Energy management by dynamic monitoring of a building of the University of Valladolid

J. Ene gy Powe Sou ces Vol. 4, No. 2, 2017, pp. 36-42 Recei ed: Ap il 17, 2017, Published: May 25, 2017 Jou nal o Ene gy and Powe Sou ces www.e hanpublishing.com Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid Ja ie Ma ía Rey He nández, Eloy Velasco Gómez, Julio San José, Se gio González and F ancisco Ja ie Rey Ma ínez Depa men o Ene gy, E.I.I. o he Uni e si y o Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain Co esponding au ho : F ancisco Ja ie Rey Ma ínez ([email p o ec ed]) Abs ac : The con inuous inc ease o ene gy consump ion in buildings enhances he impo ance o implemen ing ene gy managemen sys ems wi hin he building acili ies. These ools allow us o know p ecisely bo h ene gy consump ion and use wi hin he building. Moni o ing ene gy consump ion p o ides a clea iew no only o he amoun , bu also o whe e and when ene gy is consumed in he building. Besides, a ea analysis o his in o ma ion allows us o deduce whe he he e exis s an inapp op ia e consump ion, and hus he possibili ies o imp o ing building e iciency. A moni o ing ool has been implemen ed wi hin an academic building a he Uni e si y o Valladolid, applying echnological esou ces o In o ma ion Technology and Communica ion h ough dynamic moni o ing o elec ical and he mal pa ame e s. Resul s ob ained a e ga he ed and analysed o di ec ly con ibu e o imp o e he use o ene gy, educe cos s associa ed wi h i s gene a ion and use, and imp o e he he mal com o o he building occupan s. Keywo ds: Dynamic moni o ing, ene gy pe o mances, ene gy managemen , educ ion o building consump ion. 1. In oduc ion To ensu e an adequa e le el o indoo condi ions o he occupan s o he buildings wi hin i s di e en campuses, he Uni e si y o Valladolid aces an ene gy cos ha en ails one o he highes annual budge s o his ins i u ion. Consequen ly, he Uni e si y o Valladolid is closely engaged wi h a p oblem ha also a ec s he en i onmen and he socie y, beyond he me e economic issue. Some yea s ago a p ojec called SMART CAMPUS was launched oge he wi h he company TECOPYSA, a ge ing he op imiza ion o he ene gy e iciency as well as he en i onmen al ca e o he Uni e si y Campus. The main in e es o his p ojec lies on he high ene gy consump ion and wide ange o possibili ies o imp o emen o he case s udy, h ough he implemen a ion o a sma and in eg a ed echnological ool o he design o ene gy managemen ne wo ks in sus ainable en i onmen s. The s a ing poin o he p ojec implemen a ion was a p elimina y s udy on he ene gy cos s and condi ions o e e y building. I was obse ed ha he condi ions o one o he buildings whe e he School o Indus ial Enginee ing is se , oge he wi h he in o ma ion a ailable conce ning he in ol ed ene gy cos s, showed ha ene gy e iciency was e y low. Compa a i ely o he emaining buildings o he same campus, his one en ained he highes a io o elec ici y consump ion and one o he highes a ios in e ms o he mal ene gy. Be o e he de elopmen o his p elimina y s udy, he e was no knowledge conce ning nei he he loca ion o he inal ene gy consume s no he momen when hey consumed such ene gy. This lack o in o ma ion also es ic ed he e ec i eness o any measu e o be implemen ed o he imp o emen o occupan ’s com o and sys ems e iciency, as well as Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid 37 o he educ ion o ene gy consump ion and ca bon emissions in ol ed. The consecu ion o a numbe o s eps, as he ga he ing o disagg ega ed consump ions, in o ma ion analysis, e c. will highligh he adequa e p ac ices o op imise he ene gy use, achie ing an e icien exploi a ion o he a ailable esou ces [3]. Among he mos impo an unc ionali ies o be achie ed h ough his p ojec , is he possibili y o a con inuous moni o ing o he ene gy consump ion. Being a se ies o se poin s a ge ed p ecisely, e e y ime hey we e o e passed he sys em would send an ala m o he use , in o ming ha a limi o consump ion, com o o cos has been exceeded. In his manne , he ene gy use can be managed and con olled a oiding supe luous consump ions as well as hose occu ing beyond ope a ing ime ables, which impo an ly a ec s he inal bills [4]. The solu ion he e p oposed can be ex apola ed, being possible o s e ch he analysis and measu es o any building wi hin he campus. The implemen a ion o hese sys ems would esul in o he acquisi ion o a high pe o mance le el wi hin he in e na ional e alua ion p og ams o sus ainable ce i ica ion. This would apply o he whole uni e si y campus, comp ising all i s buildings. I would become a pilo scena io unique in Spain [5]. The main pu pose o he p ojec is hus o co e all unc ionali ies and necessi ies a ge ed in he uni e si y campuses, conce ning he knowledge on he inal ene gy consump ion, h ough he implemen a ion o exis ing echnologies di ec ed o he imp o emen o bo h e iciency and quali y o he o e ed se ices. Implemen a ion o his echnology will in ol e he op imiza ion o bo h human and ma e ial esou ces, con ibu ing o (a) The imp o emen o he ene gy use and occupan ’s com o ; (b) Reduc ion o cos s de i ed om ene gy gene a ion and use; (c) C ea ion o a mul i-pla o m managemen ool. 2. Me hods 2.1 Ta ge Building: Use, Occupa ion and Ene gy Supply The selec ion o he building o he School o Indus ial Enginee ing (EII) was made acco ding o he a ailable in o ma ion, he echnical iabili y o he se ing up o he di e en measu emen de ices as well as he oppo uni ies o imp o emen . The a ge e ia y building is mainly dedica ed o academic and esea ch ac i i ies. I was buil in he end o he 80s and has a o al buil a ea o 20,397 m2 (use ul loo a ea o 16,715 m2), dis ibu ed in o ou loo s. The main açade aces sou hwes . Wi h espec o he di e en acili ies, hey a e cha ac e ised by he ollowing poin s:  Ligh ing: mainly con en ional luo escen s wi h elec omagne ic ballas ;  Hea ing: 2 na u al gas boile s, 540 kW;  Cooling: indi idual de ices (spli ) dis ibu ed h oughou he building;  DHW: (i does no apply);  O he de ices: 19 AHUs (Ai Handling Uni s), 3 li s, compu e s and labo a o y equipmen . Conce ning occupa ion and ime ables: Monday o F iday: om 8:00 am o 10:00 pm. Sa u day: om 9:00 am o 2:00 pm. The ene gy supply is p o ided by  Elec ici y: supplied by Ibe d ola, wi h a i s disc imina ed in 6 ime pe iods;  Na u al Gas: supplied by Gas Na u al Fenosa. Access a i : 3.4. Fig. 1 shows he consump ion o elec ici y and gas in 2014. 2.2 Sys em’s Implemen a ion and De elopmen A numbe o s eps a e de eloped in o de o mee he objec i es:  S udy o he exis ing acili y. In his s ep he sys ems a e analysed o know deeply how ene gy is being gene a ed, dis ibu ed and used wi hin he Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid 38 Fig. 1 Consump ion cha . building; bo h h ough he he mal and elec ical dis ibu ion sys ems. This would enable a global iew o he p ojec and he exis ing possibili ies o ene gy managemen ;  Iden i ica ion o he main poin s o consump ion. Facili ies o be moni o ed a e de e mined in e ms o heo e ical pa ial consump ions o powe ins alled, as well as he equipmen equi ed o a o al ene gy managemen o he exis ing sys em;  S udy on he loca ion o senso s o com o measu emen . The mos signi ican spaces a e de e mined o he measu emen o he he mal com o ac o s, as well as he numbe o spaces o be moni o ed;  S udy o a ailable senso s in he ma ke . A ma ke su ey is made o ind he mos adequa e solu ion o he moni o ing and ene gy managemen , in economic and echnological e ms, ag eeing wi h he equi emen s es ablished in he p e ious s ep. Communica ion p o ocols o be used a e decided, oge he wi h he exac numbe o de ices o be employed, hei loca ion, da a low and ope a ion schemes in eg a ed in he exis ing acili y;  Ins alla ion o he selec ed senso s;  Ins alla ion o con ol and da a ecep ion sys ems in o he swi chboa d. In his s ep da a ecep ion de ices and signal concen a ion sys ems a e ins alled o ecei e he in o ma ion om he senso s ins alled in he p e ious s ep. They a e ins alled in an exis ing swi chboa d wi h enough space o wi hin an ex a speci ic swi chboa d o ene gy managemen [6];  Wi ing ins alla ion. In e connec ion o e e y elemen pa icipa ing in o he senso ne wo k, depending o he communica ion p o ocol selec ed o each case;  So wa e implemen a ion. Ene gy managemen so wa e is p o ided in one o he local se e s o in an addi ional se e wi h ha pa icula aim;  Senso con igu a ion. Implemen a ion o he senso s ins alled in he ene gy managemen so wa e;  Ope a ion checking wi hin a se ies o es s and alida ion. The sys em is hen subjec o an exhaus i e se o es s o check and alida e i s ope a ion acco ding o he equi emen s speci ied in he p ojec ;  S udy o he esul s ob ained and gene a ion o p oposals. A e he alida ion, ope a ion checking and da a ecep ion du ing a signi ican pe iod o ime, a s udy o he ob ained da a is de eloped. Then, imp o emen measu es a e p oposed, combining exis ing gene a ion sys ems wi h enewable sou ces in o de o e icien ly supply he building ene gy demand and educe cos s. In he same way, u he measu es will be p oposed aiming o conceal ime ables and ene gy e iciency policies wi hin he mos consuming acili ies, o wi hin hose consuming mo e ene gy han he s ic ly needed [5]. 2.3 Consump ion Moni o ing: Pa ame e s and Equipmen Used I is always in ended o measu e as many pa ame e s as possible acco ding o he echnical and economic es ic ions. Fo he p esen case, he moni o ed Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid 39 a iables a e speci ied nex [2]:  Conce ning he elec ic acili y, he measu ed pa ame e s ha e been: ac i e powe , eac i e powe , powe ac o , cumula ed consump ions, pe iod excess and THD (global). The poin s o analysis a di e en le els a e - Whole-building le el (global): elec ic global consump ion; ai condi ioning consump ion in he Le Wing (Hea Pumps); ai condi ioning consump ion in he Righ Wing (Hea Pumps); oo AHUs consump ion; ou doo ligh ing; - Second loo : ligh ing consump ion; powe consump ion; powe consump ion a he labo a o y QO. - Fi s loo : ligh ing consump ion; powe consump ion; powe consump ion a labo a o y E and a class oom 1.7; - G ound loo : ligh ing consump ion and powe consump ion a class ooms B1 and B6; - Basemen : ligh ing consump ion, powe consump ion a he pumps oom; powe consump ion a labo a o ies CF, MR and T.  The mal acili ies: - Na u al gas consump ion in boile s ( low a e); - Wa e low a e in he hea ing p ima y loop; - Supply and e u n empe a u es in he p ima y loop.  Wa e supply acili y: - Whole-building le el (global): wa e consump ion.  The mal com o : - Ou doo ai : D y bulb Tempe a u e (T) and Rela i e Humidi y (HR); - Fi s loo : class oom 1.7 (T, RH, CO2); - G ound loo : class ooms B1 and B7 (T, RH, CO2); - Second loo : Lib a y (T, RH), Labo a o y QO (T, RH), Co ido (T, RH); - Fi s loo : mee ing oom (T, RH), co ido (T, RH), Compu e s oom (T, RH); - G ound loo : en ance hall (T, RH), Class oom B3 (T, RH), O ices 1, 2, 3 and 4 (T, RH); - Basemen : Labo a o ies CF, F and M (T, RH), no h co ido (T), Hall (T), Sou h co ido (T, RH); Fig. 2 shows de ices and senso s ins alled o he signal ga he ing, dis ibu ion and ea men : The pa ne company TECOPYSA de eloped a web applica ion ha allows he emo e access o he moni o ed a iables, also enabling:  Visualiza ion, ep esen a ion and e alua ion o e e y moni o ed a iable. Consequen ly, consump ions and ope a ion wi hin he building can be ollowed in eal ime;  De elopmen o an analysis wi h he his o ical da a co esponding o any pe iod om i s implemen a ion; Fig. 2 Ins alled equipmen . Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid 40  Gene a ion o p ede ined and con igu able epo s;  In o ma ion expo a ion in di e en o ma s o a de ailed s udy in u he applica ions (sp eadshee s, simula ion, e c.). Compa ison among he a ious Uni e si y buildings in e ms o he alues de i ed om he measu ed a iables. 3. Resul s The analysis o he moni o ed a iables gi es in o ma ion abou he ene gy consump ion. Hence, i has been possible o de e mine he load p o iles o he building, knowing when and whe e i is consumed, as well as he condi ions o he a ge spaces. An impo an es ic ion lies in he ga he ing o app op ia e and use ul in o ma ion abou he condi ions o he acili ies, bo h he mal and elec ic. I is possible o link consump ions o pa icula places wi hin a building, p o ided ha elec ic ne wo ks and swi chboa ds a e p ope and adequa ely connec ed. In some places i has been pa icula ly di icul o di e en ia e he o igin o he di e en consump ions, due o he numbe o possible sou ces. The highe he le el o consume ’s di e en ia ion is, he mo e e icien will be he moni o ing. Gi en ha he numbe o moni o ing a iables is qui e high, he e olu ion and ends o only some o he mos in e es ing (in e ms o elec ic and he mal consump ions and en i onmen al condi ions) a e p esen ed nex . Conce ning elec ic pa ame e s, he global consump ion o he building is shown in Fig. 3 h ough he ep esen a ion o he powe cu e. This highligh s he impo an elec ic consump ion ou o he occupancy pe iods, which alls beyond 100 kW du ing nigh ime and weekends. A subsequen analysis om his p o ile, oge he wi h he ones om seconda y swi chboa ds o powe and ligh ing, showed ha mos o he consump ion was due o: ai condi ioning sys ems (le ope a ing e en when he building was closed), and hose de i ed om da a cen e s, expe imen al de ices unning in labo a o ies, ci cula ion pumps o he hea ing p ima y loop and secu i y ligh ing. Mo eo e , he end showed ha elec ic ene gy demand e ol ed acco dingly o he occupa ion le el, as expec ed. Conce ning ligh ing, Fig. 4 shows he powe consumed in he i s loo du ing a ypical week. I can be obse ed ha om 05.00 a.m. o 08.00 a.m., when he building s a s o be occupied, ligh ing de ices a e al eady a a 50% o hei powe . The only occupan s du ing his pe iod a e he s a o he cleaning se ice (6 o 8 people), who swi ch on he ligh s a a ime ins ead o doing i p og essi ely. This is caused by a lack o zoni ica ion in some cases, and by an inadequa e use in o he s. Wi h espec o he elec ic consump ions highligh ed, a se o sa ing and ene gy e iciency measu es we e p oposed, some o which a e al eady implemen ed and hei e iciency being checked a p esen [7]. These a e  Subs i u ion o he exis ing ligh ing in co ido s, halls and oile s by luo escen s T5 wi h elec onic ballas , also educing and op imizing hei numbe and disposi ion. P esence de ec o s we e ins alled in oile s; Fig. 3 Elec ic powe consump ion o he building (global). Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid 41 Fig. 4 Powe consump ion due o ligh ing in he i s loo ( ypical week).  Subs i u ion o he ligh ing ou doo s by LED lamps, ob aining a 70% dec ease in he powe ins alled a he same ime ha ligh ening le els a e imp o ed;  In o ma ion o he building use s wi h he aim o enhancing hei engagemen wi h he e icien use o e e y acili y: swi ching on he ligh ing p og essi ely and acco dingly o he ac ual needs, swi ching o he ai condi ioning and o he sys ems a he end o he wo kday, e c.;  P o ide ime ables p og ammed o connec auxilia y HVAC sys ems, e en enabling he es ic ion o hei use. Fig. 5 shows he moni o ing o he mal com o and ai quali y pa ame e s (d y bulb empe a u e and CO2 concen a ion in his case). I demons a ed ha a sys em o egula e en ila ion was equi ed in o de o main ain he IAQ wi hin ecommendable alues. The inc ease in empe a u e and CO2 le els in occupa ion peaks demons a es ha an adequa e en ila ion sys em is missed. Conce ning he moni o ing o he hea ing sys em’s he mal pa ame e s, a s udy has been de eloped o modi y he p og am o boile s a ailabili y, which aims o educe he ene gy consump ion and imp o e he indoo condi ions [1]. A educ ion o he ope a ing ime able was hus p oposed, adjus ed o he occupa ion pe iod (Fig. 6). Boile s could hen ope a e a highe loads wi h be e pe o mances. Based on he moni o ing ool, i was possible o de elop an analysis o he impac o his measu e. This is based on he compa ison o esul s a e and be o e i s implemen a ion du ing weeks wi h simila ou doo clima e condi ions. Fig. 6 shows ha boile s a e comple ely o du ing weekends and nigh pe iods acco ding o he new p og ammed schedule. Conside ing he new da a o he boile s ene gy consump ion, an a e age dec ease o 20% du ing he a ge week was obse ed, compa ed o he p e ious week o e e ence. This would esul in o a dec ease o 340,000 kWh in he annual gas consump ion. 4. Conclusions The moni o ing o he ene gy consump ion and indoo condi ions a di e en le els has been de eloped wi hin he building o he School o Indus ial Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Valladolid, h ough he implemen a ion o a moni o ing ool de eloped oge he wi h he company TECOPYSA. Da a ga he ed has pe mi ed he iden i ica ion o key ene gy consume s, enabling he implemen a ion o measu es ha esul in o a mos e icien ope a ion o exis ing acili ies. Some o hese measu es ha e ega ded he subs i u ion o exis ing ligh ing indoo s (including zoni ica ion and p esence de ec o s) and ou doo s. Besides, boile s ope a ion has been ep og ammed o i o he ac ual occupan pe iod, incu ing in o a annual dec ease in he gas consump ion o up o a 20%. Fu he mo e, measu es p oposed no only ha e esul ed in o lowe consump ions, bu also ha e demons a ed o mee he he mal com o a ge s o he building occupan s. The main in e es o he ins alled de ices and he Ene gy Managemen by Dynamic Moni o ing o a Building o he Uni e si y o Valladolid 42 Fig. 5 Tempe a u e and CO2 concen a ion in a class oom. Fig. 6 Boile s he mal powe du ing 3 weeks: (objec week: new ime able). consequen s udy is he ex apola ion o he expe ience o he analysis o u he buildings wi hin he Uni e si y Campus. Acknowledgmen s This pape is a esea ch wo k suppo ed by he Regional Spanish Go e nmen o Cas illa y León h ough he egional esea ch p ojec “Ene gy assessmen and he mal com o measu es in uni e si y buildings owa ds ze o ene gy, combining e apo a i e cooling and he mally ac i a ed s uc u es TABS” (Re .:VA029U16-2016). Re e ences [1] Chap e 14. Clima ic design in o ma ion, in: ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamen als, 2013. [2] A. Cos a, M.M. Keane, J.I. To ens, E. Co y, Building ope a ion and ene gy pe o mance: Moni o ing, analysis and op imisa ion oolki , Appl. Ene gy 101 (2013) 310-316. [3] EPBD ecas : Di ec i e 2010/31/EU o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council o May 19, 2010 on he Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings ( ecas ). [4] F.J. Rey Ma ínez, E. Velasco Gómez, Ene gy e iciency in buildings. Ce i ica ion and audi s ene ge ic, Edi o ial Thomson, Mad id 2006. (in Spanish) [5] F.J. Rey Ma ínez, J.F. San José Alonso, E. Velasco Gómez, M.A. Ál a ez-Gue a Plasencia, Hea Reco e y in Ai -condi ioning Sys ems, Technical Documen s o The mal Ins alla ions in Buildings DTIE 8.01, El Ins alado (ATECYR), Mad id, Spain, 2000. (in Spanish) [6] F.J. Rey, E. Velasco, F. Va ela, Building ene gy analysis (BEA): A me hodology o asses building ene gy labeling, Ene gy and Buildings 39 (2007) 709-716. [7] Minis y o Economy and Finance o Go e nmen o Spain, Ene gy Sa ing and E iciency S a egy in Spain 2004-2012, Building Sec o , 2003. (in Spanish) [8] P.H. Shaikh, N.B.M. No , P. Nallagownden, I. Elam azu hi, T. Ib ahim, A e iew on op imized con ol sys ems o building ene gy and com o managemen o sma sus ainable buildings, Renew. Sus ain. Ene gy Re . 34 (2014) 409-429. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Tuesday Wednesday Thu sday F iday Sa u day Sunday Sunday Tuesday Wednesday Thu sday Ob j ec wee k Re e ence week 1 Re e ence week 2 kW