Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
A ailable online 7 No embe 2023
0959-6526/© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
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En i onmen al and echno-economic assessmen on he alo iza ion o
ine-side s eams o p oduce es e a ol
Ana A ias
a
,
*
, Ca los E. Cos a
b
,
c
, Ma ia Te esa Mo ei a
a
, Gume sindo Feijoo
a
,
Lucília Domingues
b
,
c
a
CRETUS, Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, School o Enginee ing, Uni e sidade de San iago de Compos ela, 15782, San iago de Compos ela, Spain
b
CEB - Cen e o Biological Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Minho, 4710-057, B aga, Po ugal
c
LABBELS - Associa e Labo a o y, B aga, Guima ˜
aes, Po ugal
ARTICLE INFO
Handling Edi o : Ka hleen A iso
Keywo ds:
Winemaking p ocess esidues
Sus ainabili y assessmen
Economic analysis
En i onmen al p o ile
An ioxidan
Res e a ol
ABSTRACT
One o he mos p omising al e na i es o ace he en i onmen al de e io a ion and handling o was e is he
de elopmen o bio echnological p ocesses. In his con ex , he winemaking p ocess o ed g apes gi es ise o
was e s eams whose p ope ies a e sui able o he bio echnological p oduc ion o high- alue-added p oduc s,
such as es e a ol, a polyphenol wi h unc ional p ope ies. In his esea ch a icle, ine p uning esidues, g ape
mus and wine lees a e alo ized h ough p ecision e men a ion, conside ing i s modeling a a eal p oduc ion
scale using he Supe P o Designe ool. Besides, economic and en i onmen al assessmen s p o ided aluable
in o ma ion on he po en ial comme cializa ion o he es e a ol based on he p oposed alo iza ion p ocess.
The esul s ob ained show ha he use o g ape mus esidues o p oduce es e a ol is he mos p omising
al e na i e om bo h he echno-economic and en i onmen al pe spec i es. In conclusion, i could be s a ed ha
he biop oduc ion o es e a ol by p ecision e men a ion using wine- ela ed was e is bo h sus ainable adequa e
and economically a ac i e.
1. In oduc ion: wine side-s eams as bio e ine y eeds ocks
The Eu opean Union is he leading p oduce and expo e o wine,
wi h I aly, F ance and Spain leading he anking o coun ies wi h
annual global p oduc ion sha es o 16.4%, 15.9% and 12.1%, espec-
i ely (Zacha o , 2017). The annual p oduc ion o 75 million ons o
wine g apes in ol es la ge olumes o seconda y s eams and was e, as
well as on-si e emissions, was ewa e and biosolids (Buci´
c-Koji´
c e al.,
2022; Ioannidou e al., 2022).
Wine p oduc ion is di ided in o ou main s ages, s a ing wi h
des emming and c ushing o ha es ed g apes o emo e g ape s ems, so
ha c ushed g apes and mus a e ob ained be o e he alcoholic
e men a ion s age. Once e men a ion is comple e, he p essing phase
emo es skins and seeds, so ha he b o h is sen o an aging and s a-
biliza ion s age. This pa o he p ocess is he mos ime-dependen and
is whe e he emains o yeas and g ape solids se le o he bo om o he
equipmen and a e emo ed, known “wine lees” esidues (Ca˜
n´
on e al.,
2014; Ncube e al., 2021; Rod igues e al., 2022).
In his con ex , he seconda y s eams om he wine p oduc ion
p ocess could be conside ed as a po en ial lignocellulosic biomass
esou ce ha could be used in a bio e ine y scheme gi en hei
composi ion in lignocellulosic compounds, e men able suga s and an-
ioxidan s (Filippi e al., 2022; Gonzalez-Ga cia e al., 2018; Kucha ska
e al., 2018). Vine p uning esidues a e he mos signi ican by-p oduc
o i icul u e, ep esen ing mo e han 90% by mass. I s usual manage-
men is i s bu ning in he ag icul u al ield o i s use as compos ac-
co ding o ci cula economy s a egies. I s high a ailabili y, oge he
wi h i s low cos and po en ial composi ion make his esidue a po en ial
eeds ock o be used in a bio e ine y scheme, bu o his i equi es a
p e ea men o elease e men able suga s ha allow he biocon e sion
o i s compounds (Jesus e al., 2022; Wei e al., 2022). In his ega d, i
has been epo ed ha wo main alo iza ion al e na i es could be
de eloped: (1) sepa a ion and ex ac ion o high aluable compounds, as
la o ings, dyes o phenols (Jesus e al., 2020) and (2) biocon e sion
s a egies, in which e men a ion p ocedu es s and ou , o he p o-
duc ion o bio-based chemicals, bio uels, enzymes and/o an ioxidan s
(Be bel and Posadillo, 2018; Jesus e al., 2017; Kalli e al., 2018; Win-
e hal e e al., 2015; Zacha o , 2017). In he pa icula case o low
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (A. A ias).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion
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h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2023.139622
Recei ed 15 July 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 31 Oc obe 2023; Accep ed 3 No embe 2023
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
2
quali y wine, i is possible o iden i y p ocessing schemes o p oduce a
numbe o alue-added p oduc s such as an ioxidan s, nu ien s,
e hanol, mic obial oil o e en, bioplas ics, such as PHB (poly-
hyd oxybu y a e) (Hijosa-Valse o e al., 2021; Kopsahelis e al., 2018;
Maina e al., 2017).
The a ionale behind he de elopmen o new p ocess s a egies o
he alo iza ion o wine p oduc ion is ela ed o he signi ican en i-
onmen al impac s associa ed wi h i s managemen and/o disposal. In
ac , some esea che s ha e e alua ed he po en ial impac s o wine y
side-s eams using he Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) me hodology. I has
been es ima ed ha abou 1300 ons o CO
2
equi alen s a e p oduced
om winemaking was e (Luca ini e al., 2018). In ac , bio e ine y ap-
p oaches o he alo iza ion o wine side s eams ha e also been e al-
ua ed conside ing he en i onmen al app oach and ollowing he LCA
me hod, ob aining ha ene gy equi emen s, bo h s eam and elec ici y,
a e he main con ibu o s on he en i onmen al p o ile, wi h a o al o
2.54 on o CO
2
eq emi ed pe on o wine lees esidues p ocessed wi hin
he bio e ine y scheme (Co ´
es e al., 2019).
Wi h his in mind, he p esen esea ch a icle add esses he alo i-
za ion o wine y side s eams p oduced in companies om he Dou o
egion o Po ugal, since i is he egion whe e he la ges amoun o
wine is p oduced annually, as can be seen in Fig. 1. Mo eo e , i is
impo an o men ion ha Po ugal is he 12 h coun y wi h he highes
amoun o wine p oduc ion annually, so a la ge a ailabili y o wine
p oduc ion side s eams is expec ed o be used wi hin a bio e ine y
p ocess scheme (Gaspa e al., 2019).
Speci ically, his esea ch ocuses on he alo iza ion o wine y by-
p oduc s, bo h hose coming om ha es ing ac i i ies, i.e., ine p un-
ing esidues (VP), and he was e s eams ob ained by he wine y p o-
duc ion acili ies, known as g ape mus (GM) and wine lees (WL), o he
p oduc ion o es e a ol (3,4,5- ans- ihyd oxys ilbine). To de elop
he concep ual design, he Supe P o Designe so wa e is used o he
modeling o he h ee scena ios. This so wa e allows o model, e alua e
and op imize bo h ba ch p ocesses, such as he p esen epo , and
con inuous p ocesses o di e en ypes o indus ies (such as bio-based
indus ies, gi en he in o ma ion a ailable o e men a ion eac o s,
which a e no add essed in su icien de ail in he Aspen Hysys ool).
Techno-economic and en i onmen al assessmen s ha e also been
de eloped, ollowing ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 s anda ds, o iden i y
he cos -e ec i eness o he p ocess scheme and he main associa ed
en i onmen al bu dens, seeking o e alua e he po en iali y o al e na-
i e scena ios unde a sus ainable pe spec i e.
Fig. 1. Wine y p oduc ion da a. (A): o al amoun o wine p oduced in EU coun ies om 2011 o 2022 (in olume base, hL, yellow columns). (B): wine p oduc ion
(yellow dashed line wi h o ange ma ke s) and i icul u e ha es ing a ea (g een line wi h squa e whi e ma ke s) o Dou o Region. (Fo in e p e a ion o he e -
e ences o colou in his igu e legend, he eade is e e ed o he Web e sion o his a icle.)
A. A ias e al.
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
3
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. P ocess desc ip ion and scale-up modeling
Res e a ol is a polyphenolic compound p esen in g apes and wine
p oduc s and in highe quan i y han in he o he 72 species o plan ha
a e able o syn hesize i . I is conside ed a high- alue compound, as i is
an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y, an i-aging, neu op o ec i e and an i-
ca cinogenic, so i s p esence in nu aceu ical, pha maceu ical and ood
ma ke s is expec ed o be high (Jabba e al., 2022; Piya a ne e al.,
2022; Rabesiaka e al., 2011). The side-s eams a e analyzed unde a
concep ual design, echno-economic and en i onmen al analysis
pe spec i e. The analysis is based on he expe imen al esul s ob ained
o de no o es e a ol p oduc ion wi h and enginee ed indus ial
Saccha omyces ce e isiae s ain (Cos a e al., 2021, 2022a, 2022b,
2022a).
The p oduc ion p ocess scheme di e s sligh ly be ween he h ee
was e s eams used as eeds ock, as VP equi es a p e ea men s ep o
he elease o e men able suga s, while o GM and WL, no p e ea men
is equi ed. Fig. 2 depic s he main s ages o each o he p ocess scheme
scena ios de eloped in his esea ch a icle, also conside ing he i i-
cul u al ac i i ies, as well as he backg ound p ocess ela ed o ine
p uning and g ape p oduc ion, oge he wi h he wine p oduc ion p o-
cess i sel , since bo h g ape mus and non-wine seconda y s eams a e
ob ained h ough he de elopmen o wine p oduc ion. Fu he mo e, i
is wo h men ioning ha he modeling app oach is based on he alo-
iza ion schemes o he seconda y s eams, no on he wine p oduc ion
p ocess, al hough, o he de elopmen o he en i onmen al assessmen
h ough he LCA me hodology, he backg ound ac i i ies, bo h he
i icul u e and he wine p oduc ion p ocess, a e conside ed. On he
o he hand, ope a ing condi ions, chemicals needed and p ocess e i-
ciency in he p oduc ion o es e a ol using hese esidual wine p o-
duc ion s eams, he esul s ob ained by he esea ch a icle de eloped
by Cos a e al. (2022a,b) and Bap is a e al. (2023) ha e been conside ed
(Bap is a e al., 2023; Cos a e al., 2022a).
Table 1 shows a summa y o he p ocess pa ame e s and a iables
conside ing as inpu low 1000 on/ba ch o each o he side s eams
(VP, GM and WL). The cha ac e is ic de ails o each p ocess as a unc ion
o he p ocessed s eam a e p esen ed nex . The VP esidues equi es a
hyd o he mal p e ea men (liquid- o-solid a io o 8 kg wa e /kg VP,
and a se e i y o 3.89 a 215 ◦C) ca ied ou in a plug low eac o (PFR-
101, Fig. 1. SM). A e wa ds, a il a ion s ep is equi ed (BF-101, Fig. 1.
SM), in which he solid ac ion unde goes an enzyma ic hyd olysis
ea men (R-101, Fig. 1. SM) (using Cellic CTec 2 as enzyme, 626 U/mL,
24 h and 45 ◦C) and he liquid ac ion unde akes a chemical pos -
hyd olysis (R-103, Fig. 1. SM) wi h sul u ic acid (72% w/ a 121 ◦C).
These wo p ocesses o bo h he solid and liquid ac ions p o ide a
highe elease o e men able suga s, and he e o e an inc ease in he
yield o he p ocess.
A e he p e ea men s age, encompassing bo h liquid and solid
ac ions, he e men e o he p ocess (FR-101, Fig. 1. SM) ope a es in
ba ch egime wi h glucose and xylose le els o 40 g/L and 24 g/L,
espec i ely, and 7.5 g/L o yeas ex ac as nu ien sou ce, oom
empe a u e, cons an agi a ion and 96 h. A e he e men a ion sec-
ion, he e men a ion b o h is sen o a il a ion s age (RVF-102, Fig. 1.
SM), o emo e he biomass o con inue wi h he pu i ica ion o
es e a ol by e hanol ex ac ion (V-103, Fig. 1. SM). A e sepa a ion o
he emaining componen s in he p oduc s eam (S-134, Fig. 1. SM), he
es e a ol s eam is sen o a sp ay d ying s age (SDR-101, Fig. 1. SM) o
ob ain es e a ol a 95% pu i y.
Fo he case o GM (Fig. 2. SM) and WL (Fig. 3. SM), an analogous
p ocess scheme is p oposed, excep o he p e ea men s ep, he
composi ion o he e men a ion medium and he yield in es e a ol
p oduc ion. Fo GM, i s composi ion on glucose and uc ose amoun s o
111 g/L and 116 g/L, espec i ely, di ec ly used in he e men e , wi h
he addi ion o 7.5 g/L o yeas ex ac , while in he case o WL, he C-
Fig. 2. Main s ages o he bio e ine y app oach o wine p oduc ion side-s eams alo iza ion al e na i es. Ac onyms: VP (Vine P uning), GM (G ape Mus ) and WL
(Wine Lees).
Table 1
P oduc ion capaci y o he di e en scena ios assessed pe 100 on/ba ch o aw
ma e ial.
P ocess VR GM WL
Ba ch ime (h) 327.5 245.3 254.3
Numbe o ba ches pe yea 24.00 31.00 31.00
Ba ch size (kg es e a ol) 284.4 242.3 71.09
Res e a ol p oduc ion (kg/yea ) 6826 7494 2198
Fig. 3. En i onmen al p o ile o es e a ol p oduc ion using VP as subs a e.
A. A ias e al.
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
4
sou ce used o p oduce es e a ol is he e hanol, which amoun s o
99.3 g/L. Res e a ol de no o biosyn hesis om glucose/ uc ose i is
accomplished h ough phenylalanine ia he shikima e pa hway.
E hanol can also se e as a (sole) ca bon sou ce by being con e ed in o
ace aldehyde. Res e a ol is o med by condensa ion o one molecule o
p-couma oyl-CoA (de i ed om phenylalanine) and h ee molecules o
malonyl-CoA (de i ed om ace yl-CoA).
2.2. En i onmen al assessmen ollowing he LCA me hodology
The main objec i e is he s udy o he en i onmen al p o ile o he
alo iza ion p ocess o he was e s eams om he wine-making ac i i y.
As o he sys em bounda ies, a “c adle o ga e” app oach has been
chosen, which akes in o accoun all he s ages be ween he ex ac ion o
he aw ma e ials and he p oduc ion o es e a ol (A ias e al., 2020).
The eason o choosing hese s udy bounda ies is ha , in his case, he
LCA app oach ocuses on he e alua ion o he deg ee o adequacy o he
bio e ine y p ocess, o he iden i ica ion o he po en ial o he ci cula
economy p ocess model wi hin he concep o en i onmen al sus ain-
abili y. In addi ion, opening he sys em bounda ies owa ds consume
consump ion o he p oduc would imply a mo e ex ensi e le el o
p ocess da a, which, a his s age o de elopmen , a e no a ailable and
do no imply a be e unde s anding o he p ocess.
Fo ga he ing he da a o cons uc ing he li e cycle in en o ies (LCI)
o he p ocess, he modeling s age, based on he de elopmen o mass
and ene gy balances, is used as sou ce o da a. On he o he hand, he
unc ional uni selec ed is he p oduc ion o 1 kg o es e a ol, so he
ocus is on he p oduc , in line wi h he objec i e o he en i onmen al
assessmen .
Rega ding he selec ion o he calcula ion me hodology, wo me h-
odologies ha e been conside ed: ReCiPe MidPoin (Huijb eg s e al.,
2017), consis ing o 18 impac ca ego ies o which 13 ha e been
selec ed, as hey a e he mos ele an o he en i onmen al analysis o
he alo iza ion o wine side-s eams, and ReCiPe EndPoin , h ough
which 3 damage ca ego ies a e in eg a ed in a single sco e (Table 2).
This las calcula ion me hodology p o ides an o e all impac alue,
which is conside ed a sui able model o compa ison be ween he h ee
p oduc ion schemes, as i simpli ies he analysis o he en i onmen al
impac associa ed wi h he al e na i e alo iza ion p ocess. Las ly, wi h
espec o he so wa e used o achie e he en i onmen al sco es,
SimaP o® has been selec ed.
The las s age is he in e p e a ion o he esul s ob ained on he
en i onmen al p o ile, as well as he iden i ica ion o he main c i ical
poin s, which a e de ined as he majo con ibu o s o he en i onmen al
loads o he e alua ed impac ca ego ies. In addi ion, i is a his s age
whe e sensi i i y e alua ions a e also de eloped, wi h he objec i e o
p o iding an imp o emen scena io wi h educed en i onmen al loads.
2.3. Techno-economic analysis
Seeking o iden i y he economic easibili y o he p oposed
scena ios, an economic e alua ion has been de eloped conside ing he
cos s o pu chasing equipmen , labo , u ili ies and ma e ials, in o de o
ob ain he alues o he o al di ec and indi ec cos s o he plan, he
annual ope a ing expenses and he expec ed income ob ained om he
sale o es e a ol, he a ge p oduc . In addi ion, in o de o e alua e
and compa e he h ee scena ios e alua ed, he minimum selling p ice o
es e a ol was calcula ed, since he yields o he scena ios a e di e en ,
leading o a signi ican a ia ion in he minimum selling p ice o
es e a ol ha gua an ees he economic iabili y o he p ocess scheme.
Rega ding he calcula ion o he equipmen pu chase cos s, he
equa ions and ables a ailable in Smi h and Towle & Sinno books ha e
been conside ed (Smi h, 2005; Towle and Sinno , 2021) in o de o
p o ide he mos accu a e empi ical es ima ion possible o he pu chase
cos s, since hese equa ions ake in o accoun he ac ual olume and
cha ac e is ics o he equipmen , da a ob ained om he modeling o he
p ocess using he Supe P o Designe ool. In his ega d, Equa ion (1) is
used o calcula e he pu chase cos o he equipmen acco ding o he
Smi h me hodology, while Equa ion (2) is he one ela ed wi h he
Towle and Sinno ecommenda ions:
CE=CB⋅(Q
QB)M
Equa ion 1
Whe e CE is he cos o an equipmen wi h a known Q-capaci y ($), CB is
he base cos o an equipmen wi h a known QB capaci y ($), M is a
cons an ha depends on he ype o equipmen
CE=(a+b⋅SM)Equa ion 2
Whe e CE is he cos o an equipmen wi h capaci y S ($), a and b a e wo
cons an s ha a y depending on he ype o equipmen , n is an expo-
nen ha depends on he ype o equipmen .
Once hese equa ions ha e been applied, i mus be conside ed ha
he pu chase cos ob ained mus be upda ed o 2023. Fo his pu pose,
he CEPCI (Chemical Enginee ing Plan Cos Index) indexes ha e been
aken in o accoun and Equa ion (3) has been applied:
CE1
CE2
=Index1
Index2Equa ion 3
Whe e CE
1
e e s o he equipmen pu chase cos in yea 1 ($), CE
2
o he
equipmen cos in yea 2 ($), Index 1 o he CEPCI index in yea 1 and
Index 2 o he CEPCI index in yea 2 (2023). To his end, when he Smi h
equa ion is used, he alues o he pa ame e s a e based on he yea 2000
es ima es, whose CEPCI index is 394.1, and when he Sinno equa ion is
equi ed, hen he pa ame e s a e es ima ed o he yea 2006, whose
CEPCI index is 478.6.
Some o he assump ions and conside a ions ha e been made o he
de elopmen o he echno-economic assessmen : a cons uc ion pe iod
o 30 mon hs and 4 mon hs o he s a -up, a p ojec li e ime o 15
yea s, in la ion o 4% and an income ax o 25%. Rega ding he plan
ope a ion capaci y, i ope a es a 100% o i s p oduc ion capaci y o 11
mon hs pe yea , using 1 mon h o pe iodic main enance o he
Table 2
ReCiPe MidPoin and EndPoin ca ego ies used o he cha ac e iza ion o he en i onmen al p o iles o he wine side-s eams alo iza ion scena ios.
Impac ca ego y Ac onym Uni Impac ca ego y Ac onym Uni
ReCiPe MidPoin me hodology
Global Wa ming GW kg CO
2
eq Ma ine Eco oxici y MET kg 1.4-DCB
S a osphe ic Ozone Deple ion SOD kg CFC
11
eq Human Ca cinogenic Toxici y HCT kg 1.4-DCB
Te es ial Acidi ica ion TA kg SO
2
eq Human Non-Ca cinogenic Toxici y HNCT kg 1.4-DCB
F eshwa e Eu ophica ion FE kg P eq Land Use LU m
2
a c op eq
Ma ine Eu ophica ion ME kg N eq Mine al Resou ce Sca ci y MRS kg Cu eq
Te es ial Eco oxici y TET kg 1.4-DCB Fossil Resou ce Sca ci y FRS kg oil eq
F eshwa e Eco oxici y FET kg 1.4-DCB
ReCiPe EndPoin me hodology
Human Heal h HH P Ecosys ems ES P
Resou ces RS P
A. A ias e al.
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
5
acili ies.
3. Resul s
3.1. P ocess modeling
The de elopmen o he p ocess modeling using Supe P o Designe
allows ob aining he equipmen cha ac e is ics (i.e., equipmen olume,
d ying capaci y, il a ion speed, e c.), as well as he numbe o equip-
men equi ed o ea a o al o 1000 kg/ba ch o eeds ock, ei he VP,
GM o WL wine side-s eams. In his ega d, he main equipmen , i s
equi ed numbe and cha ac e is ics a e depic ed in Table 1 Supple-
men a y Ma e ial (Table 1SM), o he case o using VP as subs a e,
Table 2 Supplemen a y Ma e ial (Table 2SM), when using GP as eed-
s ock and Table 3 Supplemen a y Ma e ial (Table 3SM) o WL as
esou ce o es e a ol p oduc ion. I is wo h men ioning ha he
numbe o equipmen equi ed o he alo iza ion o VP is highe han
o GP and WL, gi en he lack o p e- ea men on he las wo. Howe e ,
as shown in Tables 1 and VP is he esou ce ha leads o he highes
es e a ol p oduc ion pe ba ch.
3.2. En i onmen al e alua ion
The h ee scena ios ha e also been e alua ed unde an en i on-
men al pe spec i e ollowing he LCA me hodology. Vine p uning esi-
dues scena io is deno ed as S01, g ape mus alo iza ion scena io as S02,
and wine lees esidues alo iza ion is he S03.
3.2.1. S01-Vine p uning esidues
The summa y o he li e cycle in en o y da a used o he de elop-
men o he en i onmen al assessmen o S01- Vine P uning is included
in Table 3. All he inpu s and ou pu s ela ed wi h he p ocess ha e been
es ima ed om mass and ene gy balances.
Once he LCI has been de eloped, he ReCiPe Midpoin me hodology
has been applied o ob ain he en i onmen al p o ile o he alo iza ion
p ocess, depic ed on Fig. 3. As can be seen, h ee main con ibu o s
could be iden i ied, being s eam he one ha en ails he highes en i-
onmen al load on he mos impac ca ego ies unde assessmen . The
a ionale behind his huge impac is de i ed om he amoun o s eam
equi ed pe FU (a ound 673 kg s eam/kg o es e a ol p oduced), as
ossil-based esou ces a e used o i s p oduc ion. On he o he hand, i
should be men ioned ha he s eam equi emen s ha e been pa ially
educed by he de elopmen o an anae obic diges ion o he emanen
lignin and biomass de i ed om he p ocess, ha allows o p oduce
83.42 kg s eam/kg es e a ol p oduced, abou a 12% o educ ion on
ex e nal s eam. The elec ici y also con ibu es o e he oxici y- ela ed
impac ca ego ies, namely FET, MET, HCT and HNCT, while he use o
e hanol as solubiliza ion agen o he pu i ica ion o es e a ol has an
impo an load o e he ME, LU and MRS impac ca ego ies. Rega ding
elec ici y, i s p oduc ion om ossil-based esou ces is he main eason
o i s con ibu ion, while o he case o e hanol, he ela ed backg ound
ac i i ies equi ed o i s p oduc ion (bo h ma e ials consump ion and
ene gy equi emen s) a e he eason behind i s en i onmen al loads o e
he a o emen ioned impac ca ego ies.
3.2.2. S02- G ape mus
The summa y o he li e cycle in en o y da a used o S02- G ape Mus
is included in Table 4, conside ing as unc ional uni he p oduc ion o 1
kg o es e a ol.
The lack o a eeds ock p e ea men s age implies a signi ican
dec ease in he hea ene gy equi emen s o he p ocess, since he hy-
d o he mal lique ac ion, enzyma ic hyd olysis and pos -chemical hy-
d olysis, ha a e highly demanding o his u ili y, a e a oided.
The e o e, in his scena io, he en i onmen al con ibu ion o s eam is
i ele an (Fig. 4), being in his case elec ici y he one ha ca ies a
highe en i onmen al load in mos o he impac ca ego ies, wi h he
excep ion o he SOD, ME, LU and MRS ca ego ies, whe e i is he use o
pep one and yeas ex ac , used as nu i ional supplemen a ion in he
e men a ion p ocesses, ha ha e a highe en i onmen al con ibu ion,
being ha o pep one sligh ly highe .
3.2.3. S03- Wine lees
The ga he ed da a o he li e cycle in en o y da a used o S03- Wine
lees is included in Table 5. All he inpu s and ou pu s associa ed wi h he
p ocess scheme a e included, ob ained by he mass and ene gy balances,
oge he wi h he ela ed emissions and was e ou pu s lows o he
echnosphe e.
On Fig. 5 is depic ed he en i onmen al p o ile o he scena io S03-
WL alo iza ion in which i is obse ed ha he e is a g ea e dis ibu-
ion o impac s among he componen s ha make up he li e cycle in-
en o y. Howe e , i is s ill iden i ied ha he elec ical equi emen s
a e he ones ha make he g ea es en i onmen al con ibu ion o he
p o ile ob ained in mos o he impac ca ego ies, wi h he excep ion o
4, SOD, ME, LU and MRS, analogous o wha was obse ed o he p o ile
o scena io S02. Once again, he supplemen a ion o he e men a i e
medium is he main cause o he en i onmen al load o hese ou ca -
ego ies. On he o he hand, i can be obse ed in his p o ile ha he
con ibu ion o s eam is sligh ly highe han in he p e ious sec ion. The
eason o his a ia ion, gi en he analogy be ween he p ocesses, is due
o he educ ion in he amoun o es e a ol ob ained, which implies a
g ea e need o hea ene gy pe uni kg o es e a ol p oduced.
3.3. Sensi i i y assessmen s o educing he en i onmen al loads
In o de o educe he en i onmen al impac associa ed wi h he
e alua ed scena ios, sensi i i y analyses ha e been pe o med a ound
he main ho spo s iden i ied in he p e ious sec ion. They ha e been
e alua ed sepa a ely o each o he alo iza ion schemes.
3.3.1. S01- Vine p uning esidues
The main c i ical poin s iden i ied o he S01-VP ha e been s eam
Table 3
Main in en o y da a o he bio echnological alo iza ion o VP esidues.
INPUTS FROM TECHNOSPHERE OUTPUTS TO TECHNOSPHERE
Ai 54.14 on Res e a ol 1 kg
Cellic CTec2 2.17 kg
Dex ose 0.40 kg
E hanol 19.65 kg
Pep one 0.41 kg Emissions o ai
Sul u ic acid 0.48 kg Ca bon dioxide 1.32 kg
VP 318.98 kg Ace ic acid 3.40 kg
Wa e 1.41 m
3
Yeas ex ac 1.11 kg Was e o ea men
Elec ici y/hea Biomass 13.69 kg
Cooling wa e 146.7 m
3
Solid was e 187.9 kg
S eam 4.99 on
Elec ici y 478.1 kWh
Table 4
Main in en o y da a o he bio echnological alo iza ion o GM esidues.
INPUTS FROM TECHNOSPHERE OUTPUTS TO TECHNOSPHERE
Ai 4664 kg Res e a ol 1 kg
Dex ose 6.98 kg
E hanol 0.05 kg
Pep one 7.14 kg Emissions o ai
GM 374.36 kg Ca bon dioxide 1.66 kg
Wa e 166.68 kg Ace ic acid 4.03 kg
Yeas ex ac 4.01 kg Was e o ea men
Elec ici y/hea Biomass 3.22 kg
Cooling wa e 46.32 m
3
Solid was e 90.27 kg
S eam 36.29 kg
Ene gy 268.38 kWh
A. A ias e al.
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
6
equi emen s, i s ly, ollowed by elec ici y equi emen s and, in
ce ain impac ca ego ies, by e hanol, used o he solubiliza ion o
es e a ol o i s pu i ica ion. Fo his, he sensi i i y analysis has been
based on he h ee componen s, and wo app oaches ha e been
conside ed, on he one hand, he possibili y o imp o ing he p oduc-
i i y and e iciency o he p ocess, which will lead o a educ ion in he
need o ene gy and ma e ial equi emen s, and on he o he , by using
enewable esou ces o ob ain bo h s eam and elec ici y, ins ead o
using esou ces o ossil o igin o hei p oduc ion.
In he case o s eam and elec ici y, a 20% educ ion in equi emen s
has been es ima ed, which is expec ed o be educed by he inc ease in
p oduc ion e iciency, which is conside ed easible since he esul s o
he labo a o y scale app oach ha e been scaled up and he deg ee o
imp o emen is g ea e . On he o he hand, as a as e hanol is con-
ce ned, only a 10% dose educ ion has been e alua ed, due o he ac
ha he solubiliza ion o es e a ol in his compound is impo an o
achie e i s adequa e pu i ica ion, and i is possible ha he educ ion o
he e hanol dose would change he inal quali y o he p oduc . Wi h his
in mind, Fig. 6 shows ha he educ ion o s eam equi emen s leads o a
be e imp o emen o en i onmen al loads in mos o he impac ca -
ego ies e alua ed. The only excep ion is obse ed o ME and LU whe e
i is he educ ion o e hanol ha p o ides he smalles impac . Wi h
espec o he educ ion in elec ici y equi emen s, he educ ion in
impac is also no able, wi h he ca ego ies ela ed o oxici y and
eu ophica ion showing he g ea es educ ion.
As he con ibu ion o s eam and elec ici y is so high, i has been
conside ed o de elop an addi ional sensi i i y assessmen , bu in his
case, based on he use o enewable ene gy esou ces. In his sense, Fig. 7
shows ha he en i onmen al loads o he p ocess a e signi ican ly
educed in mos o he impac ca ego ies by mo e han 30% o he GW,
TA, FE, HTC and FRS when he esou ce o s eam p oduc ion is he
bu ning o wood was e in a u nace wi h a capaci y o 5000 kW, while
o he case o enewable elec ici y, educ ion on he loads om 5% in
he TET ca ego y o a maximum o 88% o he MRS, wi h espec o he
base case scena io we e es ima ed. In addi ion, ano he sensi i i y
analysis has been e alua ed conside ing bo h s eam and elec ici y om
enewable esou ces, ins ead o conside ing each scena io sepa a ely,
o his case, a ange o 12%–98% en i onmen al load educ ion is
accomplished, which shows he signi ican imp o emen o he p o ile.
On he o he hand, i is wo h men ioning ha in h ee impac ca -
ego ies, SOD, LU and HNCT, he impac was inc eased. The ac ha
enewable esou ces a e used implies a g ea e impac on land use, gi en
he need o use land o ob ain his ene gy. Fo example, in he case o
s eam om ha dwood, i implies he use o ex ensi e a eas o o es
managemen . In he case o SOD, he p oduc ion o he equipmen
necessa y o he de elopmen o enewable ene gy p oduc ion and he
de i ed on-si e emission a e he ones ha in luence i mos p o oundly.
Finally, in he case o HNCT, he eason o he impac is only sligh ly he
same as o SOD.
3.3.2. S02- G ape mus
The ho spo s iden i ied o he S02-GM ha e been he elec ici y
equi emen s and also some signi ican con ibu ion o he pep one used
as nu i ional supplemen o he e men a ion p ocess. Fo his, he
sensi i i y analysis has been based on (1) educ ion in he dose o he
supplemen a ion, which is expec ed o be achie ed by imp o ing he
yield and p oduc i i y o he p ocess ( he ac ha is based on a labo-
a o y scale p ocess eally implies a signi ican imp o emen when
scaled up o an indus ial p ocess capaci y), (2) he dec ease o elec-
ici y equi emen s, by inc easing p oduc i i y o by imp o ing he
equipmen used o he p ocess by inc easing i s e iciency and (3), as in
Fig. 4. En i onmen al p o ile o es e a ol p oduc ion using GM as subs a e.
Table 5
Main in en o y da a o he bio echnological alo iza ion o WL esidues.
INPUTS FROM TECHNOSPHERE OUTPUTS TO TECHNOSPHERE
Ai 37.65 on Res e a ol 1 kg
Dex ose 31.49 kg
E hanol 7.74 kg
Pep one 32.34 kg Emissions o ai
WL 1276 kg Ca bon dioxide 5.71 kg
Wa e 724.92 kg P-couma ic acid 0.61 kg
Yeas ex ac 20.51 kg Was e o ea men
Elec ici y/hea Biomass 16.13 kg
Cooling wa e 201.8 m
3
Solid was e 76.29 kg
S eam 699.5 kg
Ene gy 1172 kWh
Fig. 5. En i onmen al p o ile o es e a ol p oduc ion using WL as subs a e.
Fig. 6. Sensi i i y assessmen o he en i onmen al p o ile o VP alo iza ion
o es e a ol p oduc ion conside ing a educ ion on he use o s eam and
elec ici y by 20% and on e hanol dose o 10%.
A. A ias e al.
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
7
he p e ious scena io i has been seen ha he use o enewable e-
sou ces o ene gy p oduc ion eally implies a signi ican educ ion o
he en i onmen al load, he use o enewable esou ces o i s p oduc-
ion has also been e alua ed.
The sensi i i y esul s ob ained a e depic ed in Fig. 8. As expec ed,
he use o elec ici y om enewable esou ces implies he g ea es
educ ion in en i onmen al loads in all impac ca ego ies, wi h he
excep ion o he TET and LU impac ca ego ies, whe e he sco es ob-
ained a e no as low compa ed o hose o he o he ca ego ies. The
ange o educ ion on en i onmen al impac goes om 6% o he ME
ca ego y o 84% o HCT, wi h espec o he baseline scena io, when
enewable esou ces a e used. The pe cen age dec ease is signi ican ly
educed o he case o educing he amoun o elec ici y equi ed by
20%, om 1% o 18% o he ME and HCT impac ca ego ies, espec-
i ely. Finally, o he scena io based on educing he pep one dose, he
educed sco es a e he lowes , wi h he highes pe cen age educ ion in
he ME impac ca ego y, eaching 9%.
3.3.3. S03- Wine lees
An analogous end on he educ ion o impac con ibu ion loads is
ob ained when e alua ing he sensi i i y analysis o he scena io o wine
lees alo iza ion (Fig. 9), gi en he simila i y be ween he p ocess
scheme o S02-G ape mus scena io. The scena ios unde e alua ion a e
he same as he p e ious one, conside ing enewable esou ces o
elec ici y p oduc ion, a educ ion on i s equi emen s by 20% and a
dec ease on he use o pep one supplemen a ion by 10%.
As expec ed, he enewable na u e o he elec ici y leads o a
educ ion o en i onmen al loads in he o de o 5%–77%. In his case,
he educ ion is sligh ly lowe han in he p e ious case, since a lowe
amoun o es e a ol is ob ained. In he case o he 20% educ ion in
elec ici y equi emen s, he load educ ion goes om 1% in he ME
ca ego y o 16% in he impac ca ego ies ela ed o human oxici y. As in
he p e ious case, he one wi h he lowes imp o emen p o ile is he
educ ion o he amoun o pep one needed as a supplemen , eaching
he highes educ ion alue o 9% in he case o he ME impac ca ego y.
The e o e, i could be concluded ha p ocess imp o emen ac ions
should ocus on op ing o he use o enewable ene gies and imp o ing
p ocess e iciency, al hough a mo e sus ainable p oduc ion model would
be p omo ed when i is decided o use al e na i e ene gy sou ces.
3.4. Techno-economic analysis
The sco es ob ained o he economic e alua ion o he scena ios
e alua ed a e shown in Table 6. As can be seen, ine p uning alo iza-
ion scena io S01 is he one wi h he highes o al in es men , gi en he
high equipmen acquisi ion cos , which is mo e han double he alue
ob ained in he o he wo scena ios. This alue was o be expec ed, gi en
he need o p e ea men o p uning esidues o hei alo iza ion in
he e men a ion scheme. Al hough, in he case o he cos o ma e ials
and u ili ies, i s alue is somewha lowe , he eason o his is due,
i s ly, o he use o lignin and e men a ion biomass o ob aining hea
ene gy, which educes he ex e nal need o s eam, which is one o he
u ili ies wi h he highes cos and, secondly, o he highe es e a ol
ex ac ion yield in compa ison o he S03-WL scena io, which implies
Fig. 7. Sensi i i y assessmen o he en i onmen al p o ile o VP alo iza ion
o es e a ol p oduc ion conside ing he use o enewable esou ces o
elec ici y and s eam p oduc ion.
Fig. 8. Sensi i i y assessmen o he en i onmen al p o ile o GM alo iza ion
o es e a ol p oduc ion conside ing a educ ion on he use o elec ici y by
20%, he use o enewable esou ces o elec ici y p oduc ion and on pep one
dose o 10%.
Fig. 9. Sensi i i y assessmen o he en i onmen al p o ile o GM alo iza ion
o es e a ol p oduc ion conside ing a educ ion on he use o elec ici y by
20%, he use o enewable esou ces o elec ici y p oduc ion and on pep one
dose o 10%.
Table 6
Economic pa ame e s ob ained by pe o ming he economic e alua ion o he
bio echnological p oduc ion p ocess o es e a ol using VP, GM and WL as
subs a es.
Economic Pa ame e s S01-VP S02-GM S03-WL
To al In es men [
€
] 9,537,000 3,131,000 3,380,000
Equipmen cos [
€
] 42,239,000 19,203,000 20,750,000
Fixed Capi al [
€
] 42,239,000 19,203,000 20,750,000
1. To al Plan Di ec Cos [
€
] 23,696,000 10,436,000 11,277,000
2. To al Plan Indi ec Cos [
€
] 13,033,000 6,262,000 6,766,000
Labo Cos [
€
/yea ] 1,172,884 1,580,048 2,190,753
Ma e ial Cos [
€
/yea ] 80,854 1,673,071 2,395,819
U ili ies Cos [
€
/yea ] 2,055,000 5,837,650 7,665,123
Annual Ope a ion Cos [
€
/yea ] 8,328,000 12,740,047 16,190,753
Re enues [
€
/yea ] 19,709,313 37,924,464 11,125,097
MSP [
€
/kg Res e a ol] 380.28 193.82 882.36
A. A ias e al.
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
8
ha he cos s o ma e ials a e also somewha lowe o his i s scena io.
The e o e, h ough he economic e alua ion, aking in o accoun annual
ope a ing cos s and expec ed e enues, he minimum es e a ol selling
p ice o he S01-VP p ocess o be economically iable amoun s o
380.28
€
/kg, being he in e media e alue when compa ing he h ee
scena ios.
In he case o S02-G ape mus alo iza ion, i is he bes case when
compa ing be ween S01 and S03, bo h in e ms o he o al in es men
cos s, as hese a e he lowes ones, and he expec ed e enues ha could
be ob ained om he sale o he es e a ol ob ained, which a e he
highes . The eason o his ac is based on he ac ha his scena io
p o ides an inc eased es e a ol yield, wi h he S03 scena io being he
one ha yields he leas amoun o es e a ol a he end o he p ocess.
The e o e, he minimum selling p ice o S02 amoun s o 193.82
€
/kg,
while o he case o S03, his alue is signi ican ly highe (882.36
€
/kg).
On he o he hand, in o de o e alua e whe he hese sale p ices
ob ained a e wi hin he ange o es e a ol sale p ices, a bibliog aphic
e iew o i s sale p ices o a pu i y o 95% has been ca ied ou . Ac-
co ding o BOCSCI Inc., a cus om lab chemical supplie o bulk com-
pounds o he pha maceu ical, ag ochemical and bio echnology
indus ies, he pu chase p ice amoun s o 9353
€
/kg. Ano he company,
BULK, which is based on he selling o nu i ional and supplemen a ion
ela ed oods, conside s ha he selling p ice o es e a ol should be
a ound 1500
€
/kg, while o Sigma Ald ich is 1784
€
/kg. As hese
companies p o ide es e a ol o a labo a o y le el p oduc ion o an
indi idual supplemen a ion in ake, i has been assumed ha he selling
p ice o his compound could be educed o a hal alue, hus ob aining a
ange o selling p ice be ween 750–4677
€
/kg, hinking abou 750
€
/kg
he mos ealis ic one o be applied o hese case scena ios unde
de elopmen . Bea ing his in o accoun , only he scena io S03-Wine lees
has a minimum selling p ice a li le bi highe , 18% han he selec ed
one. Howe e , i could be conside ed ha also his p ice is easible gi en
he ange o selling p ice alues ha could be ound on he li e a u e.
3.5. Compa ison be ween scena ios
As done o he case o he echno-economic analysis, also a com-
pa ison be ween he h ee p ocess scena ios has been de eloped wi hin
an en i onmen al pe spec i e, conside ing he sco es ob ained by he
applica ion o he MidPoin and EndPoin calcula ion me hodologies. I
should be men ioned ha his compa ison is de eloped o he base case
scena ios and no o he imp o ed ones by he sensi i i y analysis.
In his ega d, Table 7 includes he en i onmen al sco es ob ained o
each impac ca ego y and p ocess scena io, highligh ing in bold he
p ocess al e na i e ha en ails he highes en i onmen al load in each
impac ca ego y. Fo all he impac ca ego ies scena io S02-GM is he
one ha en ails he lowes en i onmen al load, gi en i s highe es e -
a ol p oduc i i y, en ailing hus a educed impac pe kg o p oduc
ob ained. The eason behind he highes impac o S01-VP in some
impac ca ego ies is he ene gy equi emen s associa ed wi h he p e-
ea men sec ion, pa icula ly he s eam needs. S eam p oduc ion en-
ails a signi ican load o he global wa ming po en ial, gi en he elease
o emissions ha a ec s his ca ego y, and because o he use o ossil
esou ces o i s p oduc ion, which implies sca ci y on i s a ailabili y.
Gi en he low p oduc i i y o he p ocess in he p oduc ion o
es e a ol, as well as he consump ion o ene gy esou ces and sup-
plemen a ion o he e men a ion and pu i ica ion phase o he inal
p oduc , he S03-Wine lees alo iza ion scena io is he one wi h he
highes en i onmen al con ibu ion in mos ly all he impac ca ego ies
s udied compa ed o he o he wo alo iza ion scena ios e alua e, wi h
he excep ion o GW, TA, TET and FRS, o which he S01-VP is he mos
de imen al scena io. In ac , o show he deg ee o signi ican inc ease
in impac , he alues ob ained ha e been no malized be ween 0 and 1,
shown in Fig. 10, whe e i can be seen ha he impac caused by he S03
and S01 scena ios a e signi ican ly highe in compa ison o ha o S02-
GM, as in all he impac ca ego ies i s en i onmen al con ibu ion is 60%
highe . The e o e, i can be s a ed ha he S03 scena io is he leas
a o able and ha , pe haps, o i s be e use and lowe en i onmen al
impac , ano he alo iza ion s a egy should be chosen, such as he
p oduc ion o bio uels o i s di ec ene ge ic alo iza ion.
Fig. 11 ep esen s he sensi i i y scena ios o ine p uning using
enewable elec ici y (VP-BC-ER), he enewable elec ici y scena io o
he case o g ape mus alo iza ion (GM-BC-ER), and he same o he
case o wine lees (WL-BC-ER). As can be seen, he e is an analogy be-
ween he esul s ob ained o he base case wi h espec o he s udy
unde he ReCiPe MidPoin me hodology, whe e he use o GM as aw
ma e ial is again he one wi h he lowes en i onmen al con ibu ion
and he use o WL he one wi h he highes impac on he en i onmen .
Howe e , i is impo an o no e ha he op ion o enewable ene gy
sou ces signi ican ly educes he en i onmen al bu dens o he sce-
na ios, wi h he mos signi ican educ ion being obse ed in he case o
he alo iza ion o VP and GM.
4. Discussion and conclusion
This esea ch a icle has been based on he de elopmen o h ee
scena ios o he bio echnological p oduc ion o es e a ol by a no el
enginee ed yeas indus ial s ain using h ee enewable eeds ocks
ela ed o he wine p oduc ion sec o . The modeling o he alo iza ion
o wine was e s eams by means o a modeling so wa e has p o ided he
i s da a on i s po en ial o be e ec i ely applied in he wine alue
chain. The de elopmen o mass and ene gy balances, as well as he
selec ion o he mos sui able equipmen o ca y ou all he s ages o he
bio echnological p ocess, ha e allowed i s analysis unde an en i on-
men al and echno-economic pe spec i e, wi h he aim o iden i ying
Table 7
En i onmen al pa ame e s ob ained by pe o ming he ReCiPe MidPoin me h-
odology o he bio echnological p oduc ion p ocess o es e a ol using VP, GM
and WL as subs a es.
Impac ca ego y Uni S01-VP S02-GM S03-WL
GW kg CO
2
eq 1303 148.08 781.11
SOD kg CFC
11
eq 4.48⋅10
−4
2.04⋅10
−4
1.01⋅10
¡3
TA kg SO
2
eq 3.59 0.72 3.51
FE kg P eq 0.21 0.05 0.24
ME kg N eq 0.04 0.04 0.19
TET kg 1.4-DCB 1978 483.62 778.22
FET kg 1.4-DCB 6.22 1.54 6.84
MET kg 1.4-DCB 8.48 1.94 9.23
HCT kg 1.4-DCB 11.82 2.70 12.80
HNCT kg 1.4-DCB 302.14 69.24 331.69
LU m
2
a c op eq 48.08 76.84 383.07
MRS kg Cu eq 0.10 4.46⋅10
−2
0.23
FRS kg oil eq 435.99 35.20 197.11
Fig. 10. Compa ison o he en i onmen al loads o he assessed scena ios using
he ReCiPe MidPoin me hodology.
A. A ias e al.
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 429 (2023) 139622
9
bo lenecks and c i ical poin s. Howe e , al hough his p elimina y
e alua ion could p o ide an o e all iew on he e ec i eness and ade-
quacy o his alo iza ion s a egy, u he s eps a e equi ed be o e i s
ac ual applica ion in eal p oduc ion. Pilo -scale expe imen a ion will be
a mo e ep esen a i e en i onmen o e ec i ely e alua e whe he he
ob ained modeling esul s ma ch he obus ness o he bio echnological
p ocess unde condi ions close o he ac o y model. Once pilo -scale
p oduc ion has demons a ed i s easibili y, p ocess op imiza ion
should be he nex s ep, also in o de o e i y once again he cos -
e ec i eness and en i onmen al sui abili y o he bio echnological
p ocess. Finally, i all he abo e equi emen s a e me , he echnology
could be ans e ed and comme cialized, which should be he ul ima e
goal.
A his s age o de elopmen , wi h he scale-up o he esul s ob-
ained om labo a o y scale expe imen s, i could be concluded ha ,
bo h g ape mus and ine p uning esidues a e easible subs a es o
es e a ol biop oduc ion. Howe e , o he case o he alo iza ion o
wine lees, signi ican imp o emen s a e needed o make his p ocess
mo e p o i able and less ha m ul o he en i onmen , and hus an
al e na i e alo iza ion p ocess should be conside ed o p omo e a mo e
bene icial and sus ainable p ocess scheme.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Ana A ias: Me hodology, Fo mal analysis, In es iga ion, W i ing –
o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing. Ca los E. Cos a: Fo mal
analysis, In es iga ion, Supe ision, W i ing – e iew & edi ing. Ma ia
Te esa Mo ei a: Supe ision, W i ing – e iew & edi ing. Gume sindo
Feijoo: Supe ision, W i ing – e iew & edi ing. Lucília Domingues:
Concep ualiza ion, Valida ion, Supe ision, W i ing – e iew & edi ing.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Da a a ailabili y
Da a will be made a ailable on eques .
Acknowledgemen s
This s udy was suppo ed by he Po uguese Founda ion o Science
and Technology (FCT, Po ugal) unde he scope o he s a egic unding
o UIDB/04469/2020 and suppo ed by BIORECER (No 101060684) and
STAR4BBS (No 101060588) p ojec s, bo h being unded by he Eu o-
pean Commission HORIZON-CL6-2021-ZEROPOLLUTION-01. A. A ias,
G. Feijoo and MT Mo ei a au ho s belong o he Galician Compe i i e
Resea ch G oup (GRC ED431C 2017/29) and o he C oss-disciplina y
Resea ch in En i onmen al Technologies (CRETUS Resea ch Cen e ,
ED431E 2018/01). A. A ias would also like o exp ess he g a i ude o
he IACOBUS p og amme o he ellowship p o ided o he de elop-
men o one-mon h esea ch s ay a he Uni e si y o Minho.
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Fig. 11. Compa ison o he en i onmen al loads o he assessed scena ios using
he ReCiPe EndPoin me hodology.
A. A ias e al.
