oods
A icle
Knowledge, U ili y, and P e e ences o Bee Label T aceabili y
In o ma ion: A C oss-Cul u al Ma ke Analysis Compa ing
Spain and B azil
Danielle Rod igues Magalhaes 1,* , Ma ía del Ma Campo 1and Ma ía Te esa Maza 2


Ci a ion: Magalhaes, D.R.; Campo,
M.d.M.; Maza, M.T. Knowledge,
U ili y, and P e e ences o Bee Label
T aceabili y In o ma ion: A
C oss-Cul u al Ma ke Analysis
Compa ing Spain and B azil. Foods
2021,10, 232. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/ oods10020232
Academic Edi o : De ek V. By ne
Recei ed: 18 Decembe 2020
Accep ed: 21 Janua y 2021
Published: 23 Janua y 2021
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al
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Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
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dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
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A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1Depa men Animal Husband y and Food Science, Ins i u o Ag oalimen a io IA2, Uni e sidad de
Za agoza-CITA, Miguel Se e 177, 50013 Za agoza, Spain; ma ima @uniza .es
2Depa men Ag icul u al Science and Na u al En i onmen , Ins i u o Ag oalimen a io IA2, Uni e sidad de
Za agoza-CITA, Miguel Se e 177, 50013 Za agoza, Spain; mazama@uniza .es
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +55-34-998407183
Abs ac :
The consume en i onmen de e mines consume s’ buying beha io and p oduc p e e -
ences, and unde s anding hese ac o s allows businesses in he indus y o iden i y ma ke demands.
In iew o he di e en con ex s, Spain and B azil, he e a e di e ences in he consump ion o bee ,
in he p oduc ion and he egula o y p ocess conce ning bee , and in pa icula he aceabili y sys em.
The aceabili y sys em is manda o y in Spain and olun a y in B azil. F om hese p e oga i es,
his c oss-cul u al s udy ca ied ou h ough a sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e wi h 2132 Spanish and
B azilian bee buye s/consume s, aimed a compa ing and unde s anding he amilia i y wi h he
bo ine aceabili y sys em and aceabili y in o ma ion o he label as a ood secu i y indica o . I is
concluded ha aceabili y in o ma ion is well ecei ed by consume s as an a ibu e o c edibili y,
and consume s a e in e es ed in ensu ing ha he i em hey buy is o known and eliable o igin.
Bu mo e incen i es may help cla i y he ad an ages o pu chasing ood wi h ce i ied aceabili y,
making i mo e e ec i e o consume s o use his knowledge.
Keywo ds:
bee ; aceabili y sys em; ma ke ing; consume ; sa e y ood; c oss cul u al s udy;
ques ionnai e
1. In oduc ion
Consume pu chasing beha io wi h ega d o ood p oduc s has been ex ensi ely
s udied. The con ex in which ood p oduc s a e pu chased, he use o he p oduc and
he le el o knowledge handled, i.e., he en i onmen o consump ion (socio-cul u al,
economic, echnological, and poli ical), de ine consume beha io and p e e ences o
p oduc s and p ocesses in luencing hei choice a he ime o pu chase. I is a challenge
o companies in he sec o o conside all hese ac o s, as consume demand ul ima ely
d i es he con inued in es men o companies in esea ch and inno a ion [1–5].
In iew o he di e en con ex s which, as al eady desc ibed, de ine he p e e ence
o he consume o a pa icula p oduc , he p esen wo k has been ca ied ou in wo
coun ies, Spain and B azil, in which he e a e di e ences in he consump ion o bee ,
and in he p oduc ion and in he egula o y amewo k which in ol es i , pa icula ly
wi h ega d o ood sa e y issues and wi h e e ence o aceabili y. The key ocus o his
analysis is on he ac ha aceabili y is manda o y in Spain ollowing Eu opean Union
(EU) egula ions and olun a y in B azil [6–10].
The implemen a ion o p oduc aceabili y is mainly due o he ood c ises o he
1990s, pa icula ly hose caused by he appea ance o bo ine spongi o m encephalopa hy
(BSE). Consume us was a ec ed a ha ime, du ing which aceabili y sys ems p o ed
o be ine icien , and a se ies o egula o y e o ms we e implemen ed, i s in Eu opean
coun ies, and la e sp ead o o he con inen s [11–14].
Foods 2021,10, 232. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ oods10020232 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ oods
Foods 2021,10, 232 2 o 19
The e is a g ea economic loss in any c isis acing he p oduc ion sys em due o he
massi e loss o he p oduc , in addi ion o he bad epu a ion su e ed by he companies
in ol ed, which also c ea es an addi ional cos o egain consume con idence in he
p oduc again [
15
]. Because o his se o guiding ac o s, aceabili y in his si ua ion
helps o imp o e he e iciency o in e nal managemen in e ms o knowledge a ailable on
p oduc s and p ocesses, which p o ides e ec i e con ol o he ood supply chain [14,16].
T aceabili y can be used as a me hod o comply wi h egula ions and comply wi h ood
sa e y and quali y s anda ds, p o iding in o ma ion on he o igin, p ocessing, and inal
des ina ion o ood o be ela ed be ween p oduce s and consume s [
12
,
13
]. I is also
expec ed ha i a me s and ag o- ood companies comply wi h legal aceabili y c i e ia,
he ole o heal h con ol would be acili a ed. The mo e accu a e he moni o ing sys em,
he as e i is possible o iden i y a p oduce and sol e ood sa e y o quali y issues [
17
,
18
].
P oduc aceabili y is also impo an in a wide ange o ideas because o he global-
iza ion o ood ma ke ing, as a esul o he long dis ances ha ood a els om i s o igin
o he consume . Food moni o ing is ex emely impo an a his s age o disco e he
o igin and au hen ici y o he ood [19].
Acco ding o he ac i i y o di ec ion in which in o ma ion is passed h ough he ood
chain, aceabili y can be classi ied in o h ee ypes [20–23]:
•
In e nal aceabili y o p ocess aceabili y: I is he abili y o in e nally ack he
o igin o p oduc s coming in o he supply chain o lea ing he company o con ol
i . When using his aceabili y sys em, he main objec i e o indus ies is o enhance
ins i u ional managemen .
•
Re u n aceabili y o supplie aceabili y: I is he abili y o his sys em o ind he
o igin and cha ac e is ics o a p oduc based on one o mo e c i e ia a each poin in
he supply chain, allowing o e ec i e p oduc iden i ica ion and managemen o
quali y and sa e y s anda ds.
•
Di ec aceabili y o consume aceabili y: I helps he consume o es ablish us ,
ha is, o inc ease he c edibili y o pu chased p oduc s. Foods mus ha e a anspa -
en acking accompanied by in o ma ion abou hei o igin on p oduc labels. The key
heme discussed in his pape was his las example o aceabili y lis ed, which e e s
o aceabili y o consume s.
T aceabili y is necessa y o e i ica ion o c edence a ibu es such as o igin. In gen-
e al, i is conside ed ha colo , p ice and eshness o mea a e sea ch a ibu es, due o
he ac ha hey a e known be o e pu chase, whils as e and ende ness a e expe ience
a ibu es because hey a e only known a e consump ion. Howe e , he g ea es p oblem
a ises in he case o c edence a ibu es, ha is, hose a ibu es ha canno be known e en
a e ha ing consumed he p oduc o , on occasions, hose wi h a high cos due o he
ad e se e ec s ha may cause on he consume [
24
]. Amongs hese, animal wel a e and
en i onmen ally iendly p oduc ion me hods, ood sa e y, o o igin can be ound [
25
].
G une e al. [
26
] indica ed he g owing in e es in he ole o c edence a ibu es play in
consume choice. In a ecen s udy [
27
], aceabili y is conside ed a sus ainabili y a ibu e
like animal wel a e and e ec o g eenhouse gas emissions.
F om he li e a u e e iewed, i is clea ha aceabili y is highly alued by consume s
o a ious easons, since i is essen ial o know he o igin o he animal and he places
whe e he ans o ma ion p ocesses ha e aken place [
28
]. The egion o p oduc ion o
o igin a e some o he aspec s mos alued by consume s [29–31]. Many consume s show
mo e con idence in mea p oduced in ce ain places p ecisely because hey conside i sa e .
In he s udy o Lou ei o and Umbe ge [
28
], indica ion o o igin may only become a signal
o enhanced quali y i he sou ce o o igin is associa ed wi h highe ood sa e y o quali y.
In his sense consume s alue o coun y o o igin depending on he numbe o o he
c edence a ibu es included in p oduc desc ip ions and he loca ion o he consume [
32
].
The e o e, aceabili y o ce i ica ion o o igin can only be used as an indica ion o
consume quali y i i is associa ed o g ea e secu i y. Secu i y di e s om many o he
a ibu es o quali y, since i is a ha d a ibu e o obse e. A p oduc may appea o be
Foods 2021,10, 232 3 o 19
o high quali y (i.e., colo , ex u e, and la o ) bu may no be heal hy because i may be
con amina ed wi h unde ec ed pa hogens, oxic chemicals, o o he heal h isks [
13
,
28
].
I pe o ms in such a way ha a acked p oduc can be conside ed o supe io quali y o a
non- acked p oduc as a ac o o compe i ion in he indus y [33].
Two lines o hinking a e obse ed in in es iga ions ca ied ou on consume con-
idence in aceabili y in o ma ion: One in which i is a gued ha one o he ways o
gua an ee ood sa e y comes om aceabili y, and he o he in which he p esence o
aceabili y in o ma ion on he labels does no ansla e in o s onge consume con idence.
T aceabili y, on he one hand, is used as a ood sa e y me hod ha p o ides p oduc
ecall o iden i y he sou ce o a p oblem [
34
,
35
]. I also ac s as p oo o he au hen ici y
o he ood and ha he labels p esen in he packaging o mea p oduc s a e capable
o enhancing he consume ’s well-being by imp o ing he unde s anding o he o igin
o he p oduc , indica ing ha he ood has been checked du ing he manu ac u ing
p ocess [
28
,
36
,
37
]. The ce i ica ion o he p oduc makes he consume su e ha he
p oduc is om whe e i ac ually men ions on he label [13].
On he o he hand, despi e he ecognized need o clea in o ma ion on he quali y o
he en i e ood chain, suppo ed by mode n me hods o moni o ing and acking, o he
quali y a ibu es may compe e wi h he label’s aceabili y in o ma ion. Such in o ma ion,
ha may ha e li le o no p io i y a he ime o pu chase, mus be aken in o accoun in
any assessmen o consume p e e ences wi h ega d o he ce i ica ion o o igin [38].
Fu he mo e, ood quali y is ela ed o a p oac i e policy o c ea ing equi emen s o
he main enance o a heal hy ood supply. Howe e , he aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable
on he labels does no always con ibu e o g ea e con idence, as he sa e y o a p oduc is
he esponsibili y sha ed by all ac o s in he ood chain, including go e nmen s, indus y
and consume s, and is suscep ible o ailu e [39].
T aceabili y sys em p oponen s belie e ha labels se e he igh o he consume o
know abou he o igins o ood p oduc s. Opponen s a e o he opinion ha he labeling law
is a p o ec ionis measu e, suppo ed by dis o ed expec a ions o he quali y o p oduc s
impo ed. They ind he labeling p ocess expensi e and complica ed [40].
Amids so many e lec ions on he ad an ages o disad an ages o aceabili y, do con-
sume s know wha he sys em o aceabili y is? Is his in o ma ion, as i is cu en ly
shown, use ul and ele an when deciding o buy bee ? Do consume s us he aceabili y
in o ma ion on he labels? Whene e necessa y, do consume s know how o use his
in o ma ion (in a ime o c isis, o example)? When a sys em is obliga o y o olun a y,
a e he e di e ences?
Communica ion is he c ucial poin o unde s anding be ween consume s and compa-
nies [
38
]. Once we know he ypes o in o ma ion ha di e en ypes o consume s equi e,
we can begin o in es iga e whe he he p o ision o speci ic in o ma ion ha is a ailable
h ough aceabili y will ul ima ely in luence consume con idence o no in making he
inal pu chase decision [34].
App op ia e measu emen me hods a e equi ed o answe hese ques ions in o de o
assess he alue ha consume s a ach o in o ma ion on aceabili y, bu also o in o m
indus y abou ma ke demand [
18
]. This would ha e signi ican consequences o public
policy o mula ion [40]
The ac ha he aceabili y sys em is manda o y in one coun y (Spain) and no in
ano he (B azil) could be he sou ce o some di e ences in consume pe cep ion. The pu -
pose o his s udy was o unde s and he amilia i y o Spanish and B azilian consume s
wi h he bo ine aceabili y sys em and he label aceabili y in o ma ion as an indica o
o p oduc sa e y in coun ies wi h di e en bee consump ion, p oduc ion and mainly
di e en scale o he aceabili y sys em’s implemen a ion.
Foods 2021,10, 232 4 o 19
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Expe imen al O e iew
In gene al, mea consump ion di e s be ween egions due o di e en die a y pa e ns,
income le els, and p oduc a ailabili y [
41
]. This s a emen can be ex ended o places like
Spain and B azil, he ocus coun ies o his s udy, which show di e ences in e ms o
consump ion, p oduc ion, and he aceabili y sys em o bee .
Wi h ega d o bee ca le p oduc ion, Spain, conside ed one o he la ges expo e s
bo h wi hin and ou side he EU, is o g ea impo ance a he Eu opean le el [
6
]. In B azil,
on he o he hand, bee p oduc ion is o global impo ance, wi h he na ion anked among
he wo ld’s la ges p oduce s and expo e s o bee [
8
]. As a as consump ion is conce ned,
h ee imes mo e bee is consumed in B azil han in Spain. The appa en consump ion
in Spain is 12.7 kg/inhabi an /yea [
7
], while in B azil he consump ion o bee is ba-
sic and high (35.8 kg/inhabi an /yea ) and is he i h la ges use o his commodi y
wo ldwide [42].
The aceabili y o bee is ano he e y impo an di e en ial poin be ween he
wo coun ies and he main heme o his s udy. In Spain, he manda o y aceabili y
legally obliga ed is p o ec ed by he Eu opean amewo k [
9
]. On he opposi e, in B azil,
whe e he e is a olun a y aceabili y o bee [
10
], wi h he excep ion o he p oduc ion o
animals and p oduc s expo ed o coun ies equi ing aceabili y. The e is also a di e ence
in he aceabili y in o ma ion on he bee label ha eaches he consume in Spain and
B azil, in Spain his in o ma ion is manda o y and equi ed by law [
43
], while in B azil his
in o ma ion is op ional [10].
2.2. Consume s
The s udy was pe o med in 2016, wi h Spanish and B azilian consume s eaching
a o al o 2132 egula bee pu chase s. In Spain, 436 ques ionnai es we e applied in he
p o ince o Za agoza, and in B azil, he ques ionnai es we e adminis e ed in ou di e en
S a es—Minas Ge ais (n= 424), Sao Paulo (n= 456), Pa ana (n= 406) and San a Ca a ina
(n= 410). Za agoza was chosen because i is conside ed a model egion in ma ke s udies
in Spain due o i s size and consume beha io . In B azil, he ou egions we e chosen
because di e in consump ion and bee p oduc ion, complemen ing hemsel es o become
ep esen a i e o he coun y. The consump ion o bee in he S a e o Minas Ge ais is
one o he lowes in he coun y, consump ion in São Paulo is below he na ional a e age,
in he S a e o Pa anáis wi hin he a e age and in San a Ca a ina is abo e he a e age
consump ion. In ela ion o bee p oduc ion, he S a e o Minas Ge ais is he second la ges
p oduce o bee in he coun y, São Paulo is in nin h place, Pa anáin en h and San a
Ca a ina in hi een h. The S a es o São Paulo and Minas Ge ais a e wo o he main S a es
whe e he la ges mea p ocessing plan s in he coun y a e ga he ed.
2.3. Online Ques ionnai e
The da a o his s udy we e collec ed h ough a sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e o
dissemina ion in ne wo k designed wi h he suppo o he Google. o ms so wa e (Annex 1,
Web Applica ion—Google Pla o m). Ques ionnai es we e sen in each coun y’s na i e
language (Spanish o Po uguese).
Two ypes o non-p obabilis ic sampling we e used o da a collec ion: Chain sampling,
used o classi y subjec s wi h speci ic cha ac e is ics, bee consume s in ou case; and con-
en ional sampling, in which subjec s a e selec ed o hei accessibili y [
44
]. The analysis
has been planned o achie e desc ip i e and empi ical goals. Closed ques ions wi h wo o
mo e al e na i es and/o scales o esponses we e used o his [45].
The ques ionnai e ini ially p esen ed ques ions abou he knowledge and co ec
de ini ion o he aceabili y concep , he a iables ha make up he cu en aceabili y
sys em, and he le el o c edibili y and impo ance o he aceabili y sys em o bee .
Fou addi ional ques ions/ opics we e hen deal wi h, wo o which we e add essed
o he Spanish consume and wo o he B azilian consume ela ing o pu chasing bee
Foods 2021,10, 232 5 o 19
wi h aceabili y in o ma ion o Ce i ica e o O igin (CoO). Spanish consume s we e
ques ioned i hey had aken he aceabili y in o ma ion on mea labels in o accoun a
he ime o pu chase. B azilian consume s we e asked i hey had al eady pu chased bee
wi h aceabili y in o ma ion on he label, since aceabili y in o ma ion is no p esen in all
p oduc s. As he esponse, posi i e o nega i e, was asked o jus i y he answe .
The o he wo ques ions we e ela ed o he impo ance o aceabili y o CoO in o -
ma ion on labels. Six label models (Appendix A) wi h a di e en layou and aceabili y
in o ma ion se ha e been sugges ed o Spanish consume s. Pa icipan s we e asked o
o de he labels om he mos p e e ed o he leas p e e ed om he layou and se o
aceabili y in o ma ion on each o he labels.
Each label con ained he same “basic” p oduc in o ma ion such as he name o he
p oduc , he ca ego y, he ecommenda ions o cooking, he expi a ion da e, he p ice, e c.
Bu wi h ega ds o he aceabili y in o ma ion i sel , h ee ypes o da a we e combined
be ween he ags:
•
“T aceabili y” includes he manda o y in o ma ion p o ided by law: T aceabili y
numbe o he animal, animal bi hplace, animal a ening loca ion, slaugh e house,
and cu ing and boning oom.
•
Ex a in o ma ion, also e e ed o as “plus” in his s udy, was added o he label wi h
manda o y aceabili y in o ma ion. The b eed and sex o he animal and he da e o
bi h we e included
•
A “QR Code” (Quick Response Code) used on he labels, in his case, o he elec onic
eading o he aceabili y in o ma ion o he p oduc o sale.
Two ypes o labels (Appendix B) we e sen o B azilian consume s, one o which p o-
ided aceabili y in o ma ion commonly ound on bee labels sold in B azil, i
.e., an anima
l
aceabili y numbe and a QR code o online access o animal o igin in o ma ion—CoO.
And ano he label included aceabili y in o ma ion on he label, jus like he one supplied
on he labels o bee sold in Spain, i.e., animal aceabili y numbe , animal bi hplace,
animal
a ening loca ion, slaugh e house, and cu ing and boning oom. B azilian con-
sume s we e asked which o he wo labels p o ided he necessa y in o ma ion o sa is y
hei equi emen s.
Finally, pa icipan s om bo h coun ies we e asked i , in case o suspicion ha he
mea hey pu chased has a p oblem o ood sa e y quali y o o he aspec s ela ed o heal h,
wha ac ion would hey ake wi h espec o he use o ha ood.
2.4. Da a Analysis
S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using IBM
®
SPSS s a is ics e sion 22. Uni a ia e
and bi a ia e analyses we e used o e alua e cha ac e is ics ela ed o consume beha -
io . Desc ip i e and chi-squa e analyses we e used o e alua e cha ac e is ics ela ed o
consume beha io : Knowledge, c edibili y, and impo ance o aceabili y and u ili y o
in o ma ion aceabili y on he bee label.
A maximum signi icance le el o 5% o less was es ed o accep ance o ejec ion o
he null hypo hesis. The conjoin analysis, using he dependency me hod, was used o
de e mine he p e e ence o di e en le els o Spanish bee label aceabili y in o ma ion.
As a iables, he p esence o manda o y aceabili y da a, he p esence o addi ional in o -
ma ion and he p esence o a QR code we e analyzed, wi h wo le els, omission/p esence,
in each a iable.
3. Resul s and Discussion
3.1. Knowledge o he T aceabili y Sys em o Bee
The use o aceabili y in o ma ion a he ime o pu chase esul s depending on
knowledge o he concep [
35
]. This in es iga ion, in line wi h hese indings, s a s wi h an
in e es in unde s anding i Spanish and B azilian consume s a e amilia wi h aceabili y.
Acco ding o he esul s o his s udy, jus o e hal o he Spanish consume sample
(52.8%) and 58.4% o B azilian consume s say o be pe ec ly amilia wi h he concep o

Foods 2021,10, 232 6 o 19
aceabili y. While abou a hi d o consume s in bo h coun ies indica e hey do no know
aceabili y, he majo i y o esponden s chose he co ec de ini ion o “moni o ing o bee
o igin and p oduc s” ep esen ing 81.2% o Spanish consume s and 77.5% o B azilians
(Table 1).
Table 1.
Knowledge and de ini ion o he aceabili y concep o Spanish and B azilians consume s.
T aceabili y Concep * Coun y 1
p
Spain B azil
Knowledge o he concep
Yes, pe ec ly 52.8 58.4
0.045
No, o ally unawa e 36.0 33.3
Unclea 11.2 8.3
De ini ion o he concep
Moni o ing o bee o igin and p oduc s 81.2 77.5
≤0.001
Bee inspec ed by he heal h se ice 3.4 11.4
Nu i ional in o ma ion by labels 2.3 1.3
No chemical esidues con aminan s in bee 0.7 0.4
B anded bee 0.5 0.8
Don’ know 11.9 8.6
1To al n= 2132, Spain n= 436, B azil n= 1696. * Only one answe pe ques ion. (%).
Consume s wi h no aceabili y in o ma ion end up no being in e es ed in his sub-
jec [
46
]. In wo s udies e alua ing knowledge o he concep o aceabili y, one in 2006 [
47
]
and ano he en yea s la e , in 2016 [
33
], i was shown ha conside able di icul y in hea ing
abou aced mea was and con inues o be associa ed wi h he lack o p oduc a ailabili y
and accessibili y o p oduc in o ma ion.
I is wo h no ing ha 11.4% o B azilian consume s chose he aceabili y concep in
his s udy: “Bee inspec ed by he heal h se ice” (Table 1). This choice is likely o e e
o he quali y inspec ion se ice o he p oduc ion o ood p oduc s o B azilian animal
o igin (MAPA—Minis y o Ag icul u e, Li es ock, and Supply) whose ce i ica e seal is
p esen in all packages o p oduc s o animal o igin, wi h h ee le els o inspec ion: Fede al
Inspec ion Se ice (S.I.F), S a e Inspec ion Se ice (S.I.E) and Municipal Inspec ion Se ice
(S.I.M) [
48
]. Ou indings we e con i med by o he s udies ca ied ou in B azil ha indica e
ha mo e consume s a e awa e o ce i ica es o inspec ion o animal p oduc s han o
aceabili y in o ma ion o CoO [12,33].
Fo many consume s, he e m ha indica es in o ma ion such as “moni o ing” and
“inspec ion” o e s an addi ional imp ession o p oduc p o ec ion, as is he case wi h
aceabili y [
33
,
46
]. The esul s o his s udy sugges ha consume s hesi a ed abou he
de ini ion o aceabili y a i s bu once in oduced o he de ini ion, mos will know how
o iden i y i (Table 1).
3.2. Aspec s Tha Make up he Cu en T aceabili y Sys em o Bee
The abili y o o ganize he chain e icien ly is he basic equi emen o he aceabili y
sys em [
47
]. The in oduc ion o aceabili y sys ems o he bee supply chain in some
coun ies is based on manda o y legisla ion (such as Spain), while in o he s, egula ions
ha e been adop ed on a olun a y basis, whe e ma ke -dependen incen i es o hei
implemen a ion (such as B azil) [33,47].
The i s s ep owa ds he e icien use o aceabili y by consume s seems o be
p ima ily ela ed o in o ming consume s abou he o igin o he p oduc , i.e., he a ious
s eps in which hey show ha he quali y and sa e y o he p oduc has been egula ed [
49
].
Foods 2021,10, 232 7 o 19
Despi e he di e en co e ing, one manda o y and he o he olun a y, he egula ions
go e ning he aceabili y sys em in Spain and B azil a e he same. Consume s in bo h
coun ies we e he e o e asked which aspec s a e inco po a ed in o he exis ing aceabili y
sys em. Table 2shows a o al o nine aspec s, all o which a e p esen in Spain and B azil as
pa o he aceabili y sys em.
Table 2.
Aspec s assumed by Spanish and B azilian consume s a e pa o he cu en aceabili y
sys em o bee .
Aspec s o T aceabili y Sys em * Coun y 1
p
Spain B azil
Animal eed 49.5 75.9 ≤0.001
Animal b eed 61.5 76.2 ≤0.001
Da e o bi h 64.9 78.9 ≤0.001
Animal bi hplace 48.4 72.4 ≤0.001
Animal a ening loca ion 49.3 75.5 ≤0.001
T anspo 44.7 73.1 ≤0.001
Slaugh e da e 71.3 86.9 ≤0.001
Slaugh e house 65.4 87.7 ≤0.001
Cu ing and boning oom 37.6 45.5 0.003
Don’ know 17.2 4.6 ≤0.001
1To al n= 2132, Spain, n= 436, B azil, n= 1696. * Mul iple answe s possible. (%).
The indings indica e ha mo e han hal o he Spanish consume s su eyed iden i ied
only ou aspec s: The b eed o he animal (61.5%), he da e o bi h (64.9%), he da e o
slaugh e (71.3%), and he slaugh e house (65.4%) (Table 2). F om hese esul s i can be
concluded ha he in o ma ion ha ends o be mo e common o Spanish consume s ha
is pa o he aceabili y sys em is p ecisely he manda o y e e ence in o ma ion ound
on he bee labels in his egion, which a e: Slaugh e place and animal ca ego y o sales
denomina ion p o ided o in Royal Dec ee 75/2009 [43].
A s udy has shown ha speci ic aspec s linked o he aceabili y sys em a e less
ele an o he gene al public/consume s and much mo e o in e es o o he ma ke
segmen s, such as p oduce s, p ocesso s and he e ail chain [
47
]. The s ages o he p ocess,
which is quali y ela ed o sa e y which is a po en ial a ibu e o c edibili y o be alued
a he ime o pu chase, a e no e alua ed ou o hei own, bu wha esul s om all
o his [17,18].
In B azil, mo e han hal o consume s (45.5%) did no selec jus one a ibu e, “cu ing
oom” (Table 2) The esul s ound ha he majo i y o B azilian consume s a e in o med o
he aspec s ha a e pa o he aceabili y sys em, acco ding o esea che s [
50
], because
he in o ma ion is known. This can be an indica ion ha in es men s in he mea chain may
b ing bene i s o e aile s who need p o ec ion agains he loss o consume con idence.
3.3. C edibili y and Impo ance o T aceabili y o Bee
The le el o c edibili y and impo ance o bee aceabili y was e alua ed in his
s udy and he esul s (Table 3) showed ha he c edibili y o aceabili y in o ma ion
is pa ial o 47.7% o Spanish consume s and 62.0% o B azilians, whe eas a g ea e
p opo ion o Spanish consume s belie e aceabili y in o ma ion o ally (28.0%) han
B azilians (14.6%). Spanish consume s also ely mo e han B azilians on in o ma ion
such as: O igin and p oduc ion o animals, ma ke ing in o ma ion, in o ma ion on he
slaugh e house, and in o ma ion on he animal i sel .
Ou s udy sugges s ha he ac ha aceabili y in o ma ion is p o ided mo e con-
idence by Spanish consume s han by B azilians come om he ac ha he aceabili y
and labeling sys em in Spain is manda o y, and mainly because i is al eady consolida ed,
unlike in B azil, whe e bo h aceabili y and labeling sys ems a e olun a y, o en only o
ma ke ing pu poses, as some esea che s sugges [37].
Foods 2021,10, 232 8 o 19
Table 3.
C edibili y and impo ance in he aceabili y in o ma ion ha Spanish and B azilian
consume s belie e is app op ia e o hei way o hinking.
C edibili y and Impo ance o T aceabili y * Coun y 1
p
Spain B azil
To al c edibili y 28.0 14.6 ≤0.001
Pa ial c edibili y 47.7 62.0 ≤0.001
No c edibili y 7.3 2.9 ≤0.001
C edibili y in he o igin and p oduc ion o animal 33.7 16.6 ≤0.001
C edibili y in ma ke ing in o ma ion 24.8 7.3 ≤0.001
C edibili y in slaugh e house in o ma ion 19.0 8.8 ≤0.001
C edibili y in he in o ma ion o he animal i sel 13.5 6.3 ≤0.001
T aceabili y is impo an o consume s 59.6 50.9 0.001
T aceabili y is impo an o companies 33.7 31.1 0.301
1To al n= 2132, Spain n= 436, B azil n= 1696. * Mul iple answe s possible. (%).
Acco ding o p e ious esea ch [
18
,
49
], he c edibili y o aceabili y in o ma ion is
de e mined by i s accessibili y and he consume s’ own easoning. In o de o become
an a ibu e o con idence o he use , aceabili y in o ma ion needs o be d i en by he
ad an ages ha his in o ma ion b ings [27].
As a as he impo ance o he aceabili y sys em is conce ned, mo e Spanish con-
sume s (59.6%) and o a mino ex en , B azilians (50.9%) ag ee ha aceabili y is impo an
o consume s, ha is o say, o hemsel es. To a mino ex en , abou a hi d o Spanish
consume s (33.7%) and B azilians (31.1%) ag ee ha aceabili y is impo an o companies
(Table 3). Acco ding o some esea che s [
13
,
18
], al hough consume s pa ially belie e in
aceabili y in o ma ion, hey s ill belie e ha aceabili y emains impo an o hem,
da a ha co obo a e ou s udy.
A s udy conduc ed wi h B azilian consume s [
27
] con i ms he impo ance o a ibu es
such as aceabili y in he decision-making p ocess o pu chasing bee . O he esea ch,
also ca ied ou in B azil [
33
,
51
] ound ha he majo i y o bee consume s, mo e han 90%
o hem, ag eed ha mea wi h any kind o ce i ica ion has g ea e bene i s han mea
wi hou any ce i ica ion, and consume s belie e ha ce i ica e p oduc s a e be e , highe
quali y and mo e secu e.
Knowing he pe cep ions and equi emen s o consume s abou ood aceabili y is
o en an obs acle, because c edi a ibu es can be in e p e ed wi h di e en ways, such as
ma ke ing pu poses o example. Misin e p e a ions can lead consume s no o know he
eal eason o aceabili y, which is o imp o e ood secu i y agains haza ds ha may
occu a di e en poin s in he ood chain [37,52].
Fo his eason, indus y and go e nmen mus ocus hei e o s o ensu e ha
messages a e p ope ly ansmi ed and unde s ood by consume s om c edible a ibu es,
such as aceabili y in o ma ion [17,37].
In gene al, measu es o minimize consume inaccu a e ision a e s aigh o wa d and
e icien communica ion, ha is o say, in a o ma ha is easily accessible and wi hou
o e loading consume s. This sugges s mo e isible labeling wi h ce i ica ion assu ances
du ing buying, gi ing cus ome s he abili y o mo e clea ly e alua e mea secu i y [53].
3.4. Use ulness o T aceabili y In o ma ion on Bee Labels
Food labels aim o enable consume s o make in o med decisions abou expe ience and
c edibili y a ibu es such as p oduc quali y, echnology o p oduc ion, and p ocessing
[52,54]
.
Gi en ha consume pe cep ions o ood sa e y isk a e s ongly linked o he c edibili y o
p oduc a ibu e in o ma ion, ood labeling egula ion needs o ensu e he in eg i y o ha
in o ma ion [37].
Foods 2021,10, 232 9 o 19
The in o ma ion on he mea label is conside ed o ha e highe o lowe le els o
impo ance a he ime o pu chase. Resea ch pe o med wi h mea consume s indica e
ha eadily in e p e able in o ma ion, such as mea ype/cu and expi a ion da a, has a
highe a ing o signi icance and use compa ed o c edi in o ma ion indica ions, such as
o igin [17,46,47,55].
Ou s udy e alua ed he u ili y o Spanish and B azilian consume s o aceabili y
and/o CoO in o ma ion on bee labels. Since aceabili y in o ma ion is obliga o y on
bee labels in Spain and on a olun a y basis in B azil, conce ns abou he u ili y o his
in o ma ion ha e been handled in acco dance wi h he eali y o he consume s in ques ion
(Tables 4and 5).
Table 4. Opinion o Spanish consume s on in o ma ion ela ed o he aceabili y in bee labels.
T aceabili y o he Bee Label Spain 1
Do you ake in o accoun he da a ela ed o aceabili y on bee labels?
Yes 57.3
No 42.7
In case o AFFIRMATIVE answe 2,*
I don’ buy bee om unknown o suspicious coun ies 32.7
I wan o know he o igin o he p oduc 22.9
I only buy bee o igina ing om my coun y 20.7
I only buy bee o igina ing om my egion 13.0
I only buy bee om he EU 10.6
In case o NEGATIVE answe 3,*
I has ne e wo ied me 31.3
I don’ know wha o do wi h ha in o ma ion 21.3
Knowing he e is aceabili y is enough 19.6
T aceabili y code mus be on he p oduc s, bu i is no my esponsibili y 11.7
This in o ma ion is di icul o in e p e 8.7
I don’ ha e ime o ead i 4.9
I don’ see he use o i 2.4
1
To al n= 436,
2
only o people who said “yes” n= 250,
3
only o people who said “no” n= 186. * I is possible
o ma k se e al poin s. (%).
Table 5. Opinion o B azilian consume s on in o ma ion ela ed o he aceabili y in bee labels.
T aceabili y o he Bee Label B azil
Do you buy o ha e you al eady bough bee wi h aceabili y in o ma ion on he label?
1
*
Yes 32.1
No 22.6
I don’ know i I bough /didn’ ealize i a he ime o pu chase 45.3
I YES, how did you hea abou his p oduc ? 2*
Knowledge o he aceabili y o ag icul u al p oduc s 46.4
Obse ing he iden i ica ion o aceabili y on he label 31.7
Ma ke ing in he es ablishmen whe e I buy o in o he channels o communica ion 17.1
In con e sa ions wi h o he s 4.8
I NO, why ne e bough i ? 3*
I don’ know whe e i sells/I hink i ’s no a ailable in my ci y 84.6
I don’ know whe e i sells and I’m no in e es ed in buying i 9.1
I don’ buy i because I don’ see a di e ence be ween mea wi h aceabili y o wi hou i
6.3
1
To al n= 1696; Minas Ge ais, n= 424; Sao Paulo; n= 456, Pa ana, n= 406; San a Ca a ina, n= 410.
2To al n= 545
(only o people who said “yes”): Minas Ge ais, n= 125; Sao Paulo, n= 161; Pa ana, n= 141; San a Ca a ina,
n= 118
.
3
To al n= 383 (only o people who said “no”): Minas Ge ais, n= 127; Sao Paulo, n= 70; Pa ana, n= 90;
San a Ca a ina, n= 96. * Ma k only one answe . (%).
Foods 2021,10, 232 16 o 19
Foods 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 o 19
B
C x x
D x
E x x
F x x x
x – p esence o in o ma ion
Figu e A1. (A)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: QR Code. (B)—Label wi hou aceabili y in o ma ion
a ailable. (C)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009)
and QR Code. (D)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (manda o y p o ided o by Royal
Dec ee 75/2009). (E)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee
75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s. (F)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en
in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s and QR Code.
In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: T azabilidad: ( aceabili y numbe ); Raza: (Animal b eed); Sexo: (Gende );
Fecha de nacimien o: (Da e o animal bi h); Nacido en: (Animal bi hplace); C iado en: (Animal a ening loca ion); Sac-
i icado en: (Slaugh e house); Despiece en: (Cu ing and boning oom); Código de in o mación de azabilidad: (QR code).
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
(E) (F)
Figu e A1.
(
A
)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: QR Code. (
B
)—Label wi hou aceabili y in o ma ion
a ailable. (
C
)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009)
and QR Code. (
D
)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (manda o y p o ided o by
Royal Dec ee 75/2009). (
E
)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal
Dec ee 75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s. (
F
)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label:
W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s and QR
Code. In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: T azabilidad: ( aceabili y numbe ); Raza: (Animal b eed); Sexo:
(Gende ); Fecha de nacimien o: (Da e o animal bi h); Nacido en: (Animal bi hplace); C iado en: (Animal a ening
loca ion); Sac i icado en: (Slaugh e house); Despiece en: (Cu ing and boning oom); Código de in o mación de azabilidad:
(QR code).

Foods 2021,10, 232 17 o 19
Appendix B
Foods 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 19
Appendix B
T aceabili y Label In o ma ion o B azilian Consume s
B azilian Label Spanish Label
Figu e A2. In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: Código de as eabilidade: (T aceabili y numbe ); QR code;
Ras eabilidade: ( aceabili y numbe ); Nascido em: (Animal bi hplace); C iado em: (Animal a ening loca ion); Sac i i-
cado em: (Slaugh e house); Desossado em: (Cu ing and boning oom).
Re e ences
1. de Boe , J.; Schosle , H.; Aiking, H. “Mea less days” o “less bu be e ”? Explo ing s a egies o adap Wes e n mea consump-
ion o heal h and sus ainabili y challenges. Appe i e 2014, 76, 120–128.
2. Henchion, M.; McCa hy, M.; Resconi, V.C.; T oy, D. Mea consump ion: T ends and quali y ma e s. Mea Sci. 2014, 98, 561–
568.
3. Kang, J.; Jun, J.; A end , S.W. Unde s anding cus ome s’ heal hy ood choices a casual dining es au an s: Using he Value-
A i ude-Beha io model. In . J. Hosp. Manag. 2015, 48, 12–21.
4. Bui ago-Ve a, J.; Esc ibá-Pé ez, C.; Ba ie a-Puig, A.; Mon e o-Vicen e, L. Consume segmen a ion based on ood- ela ed li e-
s yles and analysis o abbi mea consump ion. Wo ld Rabbi Sci. 2016, 24, 169–182.
5. Sans, P.; Comb is, P. Wo ld mea consump ion pa e ns: An o e iew o he las i y yea s (1961–2011). Mea Sci. 2016, 114,
154–154.
6. MAPAMA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: El Sec o de la ca ne de acuno en ci as—
P incipales indicado es económicos. 2019. A ailable online: h ps:// ica.chil.me/pos /el-sec o -de-la-ca ne-de- acuno-en-ci as-
p incipales-indicado es-economicos-265636 (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020).
7. MAPA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: In o me del consumo de alimen ación en España.
2019. A ailable online: h ps://www.mapa.gob.es/eu/alimen acion/ emas/consumo- endencias/panel-de-consumoalimen-
a io/ul imos-da os/de aul .aspx (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020).
8. USDA. Uni ed S a es Depa men o Ag icul u e Economic Resea ch Se ice: Annual and Cumula i e Yea - o-Da e, U.S. Li e-
s ock and Mea T ade by Coun y. 2020. A ailable online: h ps://www.e s.usda.go /da a-p oduc s/li es ock-and-mea -in e -
na ional- ade-da a/li es ock-and-mea -in e na ional- ade-da a/#Annual%20and%20Cumula i e%20Yea - o-
Da e%20U.S.%20Li es ock%20and%20Mea %20T ade%20by%20Coun y (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020).
9. Reglamen o (CE) n° 2629/97 de la Comisión de 29 de diciemb e, po el que se es ablecen de e minadas disposiciones de aplica-
ción del Reglamen o (CE) n° 820/97 y n°(CE) 1141/9 del Consejo en lo que espec a a las ma cas au icula es, los egis os de las
explo aciones y los pasapo es en el ma co del sis ema de iden i icación y egis o de los animales de la especie bo ina—Agencia
Es a al Bole ín O icial del Es ado. A ailable online: h ps://www.boe.es/busca /doc.php?id=DOUE-L-1997-82459 (accessed on
16 Decembe 2020).
10. Ins ução No ma i a nº 51, de 1 de ou ub o de 2018—Minis o de Es ado da Ag icul u a, Pecuá ia e Abas ecimen o, Diá io
O icial da União. A ailable online: h ps://www.in.go .b /web/gues /ma e ia/-/asse _publishe /Kuj w0TZC2Mb/con-
en /id/44306336/do1-2018-10-08-ins ucao-no ma i a-n-51-de-1-de-ou ub o-de-2018-44306204#:~: ex =%2D18%2C%20 e-
sol e%3A-,A .,dos%20Anexos%20I%20a%20III.& ex =2%C2%BA%20O%20SISBOV%20%C3%A9%20o,indi id-
ual%20de%20bo inos%20e%20b%C3%BA alos (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020).
11. Pe hick, D.W.; Ball, A.J.; Banks, R.G.; Hocque e, J.F. Cu en and u u e issues acing ed mea quali y in a compe i i e ma ke
and how o manage con inuous imp o emen . Anim. P od. Sci. 2011, 51, 13–18.
12. Ba cellos, J.O.J.; Abich , A.D.; B andao, F.S.; Canozzi, M.E.A.; Colla es, F.C. Consume pe cep ion o B azilian aced bee . R.
B as. Zoo ec. 2012, 41, 771–774.
13. Aung, M.M.; Chang, Y.S. T aceabili y in a ood supply chain: Sa e y and quali y pe spec i es. Food Con ol 2014, 39, 172–184.
Figu e A2.
In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: Código de as eabilidade: (T aceabili y numbe ); QR code;
Ras eabilidade: ( aceabili y numbe ); Nascido em: (Animal bi hplace); C iado em: (Animal a ening loca ion); Sac i icado
em: (Slaugh e house); Desossado em: (Cu ing and boning oom).
Re e ences
1.
de Boe , J.; Schosle , H.; Aiking, H. “Mea less days” o “less bu be e ”? Explo ing s a egies o adap Wes e n mea consump ion
o heal h and sus ainabili y challenges. Appe i e 2014,76, 120–128. [C ossRe ] [PubMed]
2.
Henchion, M.; McCa hy, M.; Resconi, V.C.; T oy, D. Mea consump ion: T ends and quali y ma e s. Mea Sci.
2014
,98, 561–568.
[C ossRe ] [PubMed]
3.
Kang, J.; Jun, J.; A end , S.W. Unde s anding cus ome s’ heal hy ood choices a casual dining es au an s: Using he Value-
A i ude-Beha io model. In . J. Hosp. Manag. 2015,48, 12–21. [C ossRe ]
4.
Bui ago-Ve a, J.; Esc ibá-Pé ez, C.; Ba ie a-Puig, A.; Mon e o-Vicen e, L. Consume segmen a ion based on ood- ela ed li es yles
and analysis o abbi mea consump ion. Wo ld Rabbi Sci. 2016,24, 169–182. [C ossRe ]
5. Sans, P.; Comb is, P. Wo ld mea consump ion pa e ns: An o e iew o he las i y yea s (1961–2011). Mea Sci. 2016,114, 154.
[C ossRe ]
6.
MAPAMA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: El Sec o de la ca ne de acuno en ci as—
P incipales indicado es económicos. 2019. A ailable online: h ps:// ica.chil.me/pos /el-sec o -de-la-ca ne-de- acuno-en-
ci as-p incipales-indicado es-economicos-265636 (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020).
7.
MAPA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: In o me del consumo de alimen ación en
España. 2019. A ailable online: h ps://www.mapa.gob.es/eu/alimen acion/ emas/consumo- endencias/panel-de-
consumoalimen a io/ul imos-da os/de aul .aspx (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020).
8.
USDA. Uni ed S a es Depa men o Ag icul u e Economic Resea ch Se ice: Annual and Cumula i e Yea - o-Da e, U.S. Li e-
s ock and Mea T ade by Coun y. 2020. A ailable online: h ps://www.e s.usda.go /da a-p oduc s/li es ock-and-mea -
in e na ional- ade-da a/li es ock-and-mea -in e na ional- ade-da a/#Annual%20and%20Cumula i e%20Yea - o-Da e%20
U.S.%20Li es ock%20and%20Mea %20T ade%20by%20Coun y (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020).
9.
Reglamen o (CE) n
◦
2629/97 de la Comisión de 29 de diciemb e, po el que se es ablecen de e minadas disposiciones de aplicación
del Reglamen o (CE) n
◦
820/97 y n
◦
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