Knowledge, utility and preferences for beef label traceability information: A cross-cultural market analysis comparing Spain and Brazil.

oods A icle Knowledge, U ili y, and P e e ences o Bee Label T aceabili y In o ma ion: A C oss-Cul u al Ma ke Analysis Compa ing Spain and B azil Danielle Rod igues Magalhaes 1,* , Ma ía del Ma Campo 1and Ma ía Te esa Maza 2   Ci a ion: Magalhaes, D.R.; Campo, M.d.M.; Maza, M.T. Knowledge, U ili y, and P e e ences o Bee Label T aceabili y In o ma ion: A C oss-Cul u al Ma ke Analysis Compa ing Spain and B azil. Foods 2021,10, 232. h ps://doi.o g/ 10.3390/ oods10020232 Academic Edi o : De ek V. By ne Recei ed: 18 Decembe 2020 Accep ed: 21 Janua y 2021 Published: 23 Janua y 2021 Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a il- ia ions. Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1Depa men Animal Husband y and Food Science, Ins i u o Ag oalimen a io IA2, Uni e sidad de Za agoza-CITA, Miguel Se e 177, 50013 Za agoza, Spain; ma ima @uniza .es 2Depa men Ag icul u al Science and Na u al En i onmen , Ins i u o Ag oalimen a io IA2, Uni e sidad de Za agoza-CITA, Miguel Se e 177, 50013 Za agoza, Spain; mazama@uniza .es *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +55-34-998407183 Abs ac : The consume en i onmen de e mines consume s’ buying beha io and p oduc p e e - ences, and unde s anding hese ac o s allows businesses in he indus y o iden i y ma ke demands. In iew o he di e en con ex s, Spain and B azil, he e a e di e ences in he consump ion o bee , in he p oduc ion and he egula o y p ocess conce ning bee , and in pa icula he aceabili y sys em. The aceabili y sys em is manda o y in Spain and olun a y in B azil. F om hese p e oga i es, his c oss-cul u al s udy ca ied ou h ough a sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e wi h 2132 Spanish and B azilian bee buye s/consume s, aimed a compa ing and unde s anding he amilia i y wi h he bo ine aceabili y sys em and aceabili y in o ma ion o he label as a ood secu i y indica o . I is concluded ha aceabili y in o ma ion is well ecei ed by consume s as an a ibu e o c edibili y, and consume s a e in e es ed in ensu ing ha he i em hey buy is o known and eliable o igin. Bu mo e incen i es may help cla i y he ad an ages o pu chasing ood wi h ce i ied aceabili y, making i mo e e ec i e o consume s o use his knowledge. Keywo ds: bee ; aceabili y sys em; ma ke ing; consume ; sa e y ood; c oss cul u al s udy; ques ionnai e 1. In oduc ion Consume pu chasing beha io wi h ega d o ood p oduc s has been ex ensi ely s udied. The con ex in which ood p oduc s a e pu chased, he use o he p oduc and he le el o knowledge handled, i.e., he en i onmen o consump ion (socio-cul u al, economic, echnological, and poli ical), de ine consume beha io and p e e ences o p oduc s and p ocesses in luencing hei choice a he ime o pu chase. I is a challenge o companies in he sec o o conside all hese ac o s, as consume demand ul ima ely d i es he con inued in es men o companies in esea ch and inno a ion [1–5]. In iew o he di e en con ex s which, as al eady desc ibed, de ine he p e e ence o he consume o a pa icula p oduc , he p esen wo k has been ca ied ou in wo coun ies, Spain and B azil, in which he e a e di e ences in he consump ion o bee , and in he p oduc ion and in he egula o y amewo k which in ol es i , pa icula ly wi h ega d o ood sa e y issues and wi h e e ence o aceabili y. The key ocus o his analysis is on he ac ha aceabili y is manda o y in Spain ollowing Eu opean Union (EU) egula ions and olun a y in B azil [6–10]. The implemen a ion o p oduc aceabili y is mainly due o he ood c ises o he 1990s, pa icula ly hose caused by he appea ance o bo ine spongi o m encephalopa hy (BSE). Consume us was a ec ed a ha ime, du ing which aceabili y sys ems p o ed o be ine icien , and a se ies o egula o y e o ms we e implemen ed, i s in Eu opean coun ies, and la e sp ead o o he con inen s [11–14]. Foods 2021,10, 232. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ oods10020232 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ oods Foods 2021,10, 232 2 o 19 The e is a g ea economic loss in any c isis acing he p oduc ion sys em due o he massi e loss o he p oduc , in addi ion o he bad epu a ion su e ed by he companies in ol ed, which also c ea es an addi ional cos o egain consume con idence in he p oduc again [ 15 ]. Because o his se o guiding ac o s, aceabili y in his si ua ion helps o imp o e he e iciency o in e nal managemen in e ms o knowledge a ailable on p oduc s and p ocesses, which p o ides e ec i e con ol o he ood supply chain [14,16]. T aceabili y can be used as a me hod o comply wi h egula ions and comply wi h ood sa e y and quali y s anda ds, p o iding in o ma ion on he o igin, p ocessing, and inal des ina ion o ood o be ela ed be ween p oduce s and consume s [ 12 , 13 ]. I is also expec ed ha i a me s and ag o- ood companies comply wi h legal aceabili y c i e ia, he ole o heal h con ol would be acili a ed. The mo e accu a e he moni o ing sys em, he as e i is possible o iden i y a p oduce and sol e ood sa e y o quali y issues [ 17 , 18 ]. P oduc aceabili y is also impo an in a wide ange o ideas because o he global- iza ion o ood ma ke ing, as a esul o he long dis ances ha ood a els om i s o igin o he consume . Food moni o ing is ex emely impo an a his s age o disco e he o igin and au hen ici y o he ood [19]. Acco ding o he ac i i y o di ec ion in which in o ma ion is passed h ough he ood chain, aceabili y can be classi ied in o h ee ypes [20–23]: • In e nal aceabili y o p ocess aceabili y: I is he abili y o in e nally ack he o igin o p oduc s coming in o he supply chain o lea ing he company o con ol i . When using his aceabili y sys em, he main objec i e o indus ies is o enhance ins i u ional managemen . • Re u n aceabili y o supplie aceabili y: I is he abili y o his sys em o ind he o igin and cha ac e is ics o a p oduc based on one o mo e c i e ia a each poin in he supply chain, allowing o e ec i e p oduc iden i ica ion and managemen o quali y and sa e y s anda ds. • Di ec aceabili y o consume aceabili y: I helps he consume o es ablish us , ha is, o inc ease he c edibili y o pu chased p oduc s. Foods mus ha e a anspa - en acking accompanied by in o ma ion abou hei o igin on p oduc labels. The key heme discussed in his pape was his las example o aceabili y lis ed, which e e s o aceabili y o consume s. T aceabili y is necessa y o e i ica ion o c edence a ibu es such as o igin. In gen- e al, i is conside ed ha colo , p ice and eshness o mea a e sea ch a ibu es, due o he ac ha hey a e known be o e pu chase, whils as e and ende ness a e expe ience a ibu es because hey a e only known a e consump ion. Howe e , he g ea es p oblem a ises in he case o c edence a ibu es, ha is, hose a ibu es ha canno be known e en a e ha ing consumed he p oduc o , on occasions, hose wi h a high cos due o he ad e se e ec s ha may cause on he consume [ 24 ]. Amongs hese, animal wel a e and en i onmen ally iendly p oduc ion me hods, ood sa e y, o o igin can be ound [ 25 ]. G une e al. [ 26 ] indica ed he g owing in e es in he ole o c edence a ibu es play in consume choice. In a ecen s udy [ 27 ], aceabili y is conside ed a sus ainabili y a ibu e like animal wel a e and e ec o g eenhouse gas emissions. F om he li e a u e e iewed, i is clea ha aceabili y is highly alued by consume s o a ious easons, since i is essen ial o know he o igin o he animal and he places whe e he ans o ma ion p ocesses ha e aken place [ 28 ]. The egion o p oduc ion o o igin a e some o he aspec s mos alued by consume s [29–31]. Many consume s show mo e con idence in mea p oduced in ce ain places p ecisely because hey conside i sa e . In he s udy o Lou ei o and Umbe ge [ 28 ], indica ion o o igin may only become a signal o enhanced quali y i he sou ce o o igin is associa ed wi h highe ood sa e y o quali y. In his sense consume s alue o coun y o o igin depending on he numbe o o he c edence a ibu es included in p oduc desc ip ions and he loca ion o he consume [ 32 ]. The e o e, aceabili y o ce i ica ion o o igin can only be used as an indica ion o consume quali y i i is associa ed o g ea e secu i y. Secu i y di e s om many o he a ibu es o quali y, since i is a ha d a ibu e o obse e. A p oduc may appea o be Foods 2021,10, 232 3 o 19 o high quali y (i.e., colo , ex u e, and la o ) bu may no be heal hy because i may be con amina ed wi h unde ec ed pa hogens, oxic chemicals, o o he heal h isks [ 13 , 28 ]. I pe o ms in such a way ha a acked p oduc can be conside ed o supe io quali y o a non- acked p oduc as a ac o o compe i ion in he indus y [33]. Two lines o hinking a e obse ed in in es iga ions ca ied ou on consume con- idence in aceabili y in o ma ion: One in which i is a gued ha one o he ways o gua an ee ood sa e y comes om aceabili y, and he o he in which he p esence o aceabili y in o ma ion on he labels does no ansla e in o s onge consume con idence. T aceabili y, on he one hand, is used as a ood sa e y me hod ha p o ides p oduc ecall o iden i y he sou ce o a p oblem [ 34 , 35 ]. I also ac s as p oo o he au hen ici y o he ood and ha he labels p esen in he packaging o mea p oduc s a e capable o enhancing he consume ’s well-being by imp o ing he unde s anding o he o igin o he p oduc , indica ing ha he ood has been checked du ing he manu ac u ing p ocess [ 28 , 36 , 37 ]. The ce i ica ion o he p oduc makes he consume su e ha he p oduc is om whe e i ac ually men ions on he label [13]. On he o he hand, despi e he ecognized need o clea in o ma ion on he quali y o he en i e ood chain, suppo ed by mode n me hods o moni o ing and acking, o he quali y a ibu es may compe e wi h he label’s aceabili y in o ma ion. Such in o ma ion, ha may ha e li le o no p io i y a he ime o pu chase, mus be aken in o accoun in any assessmen o consume p e e ences wi h ega d o he ce i ica ion o o igin [38]. Fu he mo e, ood quali y is ela ed o a p oac i e policy o c ea ing equi emen s o he main enance o a heal hy ood supply. Howe e , he aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he labels does no always con ibu e o g ea e con idence, as he sa e y o a p oduc is he esponsibili y sha ed by all ac o s in he ood chain, including go e nmen s, indus y and consume s, and is suscep ible o ailu e [39]. T aceabili y sys em p oponen s belie e ha labels se e he igh o he consume o know abou he o igins o ood p oduc s. Opponen s a e o he opinion ha he labeling law is a p o ec ionis measu e, suppo ed by dis o ed expec a ions o he quali y o p oduc s impo ed. They ind he labeling p ocess expensi e and complica ed [40]. Amids so many e lec ions on he ad an ages o disad an ages o aceabili y, do con- sume s know wha he sys em o aceabili y is? Is his in o ma ion, as i is cu en ly shown, use ul and ele an when deciding o buy bee ? Do consume s us he aceabili y in o ma ion on he labels? Whene e necessa y, do consume s know how o use his in o ma ion (in a ime o c isis, o example)? When a sys em is obliga o y o olun a y, a e he e di e ences? Communica ion is he c ucial poin o unde s anding be ween consume s and compa- nies [ 38 ]. Once we know he ypes o in o ma ion ha di e en ypes o consume s equi e, we can begin o in es iga e whe he he p o ision o speci ic in o ma ion ha is a ailable h ough aceabili y will ul ima ely in luence consume con idence o no in making he inal pu chase decision [34]. App op ia e measu emen me hods a e equi ed o answe hese ques ions in o de o assess he alue ha consume s a ach o in o ma ion on aceabili y, bu also o in o m indus y abou ma ke demand [ 18 ]. This would ha e signi ican consequences o public policy o mula ion [40] The ac ha he aceabili y sys em is manda o y in one coun y (Spain) and no in ano he (B azil) could be he sou ce o some di e ences in consume pe cep ion. The pu - pose o his s udy was o unde s and he amilia i y o Spanish and B azilian consume s wi h he bo ine aceabili y sys em and he label aceabili y in o ma ion as an indica o o p oduc sa e y in coun ies wi h di e en bee consump ion, p oduc ion and mainly di e en scale o he aceabili y sys em’s implemen a ion. Foods 2021,10, 232 4 o 19 2. Ma e ials and Me hods 2.1. Expe imen al O e iew In gene al, mea consump ion di e s be ween egions due o di e en die a y pa e ns, income le els, and p oduc a ailabili y [ 41 ]. This s a emen can be ex ended o places like Spain and B azil, he ocus coun ies o his s udy, which show di e ences in e ms o consump ion, p oduc ion, and he aceabili y sys em o bee . Wi h ega d o bee ca le p oduc ion, Spain, conside ed one o he la ges expo e s bo h wi hin and ou side he EU, is o g ea impo ance a he Eu opean le el [ 6 ]. In B azil, on he o he hand, bee p oduc ion is o global impo ance, wi h he na ion anked among he wo ld’s la ges p oduce s and expo e s o bee [ 8 ]. As a as consump ion is conce ned, h ee imes mo e bee is consumed in B azil han in Spain. The appa en consump ion in Spain is 12.7 kg/inhabi an /yea [ 7 ], while in B azil he consump ion o bee is ba- sic and high (35.8 kg/inhabi an /yea ) and is he i h la ges use o his commodi y wo ldwide [42]. The aceabili y o bee is ano he e y impo an di e en ial poin be ween he wo coun ies and he main heme o his s udy. In Spain, he manda o y aceabili y legally obliga ed is p o ec ed by he Eu opean amewo k [ 9 ]. On he opposi e, in B azil, whe e he e is a olun a y aceabili y o bee [ 10 ], wi h he excep ion o he p oduc ion o animals and p oduc s expo ed o coun ies equi ing aceabili y. The e is also a di e ence in he aceabili y in o ma ion on he bee label ha eaches he consume in Spain and B azil, in Spain his in o ma ion is manda o y and equi ed by law [ 43 ], while in B azil his in o ma ion is op ional [10]. 2.2. Consume s The s udy was pe o med in 2016, wi h Spanish and B azilian consume s eaching a o al o 2132 egula bee pu chase s. In Spain, 436 ques ionnai es we e applied in he p o ince o Za agoza, and in B azil, he ques ionnai es we e adminis e ed in ou di e en S a es—Minas Ge ais (n= 424), Sao Paulo (n= 456), Pa ana (n= 406) and San a Ca a ina (n= 410). Za agoza was chosen because i is conside ed a model egion in ma ke s udies in Spain due o i s size and consume beha io . In B azil, he ou egions we e chosen because di e in consump ion and bee p oduc ion, complemen ing hemsel es o become ep esen a i e o he coun y. The consump ion o bee in he S a e o Minas Ge ais is one o he lowes in he coun y, consump ion in São Paulo is below he na ional a e age, in he S a e o Pa anáis wi hin he a e age and in San a Ca a ina is abo e he a e age consump ion. In ela ion o bee p oduc ion, he S a e o Minas Ge ais is he second la ges p oduce o bee in he coun y, São Paulo is in nin h place, Pa anáin en h and San a Ca a ina in hi een h. The S a es o São Paulo and Minas Ge ais a e wo o he main S a es whe e he la ges mea p ocessing plan s in he coun y a e ga he ed. 2.3. Online Ques ionnai e The da a o his s udy we e collec ed h ough a sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e o dissemina ion in ne wo k designed wi h he suppo o he Google. o ms so wa e (Annex 1, Web Applica ion—Google Pla o m). Ques ionnai es we e sen in each coun y’s na i e language (Spanish o Po uguese). Two ypes o non-p obabilis ic sampling we e used o da a collec ion: Chain sampling, used o classi y subjec s wi h speci ic cha ac e is ics, bee consume s in ou case; and con- en ional sampling, in which subjec s a e selec ed o hei accessibili y [ 44 ]. The analysis has been planned o achie e desc ip i e and empi ical goals. Closed ques ions wi h wo o mo e al e na i es and/o scales o esponses we e used o his [45]. The ques ionnai e ini ially p esen ed ques ions abou he knowledge and co ec de ini ion o he aceabili y concep , he a iables ha make up he cu en aceabili y sys em, and he le el o c edibili y and impo ance o he aceabili y sys em o bee . Fou addi ional ques ions/ opics we e hen deal wi h, wo o which we e add essed o he Spanish consume and wo o he B azilian consume ela ing o pu chasing bee Foods 2021,10, 232 5 o 19 wi h aceabili y in o ma ion o Ce i ica e o O igin (CoO). Spanish consume s we e ques ioned i hey had aken he aceabili y in o ma ion on mea labels in o accoun a he ime o pu chase. B azilian consume s we e asked i hey had al eady pu chased bee wi h aceabili y in o ma ion on he label, since aceabili y in o ma ion is no p esen in all p oduc s. As he esponse, posi i e o nega i e, was asked o jus i y he answe . The o he wo ques ions we e ela ed o he impo ance o aceabili y o CoO in o - ma ion on labels. Six label models (Appendix A) wi h a di e en layou and aceabili y in o ma ion se ha e been sugges ed o Spanish consume s. Pa icipan s we e asked o o de he labels om he mos p e e ed o he leas p e e ed om he layou and se o aceabili y in o ma ion on each o he labels. Each label con ained he same “basic” p oduc in o ma ion such as he name o he p oduc , he ca ego y, he ecommenda ions o cooking, he expi a ion da e, he p ice, e c. Bu wi h ega ds o he aceabili y in o ma ion i sel , h ee ypes o da a we e combined be ween he ags: • “T aceabili y” includes he manda o y in o ma ion p o ided by law: T aceabili y numbe o he animal, animal bi hplace, animal a ening loca ion, slaugh e house, and cu ing and boning oom. • Ex a in o ma ion, also e e ed o as “plus” in his s udy, was added o he label wi h manda o y aceabili y in o ma ion. The b eed and sex o he animal and he da e o bi h we e included • A “QR Code” (Quick Response Code) used on he labels, in his case, o he elec onic eading o he aceabili y in o ma ion o he p oduc o sale. Two ypes o labels (Appendix B) we e sen o B azilian consume s, one o which p o- ided aceabili y in o ma ion commonly ound on bee labels sold in B azil, i .e., an anima l aceabili y numbe and a QR code o online access o animal o igin in o ma ion—CoO. And ano he label included aceabili y in o ma ion on he label, jus like he one supplied on he labels o bee sold in Spain, i.e., animal aceabili y numbe , animal bi hplace, animal a ening loca ion, slaugh e house, and cu ing and boning oom. B azilian con- sume s we e asked which o he wo labels p o ided he necessa y in o ma ion o sa is y hei equi emen s. Finally, pa icipan s om bo h coun ies we e asked i , in case o suspicion ha he mea hey pu chased has a p oblem o ood sa e y quali y o o he aspec s ela ed o heal h, wha ac ion would hey ake wi h espec o he use o ha ood. 2.4. Da a Analysis S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using IBM ® SPSS s a is ics e sion 22. Uni a ia e and bi a ia e analyses we e used o e alua e cha ac e is ics ela ed o consume beha - io . Desc ip i e and chi-squa e analyses we e used o e alua e cha ac e is ics ela ed o consume beha io : Knowledge, c edibili y, and impo ance o aceabili y and u ili y o in o ma ion aceabili y on he bee label. A maximum signi icance le el o 5% o less was es ed o accep ance o ejec ion o he null hypo hesis. The conjoin analysis, using he dependency me hod, was used o de e mine he p e e ence o di e en le els o Spanish bee label aceabili y in o ma ion. As a iables, he p esence o manda o y aceabili y da a, he p esence o addi ional in o - ma ion and he p esence o a QR code we e analyzed, wi h wo le els, omission/p esence, in each a iable. 3. Resul s and Discussion 3.1. Knowledge o he T aceabili y Sys em o Bee The use o aceabili y in o ma ion a he ime o pu chase esul s depending on knowledge o he concep [ 35 ]. This in es iga ion, in line wi h hese indings, s a s wi h an in e es in unde s anding i Spanish and B azilian consume s a e amilia wi h aceabili y. Acco ding o he esul s o his s udy, jus o e hal o he Spanish consume sample (52.8%) and 58.4% o B azilian consume s say o be pe ec ly amilia wi h he concep o Foods 2021,10, 232 6 o 19 aceabili y. While abou a hi d o consume s in bo h coun ies indica e hey do no know aceabili y, he majo i y o esponden s chose he co ec de ini ion o “moni o ing o bee o igin and p oduc s” ep esen ing 81.2% o Spanish consume s and 77.5% o B azilians (Table 1). Table 1. Knowledge and de ini ion o he aceabili y concep o Spanish and B azilians consume s. T aceabili y Concep * Coun y 1 p Spain B azil Knowledge o he concep Yes, pe ec ly 52.8 58.4 0.045 No, o ally unawa e 36.0 33.3 Unclea 11.2 8.3 De ini ion o he concep Moni o ing o bee o igin and p oduc s 81.2 77.5 ≤0.001 Bee inspec ed by he heal h se ice 3.4 11.4 Nu i ional in o ma ion by labels 2.3 1.3 No chemical esidues con aminan s in bee 0.7 0.4 B anded bee 0.5 0.8 Don’ know 11.9 8.6 1To al n= 2132, Spain n= 436, B azil n= 1696. * Only one answe pe ques ion. (%). Consume s wi h no aceabili y in o ma ion end up no being in e es ed in his sub- jec [ 46 ]. In wo s udies e alua ing knowledge o he concep o aceabili y, one in 2006 [ 47 ] and ano he en yea s la e , in 2016 [ 33 ], i was shown ha conside able di icul y in hea ing abou aced mea was and con inues o be associa ed wi h he lack o p oduc a ailabili y and accessibili y o p oduc in o ma ion. I is wo h no ing ha 11.4% o B azilian consume s chose he aceabili y concep in his s udy: “Bee inspec ed by he heal h se ice” (Table 1). This choice is likely o e e o he quali y inspec ion se ice o he p oduc ion o ood p oduc s o B azilian animal o igin (MAPA—Minis y o Ag icul u e, Li es ock, and Supply) whose ce i ica e seal is p esen in all packages o p oduc s o animal o igin, wi h h ee le els o inspec ion: Fede al Inspec ion Se ice (S.I.F), S a e Inspec ion Se ice (S.I.E) and Municipal Inspec ion Se ice (S.I.M) [ 48 ]. Ou indings we e con i med by o he s udies ca ied ou in B azil ha indica e ha mo e consume s a e awa e o ce i ica es o inspec ion o animal p oduc s han o aceabili y in o ma ion o CoO [12,33]. Fo many consume s, he e m ha indica es in o ma ion such as “moni o ing” and “inspec ion” o e s an addi ional imp ession o p oduc p o ec ion, as is he case wi h aceabili y [ 33 , 46 ]. The esul s o his s udy sugges ha consume s hesi a ed abou he de ini ion o aceabili y a i s bu once in oduced o he de ini ion, mos will know how o iden i y i (Table 1). 3.2. Aspec s Tha Make up he Cu en T aceabili y Sys em o Bee The abili y o o ganize he chain e icien ly is he basic equi emen o he aceabili y sys em [ 47 ]. The in oduc ion o aceabili y sys ems o he bee supply chain in some coun ies is based on manda o y legisla ion (such as Spain), while in o he s, egula ions ha e been adop ed on a olun a y basis, whe e ma ke -dependen incen i es o hei implemen a ion (such as B azil) [33,47]. The i s s ep owa ds he e icien use o aceabili y by consume s seems o be p ima ily ela ed o in o ming consume s abou he o igin o he p oduc , i.e., he a ious s eps in which hey show ha he quali y and sa e y o he p oduc has been egula ed [ 49 ]. Foods 2021,10, 232 7 o 19 Despi e he di e en co e ing, one manda o y and he o he olun a y, he egula ions go e ning he aceabili y sys em in Spain and B azil a e he same. Consume s in bo h coun ies we e he e o e asked which aspec s a e inco po a ed in o he exis ing aceabili y sys em. Table 2shows a o al o nine aspec s, all o which a e p esen in Spain and B azil as pa o he aceabili y sys em. Table 2. Aspec s assumed by Spanish and B azilian consume s a e pa o he cu en aceabili y sys em o bee . Aspec s o T aceabili y Sys em * Coun y 1 p Spain B azil Animal eed 49.5 75.9 ≤0.001 Animal b eed 61.5 76.2 ≤0.001 Da e o bi h 64.9 78.9 ≤0.001 Animal bi hplace 48.4 72.4 ≤0.001 Animal a ening loca ion 49.3 75.5 ≤0.001 T anspo 44.7 73.1 ≤0.001 Slaugh e da e 71.3 86.9 ≤0.001 Slaugh e house 65.4 87.7 ≤0.001 Cu ing and boning oom 37.6 45.5 0.003 Don’ know 17.2 4.6 ≤0.001 1To al n= 2132, Spain, n= 436, B azil, n= 1696. * Mul iple answe s possible. (%). The indings indica e ha mo e han hal o he Spanish consume s su eyed iden i ied only ou aspec s: The b eed o he animal (61.5%), he da e o bi h (64.9%), he da e o slaugh e (71.3%), and he slaugh e house (65.4%) (Table 2). F om hese esul s i can be concluded ha he in o ma ion ha ends o be mo e common o Spanish consume s ha is pa o he aceabili y sys em is p ecisely he manda o y e e ence in o ma ion ound on he bee labels in his egion, which a e: Slaugh e place and animal ca ego y o sales denomina ion p o ided o in Royal Dec ee 75/2009 [43]. A s udy has shown ha speci ic aspec s linked o he aceabili y sys em a e less ele an o he gene al public/consume s and much mo e o in e es o o he ma ke segmen s, such as p oduce s, p ocesso s and he e ail chain [ 47 ]. The s ages o he p ocess, which is quali y ela ed o sa e y which is a po en ial a ibu e o c edibili y o be alued a he ime o pu chase, a e no e alua ed ou o hei own, bu wha esul s om all o his [17,18]. In B azil, mo e han hal o consume s (45.5%) did no selec jus one a ibu e, “cu ing oom” (Table 2) The esul s ound ha he majo i y o B azilian consume s a e in o med o he aspec s ha a e pa o he aceabili y sys em, acco ding o esea che s [ 50 ], because he in o ma ion is known. This can be an indica ion ha in es men s in he mea chain may b ing bene i s o e aile s who need p o ec ion agains he loss o consume con idence. 3.3. C edibili y and Impo ance o T aceabili y o Bee The le el o c edibili y and impo ance o bee aceabili y was e alua ed in his s udy and he esul s (Table 3) showed ha he c edibili y o aceabili y in o ma ion is pa ial o 47.7% o Spanish consume s and 62.0% o B azilians, whe eas a g ea e p opo ion o Spanish consume s belie e aceabili y in o ma ion o ally (28.0%) han B azilians (14.6%). Spanish consume s also ely mo e han B azilians on in o ma ion such as: O igin and p oduc ion o animals, ma ke ing in o ma ion, in o ma ion on he slaugh e house, and in o ma ion on he animal i sel . Ou s udy sugges s ha he ac ha aceabili y in o ma ion is p o ided mo e con- idence by Spanish consume s han by B azilians come om he ac ha he aceabili y and labeling sys em in Spain is manda o y, and mainly because i is al eady consolida ed, unlike in B azil, whe e bo h aceabili y and labeling sys ems a e olun a y, o en only o ma ke ing pu poses, as some esea che s sugges [37]. Foods 2021,10, 232 8 o 19 Table 3. C edibili y and impo ance in he aceabili y in o ma ion ha Spanish and B azilian consume s belie e is app op ia e o hei way o hinking. C edibili y and Impo ance o T aceabili y * Coun y 1 p Spain B azil To al c edibili y 28.0 14.6 ≤0.001 Pa ial c edibili y 47.7 62.0 ≤0.001 No c edibili y 7.3 2.9 ≤0.001 C edibili y in he o igin and p oduc ion o animal 33.7 16.6 ≤0.001 C edibili y in ma ke ing in o ma ion 24.8 7.3 ≤0.001 C edibili y in slaugh e house in o ma ion 19.0 8.8 ≤0.001 C edibili y in he in o ma ion o he animal i sel 13.5 6.3 ≤0.001 T aceabili y is impo an o consume s 59.6 50.9 0.001 T aceabili y is impo an o companies 33.7 31.1 0.301 1To al n= 2132, Spain n= 436, B azil n= 1696. * Mul iple answe s possible. (%). Acco ding o p e ious esea ch [ 18 , 49 ], he c edibili y o aceabili y in o ma ion is de e mined by i s accessibili y and he consume s’ own easoning. In o de o become an a ibu e o con idence o he use , aceabili y in o ma ion needs o be d i en by he ad an ages ha his in o ma ion b ings [27]. As a as he impo ance o he aceabili y sys em is conce ned, mo e Spanish con- sume s (59.6%) and o a mino ex en , B azilians (50.9%) ag ee ha aceabili y is impo an o consume s, ha is o say, o hemsel es. To a mino ex en , abou a hi d o Spanish consume s (33.7%) and B azilians (31.1%) ag ee ha aceabili y is impo an o companies (Table 3). Acco ding o some esea che s [ 13 , 18 ], al hough consume s pa ially belie e in aceabili y in o ma ion, hey s ill belie e ha aceabili y emains impo an o hem, da a ha co obo a e ou s udy. A s udy conduc ed wi h B azilian consume s [ 27 ] con i ms he impo ance o a ibu es such as aceabili y in he decision-making p ocess o pu chasing bee . O he esea ch, also ca ied ou in B azil [ 33 , 51 ] ound ha he majo i y o bee consume s, mo e han 90% o hem, ag eed ha mea wi h any kind o ce i ica ion has g ea e bene i s han mea wi hou any ce i ica ion, and consume s belie e ha ce i ica e p oduc s a e be e , highe quali y and mo e secu e. Knowing he pe cep ions and equi emen s o consume s abou ood aceabili y is o en an obs acle, because c edi a ibu es can be in e p e ed wi h di e en ways, such as ma ke ing pu poses o example. Misin e p e a ions can lead consume s no o know he eal eason o aceabili y, which is o imp o e ood secu i y agains haza ds ha may occu a di e en poin s in he ood chain [37,52]. Fo his eason, indus y and go e nmen mus ocus hei e o s o ensu e ha messages a e p ope ly ansmi ed and unde s ood by consume s om c edible a ibu es, such as aceabili y in o ma ion [17,37]. In gene al, measu es o minimize consume inaccu a e ision a e s aigh o wa d and e icien communica ion, ha is o say, in a o ma ha is easily accessible and wi hou o e loading consume s. This sugges s mo e isible labeling wi h ce i ica ion assu ances du ing buying, gi ing cus ome s he abili y o mo e clea ly e alua e mea secu i y [53]. 3.4. Use ulness o T aceabili y In o ma ion on Bee Labels Food labels aim o enable consume s o make in o med decisions abou expe ience and c edibili y a ibu es such as p oduc quali y, echnology o p oduc ion, and p ocessing [52,54] . Gi en ha consume pe cep ions o ood sa e y isk a e s ongly linked o he c edibili y o p oduc a ibu e in o ma ion, ood labeling egula ion needs o ensu e he in eg i y o ha in o ma ion [37]. Foods 2021,10, 232 9 o 19 The in o ma ion on he mea label is conside ed o ha e highe o lowe le els o impo ance a he ime o pu chase. Resea ch pe o med wi h mea consume s indica e ha eadily in e p e able in o ma ion, such as mea ype/cu and expi a ion da a, has a highe a ing o signi icance and use compa ed o c edi in o ma ion indica ions, such as o igin [17,46,47,55]. Ou s udy e alua ed he u ili y o Spanish and B azilian consume s o aceabili y and/o CoO in o ma ion on bee labels. Since aceabili y in o ma ion is obliga o y on bee labels in Spain and on a olun a y basis in B azil, conce ns abou he u ili y o his in o ma ion ha e been handled in acco dance wi h he eali y o he consume s in ques ion (Tables 4and 5). Table 4. Opinion o Spanish consume s on in o ma ion ela ed o he aceabili y in bee labels. T aceabili y o he Bee Label Spain 1 Do you ake in o accoun he da a ela ed o aceabili y on bee labels? Yes 57.3 No 42.7 In case o AFFIRMATIVE answe 2,* I don’ buy bee om unknown o suspicious coun ies 32.7 I wan o know he o igin o he p oduc 22.9 I only buy bee o igina ing om my coun y 20.7 I only buy bee o igina ing om my egion 13.0 I only buy bee om he EU 10.6 In case o NEGATIVE answe 3,* I has ne e wo ied me 31.3 I don’ know wha o do wi h ha in o ma ion 21.3 Knowing he e is aceabili y is enough 19.6 T aceabili y code mus be on he p oduc s, bu i is no my esponsibili y 11.7 This in o ma ion is di icul o in e p e 8.7 I don’ ha e ime o ead i 4.9 I don’ see he use o i 2.4 1 To al n= 436, 2 only o people who said “yes” n= 250, 3 only o people who said “no” n= 186. * I is possible o ma k se e al poin s. (%). Table 5. Opinion o B azilian consume s on in o ma ion ela ed o he aceabili y in bee labels. T aceabili y o he Bee Label B azil Do you buy o ha e you al eady bough bee wi h aceabili y in o ma ion on he label? 1 * Yes 32.1 No 22.6 I don’ know i I bough /didn’ ealize i a he ime o pu chase 45.3 I YES, how did you hea abou his p oduc ? 2* Knowledge o he aceabili y o ag icul u al p oduc s 46.4 Obse ing he iden i ica ion o aceabili y on he label 31.7 Ma ke ing in he es ablishmen whe e I buy o in o he channels o communica ion 17.1 In con e sa ions wi h o he s 4.8 I NO, why ne e bough i ? 3* I don’ know whe e i sells/I hink i ’s no a ailable in my ci y 84.6 I don’ know whe e i sells and I’m no in e es ed in buying i 9.1 I don’ buy i because I don’ see a di e ence be ween mea wi h aceabili y o wi hou i 6.3 1 To al n= 1696; Minas Ge ais, n= 424; Sao Paulo; n= 456, Pa ana, n= 406; San a Ca a ina, n= 410. 2To al n= 545 (only o people who said “yes”): Minas Ge ais, n= 125; Sao Paulo, n= 161; Pa ana, n= 141; San a Ca a ina, n= 118 . 3 To al n= 383 (only o people who said “no”): Minas Ge ais, n= 127; Sao Paulo, n= 70; Pa ana, n= 90; San a Ca a ina, n= 96. * Ma k only one answe . (%). Foods 2021,10, 232 16 o 19 Foods 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 o 19 B C x x D x E x x F x x x x – p esence o in o ma ion Figu e A1. (A)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: QR Code. (B)—Label wi hou aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable. (C)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) and QR Code. (D)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (manda o y p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009). (E)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s. (F)—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s and QR Code. In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: T azabilidad: ( aceabili y numbe ); Raza: (Animal b eed); Sexo: (Gende ); Fecha de nacimien o: (Da e o animal bi h); Nacido en: (Animal bi hplace); C iado en: (Animal a ening loca ion); Sac- i icado en: (Slaugh e house); Despiece en: (Cu ing and boning oom); Código de in o mación de azabilidad: (QR code). (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) Figu e A1. ( A )—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: QR Code. ( B )—Label wi hou aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable. ( C )—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) and QR Code. ( D )—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (manda o y p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009). ( E )—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s. ( F )—T aceabili y in o ma ion a ailable on he label: W i en in o ma ion (p o ided o by Royal Dec ee 75/2009) wi h addi ional in o ma ion added by he au ho s and QR Code. In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: T azabilidad: ( aceabili y numbe ); Raza: (Animal b eed); Sexo: (Gende ); Fecha de nacimien o: (Da e o animal bi h); Nacido en: (Animal bi hplace); C iado en: (Animal a ening loca ion); Sac i icado en: (Slaugh e house); Despiece en: (Cu ing and boning oom); Código de in o mación de azabilidad: (QR code). Foods 2021,10, 232 17 o 19 Appendix B Foods 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 19 Appendix B T aceabili y Label In o ma ion o B azilian Consume s B azilian Label Spanish Label Figu e A2. In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: Código de as eabilidade: (T aceabili y numbe ); QR code; Ras eabilidade: ( aceabili y numbe ); Nascido em: (Animal bi hplace); C iado em: (Animal a ening loca ion); Sac i i- cado em: (Slaugh e house); Desossado em: (Cu ing and boning oom). Re e ences 1. de Boe , J.; Schosle , H.; Aiking, H. “Mea less days” o “less bu be e ”? Explo ing s a egies o adap Wes e n mea consump- ion o heal h and sus ainabili y challenges. Appe i e 2014, 76, 120–128. 2. Henchion, M.; McCa hy, M.; Resconi, V.C.; T oy, D. Mea consump ion: T ends and quali y ma e s. Mea Sci. 2014, 98, 561– 568. 3. Kang, J.; Jun, J.; A end , S.W. Unde s anding cus ome s’ heal hy ood choices a casual dining es au an s: Using he Value- A i ude-Beha io model. In . J. Hosp. Manag. 2015, 48, 12–21. 4. Bui ago-Ve a, J.; Esc ibá-Pé ez, C.; Ba ie a-Puig, A.; Mon e o-Vicen e, L. Consume segmen a ion based on ood- ela ed li e- s yles and analysis o abbi mea consump ion. Wo ld Rabbi Sci. 2016, 24, 169–182. 5. Sans, P.; Comb is, P. Wo ld mea consump ion pa e ns: An o e iew o he las i y yea s (1961–2011). Mea Sci. 2016, 114, 154–154. 6. MAPAMA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: El Sec o de la ca ne de acuno en ci as— P incipales indicado es económicos. 2019. A ailable online: h ps:// ica.chil.me/pos /el-sec o -de-la-ca ne-de- acuno-en-ci as- p incipales-indicado es-economicos-265636 (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020). 7. MAPA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: In o me del consumo de alimen ación en España. 2019. A ailable online: h ps://www.mapa.gob.es/eu/alimen acion/ emas/consumo- endencias/panel-de-consumoalimen- a io/ul imos-da os/de aul .aspx (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020). 8. USDA. Uni ed S a es Depa men o Ag icul u e Economic Resea ch Se ice: Annual and Cumula i e Yea - o-Da e, U.S. Li e- s ock and Mea T ade by Coun y. 2020. A ailable online: h ps://www.e s.usda.go /da a-p oduc s/li es ock-and-mea -in e - na ional- ade-da a/li es ock-and-mea -in e na ional- ade-da a/#Annual%20and%20Cumula i e%20Yea - o- Da e%20U.S.%20Li es ock%20and%20Mea %20T ade%20by%20Coun y (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020). 9. Reglamen o (CE) n° 2629/97 de la Comisión de 29 de diciemb e, po el que se es ablecen de e minadas disposiciones de aplica- ción del Reglamen o (CE) n° 820/97 y n°(CE) 1141/9 del Consejo en lo que espec a a las ma cas au icula es, los egis os de las explo aciones y los pasapo es en el ma co del sis ema de iden i icación y egis o de los animales de la especie bo ina—Agencia Es a al Bole ín O icial del Es ado. A ailable online: h ps://www.boe.es/busca /doc.php?id=DOUE-L-1997-82459 (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020). 10. Ins ução No ma i a nº 51, de 1 de ou ub o de 2018—Minis o de Es ado da Ag icul u a, Pecuá ia e Abas ecimen o, Diá io O icial da União. A ailable online: h ps://www.in.go .b /web/gues /ma e ia/-/asse _publishe /Kuj w0TZC2Mb/con- en /id/44306336/do1-2018-10-08-ins ucao-no ma i a-n-51-de-1-de-ou ub o-de-2018-44306204#:~: ex =%2D18%2C%20 e- sol e%3A-,A .,dos%20Anexos%20I%20a%20III.& ex =2%C2%BA%20O%20SISBOV%20%C3%A9%20o,indi id- ual%20de%20bo inos%20e%20b%C3%BA alos (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020). 11. Pe hick, D.W.; Ball, A.J.; Banks, R.G.; Hocque e, J.F. Cu en and u u e issues acing ed mea quali y in a compe i i e ma ke and how o manage con inuous imp o emen . Anim. P od. Sci. 2011, 51, 13–18. 12. Ba cellos, J.O.J.; Abich , A.D.; B andao, F.S.; Canozzi, M.E.A.; Colla es, F.C. Consume pe cep ion o B azilian aced bee . R. B as. Zoo ec. 2012, 41, 771–774. 13. Aung, M.M.; Chang, Y.S. T aceabili y in a ood supply chain: Sa e y and quali y pe spec i es. Food Con ol 2014, 39, 172–184. Figu e A2. In o ma ion con ained wi hin he colo ed ca d: Código de as eabilidade: (T aceabili y numbe ); QR code; Ras eabilidade: ( aceabili y numbe ); Nascido em: (Animal bi hplace); C iado em: (Animal a ening loca ion); Sac i icado em: (Slaugh e house); Desossado em: (Cu ing and boning oom). Re e ences 1. de Boe , J.; Schosle , H.; Aiking, H. “Mea less days” o “less bu be e ”? Explo ing s a egies o adap Wes e n mea consump ion o heal h and sus ainabili y challenges. Appe i e 2014,76, 120–128. [C ossRe ] [PubMed] 2. Henchion, M.; McCa hy, M.; Resconi, V.C.; T oy, D. Mea consump ion: T ends and quali y ma e s. Mea Sci. 2014 ,98, 561–568. [C ossRe ] [PubMed] 3. Kang, J.; Jun, J.; A end , S.W. Unde s anding cus ome s’ heal hy ood choices a casual dining es au an s: Using he Value- A i ude-Beha io model. In . J. Hosp. Manag. 2015,48, 12–21. [C ossRe ] 4. Bui ago-Ve a, J.; Esc ibá-Pé ez, C.; Ba ie a-Puig, A.; Mon e o-Vicen e, L. Consume segmen a ion based on ood- ela ed li es yles and analysis o abbi mea consump ion. Wo ld Rabbi Sci. 2016,24, 169–182. [C ossRe ] 5. Sans, P.; Comb is, P. Wo ld mea consump ion pa e ns: An o e iew o he las i y yea s (1961–2011). Mea Sci. 2016,114, 154. [C ossRe ] 6. MAPAMA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: El Sec o de la ca ne de acuno en ci as— P incipales indicado es económicos. 2019. A ailable online: h ps:// ica.chil.me/pos /el-sec o -de-la-ca ne-de- acuno-en- ci as-p incipales-indicado es-economicos-265636 (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020). 7. MAPA. Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Alimen ación y Medio Ambien e: In o me del consumo de alimen ación en España. 2019. A ailable online: h ps://www.mapa.gob.es/eu/alimen acion/ emas/consumo- endencias/panel-de- consumoalimen a io/ul imos-da os/de aul .aspx (accessed on 16 Decembe 2020). 8. USDA. 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