www.sciedu.ca/bm Business and Managemen Resea ch Vol. 3, No. 1; 2014
Published by Sciedu P ess 54 ISSN 1927-6001 E-ISSN 1927-601X
Calcula ion o he App oaches o Cycle Se ice Le el in Con inuous
Re iew Policy: A Tool o Co po a e En ep eneu
So ia Es elles-Miguel1, Manuel Ca dos1, Jose Miguel Alba acin Guillem1 & Ma a Palme Ga o1
1 Dp o O ganización de Emp esas, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Spain
Co espondence: So ia Es elles-Miguel, Dp o O ganización de Emp esas (Edi icio 7D), Uni e si a Poli ècnica de
València, Camino de Ve a SN, 46022 Valencia, Spain. Tel: 34-655-68-72-99. E-mail: [email p o ec ed].es
Recei ed: Janua y 2, 2014 Accep ed: Feb ua y 17, 2014 Online Published: Feb ua y 28, 2014
doi:10.5430/bm . 3n1p54 URL: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5430/bm . 3n1p54
Abs ac
This pape p esen s wo new app oxima ions o compu e he Cycle Se ice Le el (CSL) in a con inuous e iew
policy, as a ool o co po a e en ep eneu . These app oxima ions a e no only o he backo de ing case bu also o
he los sales one. In o de o de elop i we ocus on ans o ming a o m o pe iodic e iew policy in a model o
con inuous e iew policies. As a esul , he analogy and he ans o ma ion p oposed in his pape a e di e en om
Sil e classical model. Due o huge complexi y o he exac CSL calculus he ap oxima e me hods a e needed.
The en ep eneu ial dimension, based on in e nal eo ganiza ion and inno a ion, is an inhe en , indispensable pa o
he disco e y and c ea ion o oppo uni ies. Acco dingly, his a icle con ibu es o he i ms´ pu sui o compe i i e
ad an ages by p esen ing me hods o in e nal managemen o co po a e en ep eneu ship. E icien s ock- aking is a
key issue o lowe ing p oduc ion cos and boos ing compe i i e ad an ages, and, by examining his a ea, his pape
makes a signi ican con ibu ion o he s udy o co po a e en ep eneu ship.
Keywo ds: Cycle se ice le el, Managemen s ock policy, Co po a e en ep eneu
1. In oduc ion
En ep eneu ial ac i i y yields compe i i e ad an ages ha o igina e om ma ke oppo uni ies (Shane &
Venka a aman, 2000; Shane, 2012), esh combina ions o ac o s ha c ea e oppo uni ies ia inno a ion
(Schumpe e , 1934), o s a egic and o ganiza ion enewal (Zo o & Gus a sson, 2008)
The la e en ep eneu ial dimension co esponds o co po a e en ep eneu ship, which is linked o he esea ch
con ibu ion o his a icle. O ganiza ional enewal, which equa es o g ow h in p oduc i i y o new o ganiza ional
o ms ha lead o cos sa ings, may boos he compe i i e capabili ies o he i m. This enewal is he esul o
en ep eneu ial ac i i y acili a ed by a deep knowledge o a business sec o , and expe ience and knowledge o a
i m´s in e nal managemen . An example ha has ecei ed much a een ion in he ield o quali y managemen and
managemen in gene al is he s ock- aking p ocess (JIT) implemen ed by Toyo a (Toyo a P oduc ion Sys em).
Sa ings a ising om his e olu ion in he company´s s ock- aking me hod is a p ime example o he esul s o
co po a e en eneu ship –whe eby en ep eneus ac as leade s and collabo a o s wi hin an o ganiza ion-, allowing
Toyo a o compensa e o he g ea e economies o scale enjoyed by he majo Ame ican au o companies such as
Fo d and Gene al Mo o s, and achie e compa able compe i i e ad an ages.
Thus, in e nal eo ganiza ion, which in his ins ance includes ela ionships wi h supplie s, was a key ac o in
Toyo a´s s a egic and o ganiza ional enewal. Jus as wi h Ma sushi a o Sha p (Nonka & Takeuchi, 1995), he
in e nal en ep enue ship p ocess based on inno a ion main ained and e en inc eased he compe i i e ad an ages o
his i m.
The e o e, in he ield o co po a e en ep eneu ship, new combina ions o ac o s may lead o a mo e e icien use o
oppo uni ies (Shane, 2012), o he ex no o c ea ion o oppo uni ies b ough abou by new p oduc ion me hods ha
compe i o s a e slow o imi a e. Likewise, such disco e ies may lead o he iden i ica ion o hi he o un apped alue
o esou ces, which supplie s only inco po a e in o hei p icing models a e a signi ican ime lag (Shane &
Venka a aman, 2000). As Schumpe e (1934) asse s, i migh be he e y eo ganisa ion o p oduc i e o come cial
ac i i ies (new combina ions o ac o s o esou ces) ha c ea es oppo uni ies h ough , “ he di e en employmen
o he economic sys em´s exis ing supplies o p oduc i e means” (Ibid: 67), o , along he same lines, en ep eneu ial
ac i i y as a complex phenomenon ha includes “inno a ion, en u ing and s a egic enewal” (Zo o & Gus a sson,
www.scied
u
Published b
y
2008, p. 9
7
This en e
p
indispensa
b
p
u sui o
E icien s
examining
Below, in
s
One o h
e
p
obabili
y
p
a e n, gi
p
ape p es
e
analogies
app oxima
unc ion, i
n
due o hug
e
The pape
i
and 3. Sec
de elop h
e
he nume i
c
2. In en o
Selec ion
o
manageme
n
he s a us
o
p
e iodical
The in en
Ri zman,
2
p
oduc ion
quan i y Q
Pe e son, 1
In en o
y
P
Whe e O
H
sub ac h
e
u
.ca/bm
y
Sciedu P ess
7
).
p
eneu ial dim
e
b
le pa o he
compe i i e a
d
oc
k
- aking is
his a ea, his
p
s
ic ly echnic
a
e
mos usual
m
y
o no s ocko
u
en a known s
e
n s a gene al
om he mod
ion o in en
n
dependen a
n
e
complexi y
o
i
s o ganized a
s
ion 4 explain
s
e
analogy and
c
al esul s a e
y
Mana
g
em
e
o
in en o y p
o
n
policies wi
h
o
he in en o
e iew policy.
o y managem
e
2
000), whe e s
and manage
m
is o de ed w
h
998). O de is
P
osi ion (IP),
m
H
is on-hand,
S
e
commi men
Figu e 1. E o
l
e
nsion, based
o
disco e y an
d
d
an ages by
p
a key issue
p
ape makes a
a
l e ms, we d
e
m
easu es o c
u
u
pe eplenis
h
ock le el a h
app oach o c
o
els used o c
a
o y managem
e
n
d iden ically
d
o
he exac CS
s
ollow. A b i
e
s
he pe iodic
de elop he
a
ca ied ou in
S
e
n Polic
y
(s,
Q
o
licy depends
h
andom de
m
y is pe mane
e
n policy (s,
Q
is eo de poi
n
m
en in ope a
i
h
ene e he i
n
ecei ed L pe
m
easu e he i e
I
S
R is schedul
e
(C):
l
u ion o physi
c
Business an
d
5
5
o
n in e nal e
o
d
c ea ion o
o
p
esen ing m
e
o lowe ing
p
signi ican co
n
e
elop he p o
p
u
s ome se i
c
h
men cycle.
T
e beginning o
o
mpu e he C
S
a
lcula e CSL
i
e
n policy (s,
Q
d
is ibu ed, an
d
L calculus.
e
ly in en o y
m
e iew app oxi
a
ns o ma ions
p
S
ec ion 6. Fin
a
Q
)
on how o en
m
and a e di ide
d
n ly e iewed
,
Q
) is called o
d
n
and Q quan
i
ons esea ch
a
n
en o y posi i
iods la e and
m´s abili
y
o
s
I
P OH S
R

e
d ecep ions
IP OH
S


c
al s ock and
h
d
Managemen
R
5
o
ganiza ion a
n
o
ppo uni ies.
A
e
hods o in e
n
p
oduc ion cos
n
ibu ion o
h
p
osed esea c
h
c
e is he cycl
e
T
his de ini io
n
he cycle, (C
a
S
L in a con in
u
i
n pe iodic e
Q
) when dema
n
d
eplenishme
n
m
anagemen
p
ma ions we w
i
p
oposed. The
a
lly, conclusio
n
is checked h
e
d
in o wo ma
i
,
we alk abo
u
d
e poin
-o de
i y o de ed. T
h
a
nd in p ac ic
e
on eaches e
o
L can be cons
s
a is
y
u u e
d
R
BO
and BO is ba
c
S
RBO-C
h
e in en o y p
o
R
esea ch
I
S
n
d inno a ion,
A
cco dingly,
h
n
al managem
e
and boos in
g
h
e s udy o co
p
h
model.
e
se ice le e
l
n
can be ap
p
li
e
a
dos, Babilon
i
u
ous e iew p
o
iew policy (
R
n
d p occes is
s
n
pe iod L is
p
olicy (s,Q), a
n
i
ll use o impl
e
compa ision
b
n
s o he pape
e
in en o y le
i
n ca ego ies:
p
u
con inuous
quan i y o
e
h
e model (s,Q
)
e
. In in en o
y
o
de poin s
o
an o a
iabl
e
d
emand (K a
j
e
w
c
ko de s. On
(
o
si ion in a sy
s
S
SN 1927-6001
is, as discusse
d
h
is a icle con
e
n o co po
a
g
compe i i e
p
o a e en ep
e
l
(CSL) ha i
n
e
d o any s oc
k
i
, Palme & Al
b
o
licies (s,Q) a
p
R
,S). This pa
p
s
a iona y wi
h
cons an . An
a
n
d CSL a e in
e
men ou ana
l
b
e ween me h
o
a e ound in
S
el (Ca dos e
p
e iodical and
c
e iew policy.
e
o de poin s
y
)
is an impo a
n
y
managemen
o
alls below
e
. I is de ined
w
ski & i zma
n
(
Sil e e al.,
s
em (s,Q). So
u
Vol. 3, No.
E-ISSN 192
7
d
abo e, an in
h
ibu es o he
a
e en ep ene
u
ad an ages, a
n
e
neu ship.
n
dica es he s
p
k
policy and d
b
a acín, 200
9
p
plying a mod
e
p
e calcula es
h
disc e e p o
b
a
logy me hod
i
oduced in Sec
l
ogy. In Sec io
n
o
d and he anal
S
ec ion 7.
al., 2009). In
c
on inuous e
In he o he
c
y
s em ( K aje
w
n
model in li
e
policy (s,Q)
a
his (Sil e ,
P
as:
n
, 2000).
1998) in addi
u
ce: Own
1; 2014
7
-601X
h
e en ,
i ms´
u
ship.
n
d, by
p
eci ic
emand
9
). This
e
l wi h
a CSL
b
abili y
i
s used
ions 2
n
5 we
ysis o
en o y
iew. I
c
ase is
w
ski &
e
a u e
a
ixed
P
yke &
(1)
ion o
(2)
www.sciedu.ca/bm Business and Managemen Resea ch Vol. 3, No. 1; 2014
Published by Sciedu P ess 56 ISSN 1927-6001 E-ISSN 1927-601X
3. Cycle Se ice Le el as a Design Requi emen
Once managemen policy is de ined, we mus es ablish design he c i e ia o de e mine he policy pa ame e s.
Basically he e a e wo me hods:
1) Which minimize cos , and
2) Which minimize in en o y a e age o a ce ain se ice le el.
In he i s case, in en o y policies should be conside ed di e en ypes o cos s (Schneide , 1981). In p ac ice, hese
cos s a e di icul o es ablish and es ima ed, hey a e disca ded in a ou o a ocus on a p ede e mined se ice le el
iew sa is ac ion (Cohen, Kleindo e & Lee, 1988; La sen & Tho s enson, 2008).
Mos commonly used design equi emen s a e hose ela ed o cus ome se ice as CSL o P1 (Ca dos e al., 2009:
Ca dós & Babiloni, 2011b; Ve eecke & Ve s ae en, 1994), and pe cen age o demand sa is ied wi h physical s ock,
called ill a e (FR) o P2 (Dunsmui & Snyde , 1989; Janssen, Heu s & Kok, 1998; Sege s ed , 1994; S ijbosch,
Heu s & Van de Schoo , 2000). P esen pape ocuses on CSL.
In li e a u e he e a e wo de ini ions o CSL. Fi s , he eina e e e ed o classical, de ines CSL as he p obabili y o
no incu ing s ock-ou s du ing he eplenishmen cycle. This p obabili y is equi alen o he sa e y ac o used o
calcula e k when demand is no mally dis ibu ed (Sil e e al., 1998). The e o e, CSL is he ac ion o cycles in
which a s ockou doesn´ occu :
1 ( in a eplenismen cycle)CSL P s ockou  (3)
Axsä e (2006) de ines CSL as “p obabili y o no s ockou pe o de cycle”. Acco ding o (Ca dos & Babiloni,
2011b), his de ini ion and he co esponding exp ession should be imp o ed as ollow:
1) Demand ul ilmen is no aken in o accoun and
2) The e a e a numbe o si ua ions whe e his de ini ion is sca cely use ul.
Ca dos, Mi alles & Ros (2006) p opose CSL de ini ion: “ ac ion o cycles in which ha ing demand nonze o is been
ully sa is ied wi h physical s ock”. When applied o con inuous e iew policy, cycle demand is always posi i e so:
( demand s ock cycle demand 0)CSL P cycle a ailable 
(4)
Chop a & Meindl (2001) p opose an es ima ion me hod:
( emand du ing lead ime o L weeks )CSL P D s
(5)
4. Pe iodic Re iew Policy App oxima ions
4.1Basic No a ion and Assump ions
When a pe iodic e iew policy is applied “e e y R uni s o ime a eplenishmen o de is placed o su icien
magni ude o aise he in en o y posi ion o he o de up o le el S” (Sil e e al., 1998). See Figu e 2.
Table 1. No a ion used in ecua ions and igu es
S = O de up o le el (uni s)
R = Re iew pe iod and eplenishmen cycle co esponding o he ime be ween wo
consecu i e deli e ies (pe iods),
L = Lead ime o he eplenismen o de (pe iods).
OH = Physical s ock in ime om he i s ecep ion (uni s).
D = Demand (uni s).
F (·) = Cumula i e dis ibu ion unc ions o demand du ing pe iods.
4.2 App oxima ion Models o Pe iodic Re iew
4.2.1 App oxima e Me hod o Calcula e CSL in a (R,S) policy wi h backlogs
F om Ca dos e al. (2009):
()=()
RRL
CSL P D OH F S (6)
www.scied
u
Published b
y
4.2.2 App
o
The classi
c
negligible
he CSL is
F om Ca
d
5. De elo
p
We make
a
compa ed
Be:
d = A e a
g
R = Time
Q = O de
S = O de
u
s = O de
p
Table 2. T
5.1
A
pp o
x
Taking he
The app o
x
Babiloni (
2
in his con
di e en
u
.ca/bm
y
Sciedu P ess
o
xima e Me h
o
c
al app oxim
a
chance o no
d
app oxima e
w
d
os e al. (2009
)
(CSL P
D

p
men o Anal
o
a
ans o ma i
o
s. Sil e an
s
Figu e 2. E o
l
g
e deman
d
o consume h
e
quan i y
u
p o le el, w
h
p
oin
ans o ma ions
x
ima e Me hod
ecua ion (6) a
n
x
ima ion ob a
i
2
0011a). So w
e
ex , as we go
om ha used (
o
d o Calcula
e
a
ion used o
c
d
emand be we
e
w
i h he ollo
w
CS
L
)
:
)=
(
R
R
D
OH P
og
ies
o
n in equa io
n
s
o ma ions in
l
u ion o physi
c
e
a e age dem
a
h
e e S = s+Q
p oposes s.
S
T ans
o m
a
(s,Q)
s+Q
Q/d
L
o Calcula e
C
n
d doing he a
b
CS
L
i
ned h ough
h
e
can say ha
he same es
u
Sil e e al., 1
9
Business an
d
5
7
e
CSL in a (R,
S
c
ompu e he
C
e
n e iews an
d
w
ing exp essio
n
(eman
d
L
PD
(
DRRL
OH


n
s seen in Se
c
Table 2.
c
al s ock and
h
a
nd whe e R =
S
il e e al. (1
9
a
ion P opose
s
(R,S)
S
R
1
L
C
SL in a (s,Q)
p
b
o e ans o
m
()
L
L
FsQ
h
is me hod is
his analogies
m
u
l using a di
9
98).
d
Managemen
R
7
S
) policy wi h
o
C
SL in a (R,
S
d
backlog is n
o
n
:
d
du ing R+L

)=P(D
LRL
D

c
ion 4. Equi
a
h
e in en o y p
o
Q/
d
9
98) ans o m
a
s
S
i
l
p
olicy wi h Ba
c
m
a ions:
equal o he
a
m
e hod ge de
e en pa h. I
s
R
esea ch
I
S
o
u backlogs
S
) sys em is
b
o
allowed (Si
l
S)=F ( )
LR
S


OH )=F
(
RL LR


a
lences can b
e
o
si ion in a sy
s
a
ions
l
e T ans
o
m
(s,Q)
s
Q
L
c
klogs
a
pp oxima ion
elopmen s c
o
s
hould be no
e
S
SN 1927-6001
b
ased on assu
m
l
e e al., 199
(
)
RL R
L
OH F


e
seen on Fig
u
s
em (s,Q). So
u
m
a ion
(R,S)
S
d*R
L+R
ob ained by
h
o
nsis en wi h
o
e
d ha he ana
Vol. 3, No.
E-ISSN 192
7
m
ing ha he
8), and conse
q
()
L
S
u
e 2, explain
e
u
ce: Own
h
e au ho s Ca
o
he esul s o
b
logy he e we
u
1; 2014
7
-601X
e is a
q
uen ly
(7)
(8)
e
d and
(9)
dos &
b
ained
u
sed is
www.scied
u
Published b
y
5.2
A
pp o
x
Taking he
CSL 
In his cas
e
We should
6. Illus a
Compa a i
o
Babiloni (
2
b
e Poisson
Figu e 3.
7. Conclu
s
Using a d
i
p
olicy (s,
Q
esul s ob
a
exp ession
I seems
h
highe de
m
Finally, h
e
The e o e,
done o ch
ex ensi e
n
demand a
n
The exam
i
en ep ene
u
Acknowle
d
This esea
PAID-06-1
u
.ca/bm
y
Sciedu P ess
x
ima e Me hod
equa ion (1.7)
(
Q
Q
d
d
PD OH
e
, using he an
a
check whe he
i e Example
o
n o exac m
e
2
011b) and he
dis ibu ed w
i
CSL s. dema
n
s
ions
i
e en pa h,
Q
) wi h backlo
a
ined using o
h
o con inuou
h
a his new
a
m
and a es dec
e
example sho
w
based on he
a ac e ize a l
e
n
umbe o dis
n
d di e en pa
i
ned model i
s
u
ship.
dg
emen s
ch is pa o
1/2022.
o Calcula e
C
and making
h
)= (D
Q
Q
d
d
P
O

a
logies me ho
d
(CSL P
O

exp ession (1
e
hod o CSL
new app oxi
m
i
h a known de
m
n
d a e in a (s,
Q
he same esu
l
g was ound i
n
h
e app oache
s
s e iew polic
y
a
pp oxima
ion
eases apidly
w
in he Figu
con ibu ions
e
as he cases
w
ibu ion unc i
ame e combi
n
s
, a he sam
a p ojec su
p
Business an
d
5
8
C
SL in a (s,Q)
p
h
e ci ed ans
o
)
=
QL
L
d
O
HD


d
we ob ain a
m
D)
OP L
O
H
0) p o ides b
e
calculus, app
o
m
a ion me hod
m
and a e.
Q
) policy, (de
m
l
as he one
d
n
Sec ion 5.1.
s
. A e he a
n
y
(s,Q) wi h l
o
show pe o
m
showing almo
e 3 e eals d
e
included in h
i
w
i h he mos
ons and an ad
e
n
a ions o in e
n
e ime, as w
e
p
po ed by h
e
d
Managemen
R
8
p
olicy wi hou
o
ma ions:
=
P(D O
H
QL
d


m
o e complex
(s)=
(
LL
PD F
e
e app oxim
a
o
xima ions m
e
a e shown in
F
m
and is Poisso
n
d
e elop by C
a
I could be a
s
n
s o ma ions s
h
o
s sales han
h
m
ance simila
s a s ep pa e
e
ia ions om
i
s pape , o
a
impo an de
e
qua e numbe
n
o y policy.
e
a e alk in
e
Uni e si a
P
R
esea ch
I
S
Backlogs
H
)=F (
QQ
LL
dd
O

han:
(
)s
a
ions o he e
x
e
hods o bac
k
F
igu e 3. In al
l
n
dis ibu ed,
s
a
dos & Babil
o
s
sumed ha
h
h
own in Sec i
o
h
e one de elo
p
o he abo e
n and inc eas
i
he o he app
a
u u e esea
c
ia
ions includ
i
o cases o
e
he in oduc
P
oli ècnica de
S
SN 1927-6001
)
QQ
L
dd
O
HF


x
ac CLS ha
(
k
log and los
s
l
hese cases d
s
=15, Q=5 and
o
ni (2011b)
o
h
e used analo
g
o
n 5.2. we de
e
p
ed by Ca dos
men ioned ap
p
i
ng he gap b
e
oxima ions a
n
c
h an ex ensi
i
ng la ge exp
e
e
xplo ing he d
ion, a con i
b
València, wi
Vol. 3, No.
E-ISSN 192
7
()
L
sQ


(
11).
s
ales om Ca
emand is assu
m
L=3). Sou ce:
o
con inuous
g
y p o ides h
e
e
lop a mo e c
o
& Babiloni (
2
p
oxima ion,
i
e
ween he exa
c
n
d exac calcu
l
e analysis sh
o
e
imen , wi h
a
i e en ca eg
o
b
u ion o co
h e e ence
n
1; 2014
7
-601X
(10)
(11)
dos &
m
ed o
Own
e iew
e
same
o
mplex
2
011b).
i
.e. o
c
one.
l
a ions.
o
uld be
a
mo e
o
ies o
po a e
n
umbe

www.sciedu.ca/bm Business and Managemen Resea ch Vol. 3, No. 1; 2014
Published by Sciedu P ess 59 ISSN 1927-6001 E-ISSN 1927-601X
Re e ences
Axsä e , S. (2006). In en o y Con ol, (2nd ed.), Kluwe Academic Publishe s, Sp inge , New Yo k.
Ca dos, M. & Babiloni, E. (2011a). Exac and App oxima e Calcula ion o he Cycle Se ice Le el in Pe iodic
Re iew In en o y Policies, In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 131 (1), 63-68.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.05.012
Ca dos, M. & Babiloni, E. (2011b). Exac and App oxima e Calcula ion o he Cycle Se ice Le el in Con inuous
Re iew Policy, In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 133 (1), 251-255.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.09.017
Ca dos, M., Babiloni, E., Palme , M. & Alba acin, J.M. (2009, July). e ec s on Unde shoo s and Los Sales on he
Cycle Se ice Le el o Pe iodic and con inuous Re iew Policies, In e na ional Con e ence on compu e s &
indus ial Enginee ing, CIE 2009, T oyes.
Ca dos, M., Mi alles, C. & Ros, L. (2006). An Exac Calcula ion o he Cycle Se ice Le el in a Gene alized
Pe iodic Re iew Sys em, Jou nal o he Ope a ional Resea ch Socie y, 57 (10), 1252-1255.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1057/palg a e.jo s.2602121
Chop a, S. & Meindl, P. (2001). Supply Chain Managemen , (2nd ed.), P en ice Hall, New Yo k
Cohen, M.A., Kleindo e , P.R. & Lee, H.L. (1988). Se ice Cons ained (s,S) In en o y Sys ems wi h P io i y
Demand Classes and Los Sales. Managemen Science, 34(4), 482-499. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1287/mnsc.34.4.482
Dusmui , W.T.M. & Snyde , R.D. (1989). Con ol o In en o ies wi h In e mi en Demand, Eu opean Jou nal o
Ope a ional Resea ch, 40(1), 16-21. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/0377-2217(89)90267-1
Jamssem, F., Heu s, R. & Kok, T. (1998). On he (R,s,Q) In en o y Model when Demand is modelled as a
Compound Be noulli P ocess. Eu opean Jou nal o Ope a ional Resea ch, 104(3), 423-436.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00009-X
K ajewski, L.J. & Ri man, L.P. (2000). Adminis ación de Ope aciones. Es a egia y Análisis, (5ª ed). Pea son
Educación Company, México.
La sen, C. & Tho s enson, A. (2008). A Compa ison be ween he O de and he Volume Fill Ra e o a Base S ock
In en o y Con ol Sys em unde a Compound Renewal Demand P ocess. Jou nal o Ope a ional Resea ch Socie y,
59(6), 798-804. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1057/palg a e.jo s.2602407
Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge C ea ing Company. How Japanese Companies C ea e he
Dynamics i Inno a ion, Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. New Yo k.
Schneide , H. (1981). E ec o Se ice Le el on O de -Poin o O de Le els in In en o y Models. In e na ional
Jou nal o P oduc ion Resea ch, 19(6), 651-631. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1080/00207548108956694
Sege s ed , A. (1994). In en o y Con ol wi h Va ia ion in Leads Times, Especially when Demand is In e mi en ,
In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 35 (1-3), 365-372.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/0925-5273(94)90104-X
Sil e , E.A., Pyke, D.F. & Pe e son, R. (1998), In en o y Managemen and P oduc ion Planning and Scheduling (3
Ed), Wiley. New Yo k.
Schumpe e , J.A. (1934). The Theo y o Economic De elopmen . Ha a d Uni e si y P ess, Camb idge, MA.
Shane, S. (2012). Re lec ions on he 2012 AMR Decade Awa d: Deli e ing on he P omise o En ep eneu ship as a
Field o Reseach. Acad. Manage Re . 37(1) 10-20. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5465/am .2011.0078
Shane, S. & Venka a aman, S. (2000). The P omise o En ep eneu ship as a Field o Resea ch, Academic
Managemen Re iew, 25 217-226.
www.sciedu.ca/bm Business and Managemen Resea ch Vol. 3, No. 1; 2014
Published by Sciedu P ess 60 ISSN 1927-6001 E-ISSN 1927-601X
S ijbosch, L.W.G., Heu s, R. & Van de Schoo , E.H. (2000). A Combined Fo ecas In en o y Con ol P ocedu e o
Spa e Pa s. Jou nal o he Ope a ional Resea ch Socie y, 51(10) 1184-1192.
Ve eecke, A. & Ve s ae en, P. (1994). An In en o y Managemen Model o an In en o y Consis ing o Lumpy
I ems, Slow Mo e s and Fas Mo e s. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 35(1-3) 379-389.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/0925-5273(94)90106-6
Zo o, C.D, & Gus a sson, V. (2008). Human Resou ce Managemen as an En ep eneu ial Tool?. In: Ba e R,
Mayson, S (eds.). In e na ional Handbook o En ep eneu ship and HRM. Edwa d Elga , Chel enham, UK, 89-110.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4337/9781848441224.00012
No es
No e 1. This is analogal o he Sil e ans o ma ions.