h ps://doi.o g/10.1590/1519-6984.219754
O iginal A icle
B azilian Jou nal o Biology
ISSN 1519-6984 (P in )
ISSN 1678-4375 (Online)
B az. J. Biol., 2021 , ol. 81, no. 2 pp.241-245 241/245 241
Clinical assessmen o acid-base balance in Ne he land Dwa abbi
J. M. Chapela* , J. L. Benedi oa, J. He nándeza , P. Famigli-Be gaminib and C. Cas illoa
aDepa men o Animal Pa hology, College o Ve e ina y Medicine, Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela,
A . Ca ballo Cale o, s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
bDepa men o Ve e ina y Medical Sciences – DIMEVET, Uni e si y o Bologna, Via Tola a di Sop a, 50, 40064,
Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, I aly
*e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: Feb ua y 10, 2019 – Accep ed: Decembe 7, 2019 – Dis ibu ed: May 31, 2021
Abs ac
Pe abbi s ha e inc eased hei popula i y in a lo o coun ies. Howe e , mos o he labo a o y p o iles in abbi medicine
come om he obse a ions made in abbi as biomodels o mea p oduc ion. So ha u he esea ches a e necessa y
o ob ain e e ence alues o hema ology and biochemical p o iles in pe abbi s and he di e en b eeds, especially,
in ela ion o acid-base balance. The aim o his epo was o o e he mean alues o he main pa ame e s connec ed
wi h acid-base p o ile in Ne he land Dwa b eed. Thi y- i e heal hy abbi s (15 males and 20 emales) we e s udied.
Venous blood sample om la e al saphenous ein was analyzed o measu e: haema oc i , haemoglobin, blood u ea
ni ogen, glucose, blood pH, pa ial p essu e o CO
2
(pCO
2
), o al CO
2
, ions bica bona e, chlo ide, sodium, po assium,
base excess and anion Gap. Resul s showed a sho e ange ha hose epo ed by di e en esea che s. Mo eo e ,
di e ences be ween gende s we e showed in pCO2, i s alues we e highe in males. I may be associa ed wi h a g ea e
cellula me abolism. Values ob ained in his esea ch should be aken in o accoun by e e ina y clinicians o his
b eed in hei clinical assessmen s. Besides, hese alues p o ide new esul s in pa ame e s wi h ew e e ence alues.
Keywo ds: pe abbi , blood sample, po able analyze , acid-base p o ile, e e ence ange.
A aliação clínica do equilíb io ácido-básico em coelhos Anã Holandês
Resumo
A popula idade de coelhos como animais de es imação aumen ou em mui os países. No en an o, a maio ia dos pe is
de labo a ó io em medicina de coelhos ad ém das obse ações de biomodelos animais ou da p odução de ca ne.
Assim, são necessá ias pesquisas adicionais pa a ob e alo es de e e ência pa a hema ologia e pe is bioquímicos
em coelhos de es imação, e das di e en es aças, especialmen e, em elação ao equilíb io ácido-base. O obje i o des e
ela ó io oi o e ece os alo es médios dos p incipais pa âme os ligados ao pe il ácido-base na aça Anã Holandês.
T in a e cinco coelhos saudá eis (15 machos e 20 êmeas) o am es udados. A amos a de sangue enoso da eia sa ena
la e al oi analisada pa a mensu ação: hema óc i o, hemoglobina, ni ogênio u eico sanguíneo, glicose, pH sanguíneo,
p essão pa cial de CO2 (pCO2), CO2 o al, íons bica bona o, clo e o, sódio, po ássio, excesso de base e ânion Gap.
Os esul ados ap esen a am um in e alo meno do que aqueles ela ados po di e en es pesquisado es. Além disso,
as di e enças en e os gêne os o am mos adas na pCO2, seus alo es o am maio es no sexo masculino. Pode es a
associado a um maio me abolismo celula . Os alo es ob idos nes a pesquisa de em se le ados em conside ação pelos
clínicos e e iná ios pa a es a aça em suas a aliações clínicas. Além disso, esses alo es o necem no os esul ados
em pa âme os com poucos alo es de e e encia.
Pala as-cha e: coelho de es imação, amos a de sangue, analisado po á il, pe il ácido-base, in e alo de e e encia.
1. In oduc ion
Rabbi owne ship has inc eased signi ican ly o e
he pas decade. This pe has been b ed in cap i i y o
yea s and is ideal o a a ie y o pe owne s because
o hei small space equi emen s, quie na u e, ease o
handling and ela i ely simple husband y equi emen s.
Fo his eason, i has been obse ed an inc ease in isi s o
e e ina y clinics. Howe e , mos o he labo a o y p o iles
in abbi medicine come om he obse a ions made in
abbi as expe imen al biomodels o oxicological and
physiological s udies (Hewi e al., 1989; Suckow and
Douglas, 1996; A che i e al., 2008). Bu he cu en pe
abbi s ha a i e o e e ina y clinics show di e ences
om hose, especially in hei en i onmen , nu i ional
condi ions o b eeds. Fo his eason, is necessa y o
es ablish p ope me abolic p o iles, depending on he
b eed o abbi .
Chapel, J.M. e al.
B az. J. Biol., 2021 , ol. 81, no. 2 pp.241-245
242 242/245
When clinicians use biochemical p o ile in conjunc ion wi h
he his o y, physical examina ion, and e en o he labo a o y
es s, he chemis y panel may be use ul o he es ablishmen
o ini ial baseline analy es o a pa ien , o mula ing a ule
ou lis , con i ming a diagnosis and/o de e mining he
p ognosis (Russell and Roussel, 2007). Re e ence alues
showed in books a e use ul o many hema ologic analy es,
al hough hei use is limi ed o in e p e a ion o se um
chemis ies. Fo example, many published e e ence in e als
ound in ex books ha a e es ablished o abbi s o en do
no dis inguish be ween pu pose (p oduc ion, biomodels
in esea ch) o be ween gende , age o physiological s age
(Hewi e al., 1989; Suckow and Douglas, 1996; Melillo,
2007; A che i e al., 2008; Jenkins, 2008).
The acid-base balance de ine he basic p inciples o he
in e nal balance, necessa y o main ain he s uc u e and
unc ion o p o eins essen ial o no mal p og ession o
me abolic e en s. Mos enzyma ic eac ions ha e a na owly
de ined ange o pH op imum, and changes in hyd ogen ion
concen a ion ha e di ec e ec s on he a es o eac ion
and, hus, esul ing in many basic biological p ocesses
(Kaneko e al., 2008). Acco ding o A diaca e al. (2013),
he use o poin -o -ca e blood gas analyze s allows apid
u na ound ime o esul s, imp o emen o diagnos ics,
and immedia e he apeu ic managemen wi h po en ial
imp o emen in ou come. Mo eo e , s ess is educed by
his way because p olonged s ess such as anspo a ion o
un amilia noises a e emo ed (Melillo, 2007; Jenkins, 2008).
To he bes o he au ho ´s knowledge, he e a e no
epo s abou biochemical and hema ological p o iles
o he mos common bunny pe s. In his scena io, he
aim o his epo is o o e he mean alues o he main
pa ame e s closely connec ed wi h his p o ile in a e y
common bunny such as he Ne he land Dwa b eed and
o assess changes be ween gende s.
2. Ma e ial and Me hods
2.1. Animals and housing
Thi y- i e heal hy abbi s (Ne he land Dwa b eed) we e
used o he s udy wi h an a e age age o 11.5 mon hs old
( anged om 8-16 mon hs) and mean weigh 1.18 kg (± 0.17).
Animals we e en olled wi h owne consen and we e di ided
by sex: male (n=15) and emale (n=20). All abbi s we e
handled in ou Depa men in a quie and sa e place.
Animals we e housed in a p ope abbi hu ch ou side
p o ided wi h a la ge enough li ing a ea and a secu e shel e .
Each animal’s heal h condi ion was assessed by a comple e
physical examina ion acco ding o he ecommenda ions
made by Va ga (2014). All abbi s ecei ed he same kind
o die , consis ed in concen a e (same pelle b and) and hay.
Sani a y managemen was uni o m among animals, wi h all
animals being helmin h ee and immunized pe iodically.
2.2. Blood sampling
Venous blood samples we e collec ed ia he la e al
saphenous ein (Melillo, 2007) using a 1-mL sy inge
and a 25-G needle. The p ocedu e was done wi hou
chemical es ain using a hand-held po able analyze
(i-STAT
1 Analyze , Eas Windso , NJ, USA) and i-STAT
EC8+ ca idges, ha ha e been used in p e ious s udies
in abbi s (A diaca e al., 2013; Bon ehi e al., 2014; Va ga,
2014). The s ess e ec was minimized using w ap abbi s
in a owel such as was desc ibed by Va ga (2014).
Measu ed pa ame e s we e haema oc i , haemoglobin,
blood u ea ni ogen (BUN), glucose, blood pH, pa ial
p essu e o CO2 (pCO2), o al CO2 (TCO2), ions bica bona e
(HCO
3
-
), chlo ide, sodium, po assium, base excess (BEec )
and anion Gap (AnGap). Less han one minu e elapsed
be ween sampling and analysis.
2.3. S a is ical analyses
All da a ob ained we e analysed using he s a is ical
p og am SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inx., Chicago, IL, USA). Da a
we e es ed o no mal dis ibu ion using he Shapi o-Wilk
es . All no malized da a we e subjec ed o a S uden ’s
es conside ing sex (male and emale) as ixed ac o s and
blood pa ame e s as dependen a iables. Those a iables
no no mally dis ibu ed we e analysed using nonpa ame ic
es ( he Mann-Whi ney U es ). S a is ical di e ences
we e conside ed signi ican a P < 0.05.
3. Resul s
In ou s udy, signi ican di e ences we e no ound in he
acid-base pa ame e s be ween gende s (Table 1 and 2), wi h
he excep ion o pCO
2
. PCO
2
alues in males (46.2 mm Hg)
we e highe han alues in emales (41.85 mm Hg).
Rega ding elec oly e (Table 1) and haema ological
alues (haema oc i and haemoglobin; Table 2), hese
pa ame e s did no show di e ence be ween sex and
hei alues we e p ac ically iden ical. Mo eo e , BUN
showed a simila ange be ween male (6.39-7.32 mmol/L)
and emale (6.53-7.54 mmol/L) and a wid h ange was
ob ained in he glucose alues in bo h sexes. Despi e o
his ac , no signi ican di e ences we e obse ed in hose
wo pa ame e s.
4. Discussion
The acid-base pa ame e s (pH, TCO2, pCO2, HCO3,
BEec , AnGap) and elec oly es analysed in ou s udy
emained wi hin physiological anges gi en by se e al
au ho s o o he b eeds o abbi (Suckow and Douglas,
1996; Flecknell, 2002; A diaca e al., 2013; Williams e al.,
2014; Leinewebe e al., 2018), excep da a epo ed by
Suckow and Douglas (1996) o pCO2 alues. Ou s udy
has shown pCO2 alues highe han hei s udy. Howe e ,
ange e e ence epo ed by Suckow and Douglas (1996)
was e e ed o labo a o y animals. On o he hand,
A diaca e al. (2013) ha e s udied pe abbi s wi h a simila
ange in ela ion o ou esul s. Mo eo e , o he acid-base
pa ame e s such as pH o HCO3 we e wi hin he no mal
ange as we ha e ci ed be o e.
Acid-base pa ame e s should be analysed oge he
because, o example, neu al pH could be shown in a
concu en espi a o y alkalosis and me abolic acidosis
Blood biochemis y in ne he land dwa abbi
B az. J. Biol., 2021 , ol. 81, no. 2 pp.241-245 243/245 243
(A diaca e al., 2013). PH le els a e associa ed wi h
HCO
3
and pCO
2
se um alues. PCO
2
is linked o he
espi a o y unc ion. Mo eo e , CO
2
is p oduced by cellula
me abolism. The HCO
3
, oge he wi h BEec , usually
indica e me abolic imbalances (Kaneko e al., 2008; I iza y
and Reiss, 2009; A diaca e al., 2013).
In ou s udy, signi ican di e ences we e no ound in he
acid-base pa ame e s be ween gende s, wi h he excep ion
o pCO
2
. PCO
2
alues in males (46.2 mm Hg) we e highe
han alues in emales (41.85 mm Hg). This di e ence could
be associa ed wi h a g ea e cellula me abolism in males,
which aises he amoun o CO2 in blood (Kaneko e al.,
2008; A diaca e al., 2013); in his sense, F ei as e al.
(2010) sugges ha he ene gy me abolism o insec i o ous
ba s may be a ec ed by sex. Mo eo e , o he s udies ha e
showed o sugges ed ha sex can in luence many ac o s
ela ed o a species (Te ien e al., 2011; F ied ich e al.,
2013; Sando al Salinas e al., 2017).
Rega ding blood elec oly e alues (Table 1),
Özkan e al. (2012) did no obse e s a is ical di e ences
o elec oly e be ween male and emale New Zealand
abbi s, excep se um po assium le els. In ou s udy, no
s a is ical di e ence was obse ed. When blood elec oly e
imbalances appea , acid-base al e a ions should be kep
in mind because abbi s ha e a complex gas oin es inal
physiology and a limi ed kidney unc ion (Melillo, 2007;
Va ga, 2014). Fo example, highe po assium le els due
o me abolic acidosis o alkalosis, can ei he inc ease
o educe he exchange o po assium ions ac oss he
cell memb ane (Melillo, 2007); o low chlo ide se um
concen a ion, which inc eases HCO3; bu only one- hi d
o hyplochlo emic abbi s showed his compensa ion.
A diaca e al. (2013) sugges ha i may be due o he
concu en hypona emia in his species.
Resul s o haema ological alues (Table 2) we e wi hin
he ange o no mal alues de ined o hese pa ame e s
by p e ious s udies in o he b eeds (Hewi e al., 1989;
Table 1. Venous blood acid-base balance and elec oly e p o ile o Ne he land Dwa abbi .
Pa ame e Gende 95% RI
x
SD Range P- alue
pH Male 7.32-7.41†7.36 0.07 7.28 -7.44 n.s.
Female 7.39-7.42†7.40 0.04 7.35 - 7.46
HCO3
(mmol/L)
Male 24.85-26.31†25.58 1.03 23.90 - 26.90 n.s.
Female 23.61-26.37†24.99 2.94 20.90 - 30.30
BEec
(mmol/L)
Male -2.00-(2.00)‡0 1.49 -2.00-(2.00) n.s.
Female -5.00-(6.00) ‡0 3.27 -5.00-(6.00)
TCO2
(mmol/L)
Male 25.00-27.00‡27.00 0.84 25.00-27.00 n.s.
Female 22.00-32.00‡26.00 3.02 22.00-32.00
PCO2
(mm Hg)
Male 37.60-54.80*b46.20 6.00 37.60-54.80 0.022
Female 34.60-45.30*‡41.85 3.41 34.60-45.30
AnGap
(mmol/L)
Male 15.00-19.00‡16.00 1.55 15.00-19.00 n.s.
Female 15.00-20.00‡18.00 2.11 15.00-20.00
K
(mmol/L)
Male 4.05-4.31†4.18 0.18 4.00-4.50 n.s.
Female 4.05-4.35†4.20 0.32 3.60-4.60
Na
(mmol/L)
Male 141.00-145.00‡143.00 1.40 141.00-145.00 n.s.
Female 141.00-144.00‡143.00 0.92 141.00-144.00
Cl
(mmol/L)
Male 102.00-105.00‡104.00 1.15 102.00-105.00 n.s.
Female 99.00-108.00‡104.00 2.63 99.00-108.00
RI, Re e ence In e al;
x
, mean; SD, s anda d de ia ion; BEec , base excess ex acellula luid; TCO2, o al CO2; pCO2, pa ial
p essu e o CO2; AnGap, anion Gap; n.s., no signi ican ; *P < 0.05; †pa ame ic obus me hod; ‡nonpa ame ic pe cen ile me hod.
Table 2. Haema ological and biochemical alues in enous blood o Ne he land Dwa abbi .
Pa ame e Gende 95% RI
x
SD Range P- alue
H
(%)
Male 34.00-43.00‡35.50 3.43 34.00-43.00 n.s.
Female 33.00-38.00‡36.00 1.91 33.00-38.00
Hb
(g/dL)
Male 11.60-14.60‡12.2 1.16 11.60-14.60 n.s.
Female 11.20-12.90‡12.05 0.64 11.20-12.90
BUN
(mmol/L)
Male 6.39-7.32†6.85 0.65 5.71-7.50 n.s.
Female 6.53-7.54†7.03 1.07 5.35-8.92
Glu
(mmol/L)
Male 6.38-8.80‡7.48 0.89 6.38-8.80 n.s.
Female 5.89-10.07‡7.04 1.33 5.89-10.07
RI, Re e ence In e al;
x
, mean; SD, s anda d de ia ion; H , haema oc i ; Hb, haemoglobin; Glu, glucose; BUN, blood u ea
ni ogen; n.s., no signi ican ; †pa ame ic obus me hod; ‡nonpa ame ic pe cen ile me hod.
Chapel, J.M. e al.
B az. J. Biol., 2021 , ol. 81, no. 2 pp.241-245
244 244/245
Suckow and Douglas, 1996; Benson and Paul-Mu phy,
1999; Flecknell, 2002; Melillo, 2007; Jenkins, 2008;
Pu wain, 2010; Özkan e al., 2012; A diaca e al., 2013;
Bon ehi e al., 2014; Va ga, 2014; Moo e e al., 2015;
Leinewebe e al., 2018) and simila o alues ob ained by
Šimek e al. (2017) in Ne he land Dwa abbi s emales
(35-39%). Melillo (2007) and Va ga (2014) conside
ha he no mal ange o haema oc i in pe abbi has
alues om 30 o 40% and hose alues highe han 45%
may indica e dehyd a ion due o gas oin es inal s asis,
ichobezoa o malocclusion. Haema ological esul s
ob ained in ou esea ch we e highe han 30% and lowe
han 45%. Besides, haemoglobin concen a ions we e in
he ange om 11.20 o 14.60 g/dL and hey we e wi hin
he alues showed by Šimek e al. (2017) in Ne he land
Dwa abbi s emales. Some s udies ha e shown ha
e y h ocy es, haema ological and haemoglobin alues
in male abbi s we e highe han in emale (Özkan e al.,
2012; Moo e e al., 2015). Howe e , ou esul s we e no
s a is ically signi ican di e ences.
Blood u ea ni ogen concen a ions (Table 2) did no
di e om he p e iously epo ed e e ence alues in o he
abbi b eeds (Hewi e al., 1989; Suckow and Douglas,
1996; Jenkins, 2008; Özkan e al., 2012; A diaca e al.,
2013; Bon ehi e al., 2014; Leinewebe e al., 2018).
In hose s udies, ange o u ea blood alues is e y wide
because physiological ac o s, such as die a y p o ein
concen a ions, li e unc ion o na u al ci cadian hy hms,
can a ec i s alues (Melillo, 2007). Ou esul s showed
a sho e ange be ween sexes (Table 2). The same kind
o die could be sho ening i s a iabili y. No s a is ically
signi ican di e ences we e obse ed be ween males and
emales. Özkan e al. (2012) did no ind di e ences ei he
in New Zealand abbi s.
In ou s udy, median glucose alues emained
wi hin physiological anges gi en by se e al au ho s
(Hewi e al., 1989; Suckow and Douglas, 1996; Flecknell,
2002; Melillo, 2007; Jenkins, 2008; Özkan e al., 2012;
A diaca e al., 2013; Bon ehi e al., 2014; Va ga, 2014).
Howe e , ou ange o glucose le els was highe han some
e e ence anges epo ed by di e en au ho s (Suckow
and Douglas, 1996; Flecknell, 2002; Melillo, 2007; Va ga,
2014). I is di icul o ob ain a as ing sample in abbi s
because hey do caeco ophy (caeco ophs p o ides
a sou ce o glucose) and ola ile a y acids, ha a e
p oduced by hei cecal lo a, a e con inually abso bed
as p ima y ene gy sou ce (Melillo, 2007). I has been
epo ed ha blood glucose alues may be inc eased up o
145 mg/dL (8.05 mmol/L) 3 hou s pos eeding (Jenkins,
2008). This could explain ou esul s. Besides, o he
causes o hype glycaemia may be due o gu s asis, high
pain ul condi ions o acu e in es inal blockage by a o eign
body. Mo eo e , hype glycaemia may occu in diabe es
melli us, in addi ion he e will be glucosu ia, polydipsia
and polyphagia. Howe e , diabe es melli us has no been
desc ibed in pe abbi s and hype glycaemia was in he ange
o 30 – 33.4 mmol/L in labo a o y abbi s (Va ga, 2014).
In conclusion, esul s ob ained in his esea ch may be
use ul as a e e ence ange in e e ina y clinics because
he e is no enough in o ma ion ega ding no mal anges
in his species as a pe and, mo e conc e ely, in Ne he land
Dwa abbi s. On o he hand, u he esea che s should
be pe o med o know he cu -o be ween no mali y and
disease in pe abbi s. Mo eo e , o know i he g ea
amoun o CO
2
in blood in males Ne he land Dwa abbi s
a e due o a g ea e cellula me abolism.
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