Some Discussions on S a ic and Dynamic
Spa ial Exp essions in Czech and Chinese
melissa Shih-hui Lin
ABSTRACT:
This s udy aims o p esen acomp ehensi e o e iew on Taiwanese Chinese-speaking s uden s’
acquisi ion o s a ic and dynamic spa ial exp essions in he Czech language, and o in es iga e he
ans e and in e e ence om hei L1. I is assumed ha his s udy can no only p esen and com-
pa e how hese wo languages exp ess he spa ial exp essions, bu also p opose how o sol e obs a-
cles in L2 acquisi ion.
This s udy will apply no only aquali a i e bu also aquan i a i e con as i e s udy o spa ial
exp essions in Czech and Chinese, in an a emp o ind ou all he ela ed pa e ns de eloped. This
equi es empi ical analysis o some da abases o au hen ic ex s, mainly he e o e idence p o-
ided du ing SLA. Wi h he bene i o his insigh , i.e. he ypical e o pa e ns ound in lea ne s’
in e language, amo e comple e in e p e a ion o he seman ic concep s in he a ge languages is
o be concluded.
KEY WORDS:
spa ial exp essions, second-language acquisi ion, Czech, Chinese
1. INTRODUCTION
Languages di e in hei s uc u ing o he spa ial wo ld (Talmy, 2000). Acco ding
o Le inson (2003, p.690), di e en languages ha e di e en ways o exp essing
spa ial ela ions, i.e. o explaining and desc ibing whe e an objec is, o explain-
ing he spa ial cha ac e is ics o such an objec . Fo he spa ial exp essions in lan-
guages, he e a e many sys ema ic schemas ela ed, whils he languages ha e di -
e en schemas which seldom ma ch each o he comple ely. Acco ding o Lyons
(1977, p.694), space is used o iden i y loca ion, o posi ional/s a ic ela ion. Mo e-
o e , space may de e mine no only loca ion, bu also locomo ion, o di ec ional/dy-
namic ela ion. I is no easy o speci y spa ial exp essions clea ly in one language,
because i is necessa y o apply di e en dimensions. As a esul , spa ial exp essions
in second-language acquisi ion (SLA) no mally become one o he main obs acles o
language lea ne s.
Th ough he p ocess o SLA, some concep ual ca ego ies o L1 and L2 ma ch com-
ple ely, bu some concep ual ca ego ies a e only pa ially consis en , o e en o ally
di e en . The i s s ep in lea ning aL2 is o unde s and he deg ee o consis ency o
hese concep s and he concep ual ela ions (Cla k, 2005, p.461). On he o he hand,
he unde s anding and compa ison o he di e ences be ween he concep ual ca ego-
ies in L1 and L2 can help SLA, and a he same ime also highligh s linguis ic ypologi-
cal di e ences be ween hese wo languages. The e o e, i is assumed ha he con as-
i e analysis in his s udy can no only p esen and compa e he spa ial exp essions in
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72 STUDIE ZAPLIKOVANÉ LINGVISTIKY 
Czech and Chinese, bu also desc ibe he simila i ies and dissimila i ies be ween L1
and L2. In he ollowing, Iwill i s illus a e he de ini ion o spa ial exp essions and
demons a e he schemas applied in his s udy. Second, he me hodology adop ed in
his s udy will be in oduced. Thi d, Iwill ocus on and examine he Chinese-speaking
Taiwanese s uden s’ acquisi ion o Czech as L2, in o de o unde s and he s eng h
o he in luence o L1 p e e ences o he spa ial exp essions on he acquisi ion o
Czech as hei second language, and will summa ize he language da a collec ed,
especially he e o pa e ns in hei L2. Las ly, he conclusion will be p esen ed.
2. SPATIAL EXPRESSIONS
“Wha se s humans apa om o he species is ou abili y o exp ess spa ial expe i-
ence h ough language(s)” (Landau & Jackendo , 1993, p.217). Acco ding o Landau &
Glei man (1985), spa ial exp essions e e o he encoding o he geome ic p ope ies
o objec s in he wo ld and hei spa ial ela ionships. See Figu e 1.
In Figu e 1, he ex e nal inpu o spa ial in o ma ion can be aken as in o ma-
ion om ision, audi ion and he hap ic sys em, which hen p o ides in o ma ion o
he mo o sys em and language. Fu he mo e, language o space will conce n hose
wo ds and simple ph ases ha encode he spa ial exp essions, which include objec s,
places and hei ela ions.
As He zog (1995, p.2) indica es, “na u al language p o ides ag ea a ie y o ex-
p essions e e ing o space.” The e a e many ela ed sys ema ic pa e ns o spa ial
exp essions in languages. In English, he e a e 151 spa ial senses exp essed by 78
p eposi ions (Li kowski & Ha g a es, 2006). In Chinese, he e a e supposed o be
15 loca i e pa icles used o spa ial exp essions (Li & Thompson, 1981). In Ge man,
se e al lexical ca ego ies like nouns, ad e bs, adjec i es and e bs con ibu e o such
exp essions, bu p eposi ions in hei spa ial use a e likely o be he mos impo an
means o con eying spa ial in o ma ion (Wunde lich & He weg, 1991).
Fu he mo e, as men ioned in he i s sec ion, space is used no only o iden i y
he loca ion, o s a ic ela ion, bu also locomo ion, o dynamic ela ion (Lyons, 1977,
p.694). As a ic ela ionship e e s o he ela ionship be ween he en i y o be lo-
ca ed and he e e ence objec (s), and adynamic ela ionship is p esen ed h ough
he speci ica ion o he sou ce, he goal, o he pa h o adi ec ional mo ion (He zog,
1995, p.6). The e a e al eady abundan ypological s udies ocused on he s a ic and
dynamic exp essions ac oss languages. One o hem is Talmy’s cogni i e-seman ic
Figu e–Mo e–Pa h–G ound dynamic cha ac e iza ion (Talmy, 1975, 1983, 1985,
2000). Acco ding o Talmy, he e a e ou in e nal componen s o adynamic/mo-
ion e en , which a e Figu e, Mo e, Pa h and G ound. The Figu e and G ound be-
long o aconcep ual pai : “The Figu e is amo ing o concep ually mo able objec
whose pa h o si e is a issue. The G ound is a e e ence ame, o a e e ence objec
s a iona y wi hin a e e ence ame, wi h espec o which he Figu e’s pa h o si e
is cha ac e ized” (Talmy, 2000, p.185). Based on Pa h, Talmy u he p oposed his
iewpoin s on language ypology. Talmy (1985, 1991, 2000) p oposed e b- amed
languages (V-languages) and sa elli e- amed languages (S-languages). He ied o
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mELISSA SHIH-HUI LIN 73
ca ego ize languages based on hei exp essions o mo ion e en s. The o mula ions
o V-languages and S-languages a e shown in he ollowing:
V-language: Pa h Ve b + Manne Ad e b
S-language: Pa h sa elli e + Manne Ve b
V-languages exp ess Pa h o mo ion e en s mainly wi h independen e bs. Span-
ish, F ench, Tu kish and I alian, o example, belong o V-languages. S-languages ex-
p ess Pa h wi h sa elli e elemen s, such as a ixes o p eposi ional ph ases. English,
Russian, Czech and Ge man belong o S-languages. O iginally, Talmy classi ied Chi-
nese as an S-language, howe e his a gumen was challenged many imes (Tai, 2003;
Lama e, 2003). Slobin (2004, p.219) la e p oposed a hi d language ype based on
Talmy’s p oposal, which is equipollen ly amed languages, including se ial e b lan-
guages and mac o-e en languages. Thei o mula ions a e shown below:
Se ial e b language: Pa h Ve b + Manne Ve b
Mac o-e en language: [Pa h A ix + Manne A ix] Ve b
Acco ding o Slobin, Chinese belongs o se ial e b languages, which exp ess he pa h
o mo ion e en s wi h he se ial e bal cons uc ions (ibid., p.228; Huang & Tanang-
kingsing, 2005; Chui, 2009).
In he ollowing, Iam going o p esen he spa ial exp essions in Chinese and in
Czech, and hen, h ough he e o analysis o he da a collec ed, o in es iga e he
ypological di e ences be ween hese wo languages.
3. SPATIAL EXPRESSIONS IN CHINESE AND CZECH
3.1 SPATIAL EXP ESSIONS IN cHINESE
In Chinese, spa ial exp essions can be classi ied in o he s a ic speci ica ion, which
can be exempli ied by zai…li ‘in’, o zai…shang ‘on’, and he dynamic speci ica ion,
which can be exempli ied by wong…shang ‘going upwa d’ o wong…qian ‘going
Linguis ic
ep esen a ion
Spa ial
ep esen a ion
Audi o y
in o ma ion
Hap ic
in o ma ion
Visual
in o ma ion
Mo o
in o ma ion
Figu e 1:Spa ial ep esen a ion (adap ed om Landau & Jackendo , 1993, p.218).
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74 STUDIE ZAPLIKOVANÉ LINGVISTIKY 
o wa d’. In o he wo ds, Chinese uses ap eposi ion, such as zai ‘ o be loca ed’, along
wi h alocalize , such as li ‘in; in e io ’ and shang ‘on; up’, o exp ess spa ial s a ic e-
la ions. Fo he dynamic ela ions, e bal elemen s a e applied in Chinese, such as he
p edica e wong ‘ owa d’, which is also ega ded as apa h p eposi ion, and he local-
ize s shang ‘abo e’ and qian ‘ on ’.
The localize s in Chinese a e used o deno e he sou ce, pa h, goal and he place
whe e he ajec o y is loca ed. Fo example, he localize li ‘in; in e io ’ is used o
deno e he in e io o he landma k, and shang ‘on; up’ is used o deno e he su ace
o he landma k (Miao, 2017, p.22). Le us ake he si ua ion in Figu e 2 as an example.
When Figu e 2 e e s o as a ic exp ession, i migh be desc ibed in Chinese as
shown in (1).
(1) zai zhuozi shang (mian)
a able on; up (su ace)
‘ o be on [ he] able’
When Figu e 2 p esen s adynamic exp ession, i migh be desc ibed in Chinese as
shown in (2).
(2) ang dao zhuozi shang (qu)
pu o able on; up (go)
‘pu (i ) o he abo e o able’
In he examples (1) and (2), he spa ial ela ionships a e exp essed h ough asys em
o adposi ions, such as he combina ion o zai ‘a ; o be loca ed’ o dao ‘ o’ wi h alo-
calize o loca i e pa icles, such as shang ‘on; up’, mian ‘su ace’ o qu ‘go’, o a i-
bu e a ocal objec . These adposi ions a e equen ly used o ep esen ime, space,
bounda ies and/o condi ions o an ongoing ac ion o s a us (Liu e al., 1996, p.280).
In o he wo ds, Chinese applies adouble sys em o spa ial exp ession: alimi ed sys-
em o loca i e p eposi ions is used in combina ion wi h localize s o exp ess he spa-
ial s a ic ela ionships. Fo he dynamic ela ionships, pa h p eposi ions a e used
Figu e 2:An example o s a ic and dynamic exp essions.
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mELISSA SHIH-HUI LIN 75
in combina ion wi h ei he loca i e pa icles o localize s. Acco ding o Liu (2008,
p.42), “Chinese as awhole is a‘caseless’ language. All he meanings and unc ions in-
dica ed by he means o mo phological cases in o he languages a e exp essed in his
language by analy ical means o simply le unma ked. This caseless s a e also holds
ue in spa ial ca ego y.”
3.2 SPATIAL EXP ESSIONS IN cZEcH
Acco ding o Če mák (1996, 2010), one o he meanings exp essed by Czech p epo-
si ions is spa ial speci ica ion, which is consis en wi h he a gumen p oposed by
O a ec (1968) ha p eposi ions ha e asigni ican spa ial meaning. Če mák (1996)
also poin s ou ha he co ela ion o he p eposi ional and case sys ems can imply
a ious meanings, and one o hem e e s o he spa ial speci ica ion. As men ioned
in o he g amma ical e e ences, such as Pří uční mlu nice češ iny (2003, pp.342–345)
and Mlu nice současné češ iny (2010, pp.283–288), Czech p eposi ions a e gene ally
classi ied based on hei connec ion o he case sys em. Namely he di ec ional/dy-
namic meaning can be exp essed by p eposi ions associa ed wi h he geni i e, da i e
and accusa i e cases o he head noun, and he local/s a ic meaning can be exp essed
by p eposi ions wi h loca i e and ins umen al cases. Fu he mo e, Hi scho á (2007,
p.191) poin s ou ha he speci ica ion o spa ial ela ions in Czech is mos ly dis ib-
u ed o e he whole sen ence, no only wi hin he p eposi ional ph ases. Ve bal a -
ixes and ela ed p eposi ions a e u ilized, plus he case sys em o he head noun. Le
us ake he same si ua ion shown in Figu e 2 as an example.
When Figu e 2 e e s o as a ic exp ession, i migh be desc ibed in Czech as
shown in (3).
(3) Byl na s ole.
be.3PERS,SG,PAST on able.SG,LOC
‘(I ) was on ( he) able.’
When Figu e 2 e e s o adynamic exp ession, i migh be desc ibed in Czech as
shown in (4).
(4) Položila o na s ůl.
pu .3PERS,SG,PAST a able.SG,ACC
‘(She) pu i on ( he) able.’
In he example (3), he s a ic exp ession is p esen ed by he p eposi ion na ‘on’ associ-
a ed wi h he loca i e case o he head noun s ůl ‘ able’. The dynamic exp ession in he
example (4) is dis ibu ed o e he e bal p e ix po- o položila ‘pu ’ and he ela ed
p eposi ional ph ase, which u ilizes he p eposi ion na ‘ o; on o’ wi h he accusa i e
case o he head noun s ůl ‘ able’.
In Czech, bo h posi ional and di ec ional spa ial ela ions can be exp essed by
p eposi ional ph ases. Fu he mo e, he desc ip ion o spa ial ela ions can be seen
as mul i-dimensional since he seman ics o lexical i ems depending on p eposi ions
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76 STUDIE ZAPLIKOVANÉ LINGVISTIKY 
as well as he seman ics o e bs modi ied by a ixes ep esen an impo an seman ic
con ibu ion o he spa ial desc ip ion.
To sum up, spa ial ela ions in Czech and Chinese a e exp essed in aqui e di -
e en way. Bo h posi ional and di ec ional spa ial ela ions in Czech can be iden i-
ied by p eposi ional ph ases and u he associa ed wi h e bal a ixes. Howe e ,
in Chinese hey can be exp essed ei he by loca i e pa icles o localize s, o by he
co-occu ence o spa ial p eposi ions. In he ollowing sec ion, he da a collec ed in
his s udy will be p esen ed and in es iga ed.
4. DATA COLLECTION
The in o man s in his s udy a e Taiwanese Chinese-speaking s uden s who ha e
been lea ning he Czech language o a leas one yea and he majo i y is a ap i-
ma y in e media e le el o highe ; on a e age, hey ha e 6–8 hou s o Czech cou ses
pe week. Fo de ailed in o ma ion abou he in o man s, please see Table 1.
Yea s o lea ning Czech One yea Two yea s Th ee yea s To al
Numbe o in o man s 12 19 12 43
Table 1:Summa y o in o man backg ound.
The o al numbe o in o man s in his s udy is 43, wi h 12 o hem ha ing s udied
Czech o one yea , 19 o wo yea s and 12 o h ee yea s. The da a we e collec ed
using ase ies o pic u es (see Figu e 3), and a ideo (see Figu e 4). The in o man s
we e asked o desc ibe he e en (s) displayed in he pic u es and he ideo in aw i -
en desc ip ion in Czech. The da a has unco e ed inapp op ia e usage as well as suc-
cess ully acqui ed usage in ol ing spa ial exp ession in Czech. In he ollowing, he
da a will be p esen ed and hen in es iga ed. Fu he mo e, he ailu e o he Chi-
nese lea ne s o Czech o unde s and he spa ial seman ic usage in Czech will be dis-
cussed.
4.1 DATA SOU cE I
The i s da a sou ce includes six pic u es. The i s ow in Figu e 3 con ains h ee pic-
u es which emphasize he Goal o he e en , while he pic u es in he second ow
emphasize he Sou ce, acco ding o Lakus a, Spinelli & Ga cia (2017, p.177). The p o-
cess o da a collec ion was ca ied ou as ollows. Fi s , Ishowed he pic u es in Figu e
3 o na i e Czechs and also Taiwanese o collec hei desc ip ion o he pic u es in
hei L1. Th ee na i e Czechs and h ee Taiwanese pa icipa ed in his pa . The col-
lec ed da a is in w i en o m only. Then, Ishowed he same pic u es o he Taiwanese
s uden s who a e lea ning Czech a uni e si y. A e being shown he pic u es, each
s uden had 20 minu es o w i e down hei desc ip ion o he pic u es in Czech. The
da a will be p o iled and shown in he ollowing sec ion.
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mELISSA SHIH-HUI LIN 77
4.2 DATA SOU cE II
The second da a sou ce was a7-minu e ideo shown o he in o man s (see Figu e 4).
The ideo was mu ed and shown wi hou any sub i les. I is asho clip o abee which
in ends o ly in o a ending machine h ough a iny coin slo . I ega d i as asimple
mo ion e en wi h an emphasis on he Pa h. The p ocess o da a collec ion s a s
om showing his ideo o he Czech na i es and hen o he Taiwanese s uden s. A -
e hey had wa ched he ideo wice, Iasked hem o w i e down whe e he bee is
and wha he bee is doing in hei L1. Again, Ishowed he same ideo o he Taiwan-
ese uni e si y s uden s who a e lea ning Czech (also wice), and each o hem had
40minu es o w i e down hei desc ip ion o he ideo in Czech. The language da a
will be p o iled and in es iga ed in he nex sec ion.
Figu e 3:Goal and Sou ce exp essions o e en s (Lakus a, Spinelli & Ga cia, 2017, p.177).
Figu e 4:Video o Plu o— Bubble Bee (Disney, 2015).
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78 STUDIE ZAPLIKOVANÉ LINGVISTIKY 
5. DISCUSSION
5.1 DIScUSSION bASED ON THE FI ST DATA SOU cE
Iha e p o iled he da a based on he i s sou ce in o Table 2. Each ow e e s o how
he in o man s desc ibe he pic u e(s) hey see. I is necessa y o no e ha i is pos-
sible o ha e a a ie y o desc ip ions o he pic u es, since he iewpoin s o he in-
o man s can be e y subjec i e.
Da a sou ce In Chinese In Czech
Goal
(5) wang xiang-zi zou qu.
(6) zou jin xiang-zi (li).
(7) Leze do k abice.
(8) Vlezla do k abice.
(9) wang wan li zou qu.
(10) zou jin wan li.
(11) Jde kmisce.
(12) Šla kmisce.
(13) wang wan li ei jin qu.
(14) ei jin wan li.
(15) Vlé á á do misky.
(16) Vlé á alo do misky.
(17) Vle ělo do misky.
(18) Vlezla do misky.
Sou ce
(19) cong xiang-zi zou chu lai.
(20) zou chu xiang-zi (li).
(21) Vylézá zk abice.
(22) Vylézá ala zk abice.
(23) Vylezla zk abice.
(24) cong wan li zou chu lai.
(25) zou chu wan li.
(26) Vylézá á zk abice.
(27) Vylézá ala zk abice.
(28) Vylézá zk abice.
(29) Vylezla zk abice.
(30) cong wan li ei chu lai.
(31) ei chu wan li.
(32) Vyle á á.
(33) Vylé á álo.
(34) Le í zk abice.
(35) Vyle ělo zk abice.
Table 2:Da a collec ed based on Figu e 3.
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mELISSA SHIH-HUI LIN 79
Based on he da a om he Taiwanese na i es in Table 2, he e appea o be a leas
wo common ypes o o mula ions o desc ibe he dynamic ela ions shown in he
pic u es. The i s ype is shown in he example (5), and he o he one is shown in (6).
(5) wang xiang-zi zou qu.
o; owa d box walk go
‘(I ) walks owa d o ( he) box.’
(6) zou jin xiang-zi (li).
walk en e box in; in e io
‘(I ) walks in o ( he) box.’
Fi s , Iwould like o discuss he i s ype, shown in he examples (5), (9), (13) and
(19), (24), (30). The dynamic ela ions in hese examples a e exp essed wi hin he e -
bal elemen s, including aco-e en e b and ap edica e/pa h e b, along wi h ap ep-
osi ional ph ase, which modi ies he di ec ion o he mo ion e en . Fo example, in
he example (5), zou ‘walk’ is he co-e en e b, and qu ‘go’ is he pa h e b. The p epo-
si ion wang ‘ o; owa d’ speci ies he di ec ional ela ionship wi h he objec xiang-zi
‘box’. The same o mula ions appea ed in he ollowing examples, oo.
(9) wang wan li zou qu.
o; owa d bowl in; in e io walk go
‘(I ) walks owa d ( he) bowl.’
(13) wang wan li ei jin qu.
o; owa d bowl in; in e io ly en e go
‘(I ) lies in o ( he) bowl.’
(19) cong xiang-zi zou chu lai.
om box walk exi come
‘(I ) walks ou o ( he) box.’
(24) cong wan li zou chu lai.
om bowl in; in e io walk exi come
‘(I ) walks om ( he) bowl.’
(30) cong wan li ei chu lai.
om bowl in; in e io ly exi come
‘(I ) lies om ( he) bowl.’
The ei jin ‘ ly en e ’ in (13), zou chu ‘walk exi ’ in (19) and (24), ei chu ‘ ly exi ’ in (30)
all co espond o he o mula ion [Co-e en e b + Pa h e b]. The pa h e bs o p ed-
ica es jin ‘en e ’ and chu ‘exi ’ a e applied o indica e he pa h o he mo ion, which
exac ly co esponds o Slobin’s ypology, in which Chinese belongs o se ial e b lan-
guages. Howe e , he exp ession o such mo ion e en s in Chinese is mo e complex.
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86 STUDIE ZAPLIKOVANÉ LINGVISTIKY 
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Melissa Shih-hui Lin | Depa men o Sla ic Languages and Li e a u es,
Na ional Chengchi Uni e si y
<[email protected]. w>
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