no e 17; Suleimano 1979, 18).8
5 One should be ex emely cau ious e en wi h some o he “well illus a ed” claims abou he inds o
Hellenis ic coins in Soghd. Fo example, alabel o one o he coins illus a ed in Musakae a’sbook
says: “pho o om in e ne , supposedly ound on Va akhsha?” (Musakae a 2014, 305, pl. 17:1, 342).
Ido no know wha he sou ce o his p o enance in o ma ion was, bu he image i sel is aken om
Zeno (no. 140448), whe e i came om a“Sogdia” a icle in Wikipedia (unless Musakae a bo owed
his pho o di ec ly om he la e ). Meanwhile, he cap ion supplied o he Wikipedia image says:
“Cabine des Medailles. Pe sonal pho og aph 2006.” In eali y, howe e , hese a e he ob e se and
he e e se o wo di e en specimens om he collec ion o he Biblio hèque Na ionale de F ance,
which we e on display in 2006, when hey we e pho og aphed o Wikipedia. Cabine de Medailles
i sel does no ha e any in o ma ion abou he ind spo s o hese wo specimens. I is no ewo hy
ha Musakae a had al eady ep oduced bo h coins wi h hei ac ual e e ses and ob e ses in he
e y same monog aph o he s (Musakae a 2014, 306, pl. 18: 2; 312, pl. 24: 1) using images om an
old publica ion in Re ue Numisma ique (Allo e de la Fuye 1910, pl. iii: 2 and 3).
6 Unpublished. Found du ing he su ey conduc ed by he a chaeological eam o he Moscow Mu-
seum o O ien al A in 1987 and esides in his ins i u ion.
7 No pho os we e a ailable a ha ime, bu in his message Shagallo desc ibed hese specimens as
ca ying a“simple po ai – no he Bukha an one”, he la e appa en ly being he e e ence o
he la e “king in ia a” ype. Acco ding o Shishkin, who isi ed he Subbuk - epe si e in 1937 and
epo ed ha “ he e was ag ea a ie y o po e y agmen s on he su ace o he si e”, and ha in
gene al hey belonged “ o he same ypes as hose on Va akhsha” (Shishkin 1940, 22). Va akhsha
se ed as abo de o ess om he 3
d
cen u y BCE o he 1
s
cen u y CE, and hen en e ed ape iod
o se e e decline, when li e con inued only on he cen al ele a ion (i anywhe e) (Nayma k–
A akhodjae 2023, 164–165). The si e was esu ec ed in he 5 h cen u y CE and acqui ed special
impo ance s a ing wi h he e y end o he 7 h cen u y, when Va dan Khuda Kanuk usu ped he
h one o Bukha a and buil o himsel apalace a Va akhsha (Nayma k 2003).
8 Shishkin and ollowing him Abdullaha R. Mukhamedzhano men ioned wo inds o Eu hydemus
imi a ions om his si e (Shishkin 1963, 229; Mukhamedzhano 1978, 81; Kuľ u a 1983, 32). Un-
o una ely, i is impossible o check he co ec ness o hese s a emen s: he cu en loca ion o
his/ hese specimen(s) is unknown, jus as he e is no in o ma ion abou whe eabou s o any o he
coins ound in he cou se o Guliamo ’sexpedi ions. As he o iginal publica ions o he exca a ion
ma e ials desc ibed only one specimen, i is likely ha Shishkin’s(and consequen ly Mukhamed-
zhano ’s) men ion o wo coins was p obably he esul o con usion. I is no ewo hy ha he
p eceding pa ag aph o Shishkin’sbook also men ions wo o iginal e ad achms o Eu hydemus
om Va akhsha and in doing so con adic s page 49 o he e y same publica ion, which epo s
asingle ind. In any case, we can abs ain he e om he inal solu ion o his p oblem, as o ou
cu en pu poses he ac ual numbe o coins ound on each si e has only seconda y impo ance. I
is mos ly he p esence o such coins in he Kyzyl -ky a ea ha ma e s, because we a e in e es ed
he e mainly in he geog aphic dis ibu ion o inds.
92 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2
Fou mo e Eu hydemus imi a ions came om wo sepa a e small oases si ua ed o he
sou h o Bukha a: wo om Paykand (Adylo 2000, 26, 116, ig. 28; O che 2011, ig. 112: 7–8;
Omeľchenko 2011, 48–49) and wo om Qum -So an (Nayma k 1991, 163, no. 241).
9
One
mo e specimen was ound du ing he exca a ions o Kyzyl - epe bu ial g ounds si ua ed o
he no h -eas o Bukha a (Obeľchenko 1974, 206; Obeľchenko 1992, 53, 127 and ill.).
To sum up, al oge he 24 s ay inds o such coins we e eco ded om si es si ua ed along
he inges o he Bukha an oasis.
Finally, we should e u n he e o he a o emen ioned hoa d, which was said o consis o
some 100 specimens. The ja wi h he hoa d was ound in he all o 1937 on he ancien si e
Tal -iMu dapa ow by he i iga o s s aigh ening he bed o Shah ud canal. This ind spo
lies in he e y hea o he oasis, jus a ew kilome e s o he eas o he ci y o Bukha a i sel
(Masson 1940). The coins we e dispe sed, bu wi hin he au umn o 1937 he Bukha an mu-
seum was able o acqui e i e po ions o i s coins om di e en indi iduals (al oge he 86
specimens). In Feb ua y o 1939, Sama qand Museum pu chased wo mo e specimens om
ace ain G.F. No oselo in Bukha a ( he documen s associa ed wi h his acquisi ion s a e
ha hese coins we e ound “nea Bukha an Shi abuddin by awo ke om Shah uds oi”
(Zeimaľ 1990, 14–16). Tashken Museum also acqui ed one specimen om ace ain “ci izen
I ano ”, who ela ed ha i was ound “in he a ea o Sha a uddin/Shi abuddin”, which in
conjunc ion wi h he ype and condi ion o his specimen makes i mo e han likely o be om
he e y same hoa d (Musakae a 1990, 20, no. 32; Musakae a 2014, ab.25, no. 11, 343). I is
also possible ha one mo e specimen ended up in Dushanbe Museum (Zabelina 1952, 76, no.
5, 81, pl. I, no. 4). In o he wo ds, al oge he 89 o 90 coins su i ed om he o iginal ind ha
was epo ed o con ain abou 100 pieces (Zeimaľ 1990, 13). All su i ing coins o his hoa d
belong o he e minal s age o he Bukha an imi a ional coinage. One u he episode in he
his o y o his hoa d was de ec ed by EugeneV. Zeimaľ: 12 o he specimens ha o iginally
belonged o he Bukha an museum e en ually ound hei way o he Pushkin Museum o
Fine A s in Moscow (Zeimaľ 1990, 14–16; see also: Ku bano 2001, 92–93). The po ion o
he hoa d p ese ed in he Bukha an Museum (74 specimens) was asubjec o ap elimina y
publica ion (R eladze– Musakae a 1986, 35–38).10
In o de o s eng hen he a gumen a ion p o Bukha an a ibu ion, Ishould men ion
he e ha no inds o such coins ha e been egis e ed in o he pa s o Soghd.11 The comple e
lack o such inds in he middle and uppe Za a shan alley as well as in he basin o Kashka-
-da ya would look especially ema kable, i we ook in o conside a ion ha hea y sil e
coins o his se ies we e capable o long dis ance a el. Indeed, ou specimens belonging o
i ha e been eco ded a beyond he e i o y o Soghd. The closes o he inds was made in
Fe ghana Valley in he Osh egion o Ky gyzs an (Kamyshe 2002, 64, ig. 97, 65, 123, en y
97; Kamyshe 2008, 61). Ano he specimen was disco e ed in he middle o he 19 h cen u y
in he K asnou imsk dis ic o he Pe m go e no ship (in he Kama a ea, a no h in Russia)
9 The second specimen emains unpublished and is held among he inds om Qum -So an/Kum-
-Sul an in he collec ion o he Museum o O ien al A in Moscow.
10 Osmund Bopea achchi mis akenly desc ibes his ind as wo sepa a e hoa ds (Bopea achchi
1991b, 11).
11 The only speci ic e e ence o he ind o acoin belonging o his se ies in he a ea o Sama qand
(E naza o a 1974, 166, pl. 3:172) esul ed om acon usion: Zeimaľ showed on he basis o he
documen a ion p ese ed in he a chi e o he Sama qand Museum, ha he specimen men ioned
by E naza o a as ound nea Sama qand, in eali y came om Tal -iMu dapa ou hoa d (Zeimaľ
1990, 13, n. 14).
93ALEKSANDR NAYMARK
and acqui ed by he He mi age Museum in 1852 (Smi no a 2005, 140).12 One mo e coin was
ound nea he illage o Pasanau i si ua ed on he Geo gian Mili a y Road 90 km no h o
Tbilisi (Kazamano a 1961, 120).13 The ou h one was unea hed on he island o Ho i sa in
he Dnep Ri e in he mode n e i o y o Uk aine (Vasme 1929, 285, 41).
Finally, i should be men ioned he e, ha all he eco ded ea ly acquisi ions o such coins
(Tychsen 1828; Bu nes 1834/II, pl. 3; Kos enko 1871, 65–67) we e made in he bazaa s o
Bukha a. I was only a e he Russian conques o Tu kes an, ha coins o his se ies s a ed
being epo ed as coming om he Za a shan alley in gene al and e en mo e speci ically
om Sama qand (Hoe nle 1899, 23; Kas aľskiy 1940, nos. 3–4, 347; Masson 1950, no. 4, 159).
Ye , as EugeneV. Zeymaľ al eady igh ully poin ed ou , hese claims we e ce ainly based
on he place o pu chase, no he ind (Zeymaľ 1990, 13). Indeed, all Sama qand pu chases
da e o he imes when ase ious an iqua ian ade had al eady de eloped in his ci y and i s
numisma ic ma ke had s a ed a ac ing coins om he Bukha an Khana e (Nayma k 2005,
121–126; Nayma k 2015, 139–126).
THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY BUKHARAN COINAGE IN THE SCHOLARLY
LITERATURE
While he p oblem o localiza ion appea s o be inally sol ed, he ch onology o he Bukha an
coinage wi h ypes o Eu hydemus is a om being se led. The p oblem, as always, is in he
de iciency o he sou ces– he e is no di ec e idence ha could help us o decide he ma e .
The composi ion o he only known hoa d p o ides no help, as i s su i ing pa consis s
exclusi ely o he coins belonging o he e minal s age o ou coinage and con ains no admixes.
Also, as he hoa d was no ini ially p ope ly eco ded, i s ind spo has no been a chaeolog-
ically explo ed a all.14
The a chaeological con ex s o he indi idual inds coming om p o essional exca a ions
ha e e y ague da es. The e is no p ecise in o ma ion abou he s a ig aphy o a ind om
Kyzyl -ky . Meanwhile he si e has acomplex his o y. In he ounda ion o i lies abu ial mound
12 Un il a ew yea s ago, in o ma ion abou he ind o such an ea ly Sogdian coin in Kama a ea would
necessa ily in oke all kinds o doub s. Recen ly, howe e , exac ly he same a ea p oduced wo
oughly con empo a y coins om Cen al Asia: 1) acoppe coin s uck unde Kujula Kadphises (Ko-
s iko – Shi inkin 2015, 44, no. 10) which was mo e han likely o pass Sogdiana on i s way o he
no h (c . A akhodzhae – Nayma k 2021, 55–58), and 2) Kanishka’scoppe uni wi h Kho ezmian
S -shaped coun e ma k (Kos iko – Shi inkin 2015, 45, no. 11). We should also conside amen ion
o an ea lie ind o acoin o Kujula Kadphises in he Kama a ea by F ede ick Tegga (1969, 204).
These h ee inds o coppe Kushan uni s sugges he di ec con ac be ween Kama a ea and he
co e lands o Cen al Asia in he 1s and he 2nd cen u y CE and by doing so make he in o ma ion
abou he Pe m o igin o he sil e imi a ion o Eu hydemus’ e ad achms much mo e c edible.
13 In amo e ecen wo k by Ma iusz Mielcza ek, he condi ions o his ind we e mis akenly gi en
as “an inhuma ion g a e co e ed wi h s ones” (Mielcza ek 1997, 131–132). The Russian a icle by
Kazamano a, o which he English ex o Mielsza ek e e s, says only ha i was an chance ind:
aman ound his specimen while making abon i e in he di ch unning along he side o he oad
(Kazamano a 1961, 120).
14 Exca a ions ha Makhsuma Niyazo a (Bukha an Museum) conduc ed on he si e o Tal -iMu -
dapa ou in mid 1980s showed ha he si e was con inuously occupied om an iqui y (appa en ly,
om a leas he i s cen u ies BCE) o he ea ly Middle Ages (a leas o he 8 h cen u y CE). Un-
o una ely, he ind o 1939 could no be linked o apa icula spo and consequen ly canno be
ela ed o as a um on he si e.
100 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2
Eu hydemus. Since he king’shai s yle on he on side o he imi a ions o he i h Se ies
is bo owed om he e ad achms issued by he min B in 210–206 BC, i mus be assumed
ha he imi a ions o he i h Se ies began o be min ed no ea lie han he las decade o
he 3 d cen u y BCE.
As N. M. Smi no a has al eady no ed, he mo ing o he club o he knee o He acles on
he coins o he i h imi a ional Se ies– which makes he ock an unnecessa y elemen o he
image– is no immedia ely ollowed by he elimina ion o he ock (Smi no a 2005, 168, a .
6, no. 21). On specimens 7 and 8, he club al eady es s on he o’sknee, while he ock is s ill
depic ed. I looks like his illogicali y exis s only in he Bukha a imi a i e coins, whe eas i
is absen om he main coinage o Eu hydemus, which shows he opposi e p ocess: he club
has no ye comple ely mo ed o he knee, bu he ock has al eady been p ac ically emo ed
(K i 2001, 143, B14, and B15; Glenn 2020, nos. 331, 335).
SERIES 6
The dies o he wo coins cons i u ing ou Se ies 6 (Pl. 1/2:10–11) we e no he wo k o asingle
die -cu e and we e combined he e in one se ies; his is mainly because o he ema kable
simila i y o he depic ion o he coi u e, in pa icula , o he a angemen o he locks a
he back o he head. The la e undoub edly ep oduced all he peculia i ies o la e dies om
Glenn’sg oup Vo min B (Glenn 2020, nos. 483–500). Ano he ea u e e lec ing he Bac ian
p o o ype is he new way o ende ing he eye. Ye he po ai on specimen 10 e ained some
ea u es cha ac e is ic o ou Bukha an Se ies 4 and 5 as well. The mos no iceable o hem is
he ende ing o he lips. The e e se p esen s asimila combina ion o old local and newly
bo owed ea u es: he igu e o He acles e ains p opo ions common o he Bukha an
imi a ions (Se ies 3 o 6), lion skin co e ing he ock acqui es he second paw ( he i s one
appea ed on Se ies 4), and he monog am RK is in oduced, albei al eady in dis o ed o m.
Specimen 11 is in e es ing in se e al aspec s.17 I s ob e se is e y close o o iginal e a-
d achms o Eu hydemus, al hough some ea u es such as he eye and he second chin a e ob-
iously exagge a ed. The e y speci ic endi ion o lips on coin 11, which ob iously emula es
one o he o iginal e ad achms (c . Glenn 2020, pl. 25: 427), pe sis s in o he nex Se ies 7.
The e e se o specimen 11, howe e , ollows local adi ion and is e y close o he p e ious
coin 10. Gi en he ela i ely high weigh o he specimen (16.12 g) i is wo hwhile o no e he
shape o i s blank, which is an une en pla e, e y hick on one side and na owing almos o
no hing on ano he . This coin comes om he collec ion o Alexande Bu nes, who acqui ed
i in Bukha a among o he imi a ions (Bu nes 1834, Pla e “Bac ian and o he coins”, no. 1).
SERIES 7
The ea lies specimen o his Se ies (Pl. 1/3:12) closely ep oduces he ype o min B,
G oupV(Glenn 2020, nos. 412–503, esp. 415–419) and i is only he manne o execu ion, se -
e ed end o he oyal name in he legend, and educed weigh (13.28 g– 11.82 g) ha dis inguish
i om he o iginal e ad achms o Eu hydemus. The ollowing i e specimens o his Se ies
a e clea ly he p oduc s o local de elopmen (Pl. 1/3:13–17).
17 I was always conside ed o be an o iginal e ad achm o Eu hydemus. Simon Glenn, howe e ,
included i in his ca alogue wi h a ema k “imi a ion?” (Glenn 2020, 228, pl. 25: 504).

101ALEKSANDR NAYMARK
SERIES 8
The h ee specimens ga he ed in Se ies 8 (Pl. 1/4:18–20) also appea o be he esul o local
de elopmen . The di e ences be ween hem and p e ious Se ies 7 a e mos ly “s ylis ic” and
a e likely o esul om he appea ance o anew die -cu e a he min .
SERIES 9
The acial ea u es o he oyal e igy on he coins o his Se ies (Pl. 1/4:21–24) changed o he
“aged” e sion o Eu hydemus’ image, bu he depic ion o coi u e emained he same as on
p e ious Se ies. As a esul , i is no possible o de e mine he exac po ai model on he
basis o he ob e se. The monog am on he e e se poin s o min B, G oup VI in Glenn’sclas-
si ica ion.
SERIES 10
The ea lies known coin o his Se ies is closely linked o he la e coins o Se ies 9, bu he
acial ea u es– i s o all, he noses– a e qui e di e en . The uppe lip on specimens 2818
and 29 (Pl. 1/5:28–29) seems o be ans o ming in o amous ache (?), which could e lec an
indi idual ea u e o an ac ual appea ance o anomadic ule .
HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE
Two impo an conclusions can be de i ed om he coins o he i s h ee se ies: 1) As hese
ea lies Bukha an imi a ions ep oduced he ea u es o he ea lies ypes o e ad achms
p oduced by Bac ian min s Aand B, we can assume ha hese Sogdian imi a ions we e is-
sued some ime a he beginning o Eu hydemus’ eign. 2) The signi ican ans o ma ion o
he ype du ing he min ing o Se ies 3 sugges s ha his was ap o ac ed coinage, con inued
possibly o adecade o e en wo. These wo obse a ions emo e he seeming “con adic ion”
be ween he wo a o emen ioned ca ego ies o numisma ic e idence, because bo h now poin
o he ea ly eign o Eu hydemus as he ime when G eeks o Bac ia los con ol o e Soghd.
The second se o conclusions can be de i ed om he upda es o image y ha we see on
Bukha an coins s a ing wi h Se ies 4. Why would Sogdians need o align he design o hei
imi a ions wi h he ype ans o ma ions in Bac ian coinage? The answe o his ques ion lies
in he sys em o ela ions be ween he mona chs o seden a y Bac ia and he new nomadic
ule s who ook om hem he lands o Soghd. Eu hydemus himsel desc ibed he dange s
o his si ua ion du ing acon e sa ion wi h Teleas, he ep esen a i e o An iochus III, sen
by he Seleucid king o he besieged ci y o Bac a. Reques ing he li ing o he blockade, Eu-
hydemus claimed ha o he wise nei he o he kings would be sa e, because “g ea ho des
o nomads we e close a hand” posing “adange o bo h” and ha once hese nomads would
be allowed “in o he coun y (Bac ia), i would ce ainly be u e ly ba ba ized.” (Polybius xi,
34). The ypical solu ion employed by seden a y ule s in such cases was asecu i y paymen
18 Iam acquain ed wi h his specimen only h ough he publica ion o A.A. Musakae a, who gi es
me ological da a as: W 15.48, D 28, axes 12:00 (Musakae a 2014, 51, no 7, abl. 2: 10, p.341). This,
howe e , looks unjus i iably exagge a ed agains he backg ound o o he coins o his se ies and
he gene al his o y o ea ly Bukha an imi a ions.
102 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2
o es less nomadic neighbo s o o es all hei a acks.19 Du ing he G aeco -Bac ian pe iod
such ala ge in e na ional mone a y “ ans e ” was likely o be paid in e ad achms, he
highes a ailable sil e denomina ion.
No doub he in lux o sil e coins ecei ed by Sogdian ule s om Eu hydemus looded
he ela i ely small mone a y economy o Soghd. Such asi ua ion would c ea e acons ain
o he local min , as hese new Bac ian coins we e supe io o he imi a ions o ea lie
Eu hydemus’ e ad achms. Indeed, being s uck in Sogdiana o some ime, he coins o
imi a ions se ies had al eady su e ed om he g adual educ ion o weigh down o ca. 12 g.
To compe e wi h he new ull weigh e ad achms a i ing om Bac ia, he moneye s o
Bukha a came up wi h anew se ies o imi a ions wi h an upda ed po ai “ma ching” he
con empo a y e ad achms o Eu hudemus (change o hai s yle on se ies 4). Mo e adjus -
men s can be seen on he e e ses o se ies 5. I appea s ha he Bukha ans also aised he
weigh o hei coins, al hough i was s ill no eally calib a ed and emained way below he
ull weigh o he p o o ype.
Mos likely Eu hydemus had o pay his nomadic neighbo s epea edly and he pe iodic
in lux o his coins p o oked se e al upda es in Bukha an imi a ions. Th ee mo e “upda es”
o ypes a e e lec ed in se ies 6, 7, and 9. Wi h he dea h o Eu hydemus he in lux o his
e ad achms ceased, and consequen ly he Bukha an min e mina ed a emp s o align i s
imi a ion wi h he o iginal Bac ian e ad achms. Wi h he p esen ly a ailable ma e ials, i
looks like se ies 9 was he las one o comply wi h new ypes in oduced in Bac ia. S a ing
wi h Se ies 10, he ype o Bukha an imi a ions oze and emained immobilized un il he
in oduc ion o aSogdian legend in he 1s cen u y CE (Nayma k 2024).
While he wo se s o conclusions o mula ed in he p e ious sec ion o his a icle a e
buil on he solid ma e ial basis, in his sec ion Iwould like o o mula e amo e specula i e
and less ce ain hypo hesis in ega d o he ch onology o he e en s. Iby no means insis on
he co ec ness o his heo y and p esen i he e wi h he unde s anding ha i would need
ma e ial p oo in he u u e.
Bac ian e ad achms ha se ed as he p o o ypes o Se ies 4–9 o he Bukha an im-
i a ions belonged o he la e pa o Eu hydemus’ eign. Osmund Bopea achchi and B ian
K i sugges ed speci ic da es o hese o iginal Bac ian coins, while Simon Glenn cau iously
abs ained om o e ing any p ecise ch onology wi h his classi ica ion. Ha ing no pe sonal
opinion on his ma e , Iam, howe e , emp ed o p opose an absolu e ch onology o ea ly
Bukha an imi a ions o Eu hydemus’ e ad achms, wi h he unde s anding ha i is mos ly
specula i e and hus en a i e.
The sequences o coins wi hin se ies 4–9 demons a e e y li le in e nal de elopmen –
he e is almos no deg ada ion o he ype wi hin each o hem. O cou se, he e a e e y ew
coins o each se ies a ou disposal, and he e is achance ha la e specimens do no appea
in ou slim sample. This is, howe e , no e y likely– a e all, he e a e six sepa a e se ies
and he absence o la e specimens in all six o hem in a andom sample is no e y plausible.
I seems mo e likely, ha hese six se ies came in apid succession, wi hin a ew yea s.
Imi a i e Se ies 3 cons i u es a e y di e en case. Al hough we cu en ly ha e only h ee
specimens belonging o i , hese display all he adi ional signs o along imi a ional coinage:
he deg ada ion o image y, he blunde ing o he legends, and asigni ican d op o weigh .
I is mo e han likely ha he coins o his se ies we e s uck o e a ela i ely long ime span.
19 The bes documen ed Cen al Asian case o his na u e is he huge paymen made by Sasanian
Shahan Shah Pe oz o Heph ali es in he 5 h cen u y CE. Following i , he d achm o Pe oz became
he mos commonly imi a ed Sasanian coin in he egion.
103ALEKSANDR NAYMARK
Le us jux apose hese obse a ions wi h he ew pieces o in o ma ion ega ding he li e
and ca ee o Eu hydemus p ese ed o us by na a i e sou ces. We know ha Eu hydemus
a ained he h one a ound 230–226 BCE by elimina ing he membe s o Diodo id dynas y.
Soon a e ha , he Bukha ans s a ed issuing imi a ions o his ea ly e ad achms. While
we know almos no hing abou he wo ea lies coin se ies o his coinage, he hi d one
was likely s uck o awhile– he sugges ion o adecade o e en wo would no be ou o
o de . We also know ha An iochus III besieged Eu hydemus in 206 BCE in his capi al ci y
o Bac a. Acco ding o Polybius, Eu hydemus was able o pe suade An iochus o lea e him
in cha ge o Bac ia a guing ha apo en ial nomadic in asion would pu hem bo h in o
ag a e dange . The Seleucid king concluded apeace wi h he Bac ian king and mo ed on o
India, while Eu hydemus– who had jus su e ed ase ious de ea and na owly escaped he
comple e elimina ion o his powe – was le ace o ace wi h his nomadic neighbo s. Being in
a e y ulne able posi ion, Eu hydemus would need o pay his no he n ad e sa ies o . The
appea ance o la ge masses o his coins on he ma ke caused he upda es on he side o he
Bukha an min (se ies 4). As i was cus oma y, Eu hydemus would need o make ecu ing,
mos p obably annual, paymen s, and hese we e he cause o he u he upda es (se ies 5
o 9). The ela i e abundance o coins belonging o se ies 4–10 e sus e y ew specimens o
ea ly se ies 1–3 could esul om g ea e a ailabili y o sil e – a e all Eu hydemus’ paymen s
we e p obably e y subs an ial.
While he min ing o Bukha an imi a ions o Eu hydemus, as we could see om he ma-
e ials p esen ed in his a icle, s a ed igh a e he collapse o G eek powe in Soghd, he
his o y o his coinage s e ched o ano he ou and ahal hund ed yea s– i was e mina ed
only by he Sasanian conques o Bukha a in he 3 d cen u y CE. Qui e in acco dance wi h he
heme o he con e ence, he Hellenis ic design o he Bukha an imi a ions o Eu hydemus’
e ad achms pe sis ed o cen u ies “en angling he pas and he p esen .”
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Aleksand Nayma k
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nayma kaleksand @gmail.com
223PLATES
Pl. 1/1: Ea ly Eu hydemus Imi a ions om Bukha a. Se ies 1–3. 1– He mi age, Dep . o Numisma-
ics, В -Инд-400, W 15.5 g, D 29 mm, axes 12:00. 2– He mi age, Dep . o Numisma ics, В -Инд
404, W 14.65 g, D 25 mm, axes 9:00. 3– Dmi y Ma ko Collec ion, New Je sey, W 13.67 g (p io
o cleaning 14.06 g), D 24.40  ×  25.88 mm, axes 12:00. 4– Ashmolean Museum, W 13.43, D 26 mm,
axes 12:00. 5– B i ish Museum 1902.06.08-409, W 11.63, D 25.8 mm, axes 12:00.
224 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/2
Pl. 1/2: Ea ly Eu hydemus Imi a ions om Bukha a. Se ies 4–6. 6– He mi age, Dep . o Numi-
sma ics, В -Инд 403, W 10.50 g, D 25.5 mm, axes-12:00. 7– B i ish Museum, 1853.03.01-1259, W
13.68 g, D 24.6 mm, axes 12:00. 8– B i ish Museum, OR 0275 COC 328/36, W 10.50 g, D 26 mm,
axes 12:00. 9– He mi age, Dep . o Numisma ics, В -Инд 423, W 13.34 g, D 25.5 mm, axes-12:00.
10– He mi age, Dep . o Numisma ics, В -Инд-407, W 14.11 g , D 27 mm, axes-12:00. 11– B i ish
Museum 1858.0731.2, W 16.12 g, D 25 mm, axes 12:00.