100 2019, XXII, 3
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DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2019-3-007
In oduc ion
In angible asse s play a signi ican ole in o he
a eas, in pa icula , de eloping he s a egy
and c ea ing a pa en po olio o o ganiza ions
(Wang, Ga cía, Guija o, & Moya, 2011).
In gene al, inno a ion can be conside ed
as he engine o de eloping en e p ise
compe i i eness. To his end, he esea ch and
de elopmen uni o o ganiza ions is ocused on
in en ions and hei legal p o ec ion (Lee, Pa k,
& Jang, 2015). Today, a signi ican po ion o
he asse s o o ganiza ions is in angible asse s
(Bishop, 2003). In ellec ual p ope y is ypically
de ined as a se o p oduc s ha a e p o ec ed
unde he laws ela ing o pa en s, copy igh s,
adema ks, and ade sec e s (Kuma , 1994).
S udies show ha h ee main ad an ages o
pa en s, which add o he impo ance o hei
egis a ion, a e o encou age he c ea ion
o knowledge and inno a ion, o main ain
knowledge in he o ganiza ion, and o p o ec
iden i y and cha ac e is ics o change (Kuma ,
1994). Acco dingly, de e mining he alue o
pa en s is a c i ical ac o which plays a i al
ole in he success o o ganiza ions (Ande son,
1992). A pa en is a se o exclusi e igh s g an ed
by a coun y o an in en o o a limi ed pe iod,
in exchange o de ailed public disclosu e o
he in en ion (WIPO, 2008). O ganiza ions own
a la ge numbe o hese egis e ed echnologies
and in en ions (PCT, 2011). Success ul
exploi a ion and managemen o hese pa en s
is a c i ical ac o in he business s a egy o he
o ganiza ion (IP4Inno, 2008). In his ega d,
pa en alua ion and p io i iza ion is one o he
main ac i i ies ela ed o he managemen o
in ellec ual p ope y asse s in an o ganiza ion.
Indeed, knowing he economic alue and he
impo ance o in ellec ual p ope y igh s helps
o make s a egic decisions abou he asse s o
he o ganiza ion and also acili a es in ellec ual
p ope y comme cializa ion and ansac ions
(IP4Inno, 2008).
The co ec and accu a e alua ion o pa en s
is a conce n ha has led many esea che s
o iden i y he c i e ia o his pu pose (Lee &
Sohn, 2016; Fische & Leidinge , 2014). The e
a e di e en app oaches o alue and p io i ize
pa en s (Pa & Smi h, 1994), including cos -
o ien ed (D ews, 2001), ma ke -o ien ed (Da yl
& D ews, 2006), income-o ien ed (Kamiyama,
Sheehan, & Ma inez, 2006) and eal op ions
app oach (Pi ke hly, 1999). These me hods
canno calcula e he economic alue o pa en s
and in angible asse s, and hei esul s a e
di e en (Young-Ki, Seung-Jun, & Seong-Taek,
2016). In pa icula , he cos -o ien ed app oach
does no ha e he abili y o calcula e po en ial
u u e p o i ; ma ke -o ien ed app oach can be
measu ed in heo y, bu in p ac ice, he e is
gene ally no ma ke o compa e he alue o
he desi ed pa en ; and he income-o ien ed
me hod is also alid in opinion, bu in p ac ice
he e is no abili y o calcula e u u e cash
low (Hy önen & Ja imo, 2010). On he o he
hand, esea che s ha e ound ha alua ion
and p io i iza ion o pa en s a e no su icien
enough i we only conside a pa icula c i e ion
( o wa d ci a ions, backwa d ci a ions, pa en ’s
li e, e c.) (Rei zig, 2004).
Acco dingly, a wide ange o c i e ia
should be conside ed o his pu pose (Wang,
Ga cía, Guija o, & Moya, 2011). Gi en
he need o add ess di e en ules and he
di e ence be ween he impo ance o each o
hese c i e ia, mul i-a ibu e decision-making
(MADM) me hods can be bene icial (Chiu &
Chen, 2007; Dahooie, Vanaki, Mohammadi,
& Fi ooz a , 2018). MADM app oaches make
A FRAMEWORk FOR VALUATION
AND PRIORITIZATION OF PATENTS USING
A COMBINED MADM APPROACH.
CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGY
Jalil Heida y Dahooie, Na id Mohammadi, Mehdi Mohammadi,
Pa isa Shahmohammadi, Zenonas Tu skis, Jonas Šapa auskas
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Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
i possible o o e come he complexi y o
his issue and acili a e decision-making on
pa en s and de e mining hei s a egic posi ion
(Wang, Ga cía, Guija o, & Moya, 2011).
Ano he app oach ecen ly conside ed by he
esea che s in he a ea o echnology alua ion
is MADM app oach (Si ile ičius, Za adskas, &
Tu skis, 2008; Za adskas, Tu skis, Vol ačio as,
& Kildiene, 2013; Za adskas, An uche iciene,
Sapa auskas, & Tu skis, 2013). The logic o
hese me hods elies on he p inciple ha
each o he pa en indica o s calcula es a pa
o he alue o he op ion, and he e o e, i
is necessa y o conside all he dimensions
and indica o s oge he when calcula ing he
pe o mance o each pa en (Ma ei, 2009;
Young-Ki, Seung-Jun, & Seong-Taek, 2016).
This app oach akes in o accoun a ious
alua ion indica o s, de e mines he alue and
posi ion o pa en s (Chiu & Chen, 2007). So a
li le a en ion has been paid o his app oach,
and adi ional me hods ha e been mainly used
o he alua ion o pa en s. This pape p o ides
a amewo k o using MADM me hods o alue
pa en s and ills he gaps in he li e a u e is as
ollows:
 In ending o o e a comp ehensi e pa en
assessmen model, he c i e ia emphasized
in pas esea ches should be summa ized
and an app oach should be p oposed
ha in addi ion o ga he ing he iews o
he expe s on he de eloped model can
localize app op ia ely o he condi ions o
he case s udy.
 Since he decision-making me hods
p e iously used in he ew ela ed s udies
a e complica ed and ime-consuming, his
s udy o e s o use mul i-a ibu e decision-
making me hods, which in addi ion o
easiness, ha e he necessa y e iciency
and can ake in o accoun he iews o he
expe s in he e alua ion p ocess.
 This esea ch uses eal da a egis e ed in
he o m o pa en s, in con as o many
p e ious s udies ha only conside he
expe opinions o e alua e he al e na i es.
In he i s s ep o he esea ch, he
indica o s o p io i iza ion and alua ion o
pa en s ha e been ex ac ed om he li e a u e.
Then, using he opinions o he expe s in he
ield o echnology managemen as well as
he ield o nano echnology, hese indica o s
ha e been inalized based on he amewo k
o he uzzy Delphi me hod and ca ego ized
acco ding o hese opinions as well as gene al
ca ego ies in p io i iza ion and alua ion
a icles. Then, using he iews o he expe s
in bo h a eas, he weigh o he indica o s has
been ob ained based on a MADM me hod,
SWARA. In he end, using he ARAS me hod,
alua ion and p io i iza ion o pa en s in he
ield o nano echnology (12 pa en s), egis e ed
a he I anian Adminis a ion o Regis a ion o
Documen s in 2016, has been add essed.
In he i s sec ion a e he in oduc ion,
he backg ound o his esea ch is e iewed,
and he inal indica o s a e aken om he
li e a u e. Then, he esea ch me hodology
and MADM app oaches used in his esea ch
a e desc ibed. La e , a e desc ibing he case
s udy, he da a analysis is done o weigh and
p io i ize he pa en s. Finally, he conclusions o
he esea ch a e exp essed.
1. Backg ound Re iew
As p e iously s a ed, p io i iza ion and alua ion
o pa en s hold a special place in manage ial
decisions, especially in knowledge-based
o ganiza ions (Spinello, 2007). Besides, his
alua ion equi es simul aneous a en ion o
mul iple c i e ia a ec ing he alue o pa en s
(Rei zig, 2004). Wi h he help o mul i-a ibu e
decision making, he in ellec ual p ope y
alua ion app oach has been used in se e al
a icles o inc ease he accu acy o decision
making on hese asse s (Chiu & Chen, 2007;
Young-Ki, Seung-Jun, & Seong-Taek, 2016).
This sec ion o he pape ies o e iew he
p e ious a icles in he ield o p io i iza ion and
e alua ion o pa en s o explain he esea ch gap
in his a ea and de i e he ini ial lis o c i e ia
used. Tab. 1 shows he mos c i ical esea ches
in e ms o pu pose, p inciples, me hod(s), as well
as he esul s. Because he de ails o he c i e ia
ha e been showed in Tab. 3, we summa ized he
c i e ia se o each pape in Tab. 1.
In addi ion o he s udies desc ibed in he
able abo e, o he esea che s ha e also
ied o iden i y he c i e ia o alua ion and
p io i iza ion o pa en s (Wu & Tseng, 2006;
E ns , Legle , & Lich en hale , 2010; U.S. Pa en
Applica ion Pa en No. 10/615,068, 2003;
Kochupillai & Smi h, 2007; Fallah, Fishman, &
Reilly, 2011; an de Vo s , 2011; Kopczewska
& Kopy , 2014; Falk & Kenne h, 2017; Hi schey
& Richa dson, 2001; Fab y, E ns , Langholz, &
Kös e , 2006).
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Au ho s
(yea ) Pu pose C i e ia Me hod Resul s
(Lee & Sohn,
2016)
Analysis
o pa en
po olio
Po olio size, # o claims,
backwa d ci a ions,
o wa d ci a ions,
echnology g ow h a es,
…
Fuzzy AHP Ma ke abili y and
echnology dimensions
ha e almos he same
weigh .
(Chiu & Chen,
2007)
Valua ion
o pa en s
The essence o echnology,
he cos dimensions,
he p oduc ma ke , …
AHP The cos dimensions a e
he mos impo an .
(Collan,
Fed izzi, &
Luukka, 2013)
Rank
pa en s
S a egic i , echnical
quali y, licensing po en ial,
…
Fuzzy
TOPSIS-AHP
The use o echnical
expe s’ opinions inc eases
he accu acy o alua ion.
(Huang, 2016) Analysis o
he pa en
po olio
# o pa en s g an ed, R&D
human esou ces, o wa d
and backwa d ci a ions, …
TOPSIS and
GRA
GRA is sui able o
analyzing sequen ial- ype
da a.
(Young-Ki,
Seung-Jun, &
Seong-Taek,
2016)
Indica o s o
echnology
alua ion
size o he po olio,
he numbe o claims,
he backwa d ci a ions,
he o wa d ci a ions, …
AHP Dimensions o echnology
quali y and echnology
g ow h a e con ibu e
o 58% in echnology
alua ion.
(Fische &
Leidinge ,
2014)
Pa en
alua ion
Pa en amily size, he
# o o wa ding ci a ions,
he # o IPC classes, …
S a is ical
me hods
Fo wa d quo es and amily
size a e s ongly ela ed o
pa en alue.
(Chiesa &
Gila doni,
2005)
Valua ion o
echnology
in buy-
coope a e-
sell
decisions
The cu en alue
o p ojec cash lows,
de ia ion o p ojec alue
index, p ojec in es men
cos , …
S a is ical
me hods
To e alua e he pa en ,
you mus i s iden i y
he scope o he pa en
and i s pu pose and hen
conside di e en alua ion
app oaches oge he .
(Pa k & Pa k,
2004)
Technology
alua ion
A o al o 13 indica o s in
ou dimensions: in insic,
applica ion, alue- ype,
and alue-size.
S a is ical
me hods
In e alua ing he pa en ,
he opinions o ield
expe s should be used.
(Hy önen &
Ja imo, 2010)
Technology
alua ion
The size and li e cycle
o he po en ial ma ke ,
he dis inc ini ial alue, …
Scena io
app oach
Combining inancial and
non- inancial indica o s
educes he unce ain y
inhe en in he na u e o
he alua ion.
(Lee, Pa k, &
Jang, 2015)
Iden i ying
alua ion
indica o s
The numbe o pa en
applica ions, he numbe
o ci a ions and he cos
o R&D
S a is ical
me hods
I is necessa y o use
he c i e ia in di e en
app oaches o pa en
alua ion.
(Oh, Lei, Mi a,
& Yen, 2012)
E alua ing
pa en s
Ci a ions eg ession
analysis
Ranking pa en s
(Hong, Seo,
Kim, & Kang,
2010)
In es iga ing
di e en
pa en
alua ion
indica o s
echnology comple eness
le el, echnology di icul y
le el, echnology
o iginali y, …
S a is ical
me hods
Va ious inancial and non-
inancial indica o s should
be conside ed o alua ion
o pa en s.
Tab. 1: Li e a u e e iew (Pa 1)
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Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
Au ho s
(yea ) Pu pose C i e ia Me hod Resul s
(Ma ei, 2009) Valua ion
o pa en s
# o in en o s, amily size,
pa en scope, pa en wid h,
enewabili y, o wa d /
backwa d ci a ions, …
S a is ical
analysis
P edic ing he alue
o pa en s wi h
con en ional app oaches
such as ma ke -o ien ed
has a lo o e o s.
(Ma inez-Ruiz
& Aluja-Bane ,
2009)
Indica o s
o pa en
alua ion.
Ci a ions ecei ed, g an
(p o ec ion le el), size o
he pa en amily, …
S a is ical
me hods
Indica o s o pa en
alua ion
(Ha, Liu, Cho,
& Kim, 2015)
Finding
pa en alue
indica o s.
Knowledge s ock,
he echnological scope,
he in e na ional scope…
PLS The c i e ia o he echnical
domain (# o claims and
IPCs) and he in e na ional
p ope y domain a e mos
impo an .
(Kwon, Ryu, &
Pa k, 2013)
P io i izing
pa en s
Ac i i ies ela ed o
pa en s, echnology li e
cycle, …
Delphi and
Da a mining
Expe s’ opinions ha e an
e ec i e ole in con i ming
he esul s om he
clus e ing o echnologies.
(Li mann-
Hilme &
Kucka z,
2009)
Ranking he
pa en s
Th ee main dimensions
a e pa en s eng h,
comme cial po en ial and
echnological po en ial
Tex mining
app oach
The analysis and anking
o pa en s p o ide use ul
in o ma ion on R & D
planning and echnology
s a egy.
(G imaldi,
C icelli, Di
Gio anni, &
Rogo, 2015)
Po olio
Analysis
Rela i e ma ke sha e,
p obable ma ke g ow h,
p o i ma gin, ma ke
alue, …
BCG ma ix The model p esen ed in
his a icle can help SMEs
decide on hei pa en s.
(Rei zig, 2004) S a egic
planning o
echnology
The # o pa en claims,
he # o pa en ci a ions,
ma ke co e age, s a egic
ele ance, …
S a is ical
me hods
The opinions o expe s
ha e a signi ican ole in
de e mining he posi ion
and s a us o each pa en .
(Lukach &
Lukach, 2007)
Valida ing
indica o s
by pa en
s a egies
Pa en age, he ma ke
alue o he co po a ion,
backwa d ci a ions,
o wa d ci a ions, …
s anda d
de ia ion- -
es
Fo wa d ci a ions and
ma ke alue o he
company, ha e a obus
connec ion wi h he pa en
alue.
(Wang, Ga cía,
Guija o, &
Moya, 2011)
Pa en
anking
The numbe o o wa ding
and backwa d ci a ions
PageRank
Algo i hm
Pa en ci a ions a e
signi ican in de e mining
hei p io i y.
(Ca e, 2005) P io i izing
pa en s in
he pa en
po olio
A numbe o pa en s,
age o pa en s, o wa d
ci a ions, backwa d
ci a ions, …
Goal
p og amming
Using quan i a i e
and quali a i e c i e ia
alongside each o he and
using MADM app oaches
inc ease he accu acy
o alua ion.
(Lee & Sohn,
2016)
Pa en
alua ion
Al e na i e p oduc s,
design a ound, b ead h
o claims, …
maximum
achie able
p o i me hod
Valua ion o pa en s.
Sou ce: own
Tab. 1: Li e a u e e iew (Pa 2)
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As p e iously men ioned, backg ound and
li e a u e e iew show ha he use o adi ional
pa en alua ion app oaches such as cos -
o ien ed (D ews, 2001), ma ke -o ien ed (Da yl
& D ews, 2006), income-o ien ed (Kamiyama,
Sheehan, & Ma inez, 2006) and eal op ion
(Pi ke hly, 1999) ha e many sho comings
(Lee, Pa k, & Jang, 2015; Ma ei, 2009)
including he need o simul aneous a en ion
o di e en inancial and non- inancial c i e ia
oge he o each o he pa en s (Wang,
Ga cía, Guija o, & Moya, 2011; Hong, Seo,
Kim, & Kang, 2010; Hy önen & Ja imo, 2010);
and he necessi y o using he opinions o
expe s in de e mining he alue o pa en s
and de e mining he c i e ia a ec ing he alue
o pa en s in he echnological ield (G imaldi,
C icelli, Di Gio anni, & Rogo, 2015; Ha, Liu,
Cho, & Kim, 2015; Pa k & Pa k, 2004; Collan,
Fed izzi, & Luukka, 2013). O e he pas ew
yea s, he capabili ies o MADM me hods ha e
been emphasized o add ess hese p oblems
and de iciencies (Collan, Fed izzi, & Luukka,
2013; Chiu & Chen, 2007; Wang, Ga cía,
Guija o, & Moya, 2011; Hashemkhani Zol ani,
Za adskas, & Tu skis, 2013). Howe e , while
he e has been an emphasis on he use o
he MADM app oach by esea che s, he e
ha e no been many ypes o esea ch in his
ega d. On he o he hand, he e iew o Tab. 1
shows ha he e is no much ag eemen among
esea che s abou he c i e ia o alua ion and
p io i iza ion o pa en s. Howe e , so a , many
s udies ha e been conduc ed o iden i y hese
c i e ia. Hence, in his pape , we i s ex ac
a lis o pa en e alua ion c i e ia based on
a sys ema ic backg ound e iew o he pa en s
and hen ca ego ize hem in he o m o uzzy
Delphi me hodology conside ing he iews o
expe s o sugges a comp ehensi e model o
pa en e alua ion.
Acco ding o he ole o expe s in his
p ocess, in addi ion o comp ehensi eness,
he de eloped model is consis en wi h he
case s udy condi ions (pa en s in he ield
o nano echnology in I an). Fu he , gi en
ha many o he MADM me hods used in
pas esea ches (such as AHP and TOPSIS)
(Za adskas, Ma dani, Tu skis, Jusoh, & No ,
2016; Aouadni, Rebai, & Tu skis, 2017) a e
ime-consuming and ha e compu a ional
complexi y, in his esea ch, we o e o use he
SWARA and ARAS me hods, which in addi ion
o easiness, ha e he necessa y e iciency and
can genuinely conside he iews o he expe s
in he e alua ion p ocess. Finally, by e iewing
he p e ious a icles in he MADM ield, i can
be seen ha he e alua ion o al e na i es is
usually pe o med based on expe opinions. I
has led o he loss o he bene i s o me hods
such as pa en mining, which u ilize eal pa en
da a. In his ega d, his s udy a emp s o
e alua e pa en s based on a a ie y o c i e ia
conside ing eal da a eco ded in pa en ID and
o in eg a e expe opinions and ac ual da a as
a basis o inal anking. (Zol ani, Yazdani, &
Za adskas, 2018).
2. Resea ch Me hodology
As desc ibed in he p e ious sec ions, his s udy
aimed o p o ide a amewo k o p io i ize and
alue pa en s. The s eps aken in his di ec ion
a e shown in Fig. 1.
Based on his lowcha , in he i s s ep,
a icles and p e ious s udies a e e iewed
o ind he indica o s o pa en alua ion and
p io i iza ion. Subsequen ly, hese indica o s
a e ca ego ized and agg ega ed using he
ca ego ies p esen ed in he a icles and u ilizing
he opinions o echnology managemen expe s
and p o esso s as well as I an Nano echnology
Ini ia i e Council expe s in he o m o Delphi
me hod. A e inaliza ion o he indica o s,
a ques ionnai e on he weigh ing o indica o s
is p epa ed and comple ed wi h he assis ance
o expe s in he ield o nano echnology and
echnology managemen . Then, using he
MADM me hod o SWARA, he weigh o
each indica o and dimension is ob ained.
The o al numbe o expe s was 7, including
uni e si y p o esso s in he ield o echnology
managemen , nano echnology specialis s in he
nano echnology co ido and specialis s om
I an Nano echnology Ini ia i e Council. A e he
inaliza ion o he indica o s and he amewo k
o p io i izing and aluing he pa en s, pa en s
egis e ed in 2016 a he documen egis a ion
o ice in he ield o nanoscience ha e been
in es iga ed and selec ed as he case s udy.
Conside ing he impo ance o he ield o
nano echnology, many successes in his a ea in
ecen yea s, and he emphasis o he high-le el
documen s o I an on he de elopmen o his
ca ego y o echnologies, he nano echnology
a ea is chosen o in es iga ion. Also, since
his esea ch has been designed o p io i ize
and alue non-comme cialized pa en s and o
decide on he p io i y o in es men o hem, he
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pa en s o 2016 in he ield o nano echnology
ha e been used. Howe e , i he pa en s o
p e ious yea s we e used, expe s’ opinions
would mo e owa ds comme cialized pa en s.
To ex ac in o ma ion abou each o
he indica o s o each o he pa en s,
a ques ionnai e was p epa ed o each pa en
and in o ma ion on i s quali a i e indica o s was
collec ed and ecei ed by he expe s o he ield
o nano echnology pa en s and nano echnology
co ido as eamwo k. In pa allel, in o ma ion
abou quan i a i e indica o s is also ex ac ed by
he esea che om he ex o he desc ip ion o
he in en ions. Finally, he inal ma ix o he da a
o each o he 12 pa en s, examined in each
o he indica o s, has been comple ed. Finally,
he alue and p io i y o each o he pa en s a e
ob ained using he MADM app oach, ARAS.
2.1 The SWARA Weigh ing Me hod
In he SWARA me hod, he highes ank
indica es he mos aluable c i e ion, while he
lowes le el shows he leas impo an c i e ia.
A e ha , he a e age o anking alues is
aken o de e mine he inal anking (Ke šulienė
& Tu skis, 2011). The capabili y o he SWARA
me hod o e alua e expe p ecision abou
he c i e ia is conside ed o be i s signi ican
ad an age (Ke šuliene, Za adskas, & Tu skis,
2010). Fu he mo e, expe s can consul
each o he , and such consul a ion imp o es
he accu acy o his me hod (Zol ani &
Sapa auskas, 2013). The app oach leads o
imp o ed decision-making in a wide ange o
si ua ions and a mo e app op ia e anking o
he c i e ia o essen ial goals. The SWARA
p o ides bene i s compa ed o o he weigh ing
ools and me hods. I handles he abili y o
es ima ion o expe s’ opinion abou c i e ia
impo ance a io in de e mining he weigh s.
Besides, i has he bene i o coo dina ing
and ga he ing in o ma ion om expe s and is
use - iendly, uncomplica ed, and simple, in
which he expe s can e icien ly wo k oge he ,
and inally, i explo es he p oblem p io i ies
acco ding o company policies (Zol ani,
Yazdani, & Za adskas, 2018).
Hence, SWARA can be conside ed as
a p ope me hod o make policies and decisions
a highe le els o he o ganiza ion (Zol ani &
Sapa auskas, 2013). The model de eloped by
o he ways, such as AHP and ANP (Tu skis,
Lazauskas, & Za adskas, 2012; Medineckiene,
Za adskas, Bjö k, & Tu skis, 2015), Ecken ode’s
a ing (Tu skis, Dzi ac, S ankiu iene, & Šukys,
2019), En opy (Šapa auskas, Za adskas, &
Tu skis, 2011) is based on c i e ia and p io i ies,
bu model de eloped by SWARA is based on
Fig. 1: The p ocess o conduc ing esea ch
Sou ce: own
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106 2019, XXII, 3
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
he si ua ion, p e e ences and weigh s. In some
p e ious s udies including (Hasan Aghdaie,
Hashemkhani Zol ani, & Za adskas, 2013;
Heida y Dahooie, Behesh i Jazan Abadi,
Vanaki, & Fi ooz a , 2018; Zol ani, Es ahani,
Bi a a an, Za adskas, & A e i, 2013), he
SWARA me hod has been applied o a ious
decision-making p oblems. Below is a summa y
o he main s eps o his me hod:
S ep 1: So ing c i e ia based on expe
opinions. The mos impo an c i e ion is anked
i s , and less c i ical c i e ia a e in he nex
le els.
S ep 2: De e mining he ela i e impo ance
o each c i e ion. The ela i e impo ance
o each measu e is de e mined conce ning
he p e ious c i e ia. Sj deno es his ela i e
impo ance.
S ep 3: Calcula ing Kj, a ela i e impo ance
unc ion o each c i e ion. This coe icien is
calcula ed using Eq. (1):
(1)
S ep 4: Calcula ing he ini ial weigh o
each c i e ion, which can be de e mined using
Eq. (2):
(2)
S ep 5: De e mining he inal weigh o
each c i e ion. I is he inal s ep in he SWARA
me hod, in which he inal weigh o each
c i e ion, he no malized weigh , is ob ained
using Eq. (3):
(3)
The ARAS me hod, a ool o MADM,
has been e y much conside ed, due o he
heo y ha he e is a ai unde s anding o
he complex phenomena o he wo ld h ough
simple ela i e compa isons (Za adskas &
Tu skis, 2010; Za adskas, Tu skis, & Vilu iene,
2010; Heyda i, Mohammadi, Vanaki, & Jamali,
2017; Š eimikienė, Šlioge ienė, & Tu skis,
2016; Za adskas, Tu skis, & Bagočius, 2015).
I is a ela i ely simple bu e ec i e MCDM
me hod (Ece , 2018). The ARAS me hod uses
he concep o op imali y deg ee o achie e
ankings. The op imali y deg ee is equal o he
sum o he weigh ed no malized alues o he
c i e ia acco ding o each al e na i e di ided by
he sum o he weigh ed no malized alues o
he bes choice.
S ep 1: Gene a ing a decision ma ix m × n,
whe e m and n deno e al e na i es and c i e ia,
espec i ely:
(4)
xij deno es he pe o mance alue o he i- h
al e na i e conce ning he j- h c i e ion. Also,
x0i ep esen s he op imum alue o he j- h
c i e ion. The unknown op imum alue o he
a iable j in some cases can be ob ained using
Eq. (4):
(5)
Meanwhile, i decision-make s use Like -
ype scale i is equal o he maximal alue in
he scale. In his esea ch, he maximal scale
alue is Ve y High and equals o 5. Fo cos
ype c i e ia, i he op imal alue is unknown,
he op imal alue equals o he 0.8 o minimal
j- h c i e ion alue o conside ed op ions, while
he op imal alue o p o i c i e ion equals
1.2 o maximal c i e ion j- h c i e ion alue o
conside ed op ions.
In gene al, he al e na i e e alua ion alues
conce ning c i e ia (xij) and each c i e ion
weigh (wj) o m he decision ma ix en ies.
Since each c i e ion has a ce ain dimension, o
ca y ou a compa a i e analysis and o a oid
po en ial consequences o di e en aspec s,
dimensionless quan i ies should be ob ained.
Fo his pu pose, weigh ed alues a e di ided
by he op imal alue ob ained om Eq. (5).
Se e al me hods can be used o de e mine
use ul dimensionless alues, which a e
desc ibed below. No maliza ion is a p ocess o
con e ing he o iginal alues o he decision
ma ix o alues in he in e al [0, 1] o [0; ∞].
S ep 2: No malizing he o iginal en ies o
all c i e ia. deno es he no malized en ies
o he ma ix ob ained.
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Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
(6)
Since he e a e wo ypes o c i e ia named
as bene i ype and cos ype, he en ies can be
no malized posi i ely o nega i ely acco ding o
Eq. (7) and (8), espec i ely.
(7)
(8)
The amewo k esul ing om he use o
dimensionless quan i ies makes i possible o
compa e each c i e ion wi h all o he s.
S ep 3: Calcula ing he weigh ed no malized
decision ma ix ( ). The weigh alues
a e de e mined using subjec i e me hods
and applied o he no malized decision
ma ix . These weigh s should sa is y he
ollowing equa ions:
(9)
(10)
whe e , ep esen s he no malized alue o
i- h al e na i e and wj deno es he weigh alue
o he j- h c i e ion. Then, he op imali y unc ion
alue, Si, can be calcula ed using Eq. (11):
(11)
The ARAS logic s a es ha he highes
op imali y unc ion alue indica es he bes and
he lowes op imali y unc ion alue indica es
he wo s al e na i e. Acco dingly, al e na i es
can be anked based on he alue o Si. The
deg ee o u ili y Ki o he al e na i e Ai can be
de e mined by compa ing each al e na i e wi h
he bes /op imal al e na i e S0, as ollows:
(12)
whe e S0 and Si a e calcula ed by Eq. (11). Ki
is applied o ank all he al e na i es, which is
placed on [0,1].
2.2 Da a Se In o ma ion
Nano echnology is a discipline o applied
science and echnology ha co e s a wide
ange o opics. Nano echnology is he
unde s anding and applica ion o new p ope ies
o ma e ials and sys ems in his dimension
ha show new physical e ec s – mos ly
in luenced by he o e coming o quan um
p ope ies on classical p ope ies (Poole J &
Owens, 2003). I an has anked 29 h in 2012
in e ms o he numbe o pa en s eleased
on nano echnology (Nanomagazine, 2012).
Besides, as no ed ea lie , he impo ance o he
ield o nano echnology has been highligh ed
in he high-le el documen s o I an. Also, he
signi ican p og ess o I an in his ield has led o
he selec ion o his ield as a case s udy. On he
o he hand, gi en ha he p oposed amewo k
in his pape aims o p io i ize and alua ion o
non-comme cial pa en s and decide on hei
in es men p io i y, pa en s should be selec ed
ha ha e no ye been comme cialized. The
eason o he selec ion o pa en s o 2016
o e alua ion is ha hey ha e no ye been
ma ke ed. The s udy popula ion included 12
pa en s egis e ed in he I anian Adminis a ion
o Regis a ion o Documen s in he ield o
nano echnology in 2016. These pa en s a e
p o ided in Tab. 2, and he speci ica ions o
each one a e p esen ed sepa a ely.
3. Analysis o he Findings
In his sec ion, based on he s eps desc ibed
in he esea ch me hodology sec ion, he
ou comes o each le el a e explained.
3.1 Localiza ion o Pa en Valua ion
and P io i iza ion C i e ia
Th ough he s udies in he backg ound e iew
(Tab. 1 abo e), o ex ac he indica o s o
pa en alua ion and p io i iza ion, a la ge se
o hese indica o s has been ob ained. A e he
agg ega ion o he indica o s and hei ini ial
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inaliza ion, he indica o s we e modi ied and
adjus ed h ough he Delphi me hod and using
he opinions o expe s in he wo a eas o
echnology managemen and nano echnology.
The indica o s ha e been inalized du ing
nume ous mee ings wi h hese expe s. To
implemen he Delphi me hod in his s udy,
a lis o expe s in he ield o nano echnology
and echnology managemen was p epa ed
a he beginning. In he nex s ep, he c i e ia
ex ac ed om he li e a u e we e discussed
in an in e iew wi h each o hese expe s and
hei iews on each o he c i e ia ha e been
ecei ed. Then, hese c i e ia we e modi ied
based on in eg a ed opinions and we e
agg ega ed wi h he e ised c i e ia in he
second in e iew. Following he inaliza ion o
he pa en alua ion and p io i iza ion c i e ia,
hese c i e ia a e ca ego ized. Fo his pu pose,
he ca ego ies in he a icles e iewed and
discussed by h ee p e ious expe s ( wo
expe s in he ield o nano echnology and one
expe in he ield o echnology managemen ),
ag eed by all he expe s in ol ed in he
esea ch. Finally, by combining he ca ego ies
in he a icles, he c i e ia a e ca ego ized in ou
ca ego ies: echnology quali y ( ep esen ing
he quali y o egis e ed pa en s ha includes
measu es such as he numbe o ci a ions,
he numbe o claims, he deg ee o newness,
and so on (Huang, 2016; Lee & Sohn, 2016)),
echnology na u e (including c i e ia such as
Code Pa en i le Class
P1 Fab ica ion o a and si a s ing wi h g aphene nanopla es G10B
P2 P oduc ion o nano ca boxyme hyl cellulose/polys y ene co e-shell
nanocomposi e o imp o e he p ope ies o d illing luids (oil and
gas wells)
B01J - B82B
P3 Syn hesis o nanopa icles o g aphene oxide unc ionalized wi h
PSS o enhance an i-co osion p ope ies o epoxy coa ing B82B - B01J
P4 P epa a ion o Fe3O4 magne ic nanopa icle coa ed by poly o ho
aminophenol o ex ac ion and measu emen o codeine using gas
ch oma og aphy me hod
C01B 31/00 - C01G
49/00
P5 C ea ion o a Supe Capaci o based on polyme -ca bon
nanocomposi es using ac i e elec ode ma e ial o polypy ole,
g aphene oxide and ca bon nano ubes
B01J - B82Y
P6 C ea ion o nanos uc u ed an alum ilm using pulsed DC- PACVD
plasma assis ed chemical apou deposi ion
C22C 27/02 - B82Y -
C23C 16/00
P7 Syn hesis o i anium-silica /asco bic acid/cobal (TiO2-SiO2
/ AA / Co) nanoca alys o con e sion and sepa a ion o
dibenzo hiophene in he oxida ion desul u iza ion p ocess
B01J 21/06 - B01J
23/75 -
P8 The sac i icial polyme empla es o ab ica ion o me al and
ce amic mic o/nano ne wo ks D06M 10/00
P9 Syn hesis o ca bon nano ubes unc ionalized wi h 3-amino-
dihyd oxybenzoic-indeno- u an as hea y me al adso ben C02F 1/62 - B82Y
P10 Pla inum /sul ona ed g aphene nanopa icles as ca alys ink o
p o on exchange uel cells H01M 4/92 - B01J 23/42
P11 Nanocapsules con aining a agon (A emisia d acunculus)
essen ial oil as an e ec i e he bal la icide agains Anopheles
s ephensi
A01N 65/12 - B82Y 5/00
P12 Gela in-Chi osan/Ca bon Nano ube Composi e Sca olds o Bone
Tissue Enginee ing Applica ions B82Y 30/00 - A61K
Sou ce: own
Tab. 2: Speci ica ions o pa en s egis e ed in I an in 2016 in he ield o nano echnology
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SWARA weigh ing me hod was used. In he
nex sec ion, 12 pa en s egis e ed in 2016 a
he documen egis a ion o ice o I an in he
ield o nano echnology we e in es iga ed and
selec ed. These 12 pa en s we e selec ed as
he esea ch communi y. Finally, ARAS me hod
was used o p io i ize hese pa en s.
The esul s o he SWARA me hod show
ha he dimension D (comme cial and ma ke
po en ial) is he mos c i ical dimension and he
dimension C (economic alue), wi h e y li le
di e ence, is he nex impo an dimension.
Subsequen ly, he wo dimensions A ( echnology
quali y) and B ( echnology na u e) a e in he
hi d and ou h place, espec i ely. Among
he indica o s, i e indica o s a e he essen ial
indica o s including C1 (p ojec in es men
cos ), C2 ( he cos s o p oduc ion and
comme cializa ion o in en ion), C3 (economic
ele ance), D1 ( echnology li e cycle) and D3
(pa en ma ke size). The i e indica o s wi h he
lowes impo ance, weigh ed less han 0.01, a e
B7 (con inua ion), A11 (numbe o claims), A5
(pa en complexi y), A1 (numbe o o wa ding
ci a ions), A2 (numbe o backwa d ci a ions)
and B2 (numbe o in en o s), espec i ely.
Gi en ha he economic alue dimension
indica o s, which include he cos o p ojec
in es men , he cos s o in en ion p oduc ion
and comme cializa ion, and he economic
ele ance, ha e been selec ed as h ee
impo an indica o s among he 35 inalized
indica o s; i is sugges ed ha in en o s pay
special a en ion o hese dimension indica o s
and hei managemen . I can be a gued ha
in en o s need o e iew and e alua e he
cos s o in es men in he in en ion be o e hey
a e egis e ed. I means ha he in en o will
ha e o conside and decide on he economic
jus i ica ion and he deg ee o p opo ionali y
o his in en ion o u u e in es men s be o e
spending on pa en egis a ion a in e nal and
ex e nal da abases. A e he economic alue
dimension indica o s, he echnology li e cycle
appea s as he ou h impo an indica o . The
impo ance o his indica o sugges s ha
in en o s mus es ima e he li e cycle o hei
echnology compa ed o he li ecycle o o he
simila echnologies be o e spending on hei
pa en s. Acco ding o hese es ima es, he
in en o s ind ha he cos o he pa en and
hen he sea ch o he igh in es o will gi e
hem enough money o will was e hei ime and
money.
One o he poin s equi ing he a en ion
o he in en o s, a he s age o w i ing
in en ion desc ip ion and s a emen o claims,
is desc ip ion and in e p e a ion o he pa en
ma ke . This indica o is he i h mos impo an
indica o . The in en o s should ca e ully
examine all hei pa en applica ions and
explain he ull desc ip ion o hei in en ion
and examples o i s use in a ious indus ies
be o e submi ing hei pa en . Ano he poin
ha is impo an in demons a ing he de ails
o he in en ion is he abili y o c ea e ma ke s
in he u u e. As a en ion o he li ecycle o
echnology is essen ial and should be o
in e es o in en o s, e alua ion o al e na i e
p oduc s is also c ucial. I means ha he
lowe he numbe o al e na i e p oduc s o
he in en ion, he mo e chance o success, he
mo e po en ial o comme cializa ion and he
mo e demand o he in en ion will be. The high
weigh o he indica o s o al e na i e p oduc s,
he numbe o applican s and he ocus on he
comme cial aspec o business in his s udy
indica e he impo ance o add essing his
issue. Finally, he esul s o pa en alua ion
and p io i iza ion indica e ha among he 12
pa en s examined, 3 pa en s a e he mos
aluable, i led as “Gela in-Chi osan/Ca bon
Nano ube Composi e Sca olds o Bone Tissue
Enginee ing Applica ions”, “P oduc ion o nano
ca boxyme hyl cellulose/polys y ene co e-
shell nanocomposi e o imp o e he p ope ies
o d illing luids (oil and gas wells)”and
“Nanocapsules con aining a agon (A emisia
d acunculus) essen ial oil as e ec i e he bal
la icide agains Anopheles s ephensi”.
Fu u e S udy
Rega ding he discussed issues and pas
esea ch gaps highligh ed in he backg ound
e iew sec ion, he cu en esea ch inno a ion
can be exp essed as h ee main ca ego ies:
 P o iding a pa en e alua ion model ha is
su icien ly comp ehensi e compa ed o he
models p oposed in p e ious s udies and is
localized and adap ed o he condi ions o
he case s udy.
 Use o ela i ely new MADM me hods
inc eases he e iciency and e ec i eness
o he decision-making p ocess by expe s.
 They conside he ac ual da a con ained
in he pa en ID o calcula ing he pa en
pe o mance sco e in some quan i a i e
indica o s, as well as ake ad an age o
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116 2019, XXII, 3
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own expe ise and expe ience in e alua ing
he quali a i e c i e ia associa ed wi h he
pa en .
To explain he localized model o alua ion
and p io i iza ion o pa en s, we can use he
indica o s ob ained in his esea ch and he
modeling app oaches such as s uc u al
equa ion app oach. On he o he hand, since
many o he c i e ia used in his pape a e
quali a i e and he opinions o he expe s a e
in ol ed in hem, i is ecommended o use
uzzy o g ey numbe s in u u e esea ches.
Also, conside ing he c i e ia such as he abili y
o c ea e new ma ke s, he abili y o des oy
compe i o s’ ac i i ies and o he c i e ia o his
kind, and since he opinions o expe s o hese
c i e ia a e unce ain, mo e mode n me hods
o mul i-a ibu e decision making such as HF
and IVIF can be used in u u e esea ches o
conside unce ain y condi ions.
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Assoc. P o . Jalil Heida y Dahooie, PhD.
The Uni e si y o Teh an
Facul y o Managemen
Depa men o Indus ial Managemen
I an
[email p o ec ed]
Na id Mohammadi, PhD Candida e
The Uni e si y o Teh an
Facul y o En ep eneu ship
Depa men o En ep eneu ship
I an
[email p o ec ed]
Assis . P o . Mehdi Mohammadi, PhD.
Co esponding au ho
The Uni e si y o Teh an
Facul y o Managemen
Depa men o Indus ial Managemen
I an
[email p o ec ed]
Pa isa Shahmohammadi, M.S.
The Uni e si y o Teh an
Facul y o Managemen
Depa men o Indus ial Managemen
I an
[email p o ec ed]
P o . Zenonas Tu skis, PhD.
Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y
Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing
Ins i u e o Sus ainable Cons uc ion
Labo a o y o Ope a ions Resea ch
Li huania
[email p o ec ed]
Assoc. P o . Jonas Šapa auskas, PhD.
Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y
Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing
Depa men o Cons uc ion Managemen and
Real Es a e
Li huania
[email p o ec ed]
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120 2019, XXII, 3
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
Abs ac
a ameWo k o aluaTion and p io iTizaTion o paTenTs using
a combined madm app oach. case sTudy: nanoTechnology
Jalil Heida y Dahooie, Na id Mohammadi, Mehdi Mohammadi, Pa isa
Shahmohammadi, Zenonas Tu skis, Jonas Šapa auskas
Pa en alua ion and p io i iza ion is one o he main ac i i ies o he managemen o in ellec ual
p ope y asse s in an o ganiza ion. So a , nume ous a emp s ha e been made o de e mine he
alue o pa en s, some o which ha e no been e icien due o igno ing some e ec i e dimensions
o conside ing he same impo ance o all aspec s. To o e come his challenge, his esea ch aims
o p o ide a amewo k o aluing and p io i izing pa en s using a combina ion o MADM me hods.
Fo his pu pose, i s , he indica o s o pa en alua ion and p io i iza ion we e aken om he
li e a u e and agg ega ed and inalized based on opinions o expe s o echnology managemen
as well as nano echnology in he o m o a Delphi me hod. Second, he indica o s we e weigh ed,
and hei impo ance speci ied based on expe opinions using he ques ionnai e ool and s epwise
weigh assessmen a io analysis (SWARA) me hod. Thi d, he addi i e a io assessmen (ARAS)
me hod was used o alue and p io i ize he pa en s.
Fo his eason, 12 nano echnology pa en s, egis e ed in 2016 a he I anian Adminis a ion
o Regis a ion o Documen s, we e alued and ul ima ely p io i ized. The esul s om he c i e ia
weigh s indica e ha comme cial and ma ke po en ial and he economic alue should be selec ed
as he mos c i ical dimensions. Also, among he indica o s, he p ojec in es men cos , he cos s o
p oduc ion and comme cializa ion and he economic ele ance, we e selec ed as he mos c i ical
indica o s. Among he 12 pa en s examined, “Gela in-Chi osan/Ca bon Nano ube Composi e
Sca olds o Bone Tissue Enginee ing Applica ions” was iden i ied as he mos aluable pa en .
Key Wo ds: Pa en alua ion, nano echnology, Mul i-A ibu e Decision-Making, SWARA,
ARAS.
JEL Classi ica ion: C44, O34.
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2019-3-007
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