In e na ional Jou nal o Ho icul u al Science 2022, 28: 57-63.
h ps://doi.o g/10.31421/ijhs/28/2022/11054
Impac o plan ing da es on yield and pod quali y ai s o
snap bean unde sho - empe a e season clima es
Rao, S. A.
Ho icul u al P oduc ion and Sus ainable Food Sys ems, Ag icul u e and En i onmen , Assiniboine Communi y College,
B andon, Mani oba, Canada
Au ho o co espondence: [email protected]
Summa y: Snap bean, a wa m-season c op, ha e low os ole ance. The op imal empe a u e o seed eme gence and plan g ow h is impo an .
The e o e, app op ia e plan ing da es o adap ed a ie ies has pa amoun signi icance in imp o ing pod yield and quali y o snap bean unde sho
cool season clima es. Th ee snap bean cul i a s plan ed a 3 di e en da es we e examined o e alua e he e ec s o plan ing da es on snap bean pod
yield and quali y ai s in a 2-yea s udy in a sho season clima e in Mani oba, Canada. Resul s o his s udy showed ha h ee, wo weeks apa ,
plan ing da es had a non- signi ican e ec on ma ke ing yield o h ee di e en cul i a s es ed in his s udy. Plan ing da es showed signi ican e ec
on un-ma ke able yield, pod esh weigh , pod leng h and o al soluble solids. Highe ma ke able and un-ma ke able yields along wi h longe pod
leng h and soluble solids, in all h ee cul i a s, we e mo e p o ound when seeded a mid and la e plan ing da es. Snap bean g ew unde highe
empe a u e and accumula ed mo e g owing deg ee days (GDD) when plan ed in mid June and ea ly July when compa ed o ea ly June plan ing.
These esul s conclude ha ma ke able yields o snap bean we e no signi ican ly a ec ed by plan ing da es when seeded- wo weeks apa -in sho e
g owing en i onmen s which allow comme cial and ma ke ga dene s, in no he n a eas wi h sho e g owing seasons o op imise plan ing snap
bean, wi hou educing pod yield and quali y.
Rao, S. A. (2022): Impac o plan ing da es on yield and pod quali y ai s o snap bean unde sho - empe a e season clima es.
In e na ional Jou nal o Ho icul u al Science 28: 57-63. h ps://doi.o g/10.31421/ijhs/28/2022/11054
Key wo ds: Phaseolus ulga is L., ma ke able yields, un-ma ke able yields, empe a u es, no he n clima e
In oduc ion
Legumes a e an impo an componen in he die s o
humans and a e consumed as d ied o g een beans. The legume
c ops g own o human consump ion belong o he amily
Fabaceae, o me ly known as Leguminosae. The mos
commonly g own species a e he common bean (Phaseolus
ulga is L.) and black-eyed peas (Vigna unguicula a L. Walp.).
The common bean (Phaseolus ulga is L) is also conside ed
one o he iches sou ces o p o ein (Baudoin & Maque ,
1999), i amins and die a y ibe (Kelly & Sco , 1992), and
a e known as snap bean, g een beans, F ench beans o s ing
beans which a e widely used as a ege able, when ha es ed as
imma u e pods, and is conside ed an impo an ood sou ce in
many pa s o he wo ld (Richa dson, 2012). Common beans
a e cul i a ed h oughou he wo ld and i s p oduc ion spans
om 52°N o 32°S la i ude (Schoonho en & Voyses , 1991)
unde a wide ange o en i onmen al condi ions. Common
beans a e also known as ni ogen ixing c ops, wi h he abili y
o ix soil ni ogen, he e o e minimizing ni ogen e ilize
inpu s (Piha & Munns, 1987) and imp o ing soil condi ions
(Nason & My old, 1992). By se ing as an al e na e o
ino ganic ni ogen e ilize s, beans simul aneously help
minimize he ad e se e ec o he excessi e use o chemicals
on he en i onmen .
Wo ld ege ables p oduc ion g ew as e be ween 2000 and
2019, as i wen up 65 pe cen , 446 million onnes o 1128
million onnes in 2019 (FAO, 2019). A o al o 2,847,976
me ic onne o ma ke able ege able p oduced in Canada, o
which 76% (2,183,527 me ic onne) is om ield ege ables
(S a is ic Canada, 2020). Wo ldwide 23.27 million me ic
onnes o snap bean a e p oduced in 2020. In Canada, amongs
he ield ege able c ops, snap bean anked 3 d in plan ed a ea
(8,479 o o al 102,022 hec a es) wi h 59,892 MT o ma ke ed
p oduc ion, and a m ga e alue o $38,279,000 CDN,
accoun ing o 2% o o al $1,294,903,000 CDN a m ga e
alue. Al hough, ce eal and oil seed c op p oduc ion domina e
in Mani oba, ege ables c op con ibu e $32,588,000 CDN
a m ga e alue o he o e all Canadian economy (S a is ic
Canada 2020). App oxima ely 31,820 MT o snap bean we e
impo ed as esh beans o edible consump ion in 2018, which
is ~7.5% inc ease om he 2019-yea impo o 29,550 me ic
ons (S a is ic Canada 2019). In Mani oba, snap bean is no
p oduced in la ge ac eages, wi h only 146 ac es p oducing 94
onnes o ma ke able snap bean epo ed in 2018 and
app oxima ely 150 es ima ed ac es o snap bean in 2019
(S a is ic Canada 2019). The Mani oba egion has a sho e and
a colde empe a u e clima e ha ing a os - ee pe iod o 75 o
125-135 days. These sho e os - ee pe iods a e a majo
es ic i e ac o o comme cial p oduc ion o many ield
ege ables in his egion (Mani oba Ag icul u e 2020).
Howe e , in Mani oba, cool-season ege ables and some wa m
season c ops wi h sho e ma u i y can be g own and ha es ed
as g een ege ables. E en wi h he sho e g owing season,
Mani oba anked 6 h in ield ege able plan ed a ea, (1,506
hec a es), p oducing 20,515 me ic ons o ma ke able ield
ege ables (S a is ic Canada 2020).
58 Rao, S. A.
These snap beans, when g own o ha es imma u e pod
when young and ende , ake 60-70 days om seed o ha es
and can be g own in c opping sys ems like Mani oba, ei he as
pa o c op di e si ica ion o ma ke ga dening. Soil
empe a u e anging om 16 οC o 29 οC is equi ed o he
op imum g ow h o snap bean; seeding below 10 οC will a ec
ge mina ion, and seed may simply de e io a e in he soil
(Nonnecke, 1989). Plan ing o beans in a sho e g owing
egion may a ec plan g ow h and pod cha ac e is ics o beans
and his has been he ocus o s udies in many in di e en
egions o he wo ld. Ma lene e al. (2008) epo ed ha beans
a e mo e sensi i e o en i onmen al s ess a ec ing yield,
g ow h and pod ai s as compa ed o o he ield ege ables.
F equency o high and low empe a u es, wa e de ici pe iods
and ex ended p ecipi a ion due o he clima ic changes limi s
he p oduc ion o ege ables in open ield condi ions (Abd Al-
Shamma i e al., 2020; Nemeské i e al., 2015; Molná e al.,
2015). A signi ican di e ence was epo ed (Nemeské i e al.,
2018) in s oma al densi y on bo h lea su aces be ween he
g een-podded and yellow-podded snap bean a ie ies, du ing
lowe ing and pod de elopmen , unde wa e de iciency and
concluded ha unde non-i iga ed condi ions, s oma al
esis ance measu ed du ing lowe ing had a la ge e ec on he
indi idual pod yield. O si e al. (2021) epo ed a iable lowe
and pod abscission dynamics in di e en gene pools and
geno ypes o common beans. Vega, Chapman & Hall (2001),
epo ed ha changes o he managemen o plan ing season o
cul i a always esul ed in co esponding changes in pod and
seed numbe .
P e ious s udies ca ied ou on snap bean plan ing season
and o pla ing da es demons a e a p edominan in luence on
yields and yield ela ed ai s when e alua ed in di e en
g owing egions. This ac o has no been ully explo ed o
snap bean p oduc ion in sho e os - ee pe iod g owing
seasons. Hence, de e mining op imum plan ing da es o snap
bean in a sho g owing en i onmen is aluable o p oduce s
in hese egions o di e si y c op p oduc ion. In his s udy, he
e ec o plan ing season on snap bean cul i a s was examined
in condi ions ep esen a i e o Canadian p ai ie g owing a eas.
Ma ke able yield pe plan can make he di e ence be ween
being p o i able o no o hese g owe s. The objec i es o his
snap bean expe imen a e o: 1) s udy he e ec o di e en
plan ing da es on yield and pod quali y ai s o snap bean; 2)
iden i y he op imum plan ing da es o snap bean unde
Mani oba g owing condi ions. The esul s o his p ojec can
posi i ely impac comme cial and ma ke ga den p oduce s by
making snap bean a p o i able ho icul u al c op.
Ma e ials and me hods
Expe imen al si e and plan ma e ial
The expe imen ook place in 2016 and 2017 a he
Assiniboine Communi y College (ACC) Ho icul u al G ow
Plo , B andon, Mani oba, Canada (49oN, 99oW). The a e age
os - ee pe iod in his egion is 105-115 days. A e age annual
accumula ed GDD o he B andon egion, ange om 950-
1050 and 450-550 a base empe a u es o 10 oC and 15 oC
espec i ely (Mani oba Ag icul u e 2020). The a e age
minimum and maximum empe a u es, ain all and g owing
deg ee days (GDD) o he expe imen al loca ion and mon hs
a e displayed in Table 1. Th ee locally g own snap bean
cul i a s, “Pu ple Royal y” (PR), “Tende G een” (TG) and
Gold Rush” (GR) we e chosen o ep esen a ange o snap
bean a ie ies a ailable o he esh ma ke . The snap bean
cul i a s we e seeded as ea ly plan ing (la e May), mid plan ing
(mid-June) and la e plan ing (ea ly July) in each o 2016 and
2017 (Table 2). Local comme cial seed company p o ided he
snap bean seeds used in his p ojec .
Plan ing and e ilize applica ion
The expe imen al ial was a andomized comple e block
design wi h ou eplica ions. Fo bo h yea s o he s udy, he
422 m2 expe imen al a ea was p epa ed ollowed g owe s’
s anda d cul i a ion p ac ices o loosen and pul e ize he soil
o seeding. Plo s we e 2.4 m wide and 3-m in leng h, wi h 4
ows spaced 60 cm and 20 cm be ween hills, o each cul i a
wi hin each eplica ion and plan ing da e. The middle wo ows
we e ha es ed o da a e alua ion and ou side wo ows we e
gua d ows. Two seeds pe hill we e hand-plan ed in each ow
and hinned a week a e ge mina ion o main ain uni o m plan
popula ion. Plo s we e i iga ed as equi ed o minimize
mois u e s ess and comme cial e ilize applied h ough d ip
i iga ion ape- ow c op d ippe line–0.95 l h-1 (I i ec, F esno,
CA. USA Inc.) o plan op imum g ow h in bo h expe imen al
yea s. Plan s we e i iga ed 3 hou pe day, wice a week in
sp ing whe eas in summe mon hs, plan s we e i iga ed h ee
imes a week using an i iga ion ime and adjus ing o
p e ious week ecei ed ain all Each plo ecei ed 200 ppm o
ni ogen om a comme cial soluble e ilize blend o 18-9-18
was applied in ou applica ions (181 g pe applica ion) wi h
injec o a io 1:100 using Dosa on (D125-Dosa on
In e na ional, Inc., Clea wa e , FL USA) o a o al o 725 g o
Ni ogen/93 m2/season. Disease and pes s we e con olled as
pe usual g owing condi ions and weed con ol was ca ied
manually as equi ed.
Yield and yield componen s e alua ion
Cul i a s Tende G een, Gold Rush and Pu ple Royal y
pods we e ha es ed be o e eaching ma u i y, 2-3 weeks a e
blooming, when pods we e leshy, ende and a ained g een,
gold, and pu ple colo espec i ely o Pod ha es ing s a ed
60 days a e plan ing and con inued, wi h mul iple ha es ing,
o h ee weeks. A ha es , o each cul i a , all pods sui able
o comme cial ma ke ing we e weigh ed as ma ke able
(disease ee and egula ly shaped) whe eas, pods, which a e
mal o med, b oken, o e g own, wi h symp oms o pes and
disease damage we e weighed as unma ke able yields. To al
yields we e calcula ed as he sum o ma ke able and
unma ke able pods. Pod esh weigh and leng h we e
measu ed on 20 andom esh ma ke able pods pe plo . Pod
wid h measu ed using HM. Clause aw p oduc gauge, a ed 1-
5, (1=5.75 mm, 2=7.34 mm, 3=8.33 mm, 4=9.52 mm and
5=10.71 mm) o USA Beans. Measu emen s om each
ha es we e a e aged o e he season. To al soluble solid we e
de e mined when he pods we e c ushed, and he e ac i e
index on he exp essed juice was measu ed using an A ago
PAL 3 (A ago USA Inc. Belle ue, WA USA) digi al
e ac ome e ( anging 0-93%).
Clima e Da a Acquisi ion and Da a Analysis
Clima ic condi ions we e eco ded using A gus Ti an sys em
e sion 718 (A gus, 2014) and om he B andon Me eo ological
S a ion (ID: CA005010490). A Ti an WS2 wea he s a ion was
Impac o plan ing da es on yield and pod quali y ai s o snap bean unde sho - empe a e season clima es 59
Table 2. Plan ing da es, empe a u es, o al ain all and g owing deg ee days (GDD) accumula ed om plan ing o snap beans un il las ha es da es.
Yea Plan ing
Season Plan ing da e yLas Ha es da e Tempe a u e οC To al ain all
(mm)
xG owing Deg ee
Days (GDD)
Max Min *A g Cumula i e GDD
Di e ence in GDD om
p e ious ha es
2016 Ea ly 27-May 09-Aug 23.8 11.9 19.9 257.8 563 NA
Mid 15-Jun 28-Aug 23.7 12.1 17.9 277.3 567 4
La e 04-Jul 16-Sep 23.0 10.6 16.9 93.7 546 -21
2017 Ea ly 27-May 08-Aug 25.1 11.2 18.2 99.9 597 NA
Mid 16-Jun 28-Aug 25.9 11.8 18.9 113.0 694 97
La e 01-Jul 16-Sep 25.0 10.9 18.0 135.1 625 -69
*=Season a e age; Min= Minimum; Max= maximum; A g= A e age; a=Base 10 οC
y
=Ha es s a ed a e 60 day o plan ing and con inued o h ee weeks
Table 3. F a ios and e ec o plan ing da es on yields and pod quali y cha ac e is ics o snap bean cul i a s e alua ed du ing 2016 and 2017 (2 yea s A e age).
Ma ke able yield
(Kg ac e-1) Un-ma ke able
yield (Kg ac e-1) Pod esh
weigh (g) Pod leng h
(cm) Pod wid h
(1-5) Soluble solids
°B ix
Plan ing Da es Means
Ea ly 4348a 871b 0.172b 13.03b 3.90a 4.66b
Mid 5010a 1417a 0.188a 12.43b 3.84a 4.89a
La e 5022a 1424a 0.169b 13.90a 3.86a 5.01a
LSD 749 261 0.0156 0.613 0.168 0.149
Sou ce o Va ia ion Signi icance
Yea * *** *** *** *** ***
Va ie y ** NS *** NS *** NS
Plan ing Da e NS *** * *** NS ***
Yea x Va ie y NS NS NS NS * NS
Yea x Plan ing Da e NS ** NS NS ** ***
Va ie y x Plan ing Da e NS NS NS NS NS NS
Yea x Va ie y x Plan ing Da e NS NS NS NS NS NS
CV 23.1 31.2 13.1 6.9 6.4 4.5
*, **, *** ep esen s P=0.05, 0.01, 0.001 espec i ely and ns, no signi ican
a-b=means wi hin a column ollowed by he same le e a e no signi ican ly di e en a P<0.05 acco ding o LSD.
Table 1. Tempe a u es, o al ain all and g owing deg ee-days o he g owing season in B andon du ing 2016 and 2017.
Mon h 2016
2017
Tempe a u e οC To al ain all
(mm)
xG owing
Deg ee Days
(GDD) Tempe a u e οC To al ain all
(mm)
G owing
Deg ee Days
(GDD)
Max
Min
*A g
Max
Min
*A g
May 17.7 4.4 11.0 75.7 87
18.1 2.4 10.3 44.8 71.3
June 20.9 10.7 15.9 211.2 171.6
24.2 10.3 17.3 34.3 200.0
July 24.5 12.4 18.4 13.9 261.7
26.3 13.1 19.7 51.8 302.2
Augus 24.5 12.1 18.3 53.8 258.5
25.6 10.6 18.1 51.4 252.3
Sep embe 19.1 6.3 12.8 37.7 104
21.2 7.1 14.1 32.9 135.2
A g/ o al 21.3 9.2 15.3 392.3 882.8
23.1 8.7 15.9 215.2 961
* = Mon h a e age; Min= Minimum; Max= maximum; A g= A e age;
x
=Base 10
ο
C
60 Rao, S. A.
Table 4. Main e ec s (by yea and cul i a ) o plan ing da es on yields, pod cha ac e is ics o snap bean cul i a s.
Yea /
Plan ing Ma ke able yield
(Kg ac e-1) Un-ma ke able yield
(Kg ac e-1) Pod esh weigh (g) Pod leng h (cm) Pod wid h (1-5) Soluble solids oB ix
PR1 T GR PR T GR PR T GR PR T GR PR T GR PR T GR
2016 Signi icance
0.70ns 0.61ns 0.35ns 0.33ns 0.20ns 0.01* 0.06* 0.97ns 0.33ns 0.53ns 0.14ns 0.01* 0.55ns 0.07ns 0.88ns 0.63ns 0.323ns 0.11*
Means
Ea ly 3702a 4689a 4791a 815a 818a 761b 0.14b 0.13a 0.19a 14.3a 13.3a 12.6b 3.5a 4.4a 3.2a 4.8a 4.7a 4.4b
Mid 3354a 5461a 4211a 1034a 865a 953b 0.18a 0.13a 0.18a 13.7a 13.5a 12.7b 3.5a 4.3a 3.2a 4.7a 4.6a 4.7a
La e 3459a 4572a 5267a 863a 1328a 1630a 0.15ab 0.13a 0.15a 14.4a 14.4a 14.1a 3.2a 4.0a 3.16a 4.6a 4.5a 4.5ab
LSD 1019 2317 1651 350 677 513 0.028 0.049 0.058 1.52 1.22 0.89 0.73 0.41 0.38 0.57 0.34 0.32
2017 Signi icance
0.25ns 0.200ns 0.26ns 0.21ns 0.15ns 0.01* 0.06* 0.88ns 0.62* 0.14* 0.20ns 0.29ns 0.75ns 0.14ns 0.406ns 0.01** 0.01** 0.01*
Means
Ea ly 3738a 4900a 4269a 1361a 850a 617b 0.19ab 0.17a 0.18b 12.1b 12.6a 13.1a 4.1a 4.4a 3.5a 4.5b 4.6b 4.7b
Mid 5259a 7493a 4282a 2006a 1976a 1666a 0.20a 0.18a 0.24a 11.9b 11.0a 11.6a 4.1a 4.2a 3.5a 4.9b 5.1a 5.1b
La e 4949a 5991a 5894a 1459a 1650a 1608a 0.17b 0.17a 0.22ab 14.4a 13.3a 12.6a 4.2a 4.7a 3.7a 5.5a 5.1a 5.6a
LSD 2101 3087 2518 856 1243 667 0.026 0.057 0.045 1.61 2.81 2.12 0.44 0.48 0.42 0.42 0.32 0.56
a-b=means wi hin a column ollowed by he same le e a e no signi ican ly di e en a P<0.05 acco ding o LSD.
*, **, *** ep esen s P=0.05, 0.01, 0.001 espec i ely and ns, no signi ican . 1Cul i a s a e ‘Pu ple Royal y’ (PR), ‘Tende g een’ (T) and ‘Gold Rush’ (GR)
Impac o plan ing da es on yield and pod quali y ai s o snap bean unde sho - empe a e season clima es 61
con igu ed wi h he A gus Ti an Con ol Sys em o eco d on-
si e wea he in o ma ion o ou doo empe a u e (°C), ligh
ene gy (W/m2), wind speed and wind di ec ion. The
expe imen s we e a andomized comple e block design wi h
ou eplica ions. Da a we e subjec ed o analyses o a iance
(ANOVA) using CoS a e . 6.45 (Coho So wa e
Bi mingham, U.K). Di e ences be ween ea men means we e
de e mined using Fishe ’s leas signi ican di e ence a α =
5%.
Resul s
Ai empe a u e du ing he g owing seasons a e aged
be ween 15.3 οC (2016) and 15.9 οC (2017) (Table 1). Fo
ea ly, mid and la e plan ing da es, ai empe a u es a e aged
19.9 οC, 17.9 οC and 16.9 οC espec i ely in yea 2016,
whe eas in 2017 ai empe a u e we e 18.2 οC, 18.9 οC, and
18.0 οC o ea ly, mid and la e plan ing da es espec i ely
(Table 2). Mo e ain was ecei ed in ea ly (257.8 mm) and
mid (277.3 mm) plan ings in yea 2016 compa ed o ea ly (99.9
mm) and mid (113 mm) plan ing in 2017. The la e plan ed c op
ecei ed highe p ecipi a ion in 2017 when compa ed o he
ea ly and mid plan ed c op. Highe ain all was eco ded in he
mid and ea ly plan ed c ops compa ed o la e plan ing in 2016,
whe eas yea 2017 ecei ed mo e ain all in ea ly and mid
plan ing compa ed o la e plan ing (Table 2). The beans c op
ecei ed mo e GDD in 2017 g owing season compa ed o yea
2016, wi h espec o each plan ing da es. C op accumula ed
mo e GDD in ea ly and mid plan ing, 563 & 567 in 2016 and
597 & 694 in 2017, compa ed o la e plan ing, 546 & 625, in
yea 2016 and 2017 espec i ely.
Da a om he wo yea s was combined and was analysed o
de e mine he impac o di e en plan ing da es, cul i a and
in e ac ions on bean yields and pod quali y ai s (Table 3).
Signi ican di e ences o he yields and pod quali y ai s
we e eco ded o be ween yea s compa isons, whe eas
a ie ies showed only signi ican di e ences o ma ke able
yield, pod esh weigh and pod wid h. Di e en plan ings did
no show any no iceable di e ence in ma ke able yield and pod
wid h, howe e , beans plan ed on di e en da es showed
signi ican di e ences o o he yield and quali y ai s
examined in his p ojec . In e ac ion be ween yea x a ie y x
plan ing da es was eco ded as non-signi ican o he yield and
pod quali y ai s. Simila ly, a ie y x plan ing da es in e ac ion
was non-signi ican o he yields and pod quali y ai s,
sugges ing a ie y selec ion did no a ec yield and yield
ela ed ai s when plan ed a di e en da es. Howe e , yea x
sowing da e in e ac ion p esen ed no iceable di e ences in
o al soluble solids, pod wid h and un-ma ke able yields. Ea ly,
mid and la e plan ings had no e ec on ma ke able yields and
pod wid h o any cul i a es ed in yea 2016 and 2017
(Table 3-4). In 2016, di e en plan ing da es a ec ed un-
ma ke able yields, pod leng h and soluble solids o cul i a
‘Gold Rush’ bu no hose o ‘Pu ple Royal y’ and ‘Tende
G een’. Whe eas, in 2017 un-ma ke able yields, pod esh
weigh and soluble solids we e signi ican ly di e en wi h
di e en plan ings o ‘Gold Rush’ cul i a , and he e was no
e ec o plan ing da es on pod wid h. (Table 4). In 2016, Pod
esh weigh di e ed signi ican ly o ‘Pu ple Royal y’ cul i a
when plan ed on di e en da es, bu no hose o ‘Tende
G een’ and ‘Gold Rush’. Pod esh weigh did no show
signi ican di e ence o ‘Pu ple Royal y’ cul i a o any o
he desc ibed seeding da es in 2017.
All h ee cul i a s soluble solids we e a ec ed signi ican ly
o pod p oduc ion in yea 2017 when seeded in ea ly, mid and
la e plan ings. Whe eas in 2016 only ‘Gold Rush’ cul i a
showed signi ican di e ence in soluble solids when plan ed a
di e en da es (Table 4). Pod leng h showed signi ican
di e ences wi h espec o plan ing da es o ‘Pu ple Royal y’
in 2017, whe eas, in 2016 no di e ence was ound o pod
leng h o ‘Pu ple Royal y’ plan ed in di e en da es. In
gene al, he e ec o plan ing da es o yield and pod ai s
a ied wi h yea and cul i a .
Discussions
Tempe a u e equi emen s o a bean c op a ies du ing
a ious s ages o i s li e cycle wi h a ying base empe a u e
needed o g ow h a each de elopmen al s age. Kish & Ogle
(1980) and Mullins & S aw (1999) e e enced 10 οC as he
common used base empe a u e o es ima e he GDD a each
de elopmen al g ow h s age o beans. In his s udy, he
minimum empe a u es du ing ea ly, mid and la e plan ing
anged om 10.6 οC o 12.1 οC (Table 2), which is abo e
10.0 οC whe e ge mina ion and blossoming may be a ec ed
(Dickson & Boe ge , 1984) and could esul in unma ke able
pods. Since he minimum empe a u e du ing p oduc ion s ages
o beans emained abo e 10 οC, i did no signi ican ly a ec
yields in plan ing da es in bo h expe imen al yea s (Table 2).
To al ain all o 392.3 mm s a ing May h ough Sep embe in
2016 was highe compa ed o 215.2 mm in 2017. This
di e ence was no able in he mon h o June wi h 211.2 mm, in
2016, compa ed o 34.3 mm ain all in 2017. Howe e , an e en
dis ibu ion o ain all was obse ed in 2017 c opping yea
compa ed o 2016, whe e he mon h o June ecei ed
signi ican ly mo e p ecipi a ion han o he mon hs o g owing
season in he same yea (Table 1-2). The cumula i e GDD
we e highe in 2017, a each ea ly, mid and la e plan ing,
compa ed o 2016. This may be due o high empe a u e
inc easing GDD as epo ed by Ken e al. (2012).
The esul s o his s udy e ealed signi ican a ia ions in
yields and pod quali y ai s be ween each yea ’s e alua ion o
each cul i a es ed. Ma ke able yield, pod esh weigh and
pod wid h di e signi ican ly o cul i a s (Table 3-4),
whe eas, un-ma ke able yield, pod esh weigh , pod leng h,
and o al soluble solids we e ound be o signi ican ly di e en
o h ee plan ing da es in 2 yea s combined pe o mance
(Table 3). No di e ence in yields o any plan ing da e we e
obse ed o he cul i a s in yea 2016. In 2017 mid and la e
plan ings yielded highe ma ke able and un-ma ke able pods.
O e s he wo yea s o he s udy, a e age yields, ma ke able
and un-ma ke able yields we e eco ded highe in mid and la e
plan ing han in he ea ly plan ing (Table 3). Howe e , no
yields we e highe om one plan ing da e o e ano he , o
cul i a s es ed in each indi idual yea . Cul i a s “Gold Rush
and Pu ple Royal y” p oduced highe ma ke able pods in he
ea ly plan ing compa ed o mid and la e plan ings in yea 2016,
whe eas in 2017 all h ee cul i a s yielded highe ma ke able
pods in mid and la e plan ing when compa ed wi h ea ly
plan ing. This lowe yield in yea 2017, could be a ibu ed o
lowe accumula ed GDD when seeded as an ea ly season c op
when compa ed o mid and la e plan ings. Simila esul s o
high bean yield om la e plan ing compa ed o ea ly plan ing
we e eco ded by Jamil e al. (2017) while s udying he op imal
plan ing da es o F ench beans. Al hough ma ke able and un-
ma ke able yields we e no consis en among he cul i a s

62 Rao, S. A.
es ed (Table 4), o e 2 yea s cul i a yield demons a es
highe yield in mid and la e plan ings. Since each cul i a was
es ing using he equal numbe o days om seeding o inal
ha es , he yield a ia ions o di e en plan ing da es
be ween cul i a s could be a ibu ed o cul i a cha ac e is ics.
This is mo e e iden wi h cul i a ‘Pu ple Royal y’ which
signi ican ly di e s in un-ma ke able yields in 2016 and 2017.
O si e al. (2021) ound a iable lowe and pod abscission
dynamics in di e en gene pools and geno ypes o common
beans and eco ded ce ain bean cha ac e is ic o be highly
signi ican in hei s udies, such as he amoun o days o begin
lowe ing, he lowe ing pe iod, pe cen age o abo ed pods
and numbe o ha es ed pods. This s udy did no show a
consis en posi i e ela ionship be ween yields and pod quali y
wi h espec o di e en plan ing da es. The e o e, he e is no
consis en end o ha ing highe yields co esponding o pod
wid h, leng h, esh weigh and soluble solids wi h espec o
plan ing da es e alua ed in his 2-yea s udy.
No consis signi icance was obse ed o any plan ing da e
o e ano he in pod esh weigh , leng h, wid h and soluble
solids e alua ed o all cul i a s when plan ed ea ly, mid and in
la e in 2016 and 2017. Longe pod leng h was eco ded in la e
plan ings o all h ee cul i a s in 2016, whe eas his end was
only obse ed o ‘Pu ple Royal y’ and ‘Tende G een’
cul i a s in 2017. Bean pod wid h a ied in di e en plan ing
da es in 2016 compa ed o 2017 whe e la e plan ing showed a
la ge pod wid h in la e plan ing when compa ed o ea ly and
mid plan ing. A simila end o g ea e soluble solid was
eco ded in 2017 la e plan ing o all h ee cul i a s, whe eas
his was no e iden in 2016. Compa ing he pod and seed
cha ac e s wi h yields, Kimeu (2019) obse ed simila
cohe ence be ween bean pod cha ac e s. In gene al, all h ee
cul i a s s udied he e o e alua e, yield and pod cha ac e is ics,
in ea ly, mid and la e plan ing da es, did no appea ed o ha e
highe yields and pod quali y a ibu es o e any plan ing da e
in any p oduc ion yea . These esul s a e consis ing wi h
Spa ks e al. (2018) s udy in which no signi ican di e ences in
yield we e obse ed o he wo plan ing da es o snap bean.
Howe e , o he s udies including Ge achew e al. (2014, 2015)
epo ed di e en plan ing da es did ha e a signi ican
in luence on yield o g een beans.
Conclusions
The esul s om his s udy show ma ke able yields o snap
bean we e no signi ican ly a ec ed by plan ing da es when
seeded- wo weeks apa -in sho e g owing en i onmen s.
Howe e , plan ing da es in luenced pod esh weigh , pod
leng h and soluble solids, which sugges s ha seeding snap
bean om mid o la e June could p oduce be e quali y pods.
Fu he esea ch exploi ing ea lie plan ing da es is
ecommended o de e mine he ea lies plan ing g owe s should
use o plan snap beans in hei egion. Canadian P ai ies
g owe s and simila clima ic a eas can use hese indings o
g owing snap bean wi h be e yield and quali y.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s acknowledge he inancial suppo , o his
p ojec , p o ided by Ag icul u e and Ag i-Food Canada and
he Mani oba Minis y o Ag icul u e h ough he Canadian
Ag icul u al Pa ne ship, a ede al p o incial e i o ial
ini ia i e.
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