épí ôanyag
§ Jou nal o Silica e Based and Composi e Ma e ials
labo a o y expe imen s o
poin ixed glasses
Má é éneS § Bsc s uden , Bme Depa men o cons uc ion ma e ials and echnologies
§ enesma [email p o ec ed]
and áS Jakab § Ph.D. s uden , Bme Depa men o cons uc ion ma e ials and echnologies
§ jakab.and as@epi o.bme.hu
kinga neHMe § associa e p o esso , uni e si y o Deb ecen, Depa men o ci il enginee ing
§ [email p o ec ed]
SaleM geo geS neHMe § associa e p o esso , head o labo a o y, Bme Depa men o cons uc ion
ma e ials and echnologies § [email p o ec ed]
é keze : 2015. 03. 03. § ecei ed: 03. 03. 2015. § h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14382/epi oanyag-jsbcm.2015.10
Abs ac
he appea ing o mode n poin ixed glass açade sys em was a big s ep in he de elopmen o he
açade planning indus y. Howe e he applica ion o s eel su aces has been cons an ly educing
in he las decades. nowadays he açades consis o as glass ma e ial including a small pa
o s eel ma e ial. sa e y is a p ima y equi emen in e e y building ma e ial especially o glass
ma e ials. Labo a o y expe imen s we e ca ied ou in he Bme, Depa men o cons uc ion
ma e ials and echnologies o analyse he beha iou o poin ixed glasses wi h pull-ou es unde
quasi-s a ic load. s ain, applied o ce and e ical displacemen o he specimens we e eco ded.
single and lamina ed glasses we e analysed wi h wo di e en leng hs. Based on he labo a o y
esul s, he au ho s ecommend he mos app op ia e glass ype o he poin ixed glass açades.
keywo ds: glass, poin ixing, pull-ou es , glass açade
Má é Énes
Bsc s uden a he Bme, Field o in e es s: poin
ixed glasses, sel -compac ing conc e e.
and ás JaKab
PhD s uden a he Bme, msc ci il enginee .
Fields o in e es s: glass cons uc ion, glass
columns, non-des uc i e es ing me hods,
poin - ixed glasses cons uc ion echnology and
managemen .
Kinga neHMe
msc ci il enginee , PhD, Associa e P o esso a
he Depa men o ci il enginee ing, uni e si y
o Deb ecen. owne o s uk ú a L d. enginee ing
o ice (design, quali y con ol). membe o he
echnical commi ee o Glass Wo king G oup
(msz /mB 112) o Hunga ian s anda diza ion
ins i u e; Hunga ian G oup o ib; Hunga ian
enginee chambe (mmk: 01-9160). Fields
o in e es s: load bea ing glasses, es ing o
cons uc ion ma e ials, design, ecycling o
building ma e ials.
salem G. neHMe
msc ci il enginee , PhD, Associa e P o esso
a he Depa men o cons uc ion ma e ials
and echnologies, Budapes uni e si y o
echnology and economics (Bme). membe o
he echnical commi ee o Glass Wo king G oup
(msz /mB 112) o Hunga ian s anda diza ion
ins i u e; Hunga ian G oup o ib; Hunga ian
enginee chambe (mmk: 01-9159). Fields o in e es s: conc e e echnology, mass conc e e,
sel -compac ing conc e e, ib e ein o ced conc e e, quali y con ol o building ma e ials, non-
des uc i e es ing, ein o ced conc e e s uc u es, ecycling o building ma e ials.
1. Glass açades
Glass is conside ed no only a household ma e ial bu i is also
applied in açades o in load bea ing elemen s like columns,
loo s o e en b idges. The applica ion o his ma e ial s a ed
o be mo e popula in design, howe e , he e is no Hunga ian
s anda ds o design. Only examples, echnical di ec i es and
uno icial me hods a e a ailable. Enginee s ha e o ake in o
accoun he speci ic p ope ies o glass du ing he design [1,2].
This a icle ocuses on he glass açades, especially on
he mechanical connec ion be ween he glass and poin ix
connec o s. The poin ixed glass beha iou was s udied
unde quasi-s a ic load which cha ac e ises he wind p essu e.
Au ho s aim o de elop an accu a e and sa e calcula ion
me hod o he poin ixed glass açade s uc u es.
2. Expe imen al p ocedu e
Labo a o y expe imen s we e ca ied ou on poin ixed
glasses a he BME Depa men o Cons uc ion Ma e ials and
Technologies. Glass ypes and sizes a e in oduced in Table 1.
Poin ix connec o was pulled ou om he glass hence in he
middle o he glass was loca ed a bo e hole wi h 20 mm diame e .
The load bea ing capaci y (displacemen s, s ain, loading o ce)
was eco ded du ing he loading. S ain gauges we e applied
nea o he bo e hole on he ensile side o he specimen in wo
di e en di ec ions which we e pe pendicula o each o he .
The es pa ame e s o glass specimens we e he ollowings:
■■Cons an pa ame e s
■■Ra e o loading: 0.5 mm/min
■■Wid h o he glasses 360 mm
■■Poin ix connec o : R50SSS
■■In e laye ma e ial: EVA, 0.38 mm
■■Tes a angemen .
■■Va iable pa ame e s
■■Type o he glasses: Floa , TVG (hea
s eng hened), ESG ( empe ed)
■■Nominal hickness: single laye : 6 mm, 12 mm,
lamina ed: 2×6 mm
■■Leng h o he glasses: 460 mm, 860 mm.
Floa TVG ESG
360×460 6 232
12 2-5
6.6 122
360×860 6 - 2 2
12 1-5
6.6 242
Table 1 Amoun and ype o he glass specimens
1. ábláza Ü eg p óba es ek ulajdonságai
Fig. 1 Expe imen al es se -up
1. áb a Kísé le i el endezés
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2.1. The expe imen al es se -up
The specimens we e loaded wi h he use o Ins on 5989
uni e sal es ing machine un il ac u e. In case o lamina ed
glasses, he loading was sus ained a e he i s ac u e
un il he ac u e o he second laye . The loading o ce and
he displacemen o he bo e hole / poin ix connec o
we e eco ded by Bluehill so wa e. Ve ical displacemen
ansduce is shown in he igh side o Fig. 1 which measu ed
he edge de lec ions. I is loca ed 10 mm o se om he edge
o he specimen.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show he expe imen al es se -up. Ob iously
he es se -up is a simply suppo ed s uc u e. A 5 cm hick
s eel pla e was sc ewed o he bo om c oss-head which had
enough bending esis ance. The cylinde s eel suppo s we e
ixed o he s eel pla e in which hey we e adjus able in o wo
di e en dis ances (360 and 720 mm). The poin ix connec o
was ixed in o a s i s eel pla e which was pulled by he Ins on
uppe c oss-head. The bo e hole was posi ioned in he middle
o he specimens. Ha dness o Sho e A 80 ubbe was used o
damping be ween he glass and s eel. Beside his es se -up,
he uppe su ace o a single laye glass was ensioned and he
bo om su ace was comp essed.
Angle s eel ba was applied in longi udinal di ec ion o
a oid he ho izon al displacemen o he suppo s. The ends o
specimens a e consoles (wi hou loading) and he suppo s a e
pe ec ly hinged, hence he glass has ee angula displacemen
a ound o he suppo s. The a e o loading was 0.5 mm/min
and he pull o ce was di ec ed e ically and upwa ds.
Silicone ings sepa a ed he glasses om s eel a he poin
ix connec o , and plas ic ing was applied a ound he sc ew
in he bo e hole, hence he glass was p o ec ed e e ywhe e in
he es se -up om he di ec con ac wi h he s eel (Fig. 3).
Displacemen s we e eco ded du ing he loading including he
displacemen due o he elas ic ubbe . Be o e s a ing es , a
calib a ion measu emen was pe o med and a s i s eel pla e
was applied ins ead o he glass specimen. A e he loading
o he glass specimens, he di e ence was ex ac ed om
he measu ed displacemen s. This me hod esul ed he eal
displacemen s.
Fig. 3 Pon ix connec o head - R50SSS, CDA [3]
3. áb a Pon meg ogó sze el ény - R50SSS, CDA [3]
3. Expe imen al esul s and calcula ion
3.1. Edge wo k de ec s
C acks a e o med in glass whe e he olume o edge de ec s
and he le el o ensile s ess a e highe [4]. Fig. 4 illus a es
mic oscopic obse a ions o 50× magni ied egions in which
he edge wo ks and de ec s we e analysed. Glass de ec s we e
ob ained by he digi al so wa e o DinoCap u e a he bo e
holes and edges.
The c acks we e p opaga ed om he de ec s o he bo e
holes un il he glass edges. The load bea ing capaci y depends
signi ican ly om he ype o glass ailu es ( he dep h o
sc a ch, he amoun , he densi y) [4]. I esul s e en hund eds
o New on di e ences be ween he es ed glass specimens.
Fig. 2. Expe imen al es se -up. 1- S eel pla e; 2- Glass specimen; 3- S eel cylinde suppo s; 4- Ins on bo om c oss-head,
5- Th eaded od; 6- Angle s eelba ; 7. Poin ix connec o ; 8- Th eaded cylinde s eel, 9- Rubbe , 12- Displacemen ansduce
2. áb a Kísé le i el endezés: 1- Acéllemez; 2- Ü eglap; 3- Acélhenge meg ámasz ás; 4- Ins on alsó ke esz ej, 5- Mene es szá ;
6- Szögacél; 7. Pon meg ogó sze el ény; 8- Mene es acélhenge , 9- Gumi, 12- Ú adó
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Fig. 4 Bo e holes and edge de ec s a 50× magni ica ion.
4. áb a Fu a lyuk és él megmunkálási hiba 50 sze es nagyí ásban
3.2. Resul s o load – displacemen ela ionship
The measu ed e ical displacemen s (a he bo e
holes and a he edge) a e qui e simila in case o
360×860 mm single laye ully empe ed glasses (la ge ones)
wi h 6 mm hickness. The e is no signi ican a ia ion o ha
and e en i is 0.26 mm a he ac u e momen . Howe e , his
di e ence is signi ican ly highe (74 %) in case o 360×460
mm single laye ully empe ed glasses (smalle ones). This
dec ease can be ob ained in case o 12 mm and lamina ed
glasses consis ed o 2×6 mm ully empe ed glass laye s. This
di e ence o he examined glasses is simila . In conclusion,
he edge displacemen s o glasses dec eased i he leng h o
glass specimen a e educed compa ing i o he displacemen s
measu ed in bo e hole egions (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 Bo e holes and edge displacemen s in case o 360×860 (le ), 360×460 ( igh )
sized ully empe ed glasses, 12 mm
5. áb a Pon meg ogó sze el ény ( u a lyuk) és él men i elmozdulások összehasonlí ása
Edze 12 mm as ag ü egek ese én bal: 360×860, jobb: 360×460
Fig. 6 in oduces o ce and e ical displacemen s in case
o ully empe ed glasses wi h espec o di e en hicknesses
and sizes o specimens. The highes displacemen s occu ed
in case o 6 mm hick single laye ully empe ed glasses (5.59
mm). In case o loa glasses he maximal displacemen was
1.64 mm and i is 4.58 mm a TVG. The hea s eng hening
p ocedu e can imp o e he load bea ing capaci y o he glass.
The slope o he cu e o 360×460 mm lamina ed glasses a e
he ac u e o he i s glass laye is simila o ha o same
sized single laye glass consis ed 6 mm glass. Tha o can be
ob ained in case o la ge sized glasses as well. I means ha he
ac u ed glass laye has no signi ican load bea ing unc ion in
he lamina ed glass.
Fig. 6 Load and e ical displacemen s in case o ully empe ed glasses
6. áb a Edze ü eglapok e helő e ő és üggőleges elmozdulás diag amon
3.3. Fini e elemen model
A ini e elemen model was c ea ed o analyse he labo a o y
esul s. In he u u e s udies, he au ho s plan o o mula e a
mo e accu a e model whe e he in luence o damping ma e ials
( ubbe s, silicon) is going o be aken in o accoun as well.
The e ical displacemen s o he bo e hole and he edge
poin we e di e en based on he ini e elemen esul s o small
specimen (360×460 mm). Howe e , his di e ence was no
ob ained in case o he la ge size specimens (360×860 mm)
(Fig. 7). The mean displacemen di e ences o he model and
expe imen al alues a e in oduced in he Table 2.
Fig. 7 Le : 6 mm, 360×860 mm glass able de o ma ion. Righ : 6 mm, 360×460 mm
glass able de o ma ion
7. áb a Bal kép: 6 mm-es nagymé e ű ábla elmozdulása, jobb kép: 6 mm-es
kismé e ű ábla elmozdulása
360×460 mm, 6 mm hick ESG
Model alues
[mm] Expe imen al
alues [mm]
De lec ion a bo e hole 5.64 5.6
Edge de lec ion 4.54 4.6
360×860 mm, 6 mm hick ESG
Model alues
[mm] Expe imen al
alues [mm]
De lec ion a bo e hole 20.33 20.34
Edge de lec ion 20.27 20.29
Table 2 Compa ing he model and he labo a o y esul s
2. ábláza FEM és labo a ó iumi e edmények összehasonlí ása
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4. Conclusions
Labo a o y expe imen s we e ca ied ou on poin ixed
glasses. The beha iou o glasses was examined by pull-ou es .
C acks a e o med om he bo e holes based on he labo a o y
expe imen s. The edge de lec ion o he glass depends on he
leng h o specimen based on he o ce – e ical displacemen
diag ams. The di e ence be ween he edge and bo e holes
displacemen s we e in luenced by he sizes o he glass
specimen.
In conclusion, i he glass pla es we e loaded in a la ge a ea
(o 360×860 mm), han wo o h ee imes highe displacemen s
occu ed and he load bea ing capaci y dec eased by 50 %
like in he case o smalle 360×460 mm glass pla es. The load
bea ing capaci y o he es ed glasses depends on he le el o
hea s eng hening (TVG/ESG).
A ini e elemen model was c ea ed o analyse he labo a o y
esul s. The di e ences be ween displacemen s measu ed in
edge and bo e holes egions dec eased wi h he inc ease o size
o glasses om 360×460 mm up o size o 360×860 mm.
The ully empe ed and hea s eng hened glasses a e he
mos applicable glasses o use in glass açade acco ding o
he esul s in aspec o he sa e y and load bea ing capaci y.
I should be men ioned ha in case o using only empe ed
glass laye s he glass panes do no ha e esidual load bea ing
capaci y. The Young’s modulus o glasses is no a ec ed by hea
ea men based on he labo a o y esul s.
5. Acknowledgemen s
Au ho s exp ess hei g a i ude o Rákosy Glass L d. o
p o iding he glass specimens. Au ho s a e hank ul o he
labo a o y o BME Depa men o Cons uc ion Ma e ials and
Technologies o he expe imen s and pe sonally o S uk ú a
L d. And ás Eipl, Abdulkade El Mi and Is án Vági o hei
echnical suppo and ad ices.
Re e ences
[1] Pankha d , K. (2012): Load Bea ing Glasses. Tes ing o Cons uc ion
Glasses. Lap Lambe , ISBN 978 3 8473 2191 0
[2] Jakab, A. – Nehme, K. – Nehme, S. G. (2014): Cen ally Loading o Glass
Columns, P oceedings o ÉPKO 2014 Con e ence, pp. 118-121.
[3] CDA P oduc s Ca alogue 2014-2015, 171 p.
[4] Pankha d , K. – Balázs, G. L. (2010): S udy o Edge S eng h o Load
Bea ing Glasses, Épí őanyag Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 15-22.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14382/epi oanyag-jsbcm.2010.4
Re .:
Rénes, Má é – Jakab, And ás – Nehme, Kinga – Nehme, Salem
Geo ges: Labo a o y expe imen s o poin ixed glasses
Épí ő anyag – Jou nal o Silica e Based and Composi e Ma e ials,
Vol. 67, No. 2 (2015), 62–65. p.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14382/epi oanyag-jsbcm.2015.10
Pon meg ogású ü egek labo a ó iumi izsgála a
A mode n pon meg ogású ü eghomlokza i endsze ek
megjelenése nagy újí ás ol a ko ábbi s uk u ális hom-
lokza képzésekhez képes . A homlokza i sze keze ekhez
elhasznál acél elüle ek mennyisége jelen ősen lecsökken
az elmúl é izedekben. A Bme épí őanyagok és magasépí-
és anszék labo a ó iumában kísé le eke égez ünk, ahol
pon meg ogású ü eghomlokza ok pon meg ogó sze el ény
kiszakí ásá izsgál uk a elüle e me őlegesen, ep ezen-
ál a egy pon meg ogó kö nyeze ében az ü eg iselkedé-
sé . kísé le einkben mé ük az ü eglapok elmozdulásá ,
alak ál ozásá és a el e e ő . A kísé le i e edményeke
monoli ikus és öbb é egű ü egek ese ében is kié ékel ük.
Az e edmények alapján megállapí ásoka e ünk, milyen í-
pusú ü egek alkalmazása a legmeg elelőbb a homlokza o
é ő igény be é elek el iselésé e.
kulcssza ak: ü eg, pon meg ogás, kihúzó izsgála , ü eg
homlokza
Solu ions o a chi ec s and acade builde s
AGC solu ions ha e been de eloped o mee e e y concei able
need o acade builde s and a chi ec s managing la ge-scale
glass p ojec s.
AGC has a wide ange o p oduc s o mee he needs o
building p o essionals wi h ega d o ision glasses, spand els
and i ing solu ions.
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