STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1, 7–29
Ea ly B onze Age sealing adi ion o Küllüoba Höyük
in he con ex o Ana olian sealing p ac ice
Sinem Üs ün Tü k eki
ABSTRACT
Di e en ideas ha e been pu o wa d by he esea che s o he unc ions o he seals made o baked clay,
s one and me al. The mos common iew among hese is ha pa icula ly beginning om he Ea ly B onze
Age, seals we e used o exp essions o owne ship and egis a ion. Ano he iew is ha seals could be
s amping ools used on he body o in ex ile p in ing. The po e y wi h seal imp essions eco e ed in exca‑
a ions is impo an a chaeological e idence demons a ing ha he ind e med a‘seal’ was used also o
deco a i e pu poses. A o al o 11 s amp seals da ed o he Ea ly B onze Age we e eco e ed om Küllüoba
Höyük be ween he yea s o 1996 and 2019. I could be obse ed ha he s amp seals unco e ed in Küllüoba
sha e many common cha ac e is ics wi h hose unea hed in o he con empo a y se lemen s in Ana olia.
Pa icula ly, he close esemblance o he mo i s seen on he s amping su aces o he seals gi es ise o he
hough ha he e was acommon sealing adi ion in Ana olia in he Ea ly B onze Age. Towa ds he end o
he Ea ly B onze Age, an o ganized ade had de eloped as a esul o he close ela ions wi h dis an egions.
This s udy aims o examine he seals ha ha e been ound in he exca a ions a Küllüoba Höyük, loca ed in
Wes e n Cen al Ana olia, which lay along asigni ican ade ou e and which has p o ided impo an da a
on u baniza ion and ade in he EBA.
KEYWORDS
Ana olia; Ea ly B onze Age; sealing; bullae; Aegean; pin ade a.
INTRODUCTION
The pe iod called he Ea ly B onze Age (EBA) and oughly da ed o he 3 d millennium BC in
Ana olia is ega ded as one o he mos signi ican u ning poin s o he egion due o he
de elopmen s ha eme ged wi h he ad en o u baniza ion. Se lemen ypes began o di‑
e si y in o ci ies, illages, ci adels, and p oduc ion cen e s, and he ini ial inc ease in hei
numbe s signi ies he beginnings o he socio ‑economic ans o ma ion o Ana olia. As he
pe iod p og essed, se lemen s began o dec ease in numbe (E e 2003a, 271) while signi i‑
can ly inc easing in size, which demons a es ha cen alized se lemen s– ci ies– became
mo e p ominen . Once monumen al s uc u es, de ensi e sys ems, and dis ic s (e.g. lowe
and uppe ci ies) we e buil , hese ci ies began o exe con ol o e egional p oduc ion and
ade. High s a us goods ha ha e been eco e ed om hei emains poin o he exis ence
o a uling class, and a e u he indica o s ha ahie a chical o ganiza ion, and consequen ly
acomplex social s uc u e, had s a ed o eme ge. A ade ne wo k, which an h ough Wes ‑
e n Ana olia and ex ended o mo e dis an egions, such as No he n Sy ia and he Balkans,
also de eloped om he middle o he EBA, and g ew mo e widesp ead and be e o ganized
as social complexi y inc eased and u baniza ion lou ished. Fu he cul u al elemen s ha
suppo he abo e ‑men ioned ade ne wo k could be gi en as he use o he po e ’swheel
(Tü k eki 2013; 2015), me al ools o Sy ian o igin such as oggle pins, lead bo les, new ech‑
8STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1
niques implemen ed in he Ana olian me alwo king (Tü k eki 2015, 213), i o y and lapis
lazuli objec s (Massa– Palmisano 2018, 66).
T. E e explains his cul u al in e ac ion, which had s a ed in Ana olia in he second hal o
he hi d millennium, h ough an o e land ade ne wo k ha he e med he ‘G ea Ca a an
Rou e’ ex ending om No he n Sy ia ‑Cilicia o he No he n Aegean o e he Konya plain,
No hwes e n Cen al Ana olia and consequen ly he Eskişehi and İznik ‑İnegöl plains (E e
1988, 93–99; E e 2007, 48–49). V. Şahoğlu de ines his in e egional ac i i y be ween Mesopo a‑
mia, Ana olia, and he Aegean in he EBA as he long ‑dis ance in e ac ion pe iod (Şhoğlu 2005).
An impo an assemblage along he a o esaid ou e is he Sy ian bo les ha p o ide in o ‑
ma ion on he ex en and in ensi y o he in e egional ela ions wi h Ana olia, Mesopo amia
and he Le an in he EBA. These bo les we e ini ially p oduced in he Middle Euph a es Region
in he EBA II, and la e on had sp ead o e inland Cen al and Wes e n Ana olia, and also o he
Aegean Islands, Eas e n Th ace, and No heas e n Ana olia ei he as impo s o as local imi a‑
ions beginning om he middle o he 3 d millennium BC.Sy ian bo les ha e been ound in
64 se lemen s along he G ea Ca a an Rou e, da ed o he EBA (Massa– Palmisano 2018, 75).
The lapis lazuli inds (e.g., beads, inlays, and cylinde seals) o Mesopo amian o igin, as
is e iden om bo h he ypologies and he mo i s hey bea , a e also ega ded as examples
demons a ing he in e egional ela ion.
S amp seals, o which he numbe o o ms and a eas o use had also been g owing since
he Neoli hic, can he e o e be ega ded as ag oup o inds ha migh p o ide in o ma ion
on he cha ac e o ade and in e ela ions ac oss he EBA.
The ea ly cylinde seals in luenced by Mesopo amia and No he n Sy ia ha e been en‑
coun e ed in he EBA III s a a o Ta sus and Kül epe (E e 2003b, 125). In addi ion, aience
cylinde seals o he Akkadian ype ecen ly unea hed in Kü ahya Seyi öme (Bilgen 2015,
142, ig. 158, 162–163) a e an impo an assemblage demons a ing he di ec ela ions be ween
Mesopo amia and No hwes e n Cen al Ana olia.
In he Aegean Wo ld, he ea lies seals ha e been eco e ed in My ina belonging o he
EBA I(Rahms o 2016, 227). In Ana olia, he ea lies seals o he EBA Ia e known om
Demi cihöyük, Ka a aş ‑Semayük (Rahms o 2016, 233), Küllüoba1 and Yassı epe. The ea ly
seals ound in Cyp us mus belong o he EM II (Rahms o 2016, 231).
The ea lies seals in Cyp us ha e been eco e ed in he se lemen o Kissone ga ‑Mosphilia
belonging o he LCA (EM II) (mid ‑ hi d millennium) (Webb– Weinga en 2012, 85). Exam‑
ples o imp essions o he abo e ‑men ioned seals ha e also been ound. These imp essions
mus ha e been imp in ed no on he essels bu on he clay closing pieces. Besides hese, no
seals ha e been eco e ed om he phase Philia (EBA III) (2400–2300 BC), which is known o
ha e had ela ions wi h Ana olia and close egions. The e o e, no seals ha e been encoun e ed
in Cyp us a e he LCA un il he second millennium (Webb– Weinga en 2012, 86).
GENERAL INFORMATION ON SEALING
Schola s who s udy seals gene ally ag ee ha hey ep esen he owne o he seal, and ha
hei unc ion was associa ed wi h pe sonal p ope y (Collon 1987, 113; E kanal 1997, 1314;
Da ga 1992, 68; Umu ak 2013, 56). Ye a chaeological da a demons a ing ha Ea ly B onze
Age seals in Ana olia we e used wi hin he communi y’seconomic sys em is missing. The
1 Küllüoba Exca a ion P ojec is suppo ed by Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Uni e si y– P ojec No:2012‑02.
BŞEU.04.03).
9SINEM ÜSTÜN TÜRKTEKI
a chaeological da a in ques ion a e sealings called bullae. The e o e, he s amps which ha e
eng a ed su aces simila o hose o seals migh ha e had o he unc ions, especially in a eas
whe e sealings a e no encoun e ed (Bachhube 2015, 79; Collon 1997, 11; Lich e 2011, 38,
79; P ija elj 2007, 232–233). I is hough ha some imp in ing objec s, such as hose com‑
monly called ‘pin ade as’, we e used on he body, ex iles, lea he , and o he su aces in he
Neoli hic pe iod o deco a i e pu poses. R. Du u, o example, de ines pin ade as as seal ‑like
imp in ing ools ha we e used o exp essions o pe sonal iden i y, obse ing ha hey a e
much la ge in size, and ha hei imp in ing aces a e eng a ed much deepe han hose o
common seals (Du u 2003, 560; Du u 2008a, 106–107; Mellaa 1970, 164). G. Umu ak a gues
ha he eason no imp essions om pin ade as ha e been ound is ha hey migh ha e been
used on oods u s ha a e apidly consumed, such as b ead and cakes, o on lumps o clay o
indica e he owne ship o ap oduc s o ed in acommon a ea, and ha hey ha e no su i ed
because clay easily disin eg a es i i has no been i ed (Umu ak 2000, 7). L. Rahms o
exp esses he idea ha he imp in ing ools he named ‘deco a i e s amps’ o ‘pin ade as’ a e
gene ally e med seals and ha ye he e is no e idence indica ing his assemblage was used
as seals (Rahms o 2016, 227).
Howe e , in he Nea Eas conside able numbe s o bullae ha e su i ed. Th ee hund ed
we e eco e ed om aspace used as as o e oom a Sabi Abyad in No he n Sy ia, asi e ha
was con empo a y wi h Neoli hic se lemen s in Ana olia (Akke mans– Duis e maa 1997,
19), and mo e han one ‑hund ed seals and six bullae da ed o he 7 h millennium BC ha e been
ound in he se lemen o Tell El Ke kh in he same egion (Tsuneki 2017, 6). This means
ha he ac ual use o seals, and he concep o owne ship, goes back some 3000 o 3500 yea s
ea lie in No he n Sy ia han in Ana olia.
I has been obse ed ha he concep o owne ship in Wes e n Ana olia de eloped along‑
side he beginnings o u baniza ion, in he Ea ly B onze Age I(E e 2003, 268–270), and ha
he numbe and a ie y o seals and hei unc ions inc eased du ing his pe iod. The la ge
imp in ing objec s (pin ade as) o ea lie pe iods disappea ed and smalle seals made om
a a ie y o aw ma e ials, o ms, and deco a ions, began o be used in se lemen s. Un il
ecen ly, only limi ed e idence o EBA Isealing was a ailable, bu new in o ma ion on seal
a ie ies has been added o ou exis ing da a. The exca a ion o Hacıla Büyük Höyük (Umu ‑
ak 2015, 149–150), o example, has demons a ed ha Wes e n Ana olian sealing de eloped
subs an ially and became mo e a ied be o e he EBA II, when he uling class uly eme ged.
Seals eco e ed in Wes e n Ana olia om he Neoli hic o he end o he EBA a e usually
made o baked clay, me al, o s one. D. Collon di ides he aw ma e ial used o seal ‑making
in o wo phases– be o e and a e he EBA– s a ing ha be o e he EBA only baked clay and
so s ones we e used o make seals, and ha hei hanging ‑holes and he deco a ions eng a ed
in o hei imp in ing su aces we e made by lin ools. A e he EBA, coppe ools we e used
in seal ‑making (Collon 1990, 39–40).
No bullae ha e ye been eco e ed du ing exca a ions a Küllüoba Höyük, howe e we
know ha bullae we e used when secu ing p oduc s placed in con aine s, such as po e y,
baske s o sacks, o keep goods esh o o secu e pe sonal belongings. This was achie ed by
w apping clay o e he co d ha closed he mou h o he con aine and hen s amping i wi h
aseal be o e i d ied (Massa– Tuna 2019, 61–65; Özkan 2011, 151). Whe he his was done o
ade o o secu e pe sonal p ope y, seals and bullae a e ex emely impo an because hey
p o ide e idence o an economic sys em. Fo example, abulla was eco e ed inside aspace
ha may ha e been used as as o e oom in building MRS 2 (amul i ‑ oomed s uc u e) a
Bademağacı. Umu ak belie es ha i migh ha e been used o egis e and con ol goods
en e ing and lea ing he s o e oom (Umu ak 2010, 20–22).
10 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1
Fig. 1: Si es men ioned in he ex .
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO KÜLLÜOBA
The seals discussed in his a icle a e om Küllüoba Höyük, which is loca ed wi hin he illage
o Yeniken in he Seyi gazi Dis ic o Eskişehi . The mound measu es 350 × 150 m and ises
10 m abo e he plain. I has wo apexes ha a e ba ely isible: he eas e n and wes e n. I is
si ua ed on a e ile plain wes o he Uppe Saka ya Ri e Basin, along an impo an na u al
anspo a ion ou e ha connec s Cen al Ana olia o he Ma ma a egion, he No he n
Aegean, and he Balkans. Exca a ions a he si e, which we e s a ed by P o .D .Tu an E e
in 1996 and ha e con inued unde he di ec ion o Assoc. P o .D .Mu a Tü k eki since 2019,
ha e shown ha he mound was con inuously inhabi ed o a leas 1300 yea s, be ween
a ound 3200 and 1900 BC (Tab.1).
The ea lies a chi ec u al emains so a ound a Küllüoba da e o he EBA T ansi ion Pe‑
iod (EBA IA), and ha e been unco e ed in Laye s 5 o 3 o he wes e n apex. In his pe iod he
se lemen was su ounded by amud ‑b ick o i ica ion wall ha ollowed a‘zigzag’ cou se.
The en ances o domes ic s uc u es opened on o acou ya d, wi h hei backs adjacen o he
o i ica ion wall. This phase is no p esen a Demi cihöyük, and E e has sugges ed ha his
ini ial Küllüoba se lemen plan may ep esen ap ecu so phase o he ‘Ana olian Se lemen
Plan’ (‘Ana olisches Siedlungsschema’: Ko mann 1983, 190, 222) unco e ed in Demi cihöyük
du ing he EBA Iand EBA II (E e 2003, 268).
By he EBA II, Küllüoba was aci y consis ing o uppe and lowe se lemen s (Fidan 2011,
50, pl. 13: 86). A leas wo public buildings, named Complex Iand Complex II, ha e been ound
in he uppe se lemen su ounded by a o i ica ion o enclosu e wall. These a e mega oid
s uc u es and can be conside ed monumen al o Wes e n Ana olia in he EBAII. S uc u es
beyond his enclosu e wall belong o he lowe se lemen (c . Fig. 12).
A chi ec u al emains pe aining o he EBA III a Küllüoba a e missing. The pe iod is
known mainly om as a i ied ill on he cou ya d o he p e ious se lemen phase, and
11SINEM ÜSTÜN TÜRKTEKI
a chaeological ma e ials ha come om o i e pi s. Ye many inds display connec ions wi h
dis an egions, and ha e been ega ded by E e as e idence o he G ea Ca a an Rou e, since
hey poin o ela ions ha ex end om No he n Sy ia o he Balkans (E e 2007, 49, 60, 61,
62, ig. 17a).
A chi ec u al s yles changed in he ansi ion pe iod be ween he la e EBA III and heMBA.
The a chi ec u e o his pe iod, known only om Küllüoba in his egion, is o mul i ‑ oomed
ee ‑s anding s uc u es ha pa allel hose om con empo a y Cen al Ana olian se lemen s
(E e– Tü k eki 2011, 207).
KÜLLÜOBA SEALS AND THEIR PARALLELS IN ANATOLIA
The exca a ion s a egy a Küllüoba has la gely been designed o e eal he oo p in o he
EBA II ci y, and i s buildings ha e gene ally been exposed only o hei su ace plan. Exca a‑
ion has no ypically ex ended below hese s uc u es. The e is no indica ion o awidesp ead
Da es Pe iods Eas e n Cone Wes e n Cone
13 h–15 h cen u y AD Islamic Bu ials I A
1s cen u y BC –
1s cen u y AD
La e Hellenis ic o Ea ly
Roman I B
1850 BC
La e EB III
(Übe gangspe iode)
II A
II B
II C
II D
II E
2200 BC
2450 BC Ea ly EB III
III A
III B
III C
2800 BC
EB II
IV A
IV B
IV C
IV D
IV E
IV F
IV G 1
3000 BC EB I
V A
V B
V C
2
3
3200 BC T ansi ion o he EBA 4
5
3300 BC La e Chalcoli hic 6
Tab.1: Küllüoba cul u al pe iods.

12 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1
i e in he se lemen , hough alimi ed numbe o localized bu ned a eas ha e been de ec ed.
In o al, ele en s amp seals ha e been eco e ed du ing exca a ions, nine o which a e made
o baked clay, one is o me al, and he o he is p obably o se pen ine. Eigh o he s amping
su aces o hese seals a e ci cula in o m, wo a e oo ‑shaped wi h an o al s amping su ace,
and he o he is in he shape o a i e ‑poin ed s a .
Fig. 2: EBA sealings o Küllüoba mound.
The seal eco e ed a Küllüoba in g id uni U10 (U10–540) (Fig. 2:c) is o pa icula impo ance,
bo h in e ms o i s o m and i s ind ‑spo . The oo ‑shaped baked clay seal was unco e ed om
wi hin he emains o amud ‑b ick wall du ing wo k unde aken on he wes e n side o he
mound. I is da ed o Phase 3, ha is o he EBA T ansi ion Pe iod s a ig aphy on he wes e n
apex. The seal’sen i e s amping su ace, an o oid ha was p obably in ended o ep esen he
sole o a oo , is deco a ed longi udinally wi h ou g oo es, while a u he ou g oo es a e
e ically eng a ed on he ‘heel’ o o m squa e mo i s (E ee al. 2001, 52, ig. 7b).
The ea lies known example o abaked clay oo ‑shaped seal is om Laye XIII o he Tepe
Gaw a se lemen in mode n ‑day no hwes e n I aq (Toble 1935, 121, pl. LVI: 1). This exam‑
ple om Küllüoba is he ea lies ye eco e ed in Ana olia, hough ano he example o such
aseal da ing o he EBA Iwas disco e ed a he Acemhöyük se lemen (Tezcan 1958, 526, ig.
20a–b) (Fig. 10:e), and one wi h simila deco a ion on he s amping su ace appea ed in he
EBA II le els a Bademağacı (Du u– Umu ak 2011, ig. 7a–b) (Fig. 10:c).
G id uni Aİ 24 (Aİ 24–38)– one o he g id uni s con aining mega oid buildings belonging
o EBA I– is loca ed in he sou h o he mound, in an a ea ha was damaged and back illed
in he Hellenis ic pe iod. As amp seal was unco e ed in he uppe le els o he su i ing
EBAIphase (Fig. 2:a, 3:a), and can he e o e be ega ded as belonging o la e in ha phase. I
is aci cula , baked clay seal, bea ing amo i o deeply eng a ed, nes ed U ‑shaped cu ilinea
pa e ns on i s s amping su ace. No exac pa allels wi h his pa e n ha e been encoun e ed
in EBA Ana olian con ex s, bu i has been obse ed on he su aces o wo Neoli hic seals e‑
co e ed in Ulucak Höyük (Çilingi oğlu 2009, ig. 4:2, 6). The closes Ana olian EBA example
o his pa e n was ound in he MEE ash pi o Laye IV in he Ka a aş ‑Semayük se lemen
(EBA II) (Wa ne 1994, pl. 187d) (Fig. 3:c), and aseal wi h asimila mo i was unea hed a
Bademağacı (Du u 2005, pl. 43; Du u 2008a, ig. 346) (Fig. 3:b).
13SINEM ÜSTÜN TÜRKTEKI
Fig. 4: S a -shaped s amp seals.
The seal wi h as amping su ace shaped like a i e ‑poin ed s a is aunique example o
Küllüoba (Fig. 2:b, 4:a) and consequen ly o Wes e n Ana olian sealing, as simila seals a e
a ely encoun e ed in he peninsula. I was eco e ed om g id uni Aİ 23 (Aİ 23–52), and
bea s adeco a i e composi ion made up o non ‑symme ical g oo es and a c ‑like mo i s. I
was also ound in an a ea des oyed by he Hellenis ic ill con aining mega oid s uc u es
belonging o he EBAI. The seal can he e o e be da ed o he EBA I, bu i s closes pa allel was
eco e ed in he EBA III se lemen in Alacahöyük (Koşay– Akok 1973, pl. 65, 82) (Fig. 4:b).
The seal eco e ed om g id uni AD 20 (AD 20–118) (Fig. 2: , 5:c) was ound di ec ly be‑
nea h he g ound su ace. A his dep h, da ing is unce ain, bu i p obably da es o he la es
phase o he EBA II, which was exposed by ag icul u e and e osion in some a eas on he mound
(IVA–IVB?). I is made o baked clay and has aswas ika ‑like mo i made up o eng a ed lines
and su ounded by some deco a i e do s.
This seal has nume ous pa allels, and mos belong o EBA II con ex s, ha ing been ound
a Bademağacı (Du u 2000, pl. 36:7) (Fig. 5: ), Hacıla Büyük Höyük (Umu ak– Du u 2012,
ig. 15) (Fig. 5:g), Çiledi (Tü k üzüne al. 2014, ig. 34) (Fig. 5:h), Ka a aş ‑Semayük (Mellik
1965, pl. 64, ig.33 a, b) (Fig. 5:e), Ahla lıbel (Koşay 1934, 70) (Fig. 5:j), Ka aoğlan (Tü üncüle
Fig. 3: S amp seals wi h cu ilinea mo i s.
14 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1
Fig. 5: S amp seals wi h swas ika -like mo i s.
15SINEM ÜSTÜN TÜRKTEKI
2013, 203) (Fig. 5:i), and in Laye XIV in Beycesul an (Lloyd– Mellaa 1962, 272, ig. 4.7)
(Fig. 5:d). Two simila seals a e om EBA Ilaye s hough, om Ka a aş ‑Semayük (Mellink
1972, pl. 55, ig. 4a) (Fig. 5:a) and Pulu ‑Sakyol (Koşay, 1976, 70) (Fig.5:b). Swas ika ‑like mo‑
i s ha e been encoun e ed on he bullae eco e ed om laye 11 and laye 12 ills o Kül epe
belonging o he EBA III (Öz ü k 2019, 57–58, ig. 12:1–2) (Fig. 5:k–l).
In he Aegean Wo ld, wo seals om Le na da ed o he EH II (Fig. 5:m–n) (K zyszkows‑
ka 2005, 43, ig. 64, 67) and seals unco e ed in Ge aki (K zyszkowska 2005, 44, ig. 72) bea
simila swas ika ‑like mo i s in he cen e o he s amping su aces (Fig. 5:o). In he seal om
Ti yns, he swas ika ‑like mo i is placed on he en i e s amping su ace (Fig. 5:p) (K zysz‑
kowska 2005, 39, ig. 55a, 55b).
I appea s ha he swas ika ‑like mo i is among he ea lies known, being p esen on
abaked clay s amp seal om Ça alhöyük and on he imp in ing su ace o apin ade a ound
a Bademağacı in Ana olia, bo h da ing o he middle o he 7 h millennium BC.While he
hanging ‑holes on hese examples indica e ha hey we e po able, i is conside ed ha hey
we e used as s amps (Tü kcan 1999, 46–47), o p oduce deco a ions on he body, ex iles,
lea he , o o he su aces (Du u 2008a, 107).
Despi e hese examples, he swas ika ‑like mo i in Ana olia is mos commonly seen in
EBAII s a a, and he e is clea e idence ha i s use on po e y and s ampings inc eased
du ing his pe iod. I also seems ha i was mo e commonly used a Alacahöyük, Bademağacı
and Ka a aş/Semayük han in o he Ana olian se lemen s. A Bademağacı, whe e he ea li‑
es Ana olian examples o he mo i ha e been eco e ed (Umu ak– Du u 2008, le . 21:a;
Taçıldız 2016, 102, 103), i eappea ed and was equen ly employed on EBA II po e y, spindle
who ls and s ampings, a e an in e up ion in he Chalcoli hic and EBA Ipe iods. In Ka a aş/
Semayük, he mo i appea s on g a e goods and is common in he po e y adi ion (Taçıldız
2016, 98). I appea s o ha e allen ou o use in he EBA III, and is no encoun e ed in he
wes e n egion o Ana olia o he han a T oy.
Fig. 6: S amp seals wi h c oss- o plus -sign mo i s.
22 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1
IIId) (A uz 2008, 28, ig. 23, ca . no. 220). W. N. B own di e en ia es he mo i be ween hose
in which he ou a ms u n o he igh (clockwise), and hose in which hey u n o he
le (coun e clockwise) (B own 1933, 18). Seals wi h his mo i i s appea ed in se lemen s
conside ed o belong o he Sama a cul u e in he La e Neoli hic pe iod (7000–5000 BC) in
Asia Mino , bu he swas ika ‑like mo i in Ana olia is nea ly concu en wi h i s appea ance
in Mesopo amia, speci ically in he Ea ly Neoli hic pe iod on as amp seal in Ça alhöyük and
on he s amping su ace o apin ade a in Bademağacı. In Ana olia i pe sis ed om he Ea ly
Neoli hic pe iod o he I on Age, and p obably had asymbolic meaning o he han being sim‑
ply used o deco a i e pu poses. Indeed, M. F angipane hinks ha his was hei p ima y
pu pose, a he han hei imp essions simply deno ing p ope y (F angipane 2003, 59). The
mo i was u ilized by p ehis o ic and p o ohis o ic socie ies in Ana olia in hei a , eligion,
and economy, and his lends he imp ession ha i could ha e been used as an iden i ie , o
indica e indi iduals o g oups ha belonged o he same amily, e hnici y, o cul u e (Taçıldız
2016, 106). Acco dingly, he seal wi h he swas ika ‑like mo i a Küllüoba was p obably used
o symbolic pu poses a he han me ely as an indica o o owne ship.
Ano he common seal mo i eco e ed om all EBA phases in Ana olia is he c oss‑ o
plus sign, and such aseal was unea hed in an EBA II cou ya d ill a Küllüoba. Pa allels ha e
been ound a Bademağacı and a T oy, and simila seals ha e been obse ed a Ana olian
se lemen s such as Ka a aş ‑Semayük, Kusu a, Alişa , and Taşkun Me kii.
The oo ‑shaped se pen ine seal is da ed o he EBAIII. Seals o his shape ha e been un‑
co e ed om awide geog aphic a ea ha ex ends om Cilicia in many di ec ions (Ta sus‑
‑Gözlükule): o he no h (Alacahöyük, Resuloğlu) and sou h (Acemhöyük, Konya ‑Ka ahöyük);
o he wes (Küllüoba) and he sou hwes (Bademağacı); and in o he Aegean egion (Yas‑
sıhöyük). This sp ead ma ches known ade ou es, and he seals eco e ed along hem, es‑
pecially in EBA III con ex s, a e signi ican because hey demons a e ancien connec ions
be ween Ana olia and dis an egions (Mesopo amia, Sy ia). Simila oo ‑shaped seals ha e
been disco e ed in o he Medi e anean con ex s. F om C e e he e a e seals ound a Palai‑
kas o, da ed o he EM III (A uz 2008, 43, ig. 70, ca . no. 141), and a K assi Tholos om he
EM I–II (A uz 2008, 43, ig. 69, ca . no. 140). A oo ‑shaped seal was disco e ed in ag a e a
Despo iko, in he Cyclades, ha da es o he EC II (B anigan 1970, 10, 23, ig. 3:34). Seals om
se lemen s in mainland G eece include one om G a e VII o he EH II se lemen a Zygoui es,
which is made o s one (Blegen 1928, 197, 218–219, pl. XX:3), and ano he om Aghios Kosmas
ha is da ed o he la e EH II (B anigan 1970, 10, 23, ig. 3:32).
Seals om he Ea ly B onze Age, du ing which sealing eme ged in Ana olia, we e mos ly
made o baked clay and s one, bu a ew we e made o me al (coppe , b onze, and lead). The e
a e se e al possible easons o he ela i e sca ci y o me al seals, which mus ha e been
ega ded as special, in EBA se lemen s, including:
– Tha me al a e ac s we e ega ded as aluable and migh ha e been passed on as
hei looms;
– Tha me al a e ac s a e mo e di icul o c a han baked clay ones. As he aw ma e ial
is du able, hey would ha e been in use o along ime, pe haps gene a ions;
– Tha aw me al is aluable and ou ‑o ‑use seals could ha e been e ‑mel ed and used o
make o he a e ac s;
– Tha he numbe o me al a e ac s eco e ed in se lemen s is signi ican ly ewe han
hose unea hed in ceme e ies, which may lead o a alse imp ession o hei numbe s.
The ac is ha me al seals bea ing simila mo i s on hei s amping su aces a e seen ac oss
awide geog aphical a ea, ex ending om Gözlükule o Poliochni and om Bademağacı o
Alişa (Em e 1971, 44). The c oss‑ o plus ‑sign mo i , and he deco a ions a ound he mo i , was

23SINEM ÜSTÜN TÜRKTEKI
employed on abaked clay seal om Küllüoba and many o he se lemen s in Ana olia (A uz
2008, 31, ig. 40). Me al EBA seals appea o ha e been conside ably a e in mainland G eece
and he Aegean islands han hey a e in Ana olia, bu hey a e o en simila . One example,
om Naxos (A uz 2008, 31, ig. 44), has amo i like ha on he s amping su ace o he me al
Küllüoba seal. Ano he is known om The mi on Lesbos.
I is signi ican ha Küllüoba de eloped an uppe and lowe own du ing he EBA II,
because his sugges s he p esence o a o malized, o ganized socie y. The EBA II is also he
pe iod in which he u baniza ion p ocess begins, and concep s o cen alized au ho i y and
owne ship eme ged. The ac ha Küllüoba is loca ed on he G ea Ca a an Rou e is also sig‑
ni ican , because many inds (Sy ian bo les, wheels, goble s, oggle pins, oo ‑shaped s amp
seals, e c.) eco e ed in he exca a ions indica e ha ela ions wi h dis an egions included
an o ganized ade ne wo k by he EBA II, and pa icula ly du ing he EBAIII. Gi en his de‑
eloping o ganiza ion, he compa a i e a i y o seals om Küllüoba is likely o s em om he
ac ha exca a ions ha e ocused on aho izon al plane, in which he ill wi hin he in e io
a eas o buildings is gene ally le un ouched. E en hough hey a e ew in numbe , hey a e
o g ea signi icance o demons a ing ha he Ea ly B onze Age se lemen s o Ana olia
we e condui s ha in oduced he ea lies examples o some seal o ms o he ancien wo ld.
Se e al sugges ions could be made conce ning he unc ions o he seals in he Ea ly
B onze Age, which di e om he pin ade as used o deco a i e imp in ing pu poses in he
Neoli hic pe iod in ha ing smalle sizes and less deeply eng a ed s amping su aces. Among
hese, he i s and he mos plausible one is ha seals migh ha e been used o exp essions
o pe sonal p ope y. The mos signi ican g oup o inds ha clea ly indica es his opinion
a e he bullae ound pa icula ly in he con ex s ha also con ain s o age a eas.
Ano he sugges ion is ha o he han exp essing owne ship, seals may ha e been used
as imp in ing ools in he deco a ion o ex iles, walls, and po e y. I has al eady been men‑
ioned ha he imp in ing objec s called pin ade as we e used in he deco a ion o ex iles
o on oods u s, such as b ead and cakes speci ically in he Neoli hic Pe iod. In ac , aces o
pain ha e also been de ec ed on some o he examples (Tü kcan 2006, 82). By he EBA, he e
a e aces o yellow and whi e pain s on he s amping su aces o he wo seals eco e ed in
Aph odisias (Joukowsky 1986, 610) and Kusu a (Lamb 1938, 268). This demons a es ha some
o he imp in ing ools we e used o deco a i e pu poses. The ea lies examples (2700–2600
BC) o he seals imp essed on po e y a e seen om Poliochni (Phase G een) o Gözlükule
( he ea ly EBA II). Simila examples con inue o appea in Gözlükule in he EBAIII and in
Poliochni in Phase Yellow. Fu he mo e, examples associa ed wi h his applica ion ha e also
been de e mined in he Aegean wo ld (Le na IIIC) (Massa 2016, 140, 435, 436).
While hese mo i s p oduced on po e y by cylinde o s amp seals migh ha e been made
o deco a i e pu poses, hey could also be e alua ed as pe sonal o communal symbols. The
owne /owne s o he po e y and acco dingly i s con en may ha e imp essed he po e y
wi h hei pe sonal o amily seal in o de o indica e hei p ope y.
Despi e he ac ha no seals ha e been eco e ed ye as bullae o as imp essions on po ‑
e y in any exca a ion conduc ed in Küllüoba o da e, hey can s ill be conside ed symbols
o p ope y in compa ison wi h he o he examples ound in Wes e n Ana olia. Limi ed da a
ha e been ob ained om he con ex in which he seals we e disco e ed, howe e , he seals
unea hed in Küllüoba mos ly belong o he Ea ly B onze AgeII. The s uc u es o Complex
Iand II a e p ominen in he se lemen as buildings o cen alized ‑scale s o age. Howe e ,
he ac ha hese a eas ha e almos been comple ely emp ied and abandoned do no admi
o he eco e y o su icien a chaeological e idence. Addi ionally, i could be said ha he
unco e ed seals we e mos ly ound in he s uc u es o he uppe own. Rega ding EB II, which
24 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1
is ep esen ed a chi ec u ally as he mos subs an ial pe iod in he se lemen , i is unde s ood
ha he se lemen migh ha e been a leas a egional cen e and ha , wi hin his con ex ,
beginning om he middle o he pe iod i was in e ac ing wi h i s immedia e su ounding
and owa ds he end o he pe iod wi h dis an egions. Fo his eason, he seals om Küllüoba
poin o ape iod du ing which hese ela ions had s a ed. The EBA III pe iod, which has no
been well de e mined in he se lemen ega ding con ex , con ains signi ican indings ha
indica e an in e egional ade. Based on he ou come ha his pe iod is poo ly ep esen ed in
he se lemen due o a ious easons, only a ew seals ha e been eco e ed, and no e idence o
an imp ession has been de ec ed ei he . Las ly, he unea hed s one mold (Fig. 13) da ed o he
la e EBA III ( he ansi ion pe iod o heMBA) has a ende ed imp in ing su ace o p oduce
lead seals (E e 2006, 302, 304). This shows ha simila seal examples had also con inued a
leas in he beginning o he 2nd millennium BC.
Fig. 13: Küllüoba La e EBA III s one mold.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Iwould like o hank Assoc. P o .D .Mu a Tü k eki o le ing me publish he seals. Iwould
also like o hank Assoc. P o .D .Deniz Sa ı o he maps and Yusu Tuna o he d awings.
Special hanks o Ga e h Robe s o he p oo eading and his sugges ions.
25SINEM ÜSTÜN TÜRKTEKI
Ca alogue
1. Loca ion: U10 T ench; Find Numbe : U10–540 (Fig. 2:c)
Dimensions: Heigh 2 cm, Diame e 2.3 cm; Pe iod: T ansi ional Pe iod (EBA IA); Subs ance: Clay.
The ligh b own pas e has mica inclusions and he su ace is slipped. W is bone shaped lug has s ing hole. The
oo shaped sealing su ace is deco a ed longi udinally wi h ou g oo es. The in e sec ing ou g oo es in he oe
pa o he oo o m asqua e deco a ion.
2. Loca ion: Aİ 24 T ench; Find Numbe : Aİ 24–38 (Fig. 2:a)
Dimensions: Heigh 5.4 cm, Diame e 2 cm; Pe iod: EBA I; Subs ance: Clay.
The seal has ligh b own pas e. The sealing su ace has an o al o m wi h adeep g oo ing o an en wined V o m
and has aconical lug wi h as ing ‑hole which is b oken.
3. Loca ion: Aİ 23 T ench; Find Numbe : Aİ 23–52 (Fig. 2:b)
Dimensions: Heigh 3.1 cm, Diame e 2.8 cm; Pe iod: EBA I; Subs ance: Clay.
The b own ‑g ay pas e has mica and g i inclusions. Ligh g ay slipped and bu nished. The seal su ace in he
shape o a i e ‑poin ed s a is co e ed wi h assyme ical g oo ings and deco a ed wi h a ch like mo i s. The lug
has as ing ‑hole.
4. Loca ion: AD 20 T ench; Find Numbe : AD 20–118 (Fig. 2: )
Dimensions: Heigh 2.2 cm, Diame e 2.8 cm; Pe iod: EBA II (IVA ‑IVB?); Subs ance: Clay.
The c eam ‑colo ed pas ed seal has as ing ‑hole lug. The sealing su ace has aswas ika mo i deco a ed wi h
g oo ings. The swas ika has spo s a ound i .
5. Loca ion: AD 20 T ench; Find Numbe : AD 20–106 (Fig. 2:e)
Dimensions: Heigh 1.3 cm, Diame e 2.3 cm; Pe iod: EBA II (IVD); Subs ance: Clay.
The c eam ‑colo ed pas e has small g i and mica inclusions. The sealing su ace has ac oss sign eng a ed wi h
g oo ings. And do s eng a ed a ound his c oss sign as adeco a ion o illing he sealing su ace. The lug has
as ing ‑hole.
6. Loca ion: AD 21 T ench; Find Numbe : AD 21–192 (Fig. 2:g)
Dimensions: Heigh 2 cm, Diame e 3.6 cm; Pe iod: EBA II (IVD); Subs ance: Clay.
The da k b own pas e has small g i inclusions. The sealing su ace was di ided in o ou pa s wi h adeep eng a ed
c oss mo i . I egula line mo i s a e placed be ween he a ms o he c oss. The lug is b oken.
7. Loca ion: T6 T ench; Find Numbe : T6–17 (Fig. 2:h)
Dimensions: Heigh 3.5 cm, Diame e 1.6 cm; Pe iod: EBA II; Subs ance: Clay.
The g ay colo ed su ace o he seal has no slip o bu nish. The sealing su ace was di ided in o wo pa s wi h
adeep incised line wi h h ee pai s o lines pe pendicua o i . The conical lug has no hole.
8. Loca ion: AG 22 T ench; Find Numbe : AG 22–82 (Fig. 2:i)
Dimensions: Heigh 3 cm, Diame e 3 cm; Pe iod: EBA II; Subs ance: Clay.
The b own pas e has mica inclusions. The sealing su ace was di ided in o ou pa s wi h ac oss mo i . In each
pa , an a ch made wi h g oo es o nail imp essions has been placed. The lug is b oken.
9. Loca ion: AA 20 T ench; Find Numbe : AA 20–32 (Fig. 2:k)
Dimensions: Heigh 2 cm, Diame e : 2.5 cm; Pe iod: EBAIII.
The g ay pas e has small g i and mica inclusions. Since he sealing su ace had wo n o , i is no possible o
unde s and he mo i s and he composi ion bu he e a e i egula g oo es and spo s a ound which can be seen.
The lug has as ing ‑hole.
10. Loca ion: AD 18 T ench; Find Numbe : AD 18–28 (Fig. 2:j)
Dimensions: Heigh 2 cm, Diame e 2.5 cm; Pe iod: EBA III (IIIB); Subs ance: Se pen ine.
Ligh g een colo ed. The oo shaped lug has as ing ‑hole. The e is aline g oo ed in he cen e o he sealing su ace
wi h eigh sho lines ouching i a an acu e angle.
11. Loca ion: AA 20 T ench; Find Numbe : AA 20–111 (Fig. 2:d)
Dimensions: Heigh 1.4 cm, Diame e 2 cm; Pe iod: EBA III (IIIC); Subs ance: B onze.
The sealing su ace was di ided in o wo wi h a e ical line. The e is azigzag deco a ion on one side while he
o he side has i egula g oo ed lines. The lug is b oken om i s s ing ‑hole.
26 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/1
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Sinem Üs ün Tü k eki
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Uni e si y
Facul y o Science & Le e s
Depa men o A chaeology
Building E, Room 225
Bilecik/Tu key
s u k [email protected]