Valida ing he On oLex-lemon Lexicog aphy Module
wi h K Dic iona ies’ Mul ilingual Da a
Julia Bosque-Gil1,3, Do ielle Lonke2, Jo ge G acia3,
Ilan Ke ne man2
1 On ology Enginee ing G oup, Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id, Spain
2 K Dic iona ies, Tel A i , Is ael
3 A agon Ins i u e o Enginee ing Resea ch (I3A), Uni e si y o Za agoza, Spain
E-mail: jbosque@ uniza .es, do ielle@kdic iona ies.com, jog acia@uniza .es,
ilan@kdic iona ies.com
Abs ac
The On oLex-lemon model has g adually acqui ed he s a us o de- ac o s anda d o he
ep esen a ion o lexical in o ma ion acco ding o he p inciples o Linked Da a (LD). Exposing
he con en o lexicog aphic esou ces as LD b ings bo h bene i s o hei easie sha ing,
disco e y, eusabili y and en ichmen a a Web scale, as well as o hei in e nal linking and
be e euse o hei componen s. Howe e , wi h lemon being o iginally de ised o he
lexicaliza ion o on ologies, a 1:1 mapping be ween i s elemen s and hose o a lexicog aphic
esou ce is no always a ainable. In his pape we epo ou expe ience o alida ing he new
lexicog module o On oLex-lemon, which aims a pa ing he way o b idge hose gaps. To ha
end, we ha e applied he module o ep esen lexicog aphic da a coming om he Global
mul ilingual se ies o K Dic iona ies (KD) as a eal use case scena io o his module. A en ion
is d awn o he s uc u es and anno a ions ha lead o modelling challenges, he ways he
lexicog module ackles hem, and whe e his modelling phase s ands as ega ds he con e sion
p ocess and design decisions o KD’s Global se ies.
Keywo ds: Linguis ic Linked Da a; RDF; mul ilingual; On oLex-lemon; K Dic iona ies
1. In oduc ion
Linked da a (LD) echnologies a e inc easingly adop ed in lexicog aphy, whe he in
academic esea ch and de elopmen , he indus y, o combining bo h (see o ins ance
Klimek and B ümme (2015), Decle ck e al. (2015), Ab omei e al. (2016), Pa izi e
al. (2016), Bosque-Gil e al. (2016a) and Kal enböck & Ke ne man (2017)). LD e e s
o a se o bes p ac ices o exposing, sha ing and connec ing da a on he Web (Bize
e al., 2009). The adop ion o LD in lexicog aphy enhances he endency o s anda dize
he ways o ep esen a ion and que y o lexical con en a a Web scale. Connec ions
can also be es ablished o o he LD esou ces, so ha lexicog aphic da a can be
en iched wi h di e en ypes o complemen a y in o ma ion, such as addi ional
ansla ions, de ini ions, examples o usage, e c.
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The de- ac o s anda d o ep esen ing on ology lexica, he lemon model (McC ae e al.,
2012) and i s mo e ecen e sion, On oLex-lemon1 (McC ae e al., 2017), ha e been
he p e e ed choice by de elope s o con e lexicog aphic esou ces in o LD. Ea ly
expe iences in using lemon show ha he model is highly e ec i e as ega ds he
accoun ing o he co e lexical in o ma ion in lexicog aphic esou ces (Klimek &
B ümme , 2015; Decle ck e al., 2015; Ab omei e al., 2016; McC ae e al., 2019).
Howe e , he e a e a ious si ua ions in which no pe ec ma ch is a ailable be ween
he elemen s o he model and hose ound in lexicog aphic en ies, o in which he
model alls sho o cap u ing ce ain peculia i ies o lexicog aphic wo ks, e.g. he o de
o senses in an en y, de ails on he mo phological ea u es o wo d- o ms when used
o a speci ic sense, e c. In his con ex , he W3C On oLex communi y g oup2 has
analysed he main issues ega ding he ep esen a ion o lexicog aphic in o ma ion as
LD and is eleasing his yea an upda ed module o ep esen lexicog aphic da a ha
ex ends he lemon co e model – he lexicog module.3
In his pape we analyse he applica ion o he lexicog module o LD-based
ep esen a ion o he Global se ies o K Dic iona ies (KD).4 The main con ibu ion o
his wo k is wo old:
1. This pionee ing expe ience se es o alida e his new module wi h an ac ual
use case as well as o in oduce some ecommenda ions o u u e applica ions.
2. By ocusing on KD’s da a, we examine how he limi a ions o he On oLex-
lemon model al eady epo ed in he li e a u e (Klimek & B ümme , 2015;
Bosque-Gil e al., 2016b) a e success ully add essed by he module.
The es o his pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2 p o ides an o e iew o KD’s
Global se ies and elabo a es on he mo i a ion o i s con e sion o LD, as well as a
summa y o p e ious con e sions o hese da a o LD and he challenges encoun e ed
in his p ocess. In Sec ion 3 he lexicog module is in oduced. Sec ion 4 b ie ly p esen s
he di e en s ages o LD gene a ion, and whe e he modelling wi h lexicog s ands wi h
espec o he whole con e sion o KD’s da a o he Resou ce Desc ip ion F amewo k
(RDF), along wi h he echnologies and he design decisions we adop ed. Sec ion 5
add esses some o he limi a ions p e iously de ec ed in he li e a u e on he con e sion
o KD’s da a and p o ides a modelling solu ion in e ms o lexicog. Concluding ema ks
and u u e lines o wo k a e p esen ed in Sec ion 6.
1 h ps://www.w3.o g/2016/05/on olex/
2 h ps://www.w3.o g/communi y/on olex/
3 The lexicog module and epo a e a ailable a a h p://www.w3.o g/ns/lemon/lexicog#
and h p://www.w3.o g/2019/09/lexicog/ espec i ely.
4 h p://www.lexicala.com/.
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2. K Dic iona ies’ Global se ies
In his sec ion we b ie ly desc ibe he dic iona y da a ha we used o alida e he
lexicog module, which s ems om he Global se ies o KD. This se ies is based on he
monolingual lexicog aphic co es o 25 di e en languages and hei bilingual and
mul ilingual e sions, and includes nea ly 100 language pai s and nume ous
mul ilingual a ia ions. We discuss he mo i a ion o con e ing i in o LD and desc ibe
p elimina y con e sions ha we e pe o med in he pas .
2.1 Con e ing KD’s da a o he RDF: mo i a ion and o e iew
The Global se ies o KD (Ke ne man, 2009, 2011, 2015) has been concei ed as a c oss-
lingual, mul i-laye mosaic o lexicog aphic esou ces ha e ol e wi hin a single
sys emic amewo k, sha ing a common echnical mac os uc u e and a common en y
mic os uc u e ha is able o accommoda e and adap o pa icula cha ac e is ics o
di e en languages. All he language se s sha e he same XML schema (DTD), whe ein
ce ain languages can ea u e addi ional o hog aphic sc ip s (e.g., ha e Kanji,
Hi agana, Ka akana and Romaji o Japanese, o encompass di e se in lec ed e b
o ms, o example, pe ec i e/impe ec i e o Polish and Russian). Each language
esou ce is c ea ed on i s own, based on deep co pus analysis om which s em i s
edi o ial s yle guide, headwo d lis , lexical deciphe ing and mapping, and di e se
seman ic and syn ac ic a ibu es. The esul is a de ailed monolingual co e ha migh
con ain o e lapping elemen s, such as de ini ions alongside sense disambigua ion
elemen s, synonyms o an onyms, e c., which can hen be used selec i ely o cus omize
ha da a o he needs o pa icula a ge audiences and usages. This co e is eady o
be complemen ed by ansla ion equi alen s (o he senses, examples o usage, and
mul iwo d uni s) o de eloping bilingual e sions, which a e jux aposed and o m a
mul ilingual ne wo k e ol ing a ound he ini ial monolingual se . E en ually, he
ansla ions (and o he componen s) o each language ne wo k can also be in e linked
o each o he and exponen ially mul iply he c oss-lingual connec ions.
Since i s incep ion in 2005, 25 language co es we e c ea ed, and al oge he nea ly 100
language pai s a e a ailable so a , besides nume ous mul ilingual combina ions. Ra he
han aim o compile any speci ic dic iona y p oduc , he idea was o de elop
mul i unc ional da a se s ha can be applied in di e en o ms and media, ei he
independen ly o in conjunc ion wi h o he da a, whe he in ended o publish a p in
dic iona y, de elop an online o a mobile dic iona y, o e lexical se ices, o be
inco po a ed in NLP applica ions. The ad en in ecen yea s o Linguis ic LD and
Seman ic Web echnologies has opened new ho izons o enhance his s a egic app oach
o c ea ing well-s uc u ed, de ailed and ex ensi e lexicog aphic da a a he han single
dic iona y p oduc s, by ein o cing and u he expanding exis ing da a, and imp o ing
in e ope abili y be ween con en om he Global se ies and o he mul ilingual da a on
he Web, a aining ecip ocal en ichmen o he Global se ies by ex e nal esou ces (on
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he one hand), and enhanced inco po a ion o da a om he Global esou ces in o
ex e nal ones (on he o he hand). To pu his no ion in o p ac ice i became necessa y
o i s ans o m KD’s Global da a om i s o iginal XML (hie a chical) o ma o an
RDF s uc u e (knowledge g aph), o smoo he linking o ex e nal esou ces. Thus,
KD decided o apply he bes -known LD s anda d model o ep esen ing lexicog aphic
con en , i s in he o m o lemon, hen con o ming o On oLex-lemon, and mos
ecen ly in line wi h i s up- o-da e lexicog module.
The mo i a ion o KD o ocus and in es in his en u e can hus be explained by he
in aluable upg ade his should ca y o i s esou ces, h ough acili a ing hei
in e ope abili y and enhancing dep h, p ecision, and c oss-linguali y. Such imp o ed
ea u es a e needed o deal wi h he eme ging mul ilingual single digi al ma ke ,
p ima ily in Eu ope and e en ually all o e he wo ld, which calls o mul iple
adap a ions o con en and echnology, in e na ional s anda ds, mul i-disciplina i y, e c.
LD me hods a e a he o e on o he cu en gene a ion o powe ul language
echnology solu ions, a he hea o human-machine in e ac ion. P o iding quali y
c oss-lingual lexical da a, wi h he LD-d i en op ion o linking o o he sou ces, g ea ly
inc eases he appeal and uniqueness o he KD esou ces and places KD in a le e aged
posi ion o o he compe ing dic iona y APIs.
The new API o KD, enamed Lexicala API, p o ides access o he Global (and o he
KD) da a in JSON, wi h he i s ouches o JSON-LD. I cons i u es a i al s ep in
an inno a i e end o u ning passi e dic iona y p oduc s in o ac i e lexical da a
se ices ha in e ope a e wi h eal-wo ld compu a ional linguis ics applica ions. Two
ongoing H2020 p ojec s employ Lexicala API as pa o hei solu ions: Lynx5 will
in eg a e KD (as well as e minological and o he ) esou ces wi h da a om he legal
domain in he hea o i s Legal Knowledge G aph pla o m o mul ilingual compliance
se ices; and Elexis6 will make use o he API o ecei e KD con en o i s u u e
Eu opean lexicog aphic in as uc u e. Making KD esou ces a ailable in s a e-o - he-
a RDF con o ming o wo ld-class s anda ds will bo h help o enhance he ope a ion
o Lynx and Elexis pla o ms, and hose o a mul i ude o u u e applica ions, and o
ein o ce and expand KD con en h ough in e ac ion wi h mo e LD esou ces.
2.2 P e ious ep esen a ions o KD’s da a as RDF
The cu en con e sion o KD’s mul ilingual Global se ies is no he i s e o o
con e his da a o RDF. In 2014 KD became in ol ed in he i s a emp o con e
Global da a om XML o ma o RDF, adhe ing o he lemon model and ocusing on
he Ge man monolingual da ase (Klimek & B ümme , 2015). The nex massi e s ep
was aken in he wo-yea p ojec ca ied ou in 2015-2017 as pa o a EUREKA
5 h p://lynx-p ojec .eu/
6 h ps://elex.is/
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bila e al amewo k be ween KD and Seman ic Web Company (SWC), called Linked
Da a Lexicog aphy o High-End Language Technology Applica ion (LDL4HELTA).7
As pa o he LDL4HELTA p ojec , he Global da a o h ee languages (English,
Ge man and Spanish) was con e ed o RDF in line wi h he On oLex-lemon model
(Bosque-Gil e al., 2016b).
In he i s wo k (Klimek & B ümme , 2015), he au ho s iden i ied some gaps in he
lemon model wi h ega d o ep esen ing KD’s da a, o ins ance, he way o link a
compound ph ase de ined inside o a sense g oup o ha same sense. The lack o an
on ology o p o ide on ological e e ences o lemon:LexicalSenses was also highligh ed.
This poin is s ongly connec ed o he o iginal aim o he lemon model o se e o
lexicalize on ologies, no o ep esen lexicog aphic esou ces in he Web o Da a. In
addi ion, he au ho s iden i ied some gaps in he LexIn o8 ca alogue o g amma
ca ego ies ( ypically used in conjunc ion wi h lemon) and c ea ed hei own cus om
ocabula y o cap u e he alues o KD’s DTD a ibu es. In he la e con e sion o
he se ies o On oLex-lemon (Bosque-Gil e al., 2016b), some p oblems ha we e
iden i ied in he p e ious con e sion we e no longe ele an , as bo h he model and i s
modules had e ol ed o co e mo e cases (e.g. now he a ans module allows o
ep esen lexical ela ions).
I is wo h no ing ha , whe eas in he i s wo a emp s he con e sion was ca ied
ou unde he s ic p inciple o ound- ipping, i.e. aiming o ob ain ull and comple e
1:1 da a ans o ma ion om XML o RDF and om RDF back o XML – so he RDF
s uc u e had o con ey each and e e y de ail o he complex ea u es o he o iginal
XML s uc u e – he cu en wo k was eleased om his obliga ion. The easons o
applying such a demand in he i s place we e, on he one hand, o se e as alida ion
o pe ec ans e om XML o RDF while, on he o he hand, o be able o bene i
om he po en ial en ichmen o he da a in RDF when linking o o he da a esou ces
and impo ing such new da a back o he exis ing esou ce in XML. Remo ing his
es ic ion has helped o libe a e and enhance he da a low om one o ma o ano he ,
and emphasized he au onomous s a us o each model and he ac ha e e y o ma
should beha e eely and e lec i s au onomous cha ac e is ics ha a e di e en om
he o he .
Howe e , On oLex-lemon p o ed o be no exhaus i e enough o co e he
ep esen a ion equi emen s o he o iginal esou ce. Fou kinds o challenging
si ua ions we e de ec ed in he modelling o KD’s mul ilingual da a:
1. Cases in which solely applying he On oLex-lemon model would lead o a loss
o s uc u al in o ma ion e lec ing lexical dis inc ions. Fo example, en ies no
o iginally concei ed as dic iona y en ies in KD da a a e ea ed equally as
7 h ps://www.eu ekane wo k.o g/p ojec /id/9898
8 h ps://lexin o.ne /on ology/2.0/lexin o.owl
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o iginal en ies in he RDF ep esen a ion (i.e. as on olex:LexicalEn y). This
highligh ed a lack o elemen s o ep esen ing he componen s o a lexicog aphic
en y in cases in which he e is no 1:1 mapping wi h On oLex-lemon classes and
p ope ies. In KD da a, we encoun e se e al examples o his ype o si ua ion:
compounds, synonyms, an onyms, and ansla ions. Compounds a e de ined
inside he dic iona y en y as one o i s componen s and do no occu as lemmas
(i.e. in hei own dic iona y en y). Synonyms and an onyms, e en hough hey
a e usually independen lemmas in ha same esou ce, a e embedded in
dic iona y en ies and hey do no necessa ily ha e hei co esponding
dic iona y en y in ha esou ce (bu could occu as dic iona y en ies in
ano he KD dic iona y). In addi ion, a ansla ion o a headwo d in o ano he
language is ea ed as an on olex:LexicalEn y (Bosque-Gil e al., 2016b), oo,
bu jus as a synonym, and he sou ce da a in i s cu en s a e does no
gua an ee o he wo d o be a lemma in he dic iona y o he a ge language.
This ac called o a dis inc ion be ween an o iginal dic iona y en y and he
on olex:LexicalEn y newly c ea ed in he p ocess, hus eco ding he ou come
o he headwo d selec ion s ep in he compila ion o he dic iona y. In
lexicog aphic esou ces o he han KD, he same gap would su ace in hose
cases in which a dic iona y en y needs o be spli in o mo e han one
on olex:LexicalEn y, each wi h a di e en pa o speech, in o de o be
On oLex-complian .
2. Cases in which On oLex-lemon o LexIn o alls sho o co e ing he
ep esen a ion needs ha KD’s dic iona y en ies gi e ise o. This conce ned
he ep esen a ion o examples and ansla ions o examples, which a e ai ly
common elemen s in o he dic iona ies as well (Bosque-Gil e al., 2017).
3. Cases in which On oLex-lemon does con ain elemen s o co e a pa icula ype
o in o ma ion, bu he e a e no speci ic guidelines on how o use hem in he
p ocess o con e sion o lexicog aphic da a o RDF (wi hou in ol ing on ology
lexicaliza ion). Fo example, he ep esen a ion o lexicog aphic de ini ions wi h
he On oLex co e (e.g. wi h skos:Concep o on olex:LexicalConcep ), he
encoding o geog aphical usage es ic ions on senses, o he modelling o
selec ional es ic ions o p edica e a gumen s.
4. Misma ches be ween LexIn o elemen s and KD’s DTD ags and alues.
Since si ua ions o ypes (1) and (2) we e also gene alizable o o he lexicog aphic
esou ces, lexicog was p oposed as an ex ension o On oLex-lemon (Bosque-Gil e al.,
2017). Fo cases o ype (3), he On oLex Communi y, in i s bi-weekly elcos on
lexicog aphy, discussed a se ies o p ac ices o he use o On oLex-lemon elemen s in
he con e sion o lexicog aphic da a o RDF.9 These p ac ices eme ged as solu ions o
9 h ps://www.w3.o g/communi y/on olex/wiki/Lexicog aphy
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a lis o issues de ec ed in he li e a u e. A se ies o guidelines, wi h mo e examples
and ecommenda ions, a e also planned as u u e s eps in he On oLex communi y.
Cases o ype (4) we e add essed in 2016 by c ea ing a cus om on ology o KD, which
is cu en ly unde e ision and upda e.
3. The lemon lexicog aphy module: lexicog
The lemon model has been ex ensi ely used o ep esen ing lexicog aphic da a.
Howe e , some limi a ions we e de ec ed in se e al p elimina y expe iences, as epo ed
in Sec ion 1.
Such issues we e collec ed and analysed by he W3C On oLex communi y g oup wi h
he aim o eaching some ag eemen ha allows o a be e and mo e in e ope able
mig a ion o exis ing dic iona ies in o LD. As a esul o his communi y e o , he
On olex-lemon lexicog aphy module (lexicog) was de ined as an ex ension o he
On oLex-lemon model.10 The module is a ge ed a he ep esen a ion o dic iona ies
and any o he linguis ic esou ce con aining lexicog aphic da a, and add esses
s uc u es and anno a ions commonly ound in lexicog aphy.
The lexicog module o e comes some limi a ions o On oLex-lemon when modelling
lexicog aphic in o ma ion as LD. I aims a cap u ing he unde lying o iginal s uc u e
and anno a ions o he lexicog aphic en y in a way ha keeps he pu ely lexical con en
sepa a e om he lexicog aphic one, minimizing in o ma ion loss and allowing que ies
es ic ed o he lexical laye . By being able o keep eco d o he o iginal dic iona y
a angemen as RDF, he module does no impose a ce ain iew on he lexicon and
hus becomes agnos ic o he s andpoin o he lexicog aphe . Fo ha pu pose, new
on ology elemen s ha e been added ha e lec he dic iona y s uc u e (e.g., sense
o de ing, en y hie a chies, e c.) and complemen he On oLex-lemon lexicon.
Figu e 1 depic s he main classes and ela ions de ined in he lexicog module. We e e
o he speci ica ion documen o mo e de ails, bu we gi e he e an o e iew o i s main
modelling ing edien s:
 Lexicog aphicResou ce, which ep esen s a collec ion o lexicog aphic en ies in
acco d wi h he lexicog aphic c i e ia ollowed in he de elopmen o ha
esou ce.
 En y, a s uc u al elemen ha ep esen s a lexicog aphic a icle o eco d as
i is a anged in a sou ce lexicog aphic esou ce.
 Lexicog aphicComponen , which is a s uc u al elemen aimed a ep esen ing
he (sub)s uc u es o lexicog aphic a icles p o iding in o ma ion abou en ies,
10 A eco d o he discussed issues and in e media e design decisions can be ound a
h ps://www.w3.o g/communi y/on olex/wiki/Lexicog aphy.
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senses o suben ies. Lexicog aphic componen s can be a anged in a speci ic
o de and/o hie a chy.
Figu e 1: Scheme o he lexicog aphy module ( aken om he “On oLex-lemon Lexicog aphy
Module” W3C communi y g oup inal epo ).
The h ee abo e elemen s accoun o he basic s uc u e o he Lexicog aphicResou ce.
To ha end, a p ope y en y ela es a Lexicog aphicResou ce o each o i s en ies.
An En y in u n can g oup se e al Lexicog aphicComponen s. We can indica e ha
he componen s belong o an en y by simply using he RDF na i e mechanisms o
con aine s.11 In pa icula , he d s:membe p ope y can be used i he o de o he
componen s is no ele an , and d s:Con aine Membe shipP ope y ( d :_1, d :_2, ...)
when he o de o he componen s needs o be ep esen ed. No ice ha an En y is a
pa icula subclass o Lexicog aphicComponen used o ep esen he main “en y poin ”
in he dic iona y, i.e., he headwo d o he oo o he lexicog aphic eco d.
The lexicog aphic componen s only e lec he s uc u e o he dic iona y and do no
encode any lexical con en hemsel es. To associa e hem o hei co esponding lexical
in o ma ion (e.g. lexical en ies o lexical senses), he p ope y “desc ibes” is used. Such
11 h ps://www.w3.o g/TR/ d -schema/#ch_con aine ocab
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elemen s belonging o a lexicon a e aken om On oLex, in pa icula :
 on olex:LexicalEn y, which consis s o a se o o ms ha a e g amma ically
ela ed and a se o base meanings ha a e associa ed wi h all o hese o ms.
 on olex:LexicalSense, which ep esen s he lexical meaning o a lexical en y
when in e p e ed as e e ing o he co esponding on ology elemen .
 lime:Lexicon, o a collec ion o lexical en ies o a pa icula language o domain.
These classes can be u he connec ed wi h many o he elemen s ha desc ibe he
lexicon and ha can be ound in he On oLex-lemon speci ica ion. Pa icula ly, he
on olex:Fo m class, o accoun o he g amma ical ealiza ion o a lexical en y
( ypically by means o i s w i en ep esen a ion) and he on olex:LexicalConcep class,
ha can be used o s o e de ini ions h ough he p ope y skos:de ini ion.
Finally, we men ion he UsageExample class o he lexicog module, which is in ended
o ep esen a ex ual example o he usage o a sense in a gi en lexicog aphic eco d.
4. Me hodology
4.1 Inc emen al app oach and s eps aken
The p ocess o con e ing KD da a in o LD was ca ied ou wi h an inc emen al
app oach, s a ing wi h he e y basics o a single en y (headwo d, senses, pa o
speech, de ini ions) and p oceeding wi h mo e complica ed elemen s (synonyms,
ansla ions, examples o use, compounds, e c.), alida ing he esul s o he con e sion
a e each i e a ion. This app oach allowed o cons an alida ion and e o elimina ion,
and acili a ed he echnical con e sion p ocess. P io o con e ing ac ual da a, some
g oundwo k was necessa y. Fo his pu pose, he DTD o KD’s XML da a was examined,
and each XML pa h in KD da a was manually de ined as a co esponding On oLex,
lexicog o LexIn o elemen . Nex , a URI naming s a egy was es ablished, ollowing he
p e ious con e sion o he Global se ies (Bosque-Gil e al., 2016b). In addi ion, he
DTD was e ised and edi ed whe e possible, adhe ing o he s anda ds se by LexIn o
and On oLex and p io i izing smoo h con e sion and adap able esul s.
A e se ing he ounda ions o con e sion, he ollowing s eps we e aken o each
i e a ion:
 Iden i ying a ew en i ies in lexicog o es , and manually c ea ing an example
RDF en y wi h eal KD da a. Only a hand ul o componen s comp ising a
comple e dic iona y en y we e selec ed o each i e a ion, o simpli y each s ep
and go e n he esul s mo e easily. In o de o main ain ha he con e sion was
ca ied ou exhaus i ely and accu a ely, logs we e kep , and he URI naming
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5.3 Usage Examples
The da a om KD’s Global se ies p o ides, o each sense o a headwo d, a usage
example in he sou ce language and he ansla ions o he headwo d in he a ge
language. The examples, in u n, a e also ansla ed o he a ge language and se e
as example o usage o he ansla ion. Example 1.5 shows ano he exce p o he en y
a e in Spanish. Inside he SenseG p encapsula ing he in o ma ion o he i s sense,
he e is an elemen T ansla ionClus e wi h Locale g oups ha include he headwo d
ansla ions o a e in i s i s sense: kuns (Du ch) and kuns (No wegian). Below he
ansla ions ollows an ExampleC n wi h he example o usage o a e in ha sense, La
música, la danza y la pin u a son o mas de a e ‘Music, dance and pain ing a e a
o ms’. This example is in u n ansla ed o Du ch and No wegian.
<SenseG p iden i ie ="SE00007455" e sion="1">
[...]
<T ansla ionClus e iden i ie ="TC00017354" ex ="mani es ación humana con in ención
es é ica" ype="de ">
<Locale lang="nl">
<T ansla ionBlock>
<T ansla ionC n>
<T ansla ion>kuns </T ansla ion> [...]
</T ansla ionC n>
</T ansla ionBlock>
</Locale>
<Locale lang="no">
<T ansla ionBlock>
<T ansla ionC n>
<T ansla ion>kuns </T ansla ion> [...]
</T ansla ionC n>
</T ansla ionBlock>
</Locale> [...]
</T ansla ionClus e >
<ExampleC n ype="sid" e sion="1">
<Example>La música, la danza y la pin u a son o mas de
a e.</Example>
<T ansla ionClus e iden i ie ="TC00017355" [...]>
<Locale lang="nl">
<T ansla ionBlock>
<T ansla ionC n>
<T ansla ion>Muziek, dans en schilde en zijn o men an kuns .</T ansla ion>
</T ansla ionC n>
</T ansla ionBlock>
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</Locale>
<Locale lang="no">
<T ansla ionBlock>
<T ansla ionC n>
<T ansla ion>Musikk, dans og maling e kuns
ype .</T ansla ion> </T ansla ionC n>
</T ansla ionBlock>
</Locale> [...]
</T ansla ionClus e >
</ExampleC n>
</SenseG p>
Example 1.5: An ex ac o he Spanish en y a e wi h ansla ions in o Du ch and
No wegian examples and ansla ions o he examples.
While he lemon model p o ided a class lemon:UsageExample and a p ope y
lemon:example, used p e iously in he li e a u e o cap u e his in o ma ion (Klimek
& B ümme , 2015), hese a e no longe included in he On oLex-lemon model. P e ious
con e sions o KD’s da a (Bosque-Gil e al., 2016b) p oposed a cus om class in o de
no o ins an ia e bo h lemon and On oLex-lemon in he same esou ce. I an example
is o be linked o a sense, he p ope y skos:example would su ice o include he
example as a s ing a he sense le el. Fo cases in which he example has addi ional
in o ma ion, o has elemen s linkable o i , he lexicog modules o e s he class
lexicog:UsageExample o link an on olex:LexicalSense o an elemen ep esen ing he
example. A lexicog:UsageExaple and be u he linked o o he elemen s and desc ibed
wi h da a- ype p ope ies.
Example 1.6 shows he RDF Tu le ep esen a ion o example 1.5. As showed in
example 1.2, he headwo d and he ansla ions belong o di e en lexica, one pe
language.
(Con inua ion)
:lexiconES/a e-n a on olex:LexicalEn y ;
on olex:sense :lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-
sense .
:lexiconNL/kuns -n a on olex:LexicalEn y;
on olex:sense :lexiconNL/kuns -n-a e-n-
SE00007455-sense .
:lexiconNO/kuns -n a on olex:LexicalSense;
on olex:sense :lexiconNO/kuns -n-a e-n-
SE00007455-sense .
:lexiconNO a
lime:Lexicon;
lime:language "no";
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lime:en y :lexiconNO/
kuns -n .
:lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-sense a on olex:LexicalSense ;
lexicog:usageExample :lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-sense-
TC00017355-ex .
:lexiconNL/kuns -n-a e-n-SE00007455-sense a on olex:LexicalSense ;
lexicog:usageExample :lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-sense-
TC00017355-ex .
:lexiconNO/kuns -n-a e-n-SE00007455-sense a on olex:LexicalSense ;
lexicog:usageExample :lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-sense-
TC00017355-ex .
: anSe ES-NL/a e-n-SE00007455-sense-kuns -n-a e-n-SE00007455-sense-TC00017354- ans
a a ans:T ansla ion ;
a ans:sou ce :lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-sense;
a ans: a ge :lexiconNL/kuns -n-a e-n-SE00007455-
sense; dc:sou ce :mlds-ES3 .
: anSe ES-NO/a e-n-SE00007455-sense-kuns -n-a e-n-SE00007455-sense-TC00017354- ans
a a ans:T ansla ion ;
a ans:sou ce :lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-sense;
a ans: a ge :lexiconNO/kuns -n-a e-n-SE00007455-
sense dc:sou ce :mlds-ES3 .
:lexiconES/a e-n-SE00007455-sense-TC00017355-ex a
lexicog:UsageExample ; d : alue "La música, la danza y la pin u a son
o mas de a e."@es ; d : alue "Muziek, dans en schilde en zijn
o men an kuns ."@nl ; d : alue "Musikk, dans og maling e
kuns ype ."@no .
Example 1.6: RDF Tu le ep esen a ion o an ex ac o he Spanish en y a e wi h
ansla ions in o Du ch and No wegian, examples, and ansla ions o he examples.
Each on olex:LexicalEn y has an on olex:LexicalSense, which is he b idge be ween
he linguis ic desc ip ion and he seman ic laye , ollowing he no ion o seman ics by
e e ence emb aced in lemon.12 The example is eco ded h ough an ins ance o
lexicog:UsageExample linked o he senses ia lexicog:usageExample. No e ha his
ins ance has di e en alues, each o he ealiza ion o ha example in a di e en
language.
12 Due o he lack o on ology en i ies o ac as e e ences o on olex:LexicalSenses, he
seman ics p o ided by de ini ions will be cap u ed h ough on olex:LexicalConcep s and he
p ope y skos:de ini ion. Howe e , he ins an ia ion o he On oLex co e, beyond lexicog, is
ou o he scope o his pape , and we e e he eade o he examples p o ided a he
lexicog documen a ion page.
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6. Conclusions and u u e wo k
In his pape we ha e p esen ed wo k on applying he new lexicog module o On oLex-
lemon o KD’s mul ilingual da a as a eal use case scena io o he ex ension. We ha e
shown ha lexicog add esses he gaps p e iously iden i ied in he li e a u e (Klimek &
B ümme , 2015; Bosque-Gil e al., 2016b, 2017) as ega ds he loss o s uc u al and
implici lexical in o ma ion in he o iginal esou ce, and p o ides elemen s o cap u e
da a equen ly ound in lexicog aphic eco ds, such as usage examples, ansla ions, o
anno a ions on mo phosyn a ic ea u es. In addi ion, and o se e as a basis o u u e
ans o ma ions o lexicog aphic da a, we amed he modelling wi h lexicog in he
whole con e sion p ocess o KD o LD. We ha e de ailed he inc emen al app oach
ollowed in he con e sion p ocess and ou lined he di e en s eps pe o med as pa o
he alida ion p ocess o he esul ing RDF.
The nex s ep will be o p ocess he da a in a iple s o e, se ing bo h o u he
alida e he lawless con e sion om XML o RDF and o p epa e he da a o linking
o o he ex e nal LD esou ces. Then, he ac ual linking o such ex e nal da a esou ces
can ake place. Fu u e wo k includes linking be ween di e en KD monolingual co es,
c ea ing one in e connec ed, ully c oss-lingual g aph, as well as linking o ex e nal
sou ces, hus enhancing he da a and p o iding e en mo e elabo a e and en iched da a
o Lexicala API use s and o a ious esea ch and de elopmen pu poses.
The ask o linking dic iona ies, by associa ing a ansla ion o a headwo d in he sou ce
language dic iona y co e o i s co esponding en y in he a ge language dic iona y
co e, is an ambi ious and elabo a e one. The main hind ance is au oma ing he p ocess,
managing o link a ansla ion equi alen o he co ec senses ac oss languages, which
is ul ima ely ela ed o wo d sense disambigua ion, and has been p e iously a emp ed
wi h KD da a as pa o he LDL4HELTA p ojec and he T ansla ion In e ence Ac oss
Dic iona ies sha ed asks and wo kshops (TIAD).13 The con e sion o KD monolingual
co es o LD has laid he g oundwo k o his ype o g aph, and p o ided u he ideas
o ca ying ou his goal in he u u e.
In he mean ime, linking KD da a o o he sou ces should be signi ican ly acili a ed
by he cu en con e sion. Linking KD da a wi h ex e nal, anno a ed o en iched
esou ces, will g ea ly enhance bo h i s comme cial appeal and po en ial o u he
esea ch, and can se e as a de ailed and e icien esou ce o language p ocessing and
pa sing asks in he ealm o compu a ional linguis ics, hus expanding he ou each o
LD-complian lexicog aphic da a ye u he .
13 h p://2019.ldk-con .o g/ iad-2019/
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7. Acknowledgemen s
This wo k has been suppo ed by he Spanish Minis y o Educa ion, Cul u e and
Spo s h ough he FPU p og am, and by he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch
and inno a ion p og amme h ough he p ojec s Lynx (g an ag eemen No 780602),
Elexis (g an ag eemen No 731015) and P ê -à-LLOD (g an ag eemen No 825182).
I has been also pa ially suppo ed by he Spanish Na ional p ojec s TIN2016-78011-
C4-3-R (AEI/ FEDER, UE) and DGA/FEDER.
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This wo k is licensed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Sha eAlike 4.0
In e na ional License.
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