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Tecnología y ciencias del agua, ISSN 2007-2422, 13(1), 49-88. DOI: 10.24850/j- yca-2022-01-02
DOI: 10.24850/j- yca-2022-01-02
A icles
Simula ion o he supply gua an ee o he wa e
demands in Mexicali, B.C.
Simulación de las ga an ías de abas ecimien o pa a las
demandas de agua en Mexicali, B.C.
Raymundo Rangel-Pa a1, ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8984-
8494
Xan Nei a2, ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/ 0000-0002-1141-6023
Jo ge Da on e3, ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-4305-1521
1Depa men o Ag o o es y Enginee ing, Highe Poly echnic School,
Uni e sidad de San iago de Compos ela, Lugo, España,
angel. ay@ho mail.com
2Depa men o Ag o o es y Enginee ing, Highe Poly echnic School,
Uni e sidad de San iago de Compos ela, Lugo, España, xan.nei [email protected]
3Depa men o Ag o o es y Enginee ing, Highe Poly echnic School,
Uni e sidad de San iago de Compos ela, Lugo, España,
jo ge.da on [email protected]
Co esponding au ho : Raymundo Rangel Pa a, angel. ay@ho mail.com
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Abs ac
In his esea ch wo k, a simula ion exe cise is ca ied ou o he
gua an ees in he wa e demands in Mexicali, conside ing a con ol
scena io wi h pe iod om 2005 o 2018 and a u u e scena io wi h
p ojec ion om 2020 o 2040. In said p ojec ions he educ ions in wa e
deli e ies o Mexico s ipula ed in Minu e 323 o he IBWC a e included.
The AQUATOOL wa e esou ces managemen so wa e has been used,
wi h which he gua an ees in he wa e supply o he con ol scena io and
in he u u e ha e been e alua ed, also including a new indus ial demand
wi h an amoun o up o 20 Hm3 pe yea . This new demand was e alua ed
bo h in he u u e scena io and in he con ol pe iod, o simula e wha
could ha e happened i i had exis ed p e iously. The esul shows ha
he e a e occasions in he con ol scena io in which he e a e some
ailu es in he supply gua an ees. The cu en si ua ion o s ess and
p essu e on wa e esou ces, added o he e ec s o clima e change, in
he Colo ado Ri e basin and especially in he ci y o Mexicali, make i
unwise o add new demands o he sys em, since his in ensi ies
compe i ion by wa e esou ces.
Keywo ds: Wa e esou ces managemen , Colo ado i e , AQUATOOL,
supply gua an ees.
Resumen
En es e abajo de in es igación se ealiza un eje cicio de simulación pa a
las ga an ías en las demandas de agua en Mexicali, conside ando un
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escena io de con ol con pe iodo del 2005 al 2018 y un escena io u u o
con p oyección del 2020 al 2040. En dichas p oyecciones se incluyen las
educciones en las en egas de agua a México es ipuladas en el Ac a 323
de la CILA. Se u ilizó el so wa e de ges ión de ecu sos híd icos
AQUATOOL, con el que se e alua on las ga an ías en el abas ecimien o
de agua al escena io de con ol y al u u o, incluyendo ambién una nue a
demanda indus ial con una can idad de has a 20 Hm3 anuales. Se e aluó
es a nue a demanda an o en el escena io u u o como desde el pe iodo
de con ol pa a simula qué pod ía habe pasado si hubie a exis ido
p e iamen e. El esul ado mues a que hay ocasiones en que en el
escena io de con ol se p esen an algunos allos en las ga an ías de
abas ecimien o. La ac ual si uación de es és y p esión sob e los ecu sos
híd icos, sumados a los e ec os del cambio climá ico en la cuenca del ío
Colo ado y en especial en la ciudad de Mexicali, hacen poco ecomendable
ag ega nue as demandas al sis ema, ya que es o in ensi ica la
compe encia po los ecu sos híd icos.
Palab as cla e: ges ión de ecu sos híd icos, ío Colo ado, AQUATOOL,
ga an ías de abas ecimien o.
Recei ed: 07/10/2020
Accep ed: 02/12/2020
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In oduc ion
The Colo ado Ri e eaches Mexico be ween he bo de limi s o Cali o nia
and A izona o he USA, whe e i c osses he Mexican e i o y be ween
he ci ies o Mexicali and San Luis Río Colo ado. The image o he Colo ado
Ri e in no hwes e n Mexico is ha o a d y i e bed o mo e han 50
yea s. Howe e , he olume o wa e ca ied annually on he Colo ado
Ri e in he US a ies a ound 17,000 Hm3, bu all he wa e is con olled
in a dam sys em on he USA side. The wa e esou ces be ween he wo
coun ies a e managed h ough an In e na ional Wa e T ea y (IWT),
which es ablishes ha Mexico is en i led o 1,850 Hm3 pe yea .
As a esul o he IWT, he In e na ional Bounda ies and Wa e s
Commission (IBWC o CILA by i s ac onym in Spanish) is c ea ed as a
bina ional, mul idisciplina y body in he echnical-diploma ic a ea, which
unc ions as a basis o he applica ion o he ag eemen s ha a e made
in he mee ings o he commission and ha a e e lec ed in he Minu es.
F om 1889 o 2017, 323 Minu es ha e been signed. In his way,
in e na ional wa e managemen is pe o med in he Colo ado Ri e basin.
As pa o he adap i e managemen p ocess o he i e , bo h coun ies
ag ee o Minu es ha a e annexed o he IWT. As Hinojosa-He a and
Ca illo-Gue e o (2010) commen , hese Minu es gene ally con ain
speci ica ions o opics no included in he body o he ea y pe se, such
as wa e quali y, implemen a ion o hyd aulic in as uc u e main enance
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p ojec s, and mo e ecen ly, en i onmen al aspec s. In 2017, wi h he so-
called Ac 323, a se ies o measu es and p ojec s ha e been es ablished
h ough a con ingency and in es men plan, o ace he sca ci y o he
esou ce.
The Colo ado Ri e is he sou ce o li e o he sou hwes e n Uni ed
S a es and no hwes e n Mexico, bu i has pa icula cha ac e is ics in
he na u al a ailabili y o wa e esou ces. The Colo ado ansbounda y
basin co e s an a ea o mo e han 630,000 km2 whe e mo e han 85% o
he olume o a ailable wa e is cap u ed in he moun ains o he s a e o
Colo ado, in an a ea ha co e s only 15% o he basin in o al (Adle ,
2007). The olume o wa e ca ied annually in he Colo ado Ri e a ies
a ound 17 000 Hm3, howe e , 70% o he annual olume lows in he
haw season (May o July) (Cohen & Henges-Jeck, 2001). The o al wa e
igh s assigned in he Colo ado Ri e basin (in bo h coun ies) is 21,586
Hm3 / yea (Luecke e al., 1999), he e o e, he e is an o e -alloca ion o
wa e esou ces o app oxima ely 27 %. These quan i ies do no include
o conside he ecological low.
The impo ance o managemen in he i e basin o he Colo ado
i e is c i ical as i is in a egion whe e ain all is minimal in mos o i s
e i o y, high a e age empe a u es, and con inuous popula ion and
economic g ow h. In addi ion, a ious in es iga ions (Ch is ensen, Wood,
Voisin, Le enmaie , & Palme , 2004; Ficklin, S ewa , & Mau e , 2013;
USBR, 2016; Udall & O e peck, 2017; Gau am & Masca o, 2018) ag ee
ha clima e change p ojec ions will cause inc eases in he a e age annual
empe a u e, as well as dec eases in p ecipi a ion and uno .
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Since 2000, acco ding o da a om he Uni ed S a es Bu eau o
Reclama ion (USBR, 2019a), he le els o he Hoo e dam (dam ha is
used as a e e ence le el o classi y he si ua ion o he wa e esou ces
in he basin) loca ed in Lake Mead, a e below 327 masl (2015-2016),
conside ed as a condi ion o sca ci y. This led o he IBWC signing Minu e
323 in 2017, which es ablishes a se ies o measu es and p ojec s h ough
a con ingency and in es men plan, o ace he sca ci y o he esou ce
(CILA, 2017a).
The ac ual a ailabili y o Colo ado Ri e wa e in Mexico is h ough
he coo dina ion o CILA om bo h coun ies and on a planned agenda
based on an Annual Ope a ing Plan (AOP). The ac ual yea -o e -yea
dis ibu ion o Colo ado basin wa e o bo h coun ies is based on he
u u e o icial p ojec ion o a ailabili y by he USBR. I is a epo wi h a
24-mon h s udy wi h p ojec ions o Janua y 1s o each yea . The
esul ing annual ope a ions o Lake Mead a e epo ed a he AOP o
Colo ado Ri e s o age o he ollowing yea (CILA, 2017b).
Cu en ly, we ha e echnological ools ha allow us o au oma e
simula ion and op imiza ion, wo essen ial app oaches o basins modeling.
As men ioned by McKinney, Cai, Roseg an , Ringle , and Sco (1999), in
he simula ion he beha io o wa e esou ces is simula ed based on a
se o ules go e ning wa e alloca ions and in as uc u e ope a ion,
while, in op imiza ion, alloca ions a e op imized based on an objec i e
unc ion and associa ed cons ain s.
The objec i e o his wo k is o ca y ou a simula ion exe cise o
analyze he gua an ees o wa e supply in he demands in Mexicali, o a
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con ol scena io and ano he in he u u e. This seeks o p o ide a new
pe spec i e on how he echnological ools a ailable a e an essen ial aid
o wa e esou ce managemen . Because he eal a ailabili y o wa e
om he Colo ado Ri e o Mexico is de e mined each yea by he USBR's
AOP, his wo k only unc ions as an exe cise o es wa e esou ce
managemen and planning so wa e, analyze esul s and hei deg ee o
eali y, as well as iden i y da a collec ion challenges o he speci ic
Mexicali and Baja Cali o nia s udy a ea.
S udy a ea
Mexicali is a ci y wi h nea ly one million inhabi an s loca ed in he s a e
o Baja Cali o nia (B.C.) in no hwes e n Mexico, on he bo de wi h he
USA. The clima e is wa m d y, e y a id, wi h an a e age annual
empe a u e o 22.3 ºC and a e y low annual ain all es ima ed a 76.9
mm, which causes an almos ze o na u al inpu o wa e . Su ace wa e
esou ces a i ing in Mexicali a e only o he las s e ch o he Colo ado
Ri e ou e, anging om 80 o 90 % o 1 850 Hm3 pe yea o he IWT.
The Colo ado Ri e a i es om he USA o Mexico be ween he
ci ies o Mexicali and San Luis Río Colo ado, as shown in Figu e 1. O he
impo an elemen s o wa e esou ce managemen in he Mexicali
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sys em include he Colo ado Ri e Aqueduc (ARCT) and he ex ension o
he Colo ado aqui e . The ARCT en e ed in o ope a ion in 1982, ul illing
he pu pose o supplying wa e o he u ban demand o he o he ci ies o
he s a e o Baja Cali o nia, Teca e, Tijuana, Playas de Rosa i o, and
ecen ly also Ensenada.
Figu e 1. Colo ado Ri e ac in he Mexican pa . Sou ce (Medellín-
Azua a, Mendoza-Espinosa, Lund, Ha ou, & Howi , 2009).
F om he olume o wa e o he Colo ado Ri e ag eed in he IWT,
1 677.5 Hm3 is ecei ed annually by he poin called Linde o No e (LN)
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in he Mo elos Dam and 172.7 Hm3 by he poin called Linde o Su (LS)
in he Sánchez Mejo ada channel.
Rega ding unde g ound esou ces in he Mexican pa , wa e is
ex ac ed each yea based on concessions om ede al wells (500 Hm3)
and indi iduals (200 Hm3) in aqui e s 0210-Mexicali Valley and 2601 -
San Luis Río Colo ado, which is pa o he Colo ado aqui e . In addi ion,
g oundwa e olumes a e also alloca ed o o he ci ies o B.C. (Tijuana,
Teca e, Rosa i o, and Ensenada), which a e sen by he Colo ado-Tijuana
Ri e Aqueduc (ARCT) wi h he ex ac ion o abou 148.96 Hm3 pe yea .
The e o e, he e is also an o e -alloca ion o unde g ound esou ces, wi h
520 Hm3 being he annual echa ge o he aqui e . One impo an aspec
is ha he e is cu en ly no g oundwa e ea y be ween Mexico and he
USA and ha he e a e di e ences be ween he wo coun ies conce ning
g oundwa e law and ju isdic ion.
The amoun s o demands and o igin o wa e esou ces in he
Mexicali sys em a e shown in Table 1, in o ma ion ha was collec ed
acco ding o he limi ed o icial da a ound. The la ges demand is
ag icul u e in DR-014, equi ing abou 90% o esou ces, ollowed by
ARCT wi h mo e han 5 % and hen u ban demand o Mexicali
(UDU_Mexicali) wi h app oxima ely 2.5 %. Annual indus ial and
comme cial demand (UDI_Mexicali) as o 2017 was es ima ed a 16.36
Hm3 g oss esou ce. The e a e also h ee so-called u al demands (UDRs),
which co espond o popula ion cen e s loca ed in he DR-014 ag icul u al
a ea. A la ge amoun o wa e in ended o ag icul u al ac i i y is no able,
also due o he la ge e i o ial ex ension o DR-014.
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indi ec es ima e was chosen wi h he in o ma ion o wa e deli e ies in
he LIN and LIS, since i is unde s ood ha he deli e y mus be based
on demand. An es ima e o he a e age wa e deli e y pe mon h esul s
in a ime a ia ion ac o ha , mul iplied by he o al annual use o
ag icul u al demand decla ed by Conagua (2018), calcula es wa e use
o each mon h.
Mexicali sys em scena io wi h new wa e demand
To assess he u u e scena io, new indus ial demand was added o
Mexicali's wa e low sys em. The olume o 20 Hm3/yea o wa e o
p oduc ion, is published by he company ha equi es he demand o
wa e (on i s websi e h p://www.cb ands.mx/nues a-his o ia/unidades-de-negocio).
The scena ios es ablished o he simula ions consis ed o a pe iod
o con ol wi h ac ual da a o wa e deli e ies, om 2005-2020, and a
u u e scena io (2020-2040) wi h p ojec ions o educed wa e deli e ies
o Mexico. These scena ios simula ed gua an ees in he supply o
Mexicali's cu en demands and un il 2040.
Subsequen ly in ano he sepa a e simula ion, he new indus ial
demand o 20 Hm3 was added, bo h in he con ol scena io and in he
u u e, o e alua e i s beha io in a pe iod o ac ual da a and wi h da a
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p ojec ed espec i ely. This new demand was planned in wo phases, one
o 5 Hm3 and one o 20 Hm3, as his was planned he indus ial ope a ion
ha would s a wi h 5 and inc ease up o 20. The sou ce o supply o
his new indus ial demand is su ace esou ces, as he impac on hese
esou ces can only be assessed because hey a e he only ones wi h mo e
o less de ailed in o ma ion. A e all, g oundwa e ex ac ion da a a e
minimal o absen .
Resul s
The scheme in Figu e 2 ep esen s in a simpli ied way he low o wa e
in he sys em in he ci y o Mexicali, since he scheme in AQUATOOL is
oo ex ensi e o be ep esen ed in his documen . The scheme was made
wi h he sou ces o in o ma ion a ailable in epo s and publica ions o
CEABC and IBWC, as well as s udies done in he USA in ol ing he
Colo ado Ri e pa in Mexicali. The o ien a ion o low schemes has been
used as ound in he in es iga ions o Medellín-Azua a e al. (2009);
Howes, Bu and Feis (2012), and Ca illo-Gue e o, Glenn and Hinojosa-
Hue a (2013).
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Figu e 2. AQUATOOL "Simpli ied" Scheme o he Mexicali Wa e Flow
Sys em.
Table 2 and Figu e 3 p esen he mon hly, a e age, minimum,
maximum, s anda d de ia ion, and pe cen age o dis ibu ion o wa e
deli e ies om he Colo ado Ri e o Mexico in he pe iod 2005-2018. A
Time Va ia ion Fac o (FVT) (eq.1) is calcula ed o be able o calcula e
o he demands om which only annual quan i ies a e a ailable, such as
ag icul u al demand. I can be seen ha in Ma ch and Ap il i is when
Mexico ecei es he mos wa e and in Oc obe he leas amoun .
𝐹𝑉𝑇 = 𝑄𝑖
∑𝑄𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
(1)
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Whe e "i" is he mon h and "n" is he o al numbe o mon hs "i". In
his case, "Q" is he a e age o each mon h in he pe iod 2005-2015.
Table 2. Mon hly s a is ics o wa e deli e ies o Mexico 2005-2018 and
FVT.
A e age mon hly wa e deli e ies o Mexico
(Q) Hm3
Hm3
Hm3
Hm3
% (FVT)
Mon h (i)
A e age
Min
Max
S d.De .
Dis ibu ion
Jan
167.39
147.50
214.62
17.38
0.089
Feb
196.87
173.02
229.09
16.25
0.105
Ma
253.94
220.10
286.66
16.22
0.136
Ap
240.32
211.85
258.21
14.64
0.128
May
133.86
104.17
152.07
11.82
0.072
Jun
138.37
105.68
166.47
15.63
0.074
Jul
147.74
119.75
163.40
12.19
0.079
Aug
125.00
114.53
145.22
7.35
0.067
Sep
114.32
109.79
127.05
4.17
0.061
Oc
89.88
72.11
130.34
16.40
0.048
No
118.96
98.25
142.35
11.81
0.064
Dec
145.28
109.52
173.11
19.36
0.078
To al
1871.93
1
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Figu e 3. A e age, minimum, mon hly maximum o Colo ado Ri e
wa e deli e ies o Mexico, 2005-2018.
In he absence o mon hly ag icul u al demand da a, an indi ec
calcula ion has been used o de e mine i , using he FVT in Table 2 and
mul iplying i by he annual amoun epo ed o 2015-2016 (1450 Hm3
su ace and 700 Hm3 unde g ound) in his ag icul u al demand acco ding
o Conagua da a (Conagua, 2018). As shown in Table 3, in his way you
can ge a mon hly dis ibu ion o ag icul u al demand om which no
mon hly da a a e a ailable.
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Table 3. Mon hly dis ibu ion o ag icul u al demand in he DR-014.
Mon h
FVT in
LIN and
LIS
deli e ies
Hm3
Su ace
Demand
Hm3
unde g ound
demand
To al
demand
DR014
Hm3
Janua y
0.089
129.67
62.594
192.262
Feb ua y
0.105
152.50
73.618
226.122
Ma ch
0.136
196.71
94.959
291.673
Ap il
0.128
186.17
89.867
276.034
May
0.072
103.70
50.058
153.756
June
0.074
107.19
51.741
158.927
July
0.079
114.45
55.247
169.694
Augus
0.067
96.83
46.744
143.578
Sep embe
0.061
88.56
42.749
131.306
Oc obe
0.048
69.62
33.610
103.235
No embe
0.064
92.15
44.485
136.640
Decembe
0.078
112.54
54.328
166.873
To al
1.000
1450.100
700.000
2150.100
Figu e 4 p esen s he g aph wi h he dis ibu ions o Mexicali's wa e
demand (sum o u ban, indus ial, and u al demand), ag icul u al
demand, and demand o he aqueduc ha goes o he ci y o Tijuana
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and o he ci ies in he s a e o B.C. A much highe p opo ion o
ag icul u al demand can be seen compa ed o he o he wo.
Figu e 4. Mon hly demand o u ban, ag icul u al, and ARCT
Aqueduc o 2017 in Mexicali.
Wi h he speci ica ions o he applicable educ ions se ou in Minu e
323, he 2040 p ojec ed le els o he Hoo e Dam, and he wa e
deli e ies o Mexico obse ed om 2005-2018, he p ojec ions o wa e
deli e ies ha e been es ima ed un il 2040. Figu e 5 shows he g aph o
he p ojec ions, whe e educ ions would begin in Oc obe 2017 wi h 51
Hm3 pe yea , sub ac ed om he annual o al o he du ies o 1 850
Hm3, un il he le el o he e e ence dam goes up o down o he nex
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ca ego y. This i s educ ion means a mon hly dec ease o be ween 1.49
and 4.20 Hm3 depending on he mon h. Subsequen ly, he ollowing
addi ional educ ions (since hey a e cumula i e) a e es ima ed in May
2019 wi h 37 Hm3 and un il July 2026 ha he maximum educ ion
s ipula ed in Minu e 323 o 185 Hm3 would be achie ed. To wi ness
p edic ions o he e ec s o clima e change on he Colo ado Ri e basin
es ima ed by he USBR and he o he s udies men ioned ha coincide in
a dec ease in he a ailabili y o wa e esou ces h oughou he basin, a
educ ion was applied o wa e deli e ies ollowing he end o he able
se ou in he Minu e, un il 2040. Wa e deli e ies o Mexico o bo h he
obse ed and p ojec ed pe iods a e conside ed as he inpu s o he
AQUATOOL so wa e.
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Figu e 5. Ac ual mon hly wa e deli e y Mexico 2005-2018 and
p ojec ion wi h educ ions by 2040.
Simula ions wi h cu en demands
Once he dis ibu ion o ag icul u al wa e demand and p ojec ed inpu s
o he u u e scena io 2020-2040 we e es ima ed, i was possible o ca y
ou he simula ions bo h in he con ol scena io and in he u u e. The
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simula ed pe iod in AQUATOOL co esponds o 35 hyd ological yea s om
2005 o 2040. Fo he o de o p io i y o supply in AQUATOOL so wa e,
he highes p io i y has been gi en o u ban and indus ial demands
(including ARCT) o e ag icul u al demand.
The esul s in simula ions wi h AQUATOOL show ha only ag icul u al
demand DR-014 has 9 ailu es in he supply gua an ee in scena ios 2005-
2020. Subsequen ly, his same demand, plus ha o he ARCT aqueduc
and wo u al demands, p esen e en mo e ailu es o he u u e pe iod
2020-2040 wi h wa e educ ions. These ailu es in ag icul u al supply, i
can be hough ha hey we e mos likely sa is ied by g ea e ex ac ion
o g oundwa e by use s o some measu e o i iga ion adap a ion.
Howe e , he e is no public da a on accu a e con ol o e g oundwa e
ex ac ion. Fo he 2020-2040 scena io, wi h only cu en wa e demands,
he e a e 18 DR-014 ailu es gene a ed by he es ima ed dec eases in
deli e ies o Mexico h ough 2040. The ARCT aqueduc has 18 ailu es in
he pe iod 2020-2040, al hough despi e his, he gua an ees appea o be
abo e 90 %. Ru al demands UDR_Zona_VIII and Zona_IX a o al o 12
ailu es in he pe iod 2020-2040. E en wi h hese es ima ed ailu es, he
olume ic gua an ee in hese wa e demands emains abo e 97 % (Table
4).
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Conclusions
A en ion o he issue o wa e in Mexicali and Baja Cali o nia (as i should
be in all ci ies) is u gen and impo an . Al hough he e ha e no ye been
any cu s in wa e supplies in Mexicali, i i happens o da e in Ensenada,
B.C., whe e wa e supply om he Colo ado Ri e canno be gua an eed.
Failu es in ag icul u al demand a e di icul o e i y as he e is no de ailed
in o ma ion on deli e ies and ag icul u al use s. Wha , i i is a eali y, is
he cu en noncon o mi y o a me s on a a ie y o issues in his ega d,
including wa e managemen .
Adding a new wa e demand o be ween 5 and 20 Hm3 pe yea o
he Mexicali sys em could lead o su ace wa e sys em ailu es, as
happens i demand is added in he con ol pe iod. While new indus ial
demand ails in quan i ies less han 10% o wha i would demand, i is
p oo ha i s supply may be limi ed a ce ain imes. In addi ion, a
demand o 20 Hm3 ep esen s a signi ican ly highe amoun han o he
exis ing demands. E en a new ini ial demand o 5 Hm3 should be ca e ully
analyzed. Al hough he company's ins alla ion ha would equi e his new
demand has now been suspended, i is impo an o conside ha cu en
wa e needs in Mexicali and B.C., may no be gua an eed soon.
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The e is no comple e sou ce o da a in o ma ion equi ed o his
ype o s udy. While you ha e o go o he ele an o ices o ge some
da a, many do no exis o a e no a ailable o anyone. The Colo ado Ri e
basin in he Mexican pa has a low a ailabili y o o icial da a and scien i ic
s udies conduc ed in he egion. Because o his, hey ha e o make
impo an assump ions and indi ec es ima es o be able o ca y ou his
ype o esea ch. This esul s in a dec ease in he ce ain y o he esul s,
educing hem o being s ic ly indica i e.
Inc easing he e iciency o he DR-014 i iga ion sys em and
educing ag icul u al demand is he a ea o g ea es oppo uni y o
inc ease a ailabili y in he sys em.
Despi e possible educ ions in wa e supplies o Mexico, as de e mined by
Minu e 323, i cu en demands a e main ained, hey could be supplied in
he sho e m.
The applica ion o AQUATOOL in he wa e low sys em in Mexicali
and he esul s ob ained, show he use ulness o de elop a my iad o
analyses o "wha i ...?", as in he case o adding he new indus ial
demand o assuming a modi ica ion o he quan i ies, e c.
The cu en si ua ion o con lic o e wa e in Mexicali since 2016, shows
he lack o communica ion and coope a ion be ween use s.
Acknowledgmen s
This wo k is ca ied ou unde he unding o he Na ional Council o
Science and Technology (CONACyT) o Mexico o he schola ship awa ded
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o a doc o a e ab oad o he i s au ho , which is also pa o he doc o al
hesis.
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