J. Ene gy Powe Sou ces
Vol. 4, No. 2, 2017, pp. 36-42
Recei ed: Ap il 17, 2017, Published: May 25, 2017
Jou nal o Ene gy
and Powe Sou ces
www.e hanpublishing.com
Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a
Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid
Ja ie Ma ía Rey He nández, Eloy Velasco Gómez, Julio San José, Se gio González and F ancisco Ja ie Rey
Ma ínez
Depa men o Ene gy, E.I.I. o he Uni e si y o Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Co esponding au ho : F ancisco Ja ie Rey Ma ínez ([email p o ec ed])
Abs ac : The con inuous inc ease o ene gy consump ion in buildings enhances he impo ance o implemen ing ene gy
managemen sys ems wi hin he building acili ies. These ools allow us o know p ecisely bo h ene gy consump ion and use wi hin
he building. Moni o ing ene gy consump ion p o ides a clea iew no only o he amoun , bu also o whe e and when ene gy is
consumed in he building. Besides, a ea analysis o his in o ma ion allows us o deduce whe he he e exis s an inapp op ia e
consump ion, and hus he possibili ies o imp o ing building e iciency. A moni o ing ool has been implemen ed wi hin an
academic building a he Uni e si y o Valladolid, applying echnological esou ces o In o ma ion Technology and Communica ion
h ough dynamic moni o ing o elec ical and he mal pa ame e s. Resul s ob ained a e ga he ed and analysed o di ec ly con ibu e o
imp o e he use o ene gy, educe cos s associa ed wi h i s gene a ion and use, and imp o e he he mal com o o he building
occupan s.
Keywo ds: Dynamic moni o ing, ene gy pe o mances, ene gy managemen , educ ion o building consump ion.
1. In oduc ion
To ensu e an adequa e le el o indoo condi ions o
he occupan s o he buildings wi hin i s di e en
campuses, he Uni e si y o Valladolid aces an
ene gy cos ha en ails one o he highes annual
budge s o his ins i u ion. Consequen ly, he
Uni e si y o Valladolid is closely engaged wi h a
p oblem ha also a ec s he en i onmen and he
socie y, beyond he me e economic issue. Some yea s
ago a p ojec called SMART CAMPUS was launched
oge he wi h he company TECOPYSA, a ge ing he
op imiza ion o he ene gy e iciency as well as he
en i onmen al ca e o he Uni e si y Campus. The
main in e es o his p ojec lies on he high ene gy
consump ion and wide ange o possibili ies o
imp o emen o he case s udy, h ough he
implemen a ion o a sma and in eg a ed
echnological ool o he design o ene gy managemen
ne wo ks in sus ainable en i onmen s.
The s a ing poin o he p ojec implemen a ion
was a p elimina y s udy on he ene gy cos s and
condi ions o e e y building. I was obse ed ha he
condi ions o one o he buildings whe e he School o
Indus ial Enginee ing is se , oge he wi h he
in o ma ion a ailable conce ning he in ol ed ene gy
cos s, showed ha ene gy e iciency was e y low.
Compa a i ely o he emaining buildings o he same
campus, his one en ained he highes a io o
elec ici y consump ion and one o he highes a ios
in e ms o he mal ene gy.
Be o e he de elopmen o his p elimina y s udy,
he e was no knowledge conce ning nei he he
loca ion o he inal ene gy consume s no he momen
when hey consumed such ene gy. This lack o
in o ma ion also es ic ed he e ec i eness o any
measu e o be implemen ed o he imp o emen o
occupan ’s com o and sys ems e iciency, as well as
Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid
37
o he educ ion o ene gy consump ion and ca bon
emissions in ol ed.
The consecu ion o a numbe o s eps, as he
ga he ing o disagg ega ed consump ions, in o ma ion
analysis, e c. will highligh he adequa e p ac ices o
op imise he ene gy use, achie ing an e icien
exploi a ion o he a ailable esou ces [3].
Among he mos impo an unc ionali ies o be
achie ed h ough his p ojec , is he possibili y o a
con inuous moni o ing o he ene gy consump ion.
Being a se ies o se poin s a ge ed p ecisely, e e y
ime hey we e o e passed he sys em would send an
ala m o he use , in o ming ha a limi o
consump ion, com o o cos has been exceeded. In
his manne , he ene gy use can be managed and
con olled a oiding supe luous consump ions as well
as hose occu ing beyond ope a ing ime ables, which
impo an ly a ec s he inal bills [4].
The solu ion he e p oposed can be ex apola ed,
being possible o s e ch he analysis and measu es o
any building wi hin he campus. The implemen a ion
o hese sys ems would esul in o he acquisi ion o a
high pe o mance le el wi hin he in e na ional
e alua ion p og ams o sus ainable ce i ica ion. This
would apply o he whole uni e si y campus,
comp ising all i s buildings. I would become a pilo
scena io unique in Spain [5].
The main pu pose o he p ojec is hus o co e all
unc ionali ies and necessi ies a ge ed in he
uni e si y campuses, conce ning he knowledge on he
inal ene gy consump ion, h ough he implemen a ion
o exis ing echnologies di ec ed o he imp o emen
o bo h e iciency and quali y o he o e ed se ices.
Implemen a ion o his echnology will in ol e he
op imiza ion o bo h human and ma e ial esou ces,
con ibu ing o
(a) The imp o emen o he ene gy use and
occupan ’s com o ;
(b) Reduc ion o cos s de i ed om ene gy
gene a ion and use;
(c) C ea ion o a mul i-pla o m managemen ool.
2. Me hods
2.1 Ta ge Building: Use, Occupa ion and Ene gy
Supply
The selec ion o he building o he School o
Indus ial Enginee ing (EII) was made acco ding o
he a ailable in o ma ion, he echnical iabili y o
he se ing up o he di e en measu emen de ices as
well as he oppo uni ies o imp o emen .
The a ge e ia y building is mainly dedica ed o
academic and esea ch ac i i ies. I was buil in he
end o he 80s and has a o al buil a ea o 20,397 m2
(use ul loo a ea o 16,715 m2), dis ibu ed in o ou
loo s. The main açade aces sou hwes .
Wi h espec o he di e en acili ies, hey a e
cha ac e ised by he ollowing poin s:
 Ligh ing: mainly con en ional luo escen s wi h
elec omagne ic ballas ;
 Hea ing: 2 na u al gas boile s, 540 kW;
 Cooling: indi idual de ices (spli ) dis ibu ed
h oughou he building;
 DHW: (i does no apply);
 O he de ices: 19 AHUs (Ai Handling Uni s), 3
li s, compu e s and labo a o y equipmen .
Conce ning occupa ion and ime ables: Monday o
F iday: om 8:00 am o 10:00 pm. Sa u day: om
9:00 am o 2:00 pm.
The ene gy supply is p o ided by
 Elec ici y: supplied by Ibe d ola, wi h a i s
disc imina ed in 6 ime pe iods;
 Na u al Gas: supplied by Gas Na u al Fenosa.
Access a i : 3.4.
Fig. 1 shows he consump ion o elec ici y and gas
in 2014.
2.2 Sys em’s Implemen a ion and De elopmen
A numbe o s eps a e de eloped in o de o mee
he objec i es:
 S udy o he exis ing acili y. In his s ep he
sys ems a e analysed o know deeply how ene gy is
being gene a ed, dis ibu ed and used wi hin he
Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid
38
Fig. 1 Consump ion cha .
building; bo h h ough he he mal and elec ical
dis ibu ion sys ems. This would enable a global iew
o he p ojec and he exis ing possibili ies o ene gy
managemen ;
 Iden i ica ion o he main poin s o consump ion.
Facili ies o be moni o ed a e de e mined in e ms o
heo e ical pa ial consump ions o powe ins alled, as
well as he equipmen equi ed o a o al ene gy
managemen o he exis ing sys em;
 S udy on he loca ion o senso s o com o
measu emen . The mos signi ican spaces a e
de e mined o he measu emen o he he mal
com o ac o s, as well as he numbe o spaces o be
moni o ed;
 S udy o a ailable senso s in he ma ke . A
ma ke su ey is made o ind he mos adequa e
solu ion o he moni o ing and ene gy managemen ,
in economic and echnological e ms, ag eeing wi h
he equi emen s es ablished in he p e ious s ep.
Communica ion p o ocols o be used a e decided,
oge he wi h he exac numbe o de ices o be
employed, hei loca ion, da a low and ope a ion
schemes in eg a ed in he exis ing acili y;
 Ins alla ion o he selec ed senso s;
 Ins alla ion o con ol and da a ecep ion sys ems
in o he swi chboa d. In his s ep da a ecep ion
de ices and signal concen a ion sys ems a e ins alled
o ecei e he in o ma ion om he senso s ins alled in
he p e ious s ep. They a e ins alled in an exis ing
swi chboa d wi h enough space o wi hin an ex a
speci ic swi chboa d o ene gy managemen [6];
 Wi ing ins alla ion. In e connec ion o e e y
elemen pa icipa ing in o he senso ne wo k,
depending o he communica ion p o ocol selec ed o
each case;
 So wa e implemen a ion. Ene gy managemen
so wa e is p o ided in one o he local se e s o in
an addi ional se e wi h ha pa icula aim;
 Senso con igu a ion. Implemen a ion o he
senso s ins alled in he ene gy managemen so wa e;
 Ope a ion checking wi hin a se ies o es s and
alida ion. The sys em is hen subjec o an exhaus i e
se o es s o check and alida e i s ope a ion
acco ding o he equi emen s speci ied in he p ojec ;
 S udy o he esul s ob ained and gene a ion o
p oposals. A e he alida ion, ope a ion checking
and da a ecep ion du ing a signi ican pe iod o ime,
a s udy o he ob ained da a is de eloped. Then,
imp o emen measu es a e p oposed, combining
exis ing gene a ion sys ems wi h enewable sou ces in
o de o e icien ly supply he building ene gy demand
and educe cos s. In he same way, u he measu es
will be p oposed aiming o conceal ime ables and
ene gy e iciency policies wi hin he mos consuming
acili ies, o wi hin hose consuming mo e ene gy han
he s ic ly needed [5].
2.3 Consump ion Moni o ing: Pa ame e s and
Equipmen Used
I is always in ended o measu e as many
pa ame e s as possible acco ding o he echnical and
economic es ic ions. Fo he p esen case, he moni o ed
Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid
39
a iables a e speci ied nex [2]:
 Conce ning he elec ic acili y, he measu ed
pa ame e s ha e been: ac i e powe , eac i e powe ,
powe ac o , cumula ed consump ions, pe iod excess
and THD (global). The poin s o analysis a di e en
le els a e
- Whole-building le el (global): elec ic global
consump ion; ai condi ioning consump ion in he Le
Wing (Hea Pumps); ai condi ioning consump ion in
he Righ Wing (Hea Pumps); oo AHUs
consump ion; ou doo ligh ing;
- Second loo : ligh ing consump ion; powe
consump ion; powe consump ion a he labo a o y
QO.
- Fi s loo : ligh ing consump ion; powe
consump ion; powe consump ion a labo a o y E and
a class oom 1.7;
- G ound loo : ligh ing consump ion and powe
consump ion a class ooms B1 and B6;
- Basemen : ligh ing consump ion, powe
consump ion a he pumps oom; powe consump ion
a labo a o ies CF, MR and T.
 The mal acili ies:
- Na u al gas consump ion in boile s ( low a e);
- Wa e low a e in he hea ing p ima y loop;
- Supply and e u n empe a u es in he p ima y
loop.
 Wa e supply acili y:
- Whole-building le el (global): wa e
consump ion.
 The mal com o :
- Ou doo ai : D y bulb Tempe a u e (T) and
Rela i e Humidi y (HR);
- Fi s loo : class oom 1.7 (T, RH, CO2);
- G ound loo : class ooms B1 and B7 (T, RH,
CO2);
- Second loo : Lib a y (T, RH), Labo a o y QO (T,
RH), Co ido (T, RH);
- Fi s loo : mee ing oom (T, RH), co ido (T,
RH), Compu e s oom (T, RH);
- G ound loo : en ance hall (T, RH), Class oom
B3 (T, RH), O ices 1, 2, 3 and 4 (T, RH);
- Basemen : Labo a o ies CF, F and M (T, RH),
no h co ido (T), Hall (T), Sou h co ido (T, RH);
Fig. 2 shows de ices and senso s ins alled o he
signal ga he ing, dis ibu ion and ea men :
The pa ne company TECOPYSA de eloped a
web applica ion ha allows he emo e access o he
moni o ed a iables, also enabling:
 Visualiza ion, ep esen a ion and e alua ion o
e e y moni o ed a iable. Consequen ly,
consump ions and ope a ion wi hin he building can
be ollowed in eal ime;
 De elopmen o an analysis wi h he his o ical
da a co esponding o any pe iod om i s
implemen a ion;
Fig. 2 Ins alled equipmen .
Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid
40
 Gene a ion o p ede ined and con igu able
epo s;
 In o ma ion expo a ion in di e en o ma s o a
de ailed s udy in u he applica ions (sp eadshee s,
simula ion, e c.).
Compa ison among he a ious Uni e si y
buildings in e ms o he alues de i ed om he
measu ed a iables.
3. Resul s
The analysis o he moni o ed a iables gi es
in o ma ion abou he ene gy consump ion. Hence, i
has been possible o de e mine he load p o iles o he
building, knowing when and whe e i is consumed, as
well as he condi ions o he a ge spaces.
An impo an es ic ion lies in he ga he ing o
app op ia e and use ul in o ma ion abou he
condi ions o he acili ies, bo h he mal and elec ic.
I is possible o link consump ions o pa icula places
wi hin a building, p o ided ha elec ic ne wo ks and
swi chboa ds a e p ope and adequa ely connec ed. In
some places i has been pa icula ly di icul o
di e en ia e he o igin o he di e en consump ions,
due o he numbe o possible sou ces. The highe he
le el o consume ’s di e en ia ion is, he mo e
e icien will be he moni o ing.
Gi en ha he numbe o moni o ing a iables is
qui e high, he e olu ion and ends o only some o
he mos in e es ing (in e ms o elec ic and he mal
consump ions and en i onmen al condi ions) a e
p esen ed nex .
Conce ning elec ic pa ame e s, he global
consump ion o he building is shown in Fig. 3
h ough he ep esen a ion o he powe cu e. This
highligh s he impo an elec ic consump ion ou o
he occupancy pe iods, which alls beyond 100 kW
du ing nigh ime and weekends. A subsequen
analysis om his p o ile, oge he wi h he ones om
seconda y swi chboa ds o powe and ligh ing,
showed ha mos o he consump ion was due o: ai
condi ioning sys ems (le ope a ing e en when he
building was closed), and hose de i ed om da a
cen e s, expe imen al de ices unning in labo a o ies,
ci cula ion pumps o he hea ing p ima y loop and
secu i y ligh ing. Mo eo e , he end showed ha
elec ic ene gy demand e ol ed acco dingly o he
occupa ion le el, as expec ed.
Conce ning ligh ing, Fig. 4 shows he powe
consumed in he i s loo du ing a ypical week. I
can be obse ed ha om 05.00 a.m. o 08.00 a.m.,
when he building s a s o be occupied, ligh ing
de ices a e al eady a a 50% o hei powe . The only
occupan s du ing his pe iod a e he s a o he
cleaning se ice (6 o 8 people), who swi ch on he
ligh s a a ime ins ead o doing i p og essi ely. This
is caused by a lack o zoni ica ion in some cases, and
by an inadequa e use in o he s.
Wi h espec o he elec ic consump ions
highligh ed, a se o sa ing and ene gy e iciency
measu es we e p oposed, some o which a e al eady
implemen ed and hei e iciency being checked a
p esen [7]. These a e
 Subs i u ion o he exis ing ligh ing in co ido s,
halls and oile s by luo escen s T5 wi h elec onic
ballas , also educing and op imizing hei numbe and
disposi ion. P esence de ec o s we e ins alled in oile s;
Fig. 3 Elec ic powe consump ion o he building (global).

Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid
41
Fig. 4 Powe consump ion due o ligh ing in he i s loo ( ypical week).
 Subs i u ion o he ligh ing ou doo s by LED
lamps, ob aining a 70% dec ease in he powe
ins alled a he same ime ha ligh ening le els a e
imp o ed;
 In o ma ion o he building use s wi h he aim o
enhancing hei engagemen wi h he e icien use o
e e y acili y: swi ching on he ligh ing p og essi ely
and acco dingly o he ac ual needs, swi ching o he
ai condi ioning and o he sys ems a he end o he
wo kday, e c.;
 P o ide ime ables p og ammed o connec
auxilia y HVAC sys ems, e en enabling he es ic ion
o hei use.
Fig. 5 shows he moni o ing o he mal com o and
ai quali y pa ame e s (d y bulb empe a u e and CO2
concen a ion in his case). I demons a ed ha a
sys em o egula e en ila ion was equi ed in o de o
main ain he IAQ wi hin ecommendable alues. The
inc ease in empe a u e and CO2 le els in occupa ion
peaks demons a es ha an adequa e en ila ion
sys em is missed.
Conce ning he moni o ing o he hea ing sys em’s
he mal pa ame e s, a s udy has been de eloped o
modi y he p og am o boile s a ailabili y, which aims
o educe he ene gy consump ion and imp o e he
indoo condi ions [1]. A educ ion o he ope a ing
ime able was hus p oposed, adjus ed o he
occupa ion pe iod (Fig. 6). Boile s could hen ope a e
a highe loads wi h be e pe o mances.
Based on he moni o ing ool, i was possible o
de elop an analysis o he impac o his measu e.
This is based on he compa ison o esul s a e and
be o e i s implemen a ion du ing weeks wi h simila
ou doo clima e condi ions. Fig. 6 shows ha boile s
a e comple ely o du ing weekends and nigh pe iods
acco ding o he new p og ammed schedule.
Conside ing he new da a o he boile s ene gy
consump ion, an a e age dec ease o 20% du ing he
a ge week was obse ed, compa ed o he p e ious
week o e e ence. This would esul in o a dec ease o
340,000 kWh in he annual gas consump ion.
4. Conclusions
The moni o ing o he ene gy consump ion and
indoo condi ions a di e en le els has been
de eloped wi hin he building o he School o
Indus ial Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Valladolid,
h ough he implemen a ion o a moni o ing ool
de eloped oge he wi h he company TECOPYSA.
Da a ga he ed has pe mi ed he iden i ica ion o
key ene gy consume s, enabling he implemen a ion
o measu es ha esul in o a mos e icien ope a ion
o exis ing acili ies. Some o hese measu es ha e
ega ded he subs i u ion o exis ing ligh ing indoo s
(including zoni ica ion and p esence de ec o s) and
ou doo s. Besides, boile s ope a ion has been
ep og ammed o i o he ac ual occupan pe iod,
incu ing in o a annual dec ease in he gas
consump ion o up o a 20%.
Fu he mo e, measu es p oposed no only ha e
esul ed in o lowe consump ions, bu also ha e
demons a ed o mee he he mal com o a ge s o
he building occupan s.
The main in e es o he ins alled de ices and he
Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid
42
Fig. 5 Tempe a u e and CO2 concen a ion in a class oom.
Fig. 6 Boile s he mal powe du ing 3 weeks: (objec week: new ime able).
consequen s udy is he ex apola ion o he
expe ience o he analysis o u he buildings wi hin
he Uni e si y Campus.
Acknowledgmen s
This pape is a esea ch wo k suppo ed by he
Regional Spanish Go e nmen o Cas illa y León
h ough he egional esea ch p ojec “Ene gy
assessmen and he mal com o measu es in
uni e si y buildings owa ds ze o ene gy, combining
e apo a i e cooling and he mally ac i a ed s uc u es
TABS” (Re .:VA029U16-2016).
Re e ences
[1] Chap e 14. Clima ic design in o ma ion, in: ASHRAE
Handbook—Fundamen als, 2013.
[2] A. Cos a, M.M. Keane, J.I. To ens, E. Co y, Building
ope a ion and ene gy pe o mance: Moni o ing, analysis
and op imisa ion oolki , Appl. Ene gy 101 (2013) 310-316.
[3] EPBD ecas : Di ec i e 2010/31/EU o he Eu opean
Pa liamen and o he Council o May 19, 2010 on he
Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings ( ecas ).
[4] F.J. Rey Ma ínez, E. Velasco Gómez, Ene gy e iciency
in buildings. Ce i ica ion and audi s ene ge ic, Edi o ial
Thomson, Mad id 2006. (in Spanish)
[5] F.J. Rey Ma ínez, J.F. San José Alonso, E. Velasco
Gómez, M.A. Ál a ez-Gue a Plasencia, Hea Reco e y
in Ai -condi ioning Sys ems, Technical Documen s o
The mal Ins alla ions in Buildings DTIE 8.01, El
Ins alado (ATECYR), Mad id, Spain, 2000. (in Spanish)
[6] F.J. Rey, E. Velasco, F. Va ela, Building ene gy analysis
(BEA): A me hodology o asses building ene gy labeling,
Ene gy and Buildings 39 (2007) 709-716.
[7] Minis y o Economy and Finance o Go e nmen o
Spain, Ene gy Sa ing and E iciency S a egy in Spain
2004-2012, Building Sec o , 2003. (in Spanish)
[8] P.H. Shaikh, N.B.M. No , P. Nallagownden, I.
Elam azu hi, T. Ib ahim, A e iew on op imized con ol
sys ems o building ene gy and com o managemen o
sma sus ainable buildings, Renew. Sus ain. Ene gy Re .
34 (2014) 409-429.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Tuesday Wednesday Thu sday F iday Sa u day Sunday Sunday Tuesday Wednesday Thu sday
Ob
j
ec wee
k
Re e ence week 1 Re e ence week 2
kW