118 2021, XXIV, 1
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2021-1-008
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FRAMEWORK
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRY 4.0:
THE CASE OF THE CZECH
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Ma ina Hed ičáko á1, Ma in K ál2
1 Uni e si y o H adec K álo é, Facul y o In o ma ics and Managemen , Depa men o Economics, Czech Republic,
ORCID: 0000-0001-9751-8292, [email p o ec ed];
2 Uni e si y o H adec K álo é, Facul y o In o ma ics and Managemen , Depa men o Economics, Czech Republic,
ORCID: 0000-0003-2237-3564, [email p o ec ed].
Abs ac : The cu en economic si ua ion c ea es gene al p essu e o inc ease pe o mance. Any
ine icien use o p oduc ion ac o s will lead o p oblems and long- e m economic unsus ainabili y
in many indus ies. The e ec s o he Co id-19 pandemic will also ha e a nega i e impac on all
sec o s o he economy and he as e onse o he ou h indus ial e olu ion.
The a icle, he e o e, p oposes a new amewo k o he pe o mance e alua ion o he
manu ac u ing indus y, which is based on he composi e pe o mance indica o . This indica o
is ob ained by a c oss-sec o al compa ison o all sub-key pe o mance indica o s. Using clus e
analysis and analysis o a iance, a o al o 6 indica o s o e alua e pe o mance in he manu ac u ing
indus y we e selec ed as s a is ically signi ican . The added alue o he whole concep is i s di ec
independence on he economic si ua ion, which elimina es sho - e m economic oscilla ions ha
would be e lec ed in classical me hods o pe o mance e alua ion o he wise. The esul s show ha
some indus ies a e mo e e icien in he long un due o hei e ec i e in es men s in he capi al,
which eplaces he labou ac o and c ea es oom o he ealiza ion o ela i ely highe p o i s. By
con as , some sec o s, despi e high in es men s, do no achie e he desi ed le el o pe o mance
– hese in es men s a e no e icien o hey a e complemen a y o he labou ac o , hus denying
he p inciples o Indus y 4.0. I hus c ea es p econdi ions o inc easing dependence on ex e nal
ac o s and, a he same ime, makes he gi en sec o s in a eely compe i i e en i onmen
economically unsus ainable in he long un.
Keywo ds: Pe o mance, e iciency, indus y, added alue, in es men , Key Pe o mance Indica o s.
JEL Classi ica ion: L60, O31.
APA S yle Ci a ion: Hed ičáko á, M., & K ál, M. (2021). Pe o mance E alua ion F amewo k
unde he In luence o Indus y 4.0: The Case o he Czech Manu ac u ing Indus y. E&M
Economics and Managemen , 24(1), 118–134. h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2021-1-008
In oduc ion
The manu ac u ing indus y is key o he Czech
economy and has deep oo s in i s his o y. The
manu ac u ing indus y accoun s o abou 35%
o he na ional economy. I also has a dominan
posi ion compa ed o o he coun ies o he
Eu opean Union. The manu ac u ing indus y
also con ibu ed he mos o he c ea ion o
he g oss domes ic p oduc in 2018. I also
plays a signi ican ole in employmen policy,
wi h a ound 40% o he economically ac i e
popula ion in he manu ac u ing indus y. In he
manu ac u ing indus y, he la ges employe s
a e manu ac u e o anspo equipmen and
manu ac u e o me al s uc u es. The a e age
wage in all sec ions o he manu ac u ing
indus y is also inc easing yea by yea . The
manu ac u ing indus y also plays an impo an
ole in e ms o inno a ion, new echnologies and
in es men s. Ano he impo an in o ma ion: in
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Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
he Czech Republic in 2018, he manu ac u ing
indus y accoun ed o abou one- hi d o he
g oss alue added. Domes ic p oduc ion o
manu ac u ing in 2018 inc eased by 3.3% yea -
on-yea .
To s eng hen and main ain he
compe i i eness o he Czech economy, he
Czech go e nmen app o ed he Indus y 4.0
ini ia i e in Augus 2016. Indus y 4.0 is also
e e ed o as he ou h indus ial e olu ion and
signi ican ly changes he na u e o he indus y
and o he pa s o he na ional economy. This
ini ia i e has al eady been app o ed in mos
coun ies o he Eu opean Union bu also o he
coun ies (USA, China, e c) (Associa ion o
Small and Medium-sized En e p ises and Sel -
employed Pe sons o he Czech Republic,
2019; The Minis y o Indus y and T ade o he
Czech Republic, 2018a).
The concep o Indus y 4.0 was i s
men ioned a he ade ai in Hano e in
Ge many in 2011. This concep o Indus y
4.0 is a massi e implemen a ion o new
in o ma ion echnologies and he digi iza ion
o manu ac u ing p ocesses (Ma eso a e al.,
2018). Al hough indus ial p ocesses a e mo e
au oma ed, human pe o mance is s ill he main
ac o esponsible o p oduc quali y and ac o y
p oduc i i y (Flynn e al., 2017; Pe uzzini e al.,
2017).
The need o e alua e he e iciency and
pe o mance o p oduc ion and p oduc ion
ac o s and he long- e m posi ion and
de elopmen o he indus y o ensu e he
sus ainabili y o indi idual indus ial sec o s
leads o he compila ion o new me hods o
measu ing pe o mance. These me hods a e
adap ed o he cu en si ua ion – especially
o ex e nal ac o s and in e nal equi emen s.
Companies in he Czech Republic slowly
begin o lea e he analysis o he de elopmen
o indi idual a ios and looking o new
sophis ica ed (Asmalo skij e al., 2019; Hálek
e al., 2020; Ka l e al., 2018; Pa elko á e
al., 2018; Vim o á, 2015). Zizla sky (2016)
p o ed ha many en e p ises s ill do no
measu e inno a ion pe o mance despi e
he impo ance o inno a ion as an engine o
g ow h. Only a ew o ganisa ions appea o
ha e an e ec i e sys em o measu ing hei
o e all inno a ion pe o mance. One op ion is
Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs), which can
p o ide pe o mance in o ma ion in a b oade
con ex . Howe e , in he con ex o pe o mance
e alua ion, sus ainabili y mus be aken in o
accoun simul aneously.
Cu en ly, he economies o mos coun ies
a e a ec ed by he economic consequences
o co ona i us pandemic. Many companies
will ha e economic p oblems and will ha e o
look o new ways o make hei p oduc ion
p ocesses e en mo e e icien . Fo his eason,
he e is also a mo e massi e p omo ion o
digi iza ion and home-o ice. Companies will
ha e o look o new me hods o measu e hei
pe o mance and compa e hem wi h each
o he .
1. Theo e icalBackg ound
Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) a e essen ial
o moni o ing pe o mance in he indus y. They
can be used o iden i y poo pe o mance and
imp o emen po en ial. KPIs can be de ined
o indi idual equipmen , sub-p ocesses, and
whole plan s. KPIs can measu e di e en ypes
o pe o mances, o example, ene gy, aw-
ma e ial, con ol & ope a ion, main enance, e c
(Ali & Nakos een, 2005; Hed ičáko á & K ál,
2019; Lindbe g e al., 2015).
The app op ia e selec ion and imp o ed
unde s anding o he KPIs could help he
manu ac u ing en e p ises ul il he desi ed
business objec i es (Kang e al., 2016).
Indica o s KPIs can be used in almos all
indus ies and sec o s. KPIs o cons uc ion
deal wi h, e.g. (Al-Tmeemy e al., 2011; Chan
e al., 2004; Chan & Chan, 2004; Cheung e al.,
2004; Jahangi ian e al., 2017; Kuma aswamy
e al., 2017; Lam e al., 2007; Luu e al., 2008).
The in e na ional s anda d ISO 22400 has
de ined a se o Key Pe o mance Indica o s
(KPIs) o e alua e he pe o mance o
manu ac u ing ope a ions (Zhu e al., 2017).
A se o 34 KPIs has been in oduced in ISO
22400 (Zhu e al., 2018). Howe e , he KPIs in
a manu ac u ing sys em a e no independen ,
and hey may ha e in insic mu ual ela ionships
(Kang e al., 2016). To make de ined KPIs mo e
sui able o e alua ing ope a ional pe o mance
in he manu ac u ing indus y, we p opose
a ious me hods o measu ing pe o mance
and o ganizing KPIs o he manu ac u ing
indus y.
This a icle p oposes a me hodology
o compiling a composi e pe o mance
indica o , which uses pa ial key pe o mance
indica o s and hus eely ollows he analysis
o pe o mance om Hed ičáko á and K ál
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Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
(2019) o he manu ac u ing indus y. The
manu ac u ing indus y is an indus y ha
signi ican ly in luences he le el o he en i e
economy, and he Czech economy has an
i eplaceable ole. The manu ac u ing indus y
in ol es he mechanical, physical, o chemical
con e sion o ma e ials o componen s in o new
p oduc s (goods). The esul o he p oduc ion
p ocess is ei he inished p oduc s in ended o
use o consump ion, o semi- inished p oduc s.
The manu ac u ing indus y is a conc e e
indus y, and he classic a ios a e insu icien
om ou poin o iew o e alua e i s
pe o mance. The p oposals o measu ing
pe o mance using a ious indica o s depend on
hei speci ic alues, and he economic si ua ion
s ongly in luences hese alues in indus ial
sec o s. In some pe iods, pe o mance is highe
(o e some hing) due o economic g ow h,
while some imes i is unde es ima ed due o
ecession. The main goal is o p esen a sys em
o pe o mance e alua ion, which elimina es
hese ac o s as much as possible and iden i y
hose sec o s ha a e long- e m s able and
ha e he po en ial o u he de elopmen in
he economic en i onmen e sa.
The e o e, manu ac u ing indus ies
nowadays implemen a pe o mance
measu emen sys em o e alua e he ope a ing
s a e o hei manu ac u ing ac i i ies (Ali &
Nakos een, 2005; F anceschini e al., 2007;
Neely e al., 1995; Zhu e al., 2017). The
impo ance o key pe o mance indica o s (KPIs)
is o quan i y he e iciency and e ec i eness
o he managemen o p oduc ion ope a ions
and o he implemen a ion o s a egic goals o
managemen and p ocess imp o emen (B az
e al., 2011; Hálek e al., 2020; Hed ičáko á
& K ál, 2019; Lindbe g e al., 2015; Zhu e al.,
2018, 2017).
O cou se, he in oduc ion o he p oposed
pe o mance indica o s will also b ing p oblems.
Pe al e al. (2017) a gue ha KPIs a e no
always well known, and some imes, i is di icul
o ind a sui able KPI o ma ch e e y business
goal. B az e al. (2011) shown he di icul y and
complexi y in e iewing and upda ing an exis ing
PMS. The p oblem is ela ed o he in ol emen
o PMS use s, he assessmen o pe o mance
measu es, and da a a ailabili y. Complexi y is
simila o changes in in o ma ion echnology o
implemen he change in p ocedu e o compu ing
he measu es. KPIs ell you wha o do o inc ease
pe o mance d ama ically (G aham e al., 2015).
KPIs should be selec ed h ough discussions wi h
s akeholde s (employees, manage s, cus ome s)
(Globe son, 1985) and ela ed o he business
objec i es (s a egy) (Globe son, 1985; G aham
e al., 2015; So o ou e al., 2001) o enable
p og ess o be assessed agains hese objec i es
bo h in e nally and ex e nally (G aham e al.,
2015; P iceWa e houseCoope s, 2007). Falle e
al. (2016) also show ha i is impo an o ake
in o accoun he speci ic cha ac e is ics o SMEs
when de eloping SBSCs and o use me hods
ha allow hem o adap o p e ailing condi ions,
such as s a egic managemen , o ganiza ional
s uc u e, and esou ces.
Many au ho s also discuss he pe o mance
o companies in de eloping sus ainabili y.
Rajnoha e al. (2017) ound ha he BSC
me hodology has a demons able impac on
business pe o mance. The pe o mance o
companies is also a ec ed by he KPI sys em
and en i onmen al o ien a ion. I companies
do no ha e a knowledge in o ma ion sys em
as a complex sys em and do no conside hei
implemen a ion, hey end o ha e a lowe
le el o pe o mance. Fo example, Hsu e al.
(2017) ocused on inc easing he g oss ma gin
sha e de i ed om he adop ed sus ainabili y
s a egy. Fe ei a e al. (2016) emphasized
he need o conside he o e all cos s and
in es men s associa ed wi h en i onmen al
p o ec ion. Woe d and B ink (2004) explained
he impo ance o inancial indica o s ela ed
o sus ainabili y o e alua e alue c ea ion
(H is o e al., 2019; H is o & Chi ico, 2019).
Hed ičáko á and K ál (2019) emphasize ha
KPI analysis can also be used o analyse how
indi idual indus ies espond o he economic
ecession, which is now e y ele an a he
ime o he co ona i us pandemic. An example
is an au omo i e indus y, which ep esen s
a signi ican sha e o he Czech indus y
(Hed ičáko á & K ál, 2019).
Boďa and Ú adníček (2020) also highligh
he so ely unno iced ac ha he key a io o
inancial analysis, e u n on equi y, may easily
a ain non-sense alues and hese should be
emo ed be o e compiling inancial analysis;
o he wise, indus y s a is ics a e biased upwa d
ega dless o wha measu e o cen al endency
is made use o .
2. Ma e ialsandMe hods
The numbe o indus y- ocused publica ions
ha assess hei pe o mance is clea e idence
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ha indus ial ela ions play an essen ial ole
in he EU Membe S a es and socie y. This
ac is, among o he hings, he basis o he
equi emen s o da a collec ion and e alua ion,
which allows a compa ison o he posi ions o
indi idual EU coun ies, o example, using
a uni ied Indus ial ela ions index, which is
p ocessed by Eu o ond. Indus ial ela ions
index is a composi e index ha comp ehensi ely
measu es coun y pe o mance in ou
dimensions – indus ial democ acy, indus ial
compe i i eness, social jus ice, and quali y o
wo k and employmen – and indus ial ela ions
sys ems as a whole. All o hem wi h he ange
[0, 100], whe e he highe he sco e, he be e
he pe o mance o he indus ial ela ions
sys em (Eu o ond, 2020).
The a icle’s main goal is o in oduce
a new sys em o e alua ing he pe o mance o
indus ies based on a composi e pe o mance
indica o . The added alue o his new
pe o mance e alua ion me hodology is he use
o ela i ely simple and uni ied key pe o mance
indica o s and he sepa a ion o di ec and
explici dependence on ex e nal economic
in luences. This way, i can p o ide p oduc ion
manage s, company managemen , and poli ical
ep esen a i es wi h use ul in o ma ion abou
he pe o mance o indus ies. This in o ma ion
has conside able po en ial o de ining
hose sec o s whose de elopmen has been
ine icien o a long ime and he p inciples o
i s ope a ion in he u u e in an en i onmen o
ee compe i ion unsus ainable.
Some o he co e indings p esen ed in
se e al s udies ha deal wi h pe o mance
e alua ion a e aken in o accoun in he
amewo k. Namely, Hed ičáko á and K ál
(2019) ha e se he eigh pe o mance
indica o s ( a ios) o assess he a ea o
indus y: added alue pe employee, added
alue in ela ion o cos , u no e pe employee;
ea nings be o e axes and in e es (EBIT) pe
employee, in es men pe employee, a sha e o
in es men s o he o al cos s, added alue in
ela ion o in es men s, and EBIT in ela ion o
in es men s. Tu ley e al. (2015) and Robbins
e al. (2016) use se en di e en inancial
indica o s o e alua e public pe o mance
o p opose a amewo k o calcula ing one
composi e index using a benchma k sco e.
O he esea ches (Am ina & Yuso , 2011; Hu ,
2011; Rayns o d, 2000; Za a-Gómez e al.,
2009) used di e en me hods o assessing
he pe o mance, bu all o hem a e usable o
e alua ing in a long- e m pe iod. Fo example,
Am ina and Yuso (2011) p opose a se o
ini ial key pe o mance indica o s (KPIs) o
sus ainable manu ac u ing e alua ion belie ed
o be app op ia e o au omo i e companies,
consis ing o h ee ac o s di ided in o nine
dimensions and a o al o 41 sub-dimensions.
Hu (2011) e alua es he pe o mance
by a ing, aking in o accoun ou a eas –
economic si ua ion, inancial pe o mance, deb
se ice cos s, and managemen quali y. Za a-
Gomez e al. (2009) di ided indica o s in o
se e al g oups – sho - e m liquidi y, budge
sol ency, long- e m sol ency, se ice-le el
sol ency. I also conside s he de elopmen o
hei alues. Acco ding o Rayns o d (2000), he
KPI amewo k should consis o se en main
g oups: Time, Cos , Quali y, Clien Sa is ac ion,
Clien Changes, Business Pe o mance, Heal h,
and Sa e y (Rayns o d, 2000). All o he au ho s
men ioned abo e see one o he ad an ages o
pe o mance indica o s hei ela i e simplici y
and easy p esen abili y, which makes hem
mo e use ul in he p ac ical ield.
A he same ime, knowledge o he
app op ia e numbe o key pe o mance
indica o s in al eady published s udies is
aken in o accoun . The op imum numbe o
KPIs is, unanimously in he li e a u e, ewe
han 20 (G aham e al., 2015). Kaplan and
No on (1992) ecommend ewe han 20 KPIs,
Pa men e (2015) abou 10, while Hope and
F ase (2003) and P iceWa e houseCoope s
(2007) sugges ewe han 10 KPIs. KPIs should
also be placed in con ex , showing ends as
well as absolu e pe o mance (G aham e al.,
2015; P iceWa e houseCoope s, 2007).
To de e mine he de elopmen and
cu en pe o mance o indi idual indus ies
he i s pe o mance a ios a e used, which
a e added alue pe employee, added alue
in ela ion o cos , u no e pe employee;
ea nings be o e axes and in e es (EBIT) pe
employee, in es men pe employee, a sha e
o in es men s o he o al cos s, added alue
in ela ion o in es men s, EBIT in ela ion
o in es men s. Subsequen ly, using hese
pe o mance indica o s, a clus e analysis
is pe o med, which iden i ies he indus ial
sec o s o bo h he p ima y economic indus ies
acco ding o CZ-NACE, as well as hei sub-
componen s, wi h di e en deg ees o long-
e m pe o mance. The di ision in o a o al o 4
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Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
clus e s using he Euclidean dis ance is chosen,
wi h each g oup can ep esen a ce ain deg ee
o pe o mance o a gi en indus y. Wi hin his
clus e analysis, hose pe o mance indica o s
a e also iden i ied ha a e s a is ically signi ican
o his di ision in o clus e s ( he signi icance
le el alpha = 0.05 is used).
The ollowing sec ion in oduces a new
amewo k o e alua ing pe o mance based
on a composi e pe o mance indica o . The
calcula ion o his indica o is based on he
poin e alua ion o he e iciency o each
indus y acco ding o each o he pe o mance
indica o s ha we e iden i ied as s a is ically
signi ican in he clus e analysis. Fo each
indus y, he cu en alue o each selec ed
(signi ican ) pe o mance indica o is i s
calcula ed. Subsequen ly, all indus ies a e
so ed in descending o de om he alue
ep esen ing he highes pe o mance o he
lowes pe o mance. In he nex s ep, poin s a e
assigned o he sec o , acco ding o he qua ile
in which hey a e di ided ( he i s qua ile = 3
poin s, he second qua ile = 2 poin s, he hi d
qua ile = 1 poin and he ou h qua ile = 0
poin s). The sum o he poin s c ea es he
so-called composi e sco e (indica o ) o
pe o mance. This composi e pe o mance
indica o , by con as o he pe o mance
e alua ion by se e al di e en indica o s,
p o ides summa y in o ma ion on how s able,
e icien , and sus ainable gi en indus ial sec o
is. I is also possible o e alua e he end o
de elopmen o each indus ial sec o in he
long- e m pe iod.
A he end o he empi ical pa , he
in e dependence be ween selec ed indica o s
ela ed o in es men s is p esen ed. These
esul s a e con on ed wi h he pe o mance
esul s o indi idual indus ies, including
g aphical ep esen a ion – di e ences and he
same ea u es a e p esen ed. The esul s o
his analysis complemen he o e all iew o he
mu ual pe o mance o indus ies and can also
se e as backg ound in o ma ion on he end in
which he pe o mance o indi idual sec o s will
de elop in a ious economic si ua ions.
Publicly a ailable da a on he manu ac u ing
indus y in he Czech Republic a e used as
a basis o analyses. These a e he essen ial
cha ac e is ics o each indus y acco ding
o CZ-NACE codes, hese cha ac e is ics
include, o example, accoun ing da a and
economic esul s (especially p o i , sales, cos s,
in es men ), inancial da a (e.g., added alue,
pe o mance a ios) and o he iden i ica ion
da a (e.g., numbe o companies, numbe o
employees).
Mos o hese da a a e ob ained by he
Czech S a is ical O ice h ough a combina ion
o exhaus i e and sample su ey me hods. The
su ey is ca ied ou by he Czech S a is ical
O ice once a yea in acco dance wi h app o ed
egula ions (Czech S a is ical O ice, 2019),
using elec onic o pape o ms. The s uc u ed
da a a e subsequen ly published in coope a ion
wi h he Minis y o Indus y and T ade o he
Czech Republic (The Minis y o Indus y and
T ade o he Czech Republic, 2018b, 2018a).
3. Resul s
3.1 Pe o manceIndica o s
To iden i y key pe o mance indica o s ha a e
impo an o de ec ing di e ences in indi idual
indus ies’ pe o mance, clus e analysis,
and subsequen analysis o a iance we e
pe o med. The di ision in o a o al o 4 clus e s
using he Euclidean dis ance is chosen. Wi hin
his clus e analysis, hose pe o mance
indica o s a e also iden i ied ha a e s a is ically
signi ican o his di ision in o clus e s ( he
signi icance le el alpha = 0.05 is used).
The clus e analysis inpu s we e
pe o mance indica o s ha we e designed o
e alua e he manu ac u ing indus y sec o s
acco ding o a ious key pe o mance indica o s
(Hed ičáko á & K ál, 2019) and a e in line wi h
he indings p esen ed by o he au ho s (see he
sec ion on ma e ials and me hods). They a e:
 Added alue pe employee;
 Added alue in ela ion o cos ;
 The u no e pe employee;
 Ea nings be o e axes and in e es (EBIT)
pe employee;
 In es men pe employee;
 A sha e o in es men s o he o al cos s;
 Added alue in ela ion o in es men s;
 EBIT in ela ion o in es men s.
All alues o hese indica o s we e
s anda dized a i s , so ha all a iables gained
he same weigh s, hus elimina ing he isk ha
some o he alues will domina e and he e o e
skew he esul s. The clus e analysis esul s
show a ela i ely high simila i y be ween he
di e en indus ies (see Fig. 1).
A sepa a e clus e consis s o he p oduc ion
o compu e and op ical and elec onic p oduc s.
This sec o is cha ac e ized by a high le el

123
1, XXIV, 2021
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
o o al cos s, especially in es men s, which
ha ms added alue in ela ion o o al cos s. On
he o he hand, i achie es a high le el o added
alue pe employee o sales pe employee and,
in e ms o he i m’s manage ial heo y, can be
assessed as one o he mos success ul.
A smalle g oup is o med by he sec o o
ex ile p oduc ion, lea he and ela ed p oduc s,
and clo hing p oduc ion. These sec o s di e
om he o he s by wo se esul s o indica o s
aking in o accoun he numbe o employees
– low le els o in es men , sales, and added
alue. This is a consequence o a highe deg ee
o deploymen o manual wo k, which is cu en ly
no app ecia ed, among o he hings, as a esul
o cheap compe i ion om Sou heas Asia.
Ano he g oup o indus ies is, o example,
he p oduc ion o be e ages, he p oduc ion o
pape and pape p oduc s, o he p oduc ion
o basic pha maceu ical p oduc s and
pha maceu ical p epa a ions. These sec o s
achie e he highes alues o pe o mance
indica o s aking in o accoun he numbe o
employees due o he high sha e o in es men
cos s (on a e age 6.72%). Thus, he shi
o p oduc ion au oma ion and obo ics has
a posi i e e ec on educing ope a ing cos s,
such as wages, and hus leads o g ea e
independence o labou a ailabili y.
The las g oup o indus ies is also, o some
ex en , dependen on human esou ces’ manual
labou , bu cha ac e ized by a highe deg ee o
added alue. These a e, o example, elec ical
equipmen , ab ica ed me al p oduc s, excep
machine y and equipmen , ood p oduc s, and
u ni u e p oduc ion.
Fig. 1: Dend og am using a e age linkage
Sou ce: own
124 2021, XXIV, 1
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
Analysis o a iance (ANOVA) was also
pe o med as pa o he clus e analysis.
I aimed o de e mine which pe o mance
indica o s a e s a is ically signi ican o
clus e o ma ion (a he le el o signi icance
alpha = 0.05). I u ned ou ha a o al o 6 ou
o 8 pe o mance indica o s di e s a is ically
signi ican ly among he indi idual clus e s. Only
wo indica o s ( he sha e o in es men s in o al
cos s, and EBIT in ela ion o in es men s)
do no di e s a is ically signi ican ly be ween
di e en g oups. Unlike o he indica o s,
hey a e no used in he amewo k o se he
composi e pe o mance indica o .
3.2 Pe o manceE alua ion
To de e mine he composi e pe o mance
indica o , a o al o 6 sub-pe o mance indica o s,
which we e iden i ied as s a is ically signi ican in
he clus e analysis, we e used. The p inciple o
calcula ing he composi e pe o mance indica o
is based on he sco ing o each indus ial sec o
acco ding o he qua ile in which i is loca ed
acco ding o each pe o mance indica o .
A i s , qua ile alues o each pe o mance
indica o we e iden i ied (see Tab. 2). Da a
o he pe iod 2008–2018 we e used. In he
ollowing s eps (i.e., he use o a poin e alua ion
as a p oxy a iable), i was no necessa y o
con inue wi h s anda dized da a – o be e
in e p e a ion, non-s anda dized da a a e used.
Fo each indica o alue o he manu ac u ing
indus y, each indus ial sec o was assigned
a poin alue, acco ding o he qua ile in which
he alue o each index was included: 1s
qua ile = 3 poin s, 2nd qua ile = 2 poin s, 3 d
qua ile = 1 poin , and 4 h qua ile = 0 poin s.
The composi e indica o is hen de ined as he
sum o hese indi idual poin s. As hese poin s
a e assigned o he indus y o each o he six
indica o s, he composi e pe o mance indica o
can each a maximum o 18 poin s.
While he dis ibu ion o he alues o he
qua iles o he added alue in ela ion o cos s
is ela i ely e en, o he o he indica o s,
i signi ican ly de ia es – he di e ences
be ween he i s wo qua iles a e signi ican ly
highe han be ween he second wo qua iles.
Al hough his ac may ha e an impac on he
o e all e alua ion o pe o mance acco ding
o a composi e indica o , which uses poin
alues acco ding o qua iles, i is necessa y o
keep in mind ha hese a e long- e m a e age
alues o hese indica o s. Due o he a iance
o hese alues o e ime and because poin
alues a e assigned acco ding o qua iles o
he whole g oup o indus ies, he dis ibu ion o
speci ic alues o indica o s o each indus y is,
he e o e, ma ginal in he o e all scale.
The alues o he composi e pe o mance
indica o s a e p esen ed in Tab. 3. A he
same ime, hese alues o composi e
indica o s a e used o de e mine he long- e m
pe o mance o indi idual indus ies. This long-
e m pe o mance is calcula ed as he sum o
indi idual composi e pe o mance indica o s in
he pe iod 2008–2018. Based on his sum, each
indus ial sec o is classi ied in o an indi idual
qua ile om he mos e icien (Q1) o he leas
e icien (Q4). The de elopmen o indi idual
Clus e d E o d F Sig.
Mean squa e Mean squa e
Added alue/cos s 3.166 30.677 17 4.680 0.015
In es men s/cos s 2.245 30.839 17 2.675 0.080
EBIT/employee 4.777 30.392 17 12.175 0.000
Added alue/employee 5.246 30.310 17 16.950 0.000
Tu no e /employee 5.462 30.271 17 20.124 0.000
In es men s/employee 6.521 30.085 17 77.149 0.000
Added alue/in es men s 5.739 30.223 17 25.789 0.000
EBIT/in es men s 2.199 30.847 17 2.595 0.086
Sou ce: own
Tab. 1: Analysis o a iance (ANOVA)
125
1, XXIV, 2021
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
g oups o sec o s acco ding o he pe o mance
qua ile is illus a ed in Fig. 2.
The e alua ion o he pe o mance o
indi idual indus ial sec o s shows ha in he
long un (be ween 2008 and 2018), wi h a ew
excep ions, he e a e no signi ican luc ua ions
in hei pe o mance. Mos o all indus ies,
ega dless o ex e nal ci cums ances, achie e
app oxima ely he same esul s compa ed
o o he indus ial sec o s. This is e iden , o
example, in he case o be e age p oduc ion,
which achie ed he bes esul s o e he
whole sec o s be ween 2008 and 2018, and,
con e sely, in he case o manu ac u e o ex iles,
which eached he wo s esul s (compa ed o
o he indus ies). Howe e , despi e he s abili y
o mos sec o s, excep ions can be ound. I is,
o example, he p oduc ion o basic me als
Added
alue/cos s
[%]
EBIT/
employee
[ hs. CZK]
Added
alue/
employee
[ hs. CZK]
Tu no e /
employee
[ hs. CZK]
In es men s/
employee
[ hs. CZK]
Added
alue/
in es men s
[ hs. CZK]
Q1
(3 poin s) > 31.27% > 320.32 > 840.41 > 3,718.45 > 233.84 > 5.02
Q2
(2 poin s) ≤ 31.27% ≤ 320.32 ≤ 840.41 ≤ 3,718.45 ≤ 233.84 ≤ 5.02
Q3
(1 poin ) ≤ 26.23% ≤ 197.16 ≤ 726.83 ≤ 2,688.52 ≤ 153.45 ≤ 4.65
Q4
(0 poin s) ≤ 22.24% ≤ 127.87 ≤ 606.51 ≤ 2,263.36 ≤ 136.19 ≤ 4.32
Sou ce: own
Tab. 2: Qua ile limi alues o each pe o mance indica o
Fig. 2: De elopmen o pe o mance o he manu ac u ing indus y sec o s acco ding
o pe o mance qua iles
Sou ce: own
126 2021, XXIV, 1
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
and me allu gical p ocessing o me als, which
was a ec ed by he consequences o he
inancial c isis o such an ex en ha he e was
a signi ican d op in sales and p o i s compa ed
o o he sec o s, which esul ed in a educ ion
in o e all pe o mance. Howe e , in he pe iod
o subsequen economic g ow h ( om 2011 o
2018), his sec o also eached simila alues
as be o e he inancial c isis.
3.3 Indus y 4.0 Con ex
The con ibu ion o he implemen a ion o he
p inciples o Indus y 4.0 in he con ex o long-
e m pe o mance leading o he economic
sus ainabili y o indus ial sec o s can be
illus a ed in wo e y simila , bu also di e en ,
indus ies – be e age p oduc ion (Q1) and
ood p oduc ion (Q4). The be e age indus y
is cha ac e ized up o h ee imes highe
in es men s in ela ion o o al cos s. These
in es men s lead o a educ ion in ope a ing
cos s and hus inc eased p o i s in he u u e.
By con as , he p oduc ion o ood p oduc s,
due o lowe in es men s, achie es lowe
added alue and lowe u no e and p o i s.
I migh seem ha inc easing he le el o
in es men au oma ically leads o a educ ion
in cos s, an inc ease in sales and p o i s in he
long un, and consequen ly o a highe le el
o e iciency and independence om ex e nal
sou ces o inancing (such as subsidies).
Howe e , no o he s a emen is u he om he
u h, as illus a ed in Fig. 3.
Al hough, in gene al, he indus ies o all
qua iles ha e a simila le el o in es men in
o al cos s, he indus ies included in he Q1
Indus y 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 ΣQ
Be e age p oduc ion 15 16 15 15 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 167 Q1
Basic pha maceu ical p oduc s and p epa a ions 16 14 16 15 15 15 16 13 15 13 12 160 Q1
Chemicals and chemical p oduc s 11 10 12 13 14 12 14 13 12 13 13 137 Q1
O he non-me allic mine al p oduc s 15 13 13 11 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 132 Q1
Rubbe and plas ic p oduc s 9 10 11 11 13 13 12 13 13 12 9 126 Q1
Mo o ehicles, aile s and semi- aile s 10 9 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 13 11 125 Q2
O he anspo equipmen 9 12 11 13 13 11 11 11 10 8 7 116 Q2
Pape and pape p oduc s 10 11 9998991011 11 106 Q2
Elec ical equipmen 7 9 12 10 11 1089898101 Q2
Basic me als, me allu gical p ocessing o me als 13 4 6 10 7 9 11 88811 95 Q2
Fab ica ed me al p oduc s, excep machine y 77768978891086 Q2
P in ing and ep oduc ion o eco ded media 911 87867976583 Q3
Compu e , elec onic and op ical p oduc s 65567710988778 Q3
Manu ac u e o wood, co k, and s aw p oduc s 675677668911 78 Q3
Machine y and equipmen no speci ied elsewhe e 6687878766675 Q3
O he manu ac u ing indus y 8986674666874 Q3
Wea ing appa el 6666666666666 Q4
Lea he and ela ed p oduc s 6665363654656 Q4
Food p oduc s 6744343343344 Q4
Fu ni u e p oduc ion 3415344455543 Q4
Manu ac u e o ex iles 2453423123332 Q4
Sou ce: own
Tab. 3: Values o he composi e pe o mance indica o s be ween 2008–2018
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