Repo ing e bs associa ed wi h e iden iali y
in esea ch a icle abs ac s in applied linguis ics
and applied psycholinguis ics
Oleksand Kap ano (NLA Uni e si y College, Oslo)
ABSTRACT
The a icle p esen s aquan i a i e co pus-based s udy ha aims o shed ligh on he equency and
dis ibu ion o epo ing e bs ( o ins ance, indica e, posi , e c.) associa ed wi h e iden iali y ha
a e ound in esea ch a icle abs ac s (RAAs) in applied linguis ics and applied psycholinguis ics,
espec i ely. Theo e ically and me hodologically, he s udy is in o med by he li e a u e (Söde q is ,
2020; Szczygłowska, 2022), which demons a es ha epo ing e bs may ma k e iden iali y in sci-
en i ic discou se. In o de o es ablish he equency o he occu ence o epo ing e bs associ-
a ed wi h e iden iali y, aco pus o RAAs in applied linguis ics and applied psycholinguis ics was
collec ed and, subsequen ly, analysed in so wa e p og am An Conc e sion 4.0.11 (An hony, 2022).
The esul s o he quan i a i e analysis e ealed ha show and sugges we e he mos equen e-
po ing e bs associa ed wi h e iden iali y in he co pus o RAAs in applied linguis ics and applied
psycholinguis ics alike.
KEY WORDS
applied linguis ics, applied psycholinguis ics, e iden iali y, epo ing e bs, esea ch a icle ab-
s ac s (RAAs)
DOI
h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/18059635.2024.2.3
1 INTRODUCTION
The a icle in oduces and discusses aquan i a i e s udy ha explo es how epo ing
e bs associa ed wi h e iden iali y a e dis ibu ed in esea ch a icle abs ac s (hence-
o h— RAAs) in wo cogna e scien i ic disciplines, namely applied linguis ics and ap-
plied psycholinguis ics, as co e ed by wo jou nals, Applied Linguis ics and Applied Psy-
cholingus ics, espec i ely. Gi en ha e iden iali y is one o he c i ical cons uals in
he s udy, i seems pe inen o conside i ea ly in he a icle. As no ed by Miche (2018,
p.111), he e a e mul iple de ini ions o e iden iali y in linguis ics. One o hem, which
has gained cu ency in he li e a u e, e e s o e iden iali y as “aca ego y in i s own
igh , and no asub ype o modali y, ense, o mood” (Aikhen ald, 2007, p.211), and
a“closed g amma ical sys em whose use is obliga o y” ( Aikhen ald, 2007, p.209) in
he languages ha con ain explici e iden ial ma ke s. I is posi ed ha e iden iali y is
mani es ed g amma ically in languages wi h explici e iden ial ma ke s by means o
isual (e idence ia seeing), senso y (e idence ia hea ing, as e, ouch), epo ed (e -
idence wi h no pa icula e e ence o he sou ce), and quo a i e (e idence wi h apa -
icula e e ence o he sou ce) ca ego ies (Aikhen ald, 2007).
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126 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2024
F om ab oade pe spec i e, howe e , e iden iali y in linguis ics is desc ibed in
e ms o he in o ma ion sou ce behind amessage (Ca e e o & Zamo ano-Man-
silla, 2015, p.146) and how he sou ce is exp essed g amma ically, lexically, o , al-
e na i ely, implici ly (Ekbe g & Pa adis, 2009, p.5). E iden iali y is a gued o be
mani es ed by e iden ial ma ke s, also e e ed o as “e iden ials” (B ugman & Ma-
caulay, 2015), which a e de ined as “wo ds o ph ases ha allude o he exis ence o
acquisi ion o e idence o o agains he u h o ap oposi ion” (Söde q is , 2020,
p.57). In o he wo ds, g amma ical and/o lexical e iden ials ma k he sou ce o
e idence (B ugman & Macaulay, 2015, p.202). Seen h ough he lens o he b oade
app oach, e iden iali y is unde s ood “as aconcep ual domain, ega dless o he
g amma ical s. lexical s a us ha he gi en linguis ic de ice is asc ibed o” (Co -
nillie e al., 2015, p.3).
In English, e iden iali y is conside ed o be non-obliga o y and deemed no o be
ma ked by g amma ical means (Cla k, 2010, p.140). Whils he ma king o e iden-
iali y is no g amma ical in English (Söde q is , 2017), he e a e, howe e , lexical
and p agma ic means ha can con ey i . In his ega d, Aikhen ald (2007, p.209)
indica es ha English, jus like any o he language, possesses a ange o means ha
e e o he in o ma ion sou ce, in pa icula , lexical e bs ha a e associa ed wi h
claims, opinions, and epo s. In English, epo ing e bs ( u he — RVs) may ma k
e iden iali y, especially when hey a e used in he con ex o academic discou se
(Don che a-Na a ilo a, 2008; Szczygłowska, 2022). In he li e a u e on academic
w i ing, RVs a e de ined as e bs ha e e o he opinion o o he au ho s (Ilchenko
& K ama , 2022), o exp ess he w i e ’s pe sonal s ance by appea ing in combina-
ion wi h he i s -pe son p onouns (Kap ano , 2021a, 2021b; Malms öm, 2008). In
pa icula , academic w i e s may employ RVs in he so-called “e iden ial s a egy”,
which in ol es he use o non-e iden ial lexical and g amma ical o ms ha can de-
elop e iden ial ex ensions (Aikhen ald, 2007; Wa chał, 2015).
The e is asu icien bulk o p io s udies ha ocus on RVs in academic discou se
(Bloch, 2010; Don che a-Na a ilo a, 2018; Hyland, 2014; Shaw, 1992). Howe e , he e
seems o be alack o he s a e-o - he-a esea ch ha examines he use o RVs as
ma ke s o e iden iali y in RAAs (Yang, 2012). Mo eo e , he e is asca ci y o ecen
publica ions ha in es iga e hei equency and dis ibu ion in applied linguis ics
and applied psycholinguis ics om adiach onic pe spec i e. Seeking o gene a e
new knowledge conce ning he equency and dis ibu ion o he RVs ha a e as-
socia ed wi h e iden iali y in diach ony, he p esen s udy aims a collec ing and
analysing aco pus o RAAs in applied linguis ics and psycholinguis ics published by
he high- anking jou nals Applied Linguis ics and Applied Psycholinguis ics om 2012
o 2022. In pa icula , he s udy add esses he ollowing esea ch ques ions (RQs):
RQ 1: Wha a e he mos equen RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y in RAAs pub-
lished wi hin he ime ame o en yea s om 2012 o 2022 in Applied Linguis ics
and Applied Psycholinguis ics?
RQ 2: A e he e disciplina y di e ences in he dis ibu ion o RVs associa ed wi h
e iden iali y in RAAs published in Applied Linguis ics and Applied Psycholinguis ics?
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OLEKSANDR KAPRANOV 127
Fu he , he a icle is s uc u ed as ollows. Fi s , an ou line o he p io s udies on
RVs in academic discou se is p o ided in sec ion 2. The ea e , he li e a u e on RAAs
in applied linguis ics and applied psycholinguis ics is dwel upon in sec ion 3. Follow-
ing ha , he p esen s udy is in oduced in sec ion 4. The a icle concludes wi h he
summa y o he indings in sec ion 5.
2 RVS IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE
As p e iously men ioned in he in oduc ion, RVs a e one o he c ucial componen s
in academic w i ing (Manan & Noo , 2014, p.140) ha a e employed in o de o e-
e o (i) he indings ha a e desc ibed in he esea ch a icle (RA), (ii) ex e nal
sou ces ha a e men ioned in he RA, and (iii) he w i e ’s pe sonal s ance (Ilchenko
& K ama , 2022; Malms öm, 2008; Shaw, 1992). In academic w i ing in English, RVs
a e assumed o in ol e he so-called “a gue” e bs ( o ins ance, p opose) ha indi-
ca e communica i e unc ions, “show” e bs ( o example, demons a e) ha poin
o he communica i e si ua ion, “ ind” e bs (i.e., ind) ha desc ibe he esul s, and
“ hink” e bs (e.g., es ima e) ha mani es he p ocess o hinking and/o easoning
(Cha les, 2006, p.501). An al e na i e classi ica ion o RVs associa ed wi h e iden ial-
i y is ound in a ai ly ecen publica ion by Szczygłowska (2022), who dis inguishes
he ollowing ypes o e iden ial RVs: (i) quo a i e (a gue, indica e, no e, p opose, e-
po , show, sugges ); (ii) senso y (appea , no ice, obse e, seem, iew); and (iii) na a i e
(a emp , seek).
RVs in academic discou se, especially in English-medium academic w i ing, is
awell-es ablished a ea o scien i ic inqui y ha ocuses on in es iga ing he dis i-
bu ion, equency, and p agma ic oles o RVs (Bloch, 2010; B eeze, 2017; Don che a-
Na a ilo a, 2008; Do ó, 2014a; Hyland, 1999a; Ilchenko & K ama , 2022; Kap ano ,
2023a; Malms öm, 2008; Yang, 2012). Judging om he li e a u e, RVs a e ea ed
in he p io s udies h ough he lenses o hei e e ence o (i) ci a ion p ac ices,
(ii) knowledge-s a ing, (iii) s ance, and (i ) e iden iali y (Bloch, 2010; B eeze, 2017;
Don che a-Na a ilo a, 2008; Do ó, 2014a; Hyland, 1999b, 2014; Ilchenko & K ama ,
2022; Malms öm, 2008; Yang, 2012). Le us summa ize he a o emen ioned esea ch
dimensions in mo e de ail below.
An e iden ial dimension o RVs in academic w i ing is mani es ed, in pa icula ,
by hei passi e o ms, such as be said o, be belie ed o, be supposed o, be expec ed o,
be epo ed o, and be hough o (B eeze, 2017). The passi e o ms o RVs (e.g., be said
o) a e a gued o assign epo ed in o ma ion o an indi ec and o en, anonymous
sou ce ha , ne e heless, p o ides he s a emen wi h ace ain deg ee o e iden-
iali y (B eeze, 2017). I is sugges ed ha he p agma ic use o he passi e o ms o
RVs as e iden ials acili a es he au ho ’s c edibili y in he eyes o he eade ship and
scien i ic communi y (Yang, 2012) by e e ing o asou ce wi hou ac ually naming
he sou ce o in o ma ion (B eeze, 2017).
As a as knowledge-s a ing is conce ned, RVs as knowledge-s a ing lexical de-
ices a e hough o be pa amoun in academic w i ing in English (Malms öm,
2008). Gi en ha academic discou se in ol es he communica ion o knowledge, i
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128 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2024
is expec ed in he scien i ic communi y ha knowledge dissemina ion is concomi an
wi h an academic au ho ’s accoun abili y (Malms öm, 2008). In i s u n, he au ho-
ial accoun abili y p esupposes some o m o e iden ial g ounding o in o ma ion in
he academic ex (ibid.). Supposedly, such RVs as assume, a gue, belie e, claim, main-
ain, p opose, and sugges can acqui e an e iden ial dimension ha , howe e , e e s
no only o e idence pe se, bu o asse ion, as well as knowledge-s a ing (Malm-
s öm, 2008).
As men ioned abo e, RVs a e hough o be associa ed wi h he mani es a ion o
he academic au ho s’ s ance (Bloch, 2010; Don che a-Na a ilo a, 2008; Do ó, 2014a;
Hyland, 2014; Ilchenko & K ama , 2022). In pa icula , he au ho ial s ance may ex-
p ess an academic au ho ’s a i udes o knowledge-s a ing in hei own ex as well
as in academic ex s w i en by o he esea che s (Aull & Lancas e , 2014). In his
ega d, Hyland (2014, p.128) a gues ha , o ins ance, he use o he RVs demons a e
and p o e cons i u es a he o ically impo an discu si e means ha allows academic
w i e s o mani es (i) hei ag eemen wi h he p io s udies and (ii) ce ain y in
hei own claims and indings. In con as , howe e , he use o such RVs as sugges
and imply enables an academic w i e o be mo e cau ious in ela ion o (i) hei own
esea ch and (ii) he p io s udies conduc ed by o he scien is s (ibid.).
Finally, i should be explained ha RVs a e amply used in academic discou se
in conjunc ion wi h he au ho ’s ci a ion p ac ices (also known as “ci a ion beha -
iou ”), which o en equi e apa aph asis o he o iginal s e ch o discou se wi h
he help o an RV (Do ó, 2014a, p.32). The li e a u e indica es ha he use o RVs in
he ci a ion beha iou o an academic w i e depends on he w i e s’ p o iciency in
English and he mas e y o gen e-app op ia e con en ions o academic w i ing in
English (Kap ano , 2023d). Fo ins ance, no ice academic w i e s and, in pa icula ,
unde g adua e s uden w i e s u ilize alimi ed ange o RVs ( o ins ance, explain,
know, say, e c.) in hei ci a ion p ac ices in con as o hose o pos g adua es, who
ypically employ amo e ex ensi e and gen e-app op ia e epe oi e o RVs, such as
admi , asse , imply, e c. (Don che a-Na a ilo a, 2008).
Summa ising he li e a u e, i can be posi ed ha academic w i e s ake ad an-
age o RVs in signalling ci a ion and e e encing, e iden iali y, knowledge-s a ing,
and s ance. They eso o using RVs in o de o (i) epo he indings and me hods/
p ocedu e, (ii) p esen hei easoning and/o discussion o he esul s, and (iii) o -
ganize he RA discu si ely (Hyland, 1999b, p.349).
3 RAAS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
RAAs a e de ined as a ex ual piece ha p o ides he eade wi h an exac and con-
cise desc ip ion o he ull a icle and/o a ac ual summa y o he ull a icle (Bha-
ia, 1993, p.78). RAAs cons i u e a ypical ea u e o w i en academic discou se
(Bha ia, 1993; Gillae s & Van de Velde, 2010; Sam aj, 2005; Swales, 1990), which is
expec ed and, e y o en, manda ed by pee - e iew ou le s in hei a icle submis-
sion guidelines (see, o ins ance, he au ho ’s guidelines by he jou nal Applied Lin-
guis ics (2022)).
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OLEKSANDR KAPRANOV 129
Gi en ha abs ac s (i.e., RAAs) a e “an essen ial and inalienable pa o esea ch
a icles” (Tseng, 2011, p.27), hey ha e been s udied ex ensi ely in academic w i -
ing, scien i ic discou se, and applied linguis ics (Sam aj, 2005, p.141). I should be
no ed ha he e is aline o esea ch ha conside s RAAs apa -gen e (Sam aj, 2005;
Swales, 1990) due o hei unc ion ei he as acondensed e sion o he comple e a -
icle o as an ex ension o he a icle’s i le (Gillae s & Van de Velde, 2010). Howe e ,
aking in o accoun hei well-de ined pu pose and s uc u al o ganisa ion (Swales,
1990), RAAs a e a gued o cons i u e asepa a e gen e (Gillae s & Van de Velde, 2010),
which is cha ac e ized by ase o peculia i ies associa ed wi h g amma , lexis, and
he o ical s uc u e, which is o en analysed h ough he p ism o “mo es” (Swales,
1981), i.e. unc ional uni s ha acili a e he communica i e pu pose o he ex w i -
en in apa icula gen e, o ins ance, in he gen e o academic esea ch a icle (Co -
es, 2013, p.33).
In applied linguis ics, RAAs a e a gued o in ol e such obliga o y mo es, as (i)
he s udy aim, (ii) esea ch me hodology, and (iii) he summa y o he esul s (Dos
San os, 1996; Golebiowski, 2009; Pho, 2008; Tseng, 2011), which seem o co ela e
wi h a ai ly s anda d sequence “in oduc ion-pu pose-me hods- esul s-discussion”
(Bha ia, 1993; Can e al., 2016; Hyland, 1999a; Jiang & Hyland, 2017). Simila ly, RAAs
in applied psycholinguis ics and heo e ical psycholinguis ics qui e o en encompass
ase o mo es ha consis s in (i) ins iga ing he eade ’s in e es in he opic, (ii)
p esen ing he ocus o he a icle, (iii) ou lining he s udy design, (i ) p o iding he
majo indings, and ( ) poin ing ou o he gene al conclusions and u he esea ch
(Saidi & Khazaei, 2021).
F om he an age poin o g amma ical peculia i ies, RAAs in applied linguis ics
a e ypically cha ac e ized by he p e alence o simple p esen ense, wi h simple
pas being epiphenomenal and associa ed wi h he p esen a ion o me hodology and/
o esul s (Do ó, 2014b; Tseng, 2011; Wang & Tu, 2014). Addi ionally, he p io esea ch
indica es ha he majo bulk o e bs ha a e used in RAAs in applied linguis ics is
ep esen ed by ini e e bs (Do ó, 2014b) and nouns (Malah, 2015), which usually
a e employed by he au ho s o ensu e cohesi e ex ual ies (Eb ahimi & Chan, 2015;
Malah, 2015).
In summa y o his sec ion o he a icle, i is possible o obse e ha whils he e
a e mul iple s udies ha pay a en ion o he he o ical s uc u e and lexico-g am-
ma ical peculia i ies o RAAs in applied linguis ics, he e is insu icien esea ch ha
ocuses on RAAs in he cogna e scien i ic ield o applied psycholinguis ics. Whils
he e is apauci y o published s udies ha speci ically add ess he issue o e iden i-
ali y and i s linguis ic mani es a ion by RVs in RAAs in applied linguis ics and applied
psycholinguis ics, he e is no s a e-o - he-a esea ch ha examines adiach onic
dimension o hei dis ibu ion. Aiming o add ess he cu en gap in he li e a u e,
he s udy, which is u he p esen ed in he a icle, explo es he equency and dis-
ibu ion o RVs in diach ony wi hin he ime ame o en yea s om 2012 o 2022 in
he co pus o RAAs in he a o emen ioned disciplines.
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130 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2024
4 THE PRESENT STUDY
The p esen s udy is aco pus-based explo a ion ha aims a shedding ligh on he
equency and dis ibu ion o RVs ha a e associa ed wi h e iden iali y in RAAs pub-
lished in he Uni ed Kingdom ( he UK) by he high impac ac o jou nals Applied Lin-
guis ics and Applied Psycholinguis ics wi hin en yea s (2012–2022). Theo e ically, he
s udy is in o med by he iew o e iden iali y as adis inc ca ego y in i s own igh
ha lacks aspeci ic o m o mani es a ion in English, in which i could be exp essed
by lexical e bs, in pa icula RVs, which e e o he in o ma ion sou ce (Aikhen-
ald, 2007; Shaw, 1992). Mo e speci ically, howe e , he s udy emb aces he so-called
b oad cons ual o e iden iali y ha ega ds i as he in o ma ion sou ce behind
amessage (Ca e e o & Zamo ano-Mansilla, 2015; Ekbe g & Pa adis, 2009). Fu he -
mo e, he s udy is ad ised by Szczygłowska’s (2022) classi ica ion o RVs associa ed
wi h e iden iali y. Acco ding o he classi ica ion, he s udy conside s he ollowing
ypes o RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y: (i) quo a i e (e.g., show), (ii) senso y (e.g.,
no ice), and (iii) na a i e (e.g., a emp ).
In line wi h such unde s anding o e iden iali y, wo RQs a e o mula ed in he
s udy (see in oduc ion). In conco d wi h he RQs, he speci ic aims o he s udy
consis in (i) collec ing aco pus o RAAs published in Applied Linguis ics and Ap-
plied Psycholinguis ics, (ii) es ablishing he equency and dis ibu ion o he RVs
associa ed wi h e iden iali y in diach ony (2012–2022) and inding ou hei mos
equen ypes in acco dance wi h he classi ica ion by Szczygłowska (2022), and
(iii) examining whe he o no he e a e disciplina y di e ences in he dis ibu ion
o RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y in he co pus. Following he RQs and speci ic
esea ch aims, he p ocedu e o co pus collec ion and i s subsequen analysis ha e
been conduc ed.
4.1 CORPUS
As p e iously men ioned, he co pus was comp ised o RAAs published in Applied
Linguis ics (AL) and Applied Psycholinguis ics (AP) om 2012 o 2022 (i.e., 10 yea s).
The co pus was collec ed on he o icial websi es o he jou nals, speci ically h ps://
academic.oup.com/applij (AL) and h ps://www.camb idge.o g/co e/jou nals/ap-
plied-psycholinguis ics (AP). Taking in o accoun AL’s and AP’s ocus on he applied
esea ch dimension in linguis ics and psycholinguis ics, hei con en s deemed o
be compa able o he pu poses o he s udy. Following Kap ano (2017), he pe iod
o ime o en yea s was conside ed su icien and ep esen a i e as a as he co -
pus cu -o was conce ned. Hence, he co pus was comp ised o he RAAs published
in AL and AP om 2012 o 2022. No ably, all o he pa s o RAs ( o ins ance, key-
wo ds, i les, au ho s’ a ilia ion, e e ences, and he ex s o RAs), as well as he
ex s labelled “ex ac ” we e excluded om he co pus collec ion. The RAAs ound
on he o icial websi es o AL and AP we e downloaded, sa ed as Wo d iles and
p ocessed in he s a is ical p og am S a is ical Package o Social Sciences (SPSS)
e sion 20.0 (IBM) in o de o compu e he desc ip i e s a is ics o he co pus (see
Table 1 below).
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OLEKSANDR KAPRANOV 131
#Desc ip i e S a is ics AL AP
1To al numbe o wo ds 61,423 89,169
2Mean wo ds 5,583.9 8,106.3
3S anda d de ia ion wo ds 1,207.1 1,892.8
4Minimum wo ds 3,865 4,997
5Maximum wo ds 6,974 10,786
6To al numbe o abs ac s 384 534
7Mean abs ac s 34.9 48.5
8S anda d de ia ion abs ac s 6.5 9.1
9Minimum abs ac s 23 34
10 Maximum abs ac s 43 59
Table 1.The Desc ip i e S a is ics o he Co pus o RAAs Published in AL and AP om 2012 o 2022
I should be obse ed ha he co pus appea ed unbalanced in e ms o he o al num-
be o wo ds as well as he o al numbe o RAAs (see Table 1) due o he ollowing
ac o s: (i) he di e ence in he numbe o jou nal olumes and issues pe yea be-
ween AL and AP and (ii) he di e ences in he numbe o a icles pe issue in AL and
AP, espec i ely.
4.2 METHODS
Me hodologically, he s udy was g ounded in he b oad app oach o e iden iali y pos-
ula ed by Ca e e o and Zamo ano-Mansilla (2015) and Ekbe g and Pa adis (2009). The
app oach was ex ended by he iew o RVs as po en ial ma ke s o e iden iali y (Söde -
q is , 2020) ha in he p esen s udy a e e e ed as “RVs associa ed wi h e iden ial-
i y”. Gi en ha English could be desc ibed as alanguage wi h no explici lexico-g am-
ma ical ma ke s o e iden iali y (Aikhen ald, 2007), he s udy u he employed he
cons ual “RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y” a he han “ he ma ke o e iden iali y”.
Based upon he a o emen ioned conside a ions, he co pus was sea ched o he
RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y in he ollowing manne . Fi s , he co pus was
examined manually o he p esence o RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y in o de
o compile alis o hem. Second, he co pus was sea ched o RVs associa ed wi h
e iden iali y om he compiled lis in he compu e so wa e An Conc e sion 4.0.11
(An hony, 2022). The sea ch in ol ed he so wa e’s unc ion “wo ds” ha yielded
he equency o he occu ence o he sea ched- o wo d pe ile. I should be ex-
plained ha each ile, which was p ocessed in An Conc, was comp ised o RAAs pe
yea pe jou nal. Fo example, all RAAs published in AL in 2012 we e me ged in o one
ile and p ocessed in An Conc by sea ching o all RVs associa ed wi h e iden ial-
i y. Impo an ly, he sea ch in An Conc in ol ed all o ms o an RV associa ed wi h
e iden iali y. Fo ins ance, he p og am sea ched o o a gue, a gues, a gued, and a -
guing. A e wa ds, all alues associa ed wi h he e b o ms we e me ged in o one
nume ical ep esen a ion pe RV pe jou nal and pe yea . All RVs associa ed wi h
e iden iali y we e p ocessed in he iden ical manne as desc ibed abo e. Finally, he
mos equen RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y we e manually examined o hei
i in o Szczygłowska’s (2022) classi ica ion o he RVs.
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132 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2024
Ha ing ob ained he non-no malized equency da a in An Conc (An hony, 2022)
pe yea and pe jou nal, he da a we e p ocessed in SPSS (IBM, 2011) in o de o (i)
calcula e he means (M) and s anda d de ia ions (SD) o he RVs associa ed wi h e i-
den iali y and (ii) no malize he equency o he occu ence o he RVs pe 10,000
wo ds. The no malisa ion o he aw (i.e., non-no malized) equencies was deemed
necessa y due o he di e ences in he subco po a o RAAs published by AL and AP
(see Table 1). The esul s o he desc ip i e s a is ics a e u he p esen ed and dis-
cussed in subsec ion 4.3.
#RVs *12 *13 *14 *15 *16 *17 *18 *19 *20 *21 *22
1 Acknowledge 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2Add 11001000010
3 Appea 0 1 4 0 2 4 2 2 2 2 3
4 A gue 7 5 6 4 8 6 3 3 9 9 4
5Assume 10001000000
6A emp 31100121002
7Claim 11010010100
8 Conside 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
9 Con as 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 Desc ibe 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
11 Emphasize 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
12 Explain 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
13Find 01010001000
14Imply 10001001101
15 Indica e 3 4 3 2 2 7 4 3 4 4 8
16 Men ion 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
17No e 01011003011
18No ice 05010010000
19 Obse e 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 3
20 P opose 2 4 0 1 5 3 3 3 4 4 6
21 Repo 3 1 7 5 5 6 15 17 7 7 4
22 Re eal 10121101111
23Seek 30012320210
24Seem 10200223111
25 Show 11 12 10 10 12 20 19 23 18 18 14
26S a e 11100000000
27 Sugges 6 8 8 3 14 4 9 8 12 12 6
28 Unde line 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
29 Unde s and 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 View 221433264 0 4
Table 2.RVs Associa ed wi h E iden iali y in RAAs in AL (2012–2022)
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OLEKSANDR KAPRANOV 133
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The esul s a e comp ised o he equency o he occu ence o RVs associa ed
wi h e iden iali y in non-no malized alues in he co pus (see Tables 2–3), as well
as hei means and s anda d de ia ions (see Table 4). I should be obse ed ha he
yea s o publica ion a e gi en in hei sho ened o ms in Tables 2–3 (e.g., *12 in-
s ead o 2012).
#RVs *12 *13 *14 *15 *16 *17 *18 *19 *20 *21 *22
1 Acknowledge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
2Add 00110000000
3 Appea 4 2 3 1 2 1 0 3 5 4 2
4 A gue 1 5 2 4 3 2 1 1 5 3 0
5Assume 01100000000
6A emp 41011100000
7Claim 21010010001
8 Conside 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
9 Con as 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
10 Desc ibe 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
11 Emphasize 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
12 Explain 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
13Find 01010001110
14Imply 00100010000
15 Indica e 8 5 7 15 16 10 18 12 9 13 10
16 Men ion 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
17No e 01000000000
18No ice 00050001000
19 Obse e 6 6 3 3 5 5 6 1 6 10 3
20 P opose 1 0 1 3 5 3 3 4 1 3 2
21 Repo 7 7 7 3 4 6 5 7 4 7 0
22 Re eal 11112121111
23Seek 00000010110
24Seem 11003010010
25 Show 22 21 18 20 19 20 24 28 37 18 33
26S a e 00002000100
27 Sugges 13 21 15 25 29 19 25 26 27 30 9
28 Unde line 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
29 Unde s and 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
30 View 00421391221
Table 3.RVs Associa ed wi h E iden iali y in RAAs in AP (2012–2022)
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140 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2024
and AP. I ollows om Figu e 3 ha he quo a i e ype o he RVs associa ed wi h e i-
den iali y occupies he niche o he by-de aul mani es a ion o e iden iali y in applied
linguis ics and applied psycholinguis ics, a leas as a as he RAAs in hese wo cogna e
disciplines a e conce ned. These indings a e, pe haps, no a all unexpec ed, gi en ha
he quo a i e RVs show and sugges a e highly equen bo h in AL and AP. Mo eo e , i
has been es ablished ha he RVs show and sugges ha belong o he quo a i e ype a e
signi ican ly mo e p e alen in AP, hus indica ing ha he quo a i e RVs associa ed
wi h e iden iali y a e a mo e common in RAAs in applied psycholinguis ics, whe e
hei equen occu ence is e lec i e o he disciplina y discu si e p ac ices.
Concluding he discussion o he esul s, i seems possible o gene alize ha
whe eas RAAs in bo h AL and AP in ol e he quo a i e ype o RVs associa ed wi h
e iden iali y, we may dis inguish qui e sepa a e discipline- ela ed endencies o us-
ing highly equen RVs in o de o mani es e iden iali y. As shown by he s a is ical
analysis, hese endencies in ol e asigni ican ly equen use o p opose and epo in
RAAs in applied linguis ics and a gue, indica e, obse e, show and sugges in RAAs in
applied psycholinguis ics.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The a icle discusses aco pus-based s udy ha aims a in es iga ing he equency o
he occu ence o RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y in RAAs in AL and AP published be-
ween 2012 and 2022. The s udy has es ablished ha he majo i y o RVs associa ed wi h
e iden iali y belong o he quo a i e ype ( o ins ance, a gue, show, sugges , e c.) ha ap-
pea s o be dominan in he diach ony. This inding indica es ha , o an ex en , an e i-
den ial dimension o his ype o RVs is mani es ed by he ecu en and ou inized lex-
ico-discu si e means o exp essing e iden iali y by poin ing o o quo ing he sou ces
o e idence (c ., show + ha clause, da a + show, esul s + show, and indings + show).
Figu e 3.The Types o he RVs Associa ed wi h E iden iali y (in Pe cen ) in AL and AP om 2012 o
2022
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Na a i e Quo a i e Senso y
AL AP
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OLEKSANDR KAPRANOV 141
Ano he conclusion ha a ises om he indings demons a es ha whils RAAs
in bo h AL and AP in ol e, p edominan ly, he quo a i e ype o RVs associa ed wi h
e iden iali y, he e a e se e al discipline- ela ed endencies o using highly equen
RVs in o de o mani es e iden iali y. Speci ically, he RVs associa ed wi h e iden-
iali y p opose and epo a e signi ican ly mo e equen in he RAAs in AL, whe eas
a gue, indica e, obse e, show and sugges occu signi ican ly mo e equen ly in he
RAAs in AP. I can be gene alized ha hese indings p o ide an insigh in o he
equency o he occu ence o RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y in he discu si e
p ac ices in applied linguis ics and psycholinguis ics. F om ab oade heo e ical
pe spec i e, he indings eed in o he cu en esea ch on e iden iali y in English,
which, as p e iously explained, does no possess mo pho-syn ac ic e iden ial ma k-
e s (Aikhen ald, 2007). In his ega d, he s udy has unco e ed addi ional e idence
ha poin s o anumbe o RVs ( o ins ance, show and sugges ) ha a e equen ly
used in o de o indica e he quo ed sou ce o e idence in RAAs in applied linguis ics
and psycholinguis ics.
Addi ionally, he s udy sheds ligh on o aless esea ched a ea o psycholinguis ic
discou se as a as lexico-discu si e mani es a ions o e iden iali y a e conce ned.
Gi en hepauci y o he s a e-o - he-a s udies on psycholinguis ic discou se, he
s udy can be used as abenchma k o u he esea ch in he discou se o RAs and
RAAs in psycholinguis ics and in u u e s udies aimed a in es iga ing e iden iali y
in academic w i ing in psycholinguis ics.
I should be no ed ha he s udy has se e al limi a ions. In pa icula , he s udy
could ha e bene i ed om a he o ical analysis o mo es in he sense pos ula ed by
Swales (1981). A guably, he analysis o he Swalesian mo es in conjunc ion wi h he
dis ibu ion o he RVs associa ed wi h e iden iali y could p o ide adeepe insigh
in o he ma ke s o e iden iali y in academic w i ing in applied linguis ics and psy-
cholinguis ics. Fu he mo e, he s udy design could ha e been enhanced by amo e
ep esen a i e co pus. Hope ully, he sho comings o he s udy will be emedied in
he u u e in es iga ions.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho is g a e ul o he edi o s o Linguis ica P agensia and o he wo anonymous e iewe s,
whose commen s and sugges ions on he d a o his a icle a e g ea ly app ecia ed.
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applij
Applied Psycholinguis ics. h ps://www.camb idge.
o g/co e/jou nals/applied-psycholinguis ics
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Oleksand Kap ano
English Depa men
Facul y o Educa ion, NLA Uni e si y College
Lins ows ga e 3,
0130 Oslo, No way
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9056-3311
oleksand .kap ano[email p o ec ed]
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