EDITED BY
Raul An unes,
Poly echnic Ins i u e o Lei ia, Po ugal
REVIEWED BY
Rica do Rebelo-Gonçal es,
Poly echnic Ins i u e o Lei ia, Po ugal
Miguel Jacin o,
Poly echnic Ins i u e o Lei ia, Po ugal
Bá ba a Vasconcelos,
Uni e si y o Po o, in collabo a ion wi h
e iewe [MJ]
*CORRESPONDENCE
Ib ahim Oue gui
[email p o ec ed]
Luca Paolo A digò
[email p o ec ed]
†
These au ho s sha e las au ho ship
RECEIVED 09 No embe 2023
ACCEPTED 20 Decembe 2023
PUBLISHED 15 Janua y 2024
CITATION
Messaoudi H, Oue gui I, Delleli S,
Ballmann CG, A digò LP and Ch ou ou H
(2024) Acu e e ec s o plyome ic-based
condi ioning ac i i y and wa m-up music
s imuli on physical pe o mance and a ec i e
s a e in male aekwondo a hle es.
F on . Spo s Ac . Li ing 5:1335794.
doi: 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
COPYRIGHT
© 2024 Messaoudi, Oue gui, Delleli, Ballmann,
A digò and Ch ou ou. This is an open-access
a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he
C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC
BY). The use, dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion in
o he o ums is pe mi ed, p o ided he
o iginal au ho (s) and he copy igh owne (s)
a e c edi ed and ha he o iginal publica ion in
his jou nal is ci ed, in acco dance wi h
accep ed academic p ac ice. No use,
dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion is pe mi ed
which does no comply wi h hese e ms.
Acu e e ec s o plyome ic-based
condi ioning ac i i y and wa m-up
music s imuli on physical
pe o mance and a ec i e s a e
in male aekwondo a hle es
Hamdi Messaoudi1,2, Ib ahim Oue gui3,4*, Slaheddine Delleli1,2,
Ch is ophe Ga e Ballmann5, Luca Paolo A digò6*†
and Hamdi Ch ou ou1,2†
1
High Ins i u e o Spo and Physical Educa ion o S ax, Uni e si y o S ax, S ax, Tunisia,
2
Resea ch Uni :
Physical Ac i i y, Spo and Heal h, Na ional Obse a o y o Spo , Tunis, Tunisia,
3
High Ins i u e o Spo
and Physical Educa ion o Ke , Uni e si y o Jendouba, El Ke , Tunisia,
4
Resea ch Uni : Spo s Science,
Heal h and Mo emen , Uni e si y o Jendouba, El Ke , Tunisia,
5
Depa men o Human S udies,
Uni e si y o Alabama a Bi mingham, Bi mingham, AL, Uni ed S a es,
6
Depa men o Teache
Educa ion, NLA Uni e si y College, Oslo, No way
In oduc ion: This s udy assesses he acu e e ec s o combining a plyome ic-
based condi ioning ac i i y (CA) wi h di e en musical s imuli du ing wa m-up
on aekwondo (TKD) pe o mance and ela ed psychological aspec s.
Me hods: In a andomized c oss-o e s udy design, 16 male TKD a hle es (age:
19.94 ± 1.12 yea s) pe o med he TKD-specific agili y es (TSAT), equency
speed o kick es (FSKT-10s) and i s mul iple e sion (FSKT-mul ) unde 7
expe imen al and one con ol condi ion. Fo he expe imen al condi ions,
pa icipan s expe ienced a ying combina ions o music selec ion p ocess
[sel -selec ed (SSM) s. p e-selec ed (PSM)], and music empo [ as (F) s. slow
(S)], wi hin p e e ed (PG) and non-p e e ed (NPG) music gen e; all in he
p esence o a plyome ic based-CA. A hle es we e ins uc ed o a e hei
pe cei ed exe ion (RPE) a e each es and hei el a ousal (FAS), eeling
scale (FS), and mo i a ion a e es ing comple ion.
Resul s: Findings showed ha combining a plyome ic-based CA wi h SSMPG a
bo h as and slow empo imp o ed TSAT, FSK-10s, FSKT-mul , FAS, mo i a ion,
and RPE pos -TSAT g ea e han he o he condi ions (all p< 0.05). Addi ionally,
FSSMPG combined wi h CA imp o ed FS, and RPE a e bo h FSKT-10s and
FSKT-mul be e han he o he condi ions (all p< 0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, lis ening o as sel -selec ed music om a p e e ed
gen e in combina ion wi h a plyome ic-based CA du ing wa m-up se ups an
indi idualized wa m-up s a egy and se es o imp o e he subsequen specific
pe o mances and he ela ed psychological aspec s in TKD a hle es.
KEYWORDS
e gogenic aids, plyome ics, pos -ac i a ion pe o mance enhancemen , music, comba
spo s, mo i a ion
1 In oduc ion
Enhancing spo pe o mance is among he main objec i es o a hle es, s eng h and
condi ioning aine s, and spo s scien is s. Se e al s a egies ha e been p oposed as
aining modali ies o p e-compe i ion in e en ions. Pos -ac i a ion pe o mance
enhancemen (PAPE) is a wa m-up s a egy ha has been p oposed o imp o e se e al
TYPE O iginal Resea ch
PUBLISHED 15 Janua y 2024
|
DOI 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 01 on ie sin.o g
aspec s o a hle ic pe o mance (1). Specifically, using di e en
condi ioning ac i i ies (CA), has shown beneficial e ec s on
endu ance, explosi e, and in e mi en exe cise pe o mance (2).
PAPE ep esen s a unique wa m-up modali y ha is gene ally
conside ed as a p iming o he physiological mechanisms o
muscle ac i a ion (3–5). These mechanisms include changes in
muscle empe a u e, in amuscula fluid accumula ion, and
neu al ac i a ion (6,7).
PAPE is a phenomenon modula ed by di e en ac o s,
including CA p o ocol (i.e., mode, du a ion, e o /pause a io,
es in e al, in ensi y) and he a ge popula ion (i.e., sex,
aining s a us, age, backg ound) (3–5). In comba spo s, he use
o CA in e en ions has e ealed mixed esul s (8,9). In ac ,
while some p ocedu es succeed in inducing a PAPE s imulus
(8–10), o he s ailed o do so (11). This is likely a ibu ed o he
a o emen ioned ac o s and he exe cise modali y (5–7,12). E en
wi h simila p o ocols, aekwondo (TKD) in es iga ions ha e
epo ed inconsis en findings (11,13), indica ing ha PAPE is a
sensi i e phenomenon ha will equi e op imiza ion o specific
popula ions (7,14). In he con ex o TKD, plyome ics a e
among he mos used CA which has shown e ec i eness a
imp o ing spo -specific pe o mances (9,15). Such modes o
in e en ion esul ed in PAPE e ec s using sho es in e als
(15). This was linked o lowe a igue and mo e p onounced
muscle ac i a ion induced by plyome ic ac i i y (5,12).
Al hough in eg a ing a CA du ing wa m-up has been
associa ed wi h PAPE phenomena in se e al comba spo s
ci cums ances (8–10), applica ion does no always gua an ee
pe o mance-enhancemen (11,13). To impa PAPE gene a ion,
combining a CA wi h o he s imuli has been p oposed o induce
g ea e e ec s han singula ly used (16). Fo ins ance, low dose
o ca eine combined wi h a plyome ic CA du ing wa m-up has
been shown o esul in syne gis ic e ec s o agili y and kicking
pe o mance in TKD a hle es (16). Since a ec i e s a e and
mo i a ion o exe cise a e key de e minan s o be e spo
pe o mance, inducing addi ion a ousal could be a easible
s a egy o a enua e psychological s ess and physical exhaus ion
(17). In his ega d, music se es as a po en psycho-a ec i e
s imulus has been p oposed o imp o e a hle e’s beha io o
exe cise (18). Fo example, lis ening o music be o e, du ing o
a e exe cising imp o es a ec i e alence, physical pe o mance,
pe cei ed exe ion, and oxygen consump ion (18). F om a
p ac ical s andpoin , lis ening o music be o e exe cise o impa
e gogenic e ec s is op imal since i is o en p ohibi ed du ing
compe i ion (19,20). Al hough lis ening o wa m-up music has
been epea edly shown o induce pe o mance enhancemen ,
conflic ing esul s s ill exis (18). The e gogenic po en ial o
music is dependen ly linked o he na u e o spo s ac i i y,
in e -indi idual a iabili y in music p e e ence, and in insic
componen s o music (i.e., gen e, empo, in ensi y) (21–23). In
comba spo s, e idences ega ding po en ial benefi s om
lis ening o wa m-up music a e limi ed. In TKD, esea ch has
e ealed ha wa m-up music imp o es pe o mances and
educed a igue index du ing specific asks (24,25), wi h g ea e
benefi s using p e e ed han non-p e e ed music (25).
Mo eo e , empo o he lis ened music has been epo ed o
modula e music mo i a ional quali y (26). This was confi med in
aekwondo p ac i ione s, whe e a hle es pe o med specific
exe cise no only ha de bu also chose o do so and enjoyed
exe cising when music was played a a as e empo (24).
Al hough CA (9,10,15) and wa m-up music (24,25) ha e
been shown independen ly o impa benefi s on TKD
pe o mance, whe he hei combined e ec s p o ide u he
enhancemen is unknown. The e o e, his s udy was designed o
in es iga e he acu e combined e ec s o CA and lis ening o
music du ing wa m-up on he subsequen physical pe o mance
and associa ed psychological esponses in TKD a hle es. Since
physical abili y and psychological esponses a e in e ela ed and
de e mine each o he (27), i was hypo hesized ha combining a
plyome ic-based CA wi h as sel -selec ed wa m-up music
would esul in g ea e pe o mances han o he condi ions.
2 Ma e ials and me hods
2.1 Pa icipan s
The sample size was es ima ed using he G*Powe so wa e
(Ve sion 3.1.9.7, Uni e si y o Kiel, Kiel, Ge many). Using he F
es amily (ANOVA: epea ed measu es, wi hin ac o s) wi h α
se a 0.05 and powe (1-β) se a 0.80, he e ec size calcula ed
was 0.252. The analysis e ealed ha 14 pa icipan s we e
equi ed o app oach an ac ual powe o 82.9%. Six een male
TKD a hle es (Age: 19.94 ± 1.12 yea s) olun ee ed o pa icipa e
in he p esen s udy. A hle es we e ec ui ed in espec o he
ollowing c i e ia: (i) ha e a aining expe ience o a leas 5
yea s in TKD, (ii) pa icipa e egula ly in na ional compe i ions
o 2 yea s o mo e, (iii) ha e a aining ou ine o 3 days/week
a leas , and (iiii) did no p esen any medical es ic ions o
hea ing loss. All a hle es we e in he p e-compe i ion pe iod.
A hle es we e asked o ollow he same die , a oid s enuous
exe cises, and e ain om e gogenic aids 48 h p io o each
session. One week be o e expe imen a ion a mee ing wi h
a hle es was held, whe e we explained he p o ocol, ad an ages,
and disad an ages o he expe imen a ion. The a hle es who
accep ed and olun ee ed o pa icipa e ha e g an ed a pa en al
consen and signed a w i en in o med consen . The s udy
was conduc ed in acco dance wi h he Decla a ions o Helsinki
and app o ed by a local esea ch e hics commi ee (CPP
SUD N◦0332/2021).
2.2 Expe imen al design
In a andomized con olled c osso e s udy design, a hle es
pe o med he TKD specific agili y es (TSAT) (28), he 10s
equency o speed kick es FSKT-10s (10) and i s mul iple o m
(FSKT-mul ) (13) and a ed hei pe cei ed exe ion (RPE) (29),
eeling scale (FS) (30), a ousal (FAS) (31), and mo i a ion (32)
a e es ing session. One week be o e s a ing he
expe imen a ion, he music selec ion and amilia iza ion wi h
es s we e comple ed. Fo he expe imen al condi ions, a hle es
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 02 on ie sin.o g
pe o med a s anda dized wa m-up (i.e., 10 min o unning a
mode a e in ensi y) ei he wi hou a CA o ollowed by a
plyome ic-based CA (i.e., 3 se s o consecu i e e ical jumps
using bo h legs as as as possible o e an obs acle o 40 cm o
5s)(9), which has been shown o induce PAPE in comba spo s
specific asks (8,10). Addi ionally, bo h wa m-up and CA we e
pe o med while lis ening o music o no . A e he di e en
wa m-up in e en ions, 3-minu e es in e als be ween he CA
and he subsequen es s we e gi en. This es in e al was used
since TKD a hle es showed g ea e sensi i i y o s imulus han
wi h longe du a ion when a plyome ic-based CA was applied
(15). A e each condi ion, a hle es pe o med, in he same o de ,
he TSAT, he FSKT-10s, and he FSKT-mul wi h a es pe iod
o 2–3 min be ween he consecu i e es s. A e each es , he
pe cei ed exe ion was a ed using he CR-10 scale (29).
Mo eo e , a e pe o ming he es s, he FAS, FS, and
mo i a ion sco es we e de e mined. Since he s udy was designed
o de e mine he syne ge ic e ec o music and CA, di e en
in insic componen s o music we e manipula ed including music
selec ion, gen e p e e ence, and empo. The in e ac ion o CA
and he manipula ed music a iables esul ed in se en
expe imen al and one con ol (No CA wi hou music (NM)
condi ions. Wi hin he p e e ed music gen e (PG), ou
condi ions eme ged om he in e ac ion o music selec ion and
empo as ollow: (1) CA wi h as (F), sel -selec ed music (SSM)
om PG (CA + FSSMPG), (2) CA wi h slow (S), sel -selec ed
music (SSM) om PG (CA + SSSMPG), (3) CA wi h as (F),
p e-selec ed music (PSM) om PG (CA + FPSMPG), and (4) CA
wi h slow (S), p e-selec ed music (PSM) om PG (CA +
SPSMPG). Wi hin he non-p e e ed music gen e (NPG), only
wo condi ions we e used: (1) CA wi h as (F), p e-selec ed
music (PSM) om NPG (CA + FPSMNPG), and (2) CA wi h
slow (S) p e-selec ed music (PSM) om NPG (CA + SPSMNPG).
Mo eo e , o illus a e he benefi s o CA single usage, an
addi ional condi ion based on CA wi hou music (NM) (i.e., CA
+ NM) in e en ion was pe o med. All hese combina ions
gene a ed a o al o 8 condi ions. The es ing sessions we e
pe o med in sepa a e days wi h 48 h o es be ween successi e
sessions. Mo eo e , o o e come he e ec o diu nal a ia ion o
he pe o mance, all sessions we e pe o med a he same ime o
day (17–19 h). The s udy design is p esen ed in Figu e 1.
2.2.1 Music selec ion p ocedu e
Fo he music selec ion, he subjec s we e asked o choose
hei p e e ed/non-p e e ed gen e o music om a lis o 6
gen es: ock and oll/ha d ock, ap/hip hop, pop, hy hm and
blues, coun y, and dance/elec onic. In addi ion, one o he
in es igo s has selec ed a lis o 10 songs om he Billboa d
Top 20 o 2021 in ha ca ego y. The final lis o songs was
analyzed by he applica ion Decibel: dB sound le el me e
(de elope Vlad Polyanskiy) o check he decibel le el o each
song. Finally, he subjec s choose one p e e ed song om
hei a o i e gen e wi h a bpm o e 120 bea s min (i.e., as
sel -selec ed music om he p e e ed gen e) and ano he
p e e ed song om he same gen e wi h a bpm unde
100 bea /min (i.e., slow sel -selec ed music om p e e ed
gen e). As well, in he same gen e, he in es iga o chooses
andomly a song wi h a bpm o e 120 bea /min (i.e., as p e-
selec ed music om he p e e ed gen e) and ano he one
unde 100 bpm (i.e., slow p e-selec ed music om he
p e e ed gen e). F om hei non-p e e ed gen e he
in es iga o selec ed andomly one song wi h as hy hm wi h
bpm o e 120 bea /min (i.e., as p e-selec ed music om non-
p e e ed gen e) and ano he one wi h a slow hy hm wi h
bpm unde 100 bea s/min (i.e., slow p e-selec ed music om
he non-p e e ed gen e). Values o bpm du ing di e en
music condi ions we e p esen ed in Table 1.
FIGURE 1
Schema ic ep esen a ion o he s udy. CA, condi ioning ac i i y; NP , non p e e ed; P , p e e ed; PSM, p e-selec ed music; SSM, sel -selec ed
music; TSAT, aekwondo specific agili y es ; FSKT-10s, equency speed kick es 10s; FSKT-mul , mul iple equency speed kick es ; FAS, el
a ousal scale; FS, eeling scale; RPE, a ings o pe cei ed exe ion.
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 03 on ie sin.o g
2.3 Tes ing p ocedu e
2.3.1 TKD specific agili y es
F om he figh ing s ance posi ion and behind he s a line, he
a hle e eely ad anced o he cen e ma k as as as possible, and
hen he u ned owa ds pa ne 1 using a shi mo ion and
pe o med a oundhouse kick wi h hei lead leg, u ned o he
o he side, shi ed o pa ne 2, and pe o med ano he
oundhouse kick wi h he o he lead leg. A e ha , he e u ned
o he cen e , mo ed o pa ne 3 in he gua d posi ion, and
pe o med a double oundhouse kick. Finally, he a hle e an
backwa d o he s a /finish line (Figu e 2)(28). The kick a ge
was main ained a he unk heigh o he es ed a hle e. The
pe o mance ime was measu ed wi h wo se s o single-beam
iming ligh s (B owe Timing Sys ems, Sal Lake Ci y, UT, USA).
Th ee ials we e pe o med by each a hle e, and he bes
pe o mance was used o he analysis. The in aclass co ela ion
coe ficien (ICC) o he es - e es ial (33) o he p esen
s udy was 0.95.
2.3.2 Ten seconds equency speed o kick es
Du ing he FSKT-10s es , along he 10s bou , each a hle e ies
o pe o m he maximum numbe o kicks (i.e., bandal-chagui)
agains a hanging bag a he unk heigh by al e na ing he igh
and le lowe limbs (Figu e 3). The es ’s pe o mance index is
ep esen ed by he o al numbe o kicks (10). The ICC o es -
e es ial o he p esen s udy was 0.81.
2.3.3 Mul iple equency speed o kick es
Each a hle e pe o med fi e se s o FSKT-10s wi h a 10 s o es
in e al be ween epe i ions (Figu e 3)(13). Pe o mance was
de e mined as he o al numbe o kicks pe o med in each se
and he o al numbe o kicks in he 5 se s, which we e
subsequen ly analyzed. The ICC o es - e es ial o he
p esen s udy was 0.74.
2.3.4 Ra ing o pe cei ed exe ion
Pe cei ed exe ion was assessed using he CR-10 Bo g scale
(29). This is a scale anging om “0” o “10”, wi h
co esponding e bal exp essions, g adually inc eases wi h he
in ensi y o pe cei ed sensa ion (0 = no hing a all; 1 = Ve y week;
2 = week; 3–4 = Mode a e; 5–6 = s ong; 7–9 = e y s ong; and
10 = ex emely s ong).
2.3.5 Feeling scale
The a ec i e esponses we e assessed a e each es using he
eeling scale (30). The FS u ilizes a single-i em 11-poin bipola
a ing scale anging om −5 o +5, wi h he s em “How do you
cu en ly eel?”. Ancho s a e gi en a 0 (Neu al) and all odd
in ege s, anging om “Ve y Bad”a −5 o“Ve y Good”a +5.
2.3.6 Fel a ousal scale
The Fel a ousal scale was used o measu e a ousal along a 6
poin scale anging om low a ousal (1 poin ) o high a ousal (6
poin s) (31). The pa icipan s we e ins uc ed o ma k he scale
based on hei pe cei ed ac i a ion a e each es .
TABLE 1 Musical condi ions and empos.
Music FSSMPG FPSMPG FPSMNPG SSSMPG SPSMPG SPSMNPG
BPM 129 ± 5 130 ± 4 129 ± 4 92 ± 3 94 ± 4 93 ± 5
FSSMPG, as sel -selec ed music om p e e ed gen e; FPSMPG, as p e-selec ed music om p e e ed gen e; FPSMNPG, as p e-selec ed music om non-p e e ed
gen e; SSSMPG, slow sel -selec ed music om p e e ed gen e; SPSMPG, slow p e-selec ed music om p e e ed gen e; SPSMNPG, slow p e-selec ed music om non-
p e e ed gen e (NPG); BPM, bea /min.
FIGURE 2
F equency o speed kick es s’execu ion.
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 04 on ie sin.o g
2.3.7 Mo i a ion
The mo i a ion was measu ed using a 10-poin Like scale ha
anged om 0 o 10 wi h e bal ancho s a 10 (ex emely
mo i a ed), 8 (mo i a ed), 5 (mode a e mo i a ed), 2 (weak
mo i a ed) and 0 (no mo i a ed) (32).
2.4 S a is ical analysis
The s a is ical analysis was pe o med using SPSS 20.0
s a is ical so wa e (IBM Co ps., A monk, NY, USA). Da a we e
p esen ed as mean and s anda d de ia ion. The Shapi o–Wilk
es was used o check and confi m he no mali y o da a se s,
and he Le ene es was used o e i y he homogenei y o
a iances. Sphe ici y was es ed using he Mauchly es . Fo
TSAT, a one-way analysis o a iance (ANOVA) (condi ion) wi h
epea ed measu emen s was used, wi h Bon e oni was used as
pos hoc es . S anda dized e ec size analysis (Cohen’sd) was
used o in e p e he magni ude o di e ences be ween a iables
and conside ed as: i ial (≤0.20); small (≤0.60); mode a e
(≤1.20); la ge (≤2.0); e y la ge (≤4.0) ( e y la ge); and
ex emely la ge (>4.0) (34). Fo he emaining a iables, he non-
pa ame ic F iedman es was used wi h he Wilcoxon signed
ank es used as pos hoc. The co ela ion coe ficien ( ) was
calcula ed using he Wilcoxon z-sco es and he o al numbe o
obse a ions (N) (i.e., Z=ffiffiffi
n
p) and conside ed as 0.1–<0.3 (small),
0.3–<0.5 (mode a e) and ≥0.5 (la ge) (35). The le el o s a is ical
significance was se a p≤0.05.
3 Resul s
3.1 Physical pe o mance
3.1.1 TSAT
The e was a significan impac o condi ions (F
7,9
= 106.94; p<
0.001; η
p
2
= 0.99), wi h CA + FSSMPG elici ed be e pe o mance
han con ol (95% CI: −1.55 o −1.08; p< 0.001; d=−0.61), CA
+ NM (95% CI: −1.28 o −0.9; p< 0.001; d=−0.71), CA +
SSSMPG (95% CI: −0.83 o −0.28; p< 0.001; d=−0.24), CA +
FPSMPG (95% CI: −1.21 o −0.37; p< 0.001; d=−0.26), CA +
SPSMPG (95% CI: −1.25 o −0.67, p< 0.001; d=−0.48), CA +
FPSMNPG (95% CI: −1.18 o −0.87; p< 0.001; d=−0.58), and
CA + SPSMNPG (95% CI: −1.33 o −0.85; p< 0.001; d=−0.44).
Mo eo e , CA + SSSMPG elici ed lowe comple ion ime han
con ol (95% CI: −1.08 o −0.43; p< 0.001; d=−0.29), CA + NM
(95% CI: −0.79 o −0.27; p< 0.001; d=−0.25), CA + SPSMPG
(95% CI: −0.68 o −0.13; p= 0.002; d=−0.16), CA + FPSMNPG
(95% CI: −0.74 o −0.19, p< 0.001; d=−0.2), and CA +
SPSMNPG (95% CI: −0.92 o −0.15; p= 0.003; d=−0.18).
Likewise, CA + FPSMNPG condi ion elici ed lowe comple ion
ime han he con ol (95% CI: −0.55 o −0.04; p= 0.017;
d= 0.13) (Table 2).
3.1.2 FSKT-10s
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 84.417; p<
0.001; d =7; N= 16), wi h lowe pe o mance in con ol
condi ion compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.54; p< 0.001; =
0.89), CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.32; p= 0.001; = 0.83), CA +
FPSMPG (z=−3.32; p= 0.001; = 0.83), CA + SPSMPG (z=
−3.23; p= 0.001; = 0.81). Also, sco es we e lowe in CA + NM
condi ion compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; =
0.89), CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.54; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA +
FPSMPG (z=−3.54; p< 0.001; = 0.89). The sco es we e highe
in CA + FSSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA + SSSMPG (z=
−2.98; p= 0.003; = 0.75), CA + FPSMPG (z=−2.79; p= 0.005;
= 0.70), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA +
FPSMNPG (z=−3.54; p< 0.001; = 0.89), and CA + SPSMNPG
(z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89). The sco es we e highe in CA +
SSSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.44; p=
0.001; = 0.86), CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.45; p= 0.001; = 0.86).
The sco es we e highe in CA + FPSMPG condi ion compa ed o
CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.33; p= 0.001; = 0.83) and CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.32; p= 0.001; = 0.83). Highe alues we e
eco ded in CA + SPSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA +
FPSMNPG (z=−3.16; p= 0.002; = 0.79) and CA + SPSMNPG
(z=−3.27; p= 0.001; = 0.82) (Table 2).
3.1.3 FSKT-mul
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 78.185; p<
0.001; d =7; N= 16). The pe o mance was lowe in con ol
condi ion compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.52; p< 0.001; =
0.88), CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.36; p= 0.001; = 0.84), CA +
FPSMPG (z=−3.36; p= 0.001; = 0.84), CA + SPSMPG (z=
−3.39; p= 0.001; = 0.85), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.92; p= 0.003;
= 0.73) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−2.02; p= 0.043; = 0.51). In
addi ion, alues we e lowe in CA + NM condi ion compa ed o
CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.52; p< 0.001; = 0.88), CA + SSSMPG (z=
−3.41; p= 0.001; = 0.85), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.53; p< 0.001;
= 0.88), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.27; p= 0.001; = 0.82) and CA +
FIGURE 3
Taekwondo specific agili y es se -up.
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 05 on ie sin.o g
FPSMNPG (z=−2.11; p= 0.035; = 0.53). Pe o mance was highe
in CA + FSSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA + SSSMPG (z=
−3.52; p< 0.001; = 0.88), and CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.52; p<
0.001; = 0.88), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.52; p< 0.001; = 0.88),
CA + FPSMPNG (z=−3.52; p< 0.001; = 0.88), and CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.52; p< 0.001; = 0.88). Mo eo e , highe
pe o mance was eco ded in CA + SSSMPG condi ion in
compa ison o CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.06; p= 0.039; = 0.52) and
CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.3; p= 0.001; = 0.83). Values we e highe
in CA + FPSMPG condi ion as compa ed o CA + FPSMNPG
(z=−2.54; p= 0.011; = 0.64) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.53;
p< 0.001, = 0.88) and highe in CA + SPSMPG condi ion as
compa ed o CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.18; p= 0.001; = 0.80) and
CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.14; p= 0.032; = 0.54) (Table 2).
3.2 Pe cei ed exe ion
3.2.1 RPE_TSAT
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 76.93; p<
0.001; d =7; N= 16), wi h highe sco es in con ol condi ion
compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.60; p< 0.001; = 0.9), CA +
SSSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + FPSMPG (z=
−3.02; p = 0.003; = 0.76), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.25; p= 0.001;
= 0.81), CA + SPSMNPG (z=−2.8; p= 0.005; = 0.70). Also,
sco es we e highe in CA + NM condi ion compa ed o CA +
FSSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + SSSMPG (z=
−3.59; p< 0.001; = 0.90), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.27; p= 0.001;
= 0.82), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.71; p= 0.007; = 0.68) and CA
+ SPSMPG (z=−2.99; p= 0.003; = 0.75). The sco es we e lowe
in CA + FSSMPG condi ion as compa ed o CA + FPSMPG (z=
−3.48; p= 0.001; = 0.87), CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001;
= 0.89), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.99; p= 0.003; = 0.75), CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.33; p= 0.001; = 0.83). Lowe alues we e
eco ded in CA + SSSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA +
FPSMPG (z=−2.78; p= 0.005; = 0.70), CA + SPSMPG (z=
−3.44; p= 0.001; = 0.86), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.09; p= 0.002;
= 0.77) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−2.81; p= 0.005; = 0.70). The
sco es we e lowe in CA + FPSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA
+ SPSMPG (z=−3.24; p= 0.001; = 0.81) and CA + SPSMNPG
(z=−2.68; p= 0.007; = 0.67) (Table 3).
3.2.2 RPE_FSKT-10s
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 62.462; p<
0.001; d =7; N= 16), wi h highe sco es in con ol condi ion
compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA +
SSSMPG (z=−2.77; p= 0.006; = 0.69), CA + FPSMPG (z=
−2.91; p= 0.004; = 0.73), and CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.55; p=
0.011; = 0.64). Also, alues we e highe in CA + NM condi ion
compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.59; p< 0.001; = 0.90), CA +
SSSMPG (z=−3.18; p= 0.001; = 0.80), CA + FPSMPG (z=
−3.27; p= 0.001; = 0.82), CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.95; p= 0.003;
= 0.74) and CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.67; p= 0.008; = 0.67). RPE
sco es we e lowe in CA + FSSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA +
SSSMPG (z=−2.05; p= 0.04; = 0.51), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3; p
= 0.003; = 0.75), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.09; p= 0.002; = 0.77),
CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.48; p< 0.001; = 0.87), and CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89). The sco es we e lowe in
CA + SSSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.55;
p= 0.011; = 0.64), CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.1; p= 0.002; = 0.78).
The sco es we e lowe in CA + FPSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA
+ SPSMNPG (z=−3.23; p= 0.001; = 0.81) (Table 3).
3.2.3 RPE_FSKT-mul
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 53.008; p<
0.001; d =7; N= 16). The sco es we e highe in con ol
TABLE 2 E ec s o wa m-up music and condi ioning ac i i y on aekwondo specific agili y es (TSAT), equency speed kick es 10s (FSKT 10s) and
mul iple equency speed kick es (FSKT-mul ).
Tes Con ol CA + NM CA + FSSMPG CA + SSSMPG CA + FPSMPG CA + SPSMPG CA + FPSMNPG CA + SPSMNPG
TSAT(s): M (SD) 6.36 (0.25) 6.13 (0.13) 5.04 (0.17)
a,c,d,e,g,ɸ,
* 5.6 (0.27)
a,c,k,ɸ,m
5.83 (0.4)
b
6 (0.22) 6.06 (0.18) 6.13 (0.31)
FSKT 10s (n):
Med/IQR
20/1 21/1 25/1
a,c,j, ,g,ɸ,
* 23/2
b,c,i,m
23/2
b,c,i,m
22/1
b,i,m
21/1 21/1
FSKT mul (n):
Med/IQR
95.5/4.5 99/5 118/2.75
a,c,d,e,g,ɸ,
* 104/5
b,β,i,m
103.5/2.5
a,c,i,
* 104/4.75
b,β,m,i
101.5/4.75
b,β
99/4.75
b
M (SD), alues as Mean (S anda d De ia ion), Med/IQR, alues as Median/In e qua ile; CA + NM, Condi ioning ac i i y wi hou music (NM); CA + FSSMPG, condi ioning
ac i i y wi h as (F), sel -selec ed music (SSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG), CA + SSSMPG, CA wi h slow (S), sel -selec ed music (SSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA +
FPSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F), p e-selec ed music (PSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA + SPSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h slow (S), p e-selec ed music
(PSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA + FPSMNPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F), p e-selec ed music (PSM) om non-p e e ed gen e (NPG); CA + SPSMNPG,
condi ioning ac i i y wi h slow (S) p e-selec ed music (PSM) om non-p e e ed gen e (NPG); s, second; n, numbe .
a
Di e en om con ol a p< 0.001.
b
Di e en om con ol a p< 0.05.
c
Di e en om CA + NM a p< 0.001.
β
Di e en om CA + NM a p< 0.05.
d
Di e en om CA + SSSMPG a p< 0.001.
j
Di e en om CA + SSSMPG a p< 0.05.
e
Di e en om CA + FPSMPG a p< 0.001.
Di e en om CA + FPSMPG a p< 0.05.
g
Di e en om CA + SPSMPG a p< 0.001.
k
Di e en om CA + SPSMPG a p< 0.05.
ɸ
Di e en om CA + FPSMNPG a p< 0.001.
i
Di e en om CA + FPSMNPG a p< 0.05.
*Di e en om CA + SPSMNPG a p< 0.001.
m
Di e en om CA + SPSMNPG a p< 0.05.
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 06 on ie sin.o g
condi ion as compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.58; p< 0.001; =
0.90), CA + SSSMPG (z=−3; p= 0.003; = 0.75), CA + FPSMPG
(z=−3.12; p= 0.002; = 0.78), CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.99; p=
0.003; = 0.75), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.57; p< 0.001; = 0.89)
and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−2.67; p= 0.008; = 0.67). Also, sco es
we e highe in CA + NM condi ion compa ed o CA + FSSMPG
(z=−3.46; p= 0.001; = 0.87), CA + SSSMPG (z=−2.57; p= 0.01;
= 0.64), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.55; p= 0.011; = 0.89), CA +
SPSMPG (z=−2.65; p= 0.008; = 0.66), CA + FPSMNPG (z=
−2.68; p= 0.007; = 0.67) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−1.99; p=
0.046; = 0.50). In addi ion, lowe sco es we e eco ded in CA +
FSSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA + SSSMPG (z=−2.87; p=
0.004; = 0.72), CA + FPSMPG (z=−2.37; p= 0.018; = 0.59),
CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.43; p= 0.015; = 0.61), CA + FPSMNPG
(z=−3.22; p= 0.001; = 0.81), CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.26; p=
0.001; = 0.82) and highe in CA + FPSMPG condi ion compa ed
o CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.54; p= 0.011; = 0.64) and CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.53; p< 0.001; = 0.88). The sco es we e lowe
in he CA + SPSMPG condi ion as compa ed o CA + SPSMNPG
(z=−2.31; p= 0.021; = 0.58). The sco es we e lowe in he CA
+ FPSMNPG as compa ed o CA + SPSMNPG (z=−2.11; p=
0.035; = 0.53) (Table 3).
3.3 Psychological esponses
3.3.1 Fel a ousal scale
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 95.079; p<
0.001; d =7; N= 16). The sco es we e lowe in con ol condi ion
compa ed o CA + NM (z=−2.31; p= 0.021; = 0.58), CA +
FSSMPG (z=−3.64; p< 0.001. = 0.91), CA + SSSMPG (z=
−3.61; p< 0.001; = 0.90), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.58; p< 0.001;
= 0.90), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.45; p= 0.001; = 0.86) and CA +
FPSMNPG (z=−3.01; p= 0.011; = 0.75). Also, CA + NM
condi ion esul ed in lowe sco es compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z
=−3.55; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.62; p< 0.001;
= 0.91), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.45; p= 0.001; = 0.86), CA +
SPSMPG (z=−3.25; p= 0.001; = 0.81) and CA + FPSMNPG (z
=−2.95; p= 0.003; = 0.74). Highe sco es we e eco ded in CA
+ FSSMPG condi ion in compa ison o CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.58;
p< 0.001; = 0.90), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89),
CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.55; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + FPSMNPG
(z=−3.54; p< 0.001; = 0.89) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.57; p
< 0.001; = 0.89). Mo eo e , FAS alues we e highe in CA +
SSSMPG compa ed o CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.65; p= 0.008; =
0.66), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.14; p= 0.002; = 0.79) and CA +
SSSMNPG (z=−3.61; p< 0.001; = 0.90). The sco es we e highe
in CA + FPSMPG condi ion as compa ed o CA + FPSMNPG (z
=−2.39; p= 0.017; = 0.60) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.58; p<
0.001; = 0.90). In addi ion, CA + SPSMPG condi ion esul ed in
highe sco es compa ed o CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.11; p= 0.035;
= 0.53) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.34; p= 0.001; = 0.84) and
CA + FPSMNPG elici ed highe sco es as compa ed o CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−2.98; p= 0.003; = 0.75) (Table 4).
3.3.2 Feeling scale
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 79.540; p<
0.001; d =7; N= 16), wi h alues we e lowe in he con ol
condi ion compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.55; p< 0.001; =
0.89), CA + SSSMPG (z=−2.97; p= 0.003; = 0.74), CA +
FPSMPG (z=−3.44; p= 0.001; = 0.86) and CA + SPSMPG (z=
−2.54; p= 0.011; = 0.64). Mo eo e , sco es we e lowe in CA +
NM condi ion compa ed o CA + FSSMPG (z=−2.33; p= 0.02;
= 0.58), CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.11; p= 0.002; = 0.78), CA +
TABLE 3 E ec s o wa m-up music and condi ioning ac i i y on pe cei ed exe ion (RPE) ollowing aekwondo specific agili y es (TSAT), equency
speed kick es 10s (FSKT 10s) and mul iple equency speed kick es (FSKT-mul ).
Tes Con ol CA + NM CA + FSSMPG CA + SSSMPG CA + FPSMPG CA + SPSMPG CA + FPSMNPG CA + SPSMNPG
RPE-TSAT:
Med/IQR
4.5/1 4.5/2 1/1
a,c, ,d,i,m
2/2
a,c, ,k,i,m
3/1
b,β,k,m
4/1
β
3.5/2
b,β
3/1.75
b
RPE-FSKT-10s:
Med/IQR
5/0.75 5/1 3/0.75
a,c,j, ,k,ɸ
3.81/2
b,β,i,m
4/1
b,β,m
4/1
b,β
5/1
β
6/1
RPE-FSKT-mul :
Med/IQR
9/0.75 9/1/ 7/2
a,β,j, ,k,m,i
8/2
b,β
8/1
b,β,i,
* 8/2
b,β,m
8/0
a,β,m
8/1
b,β
Med/IQR, alues as Median/ In e qua ile; CA + NM, Condi ioning ac i i y wi hou music (NM); CA + FSSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F), sel -selec ed music (SSM)
om p e e ed gen e (PG), CA + SSSMPG, CA wi h slow (S), sel -selec ed music (SSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA + FPSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F),
p e-selec ed music (PSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA + SPSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h slow (S), p e-selec ed music (PSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA +
FPSMNPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F), p e-selec ed music (PSM) om non-p e e ed gen e (NPG); CA + SPSMNPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h slow (S)
p e-selec ed music (PSM) om non-p e e ed gen e (NPG).
a
Di e en om con ol a p< 0.001.
b
Di e en om con ol a p< 0.05.
c
Di e en om CA + NM a p< 0.001.
β
Di e en om CA + NM a p< 0.05.
d
Di e en om CA + SSSMPG a p< 0.001.
j
Di e en om CA + SSSMPG a p< 0.05.
e
Di e en om CA + FPSMPG a p< 0.001.
Di e en om CA + FPSMPG a p< 0.05.
g
Di e en om CA + SPSMPG a p< 0.001.
k
Di e en om CA + SPSMPG a p< 0.05.
ɸ
Di e en om CA + FPSMNPG a p< 0.001.
i
Di e en om CA + FPSMNPG a p< 0.05.
*Di e en om CA + SPSMNPG a p< 0.001.
m
Di e en om CA + SPSMNPG a p< 0.05.
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 07 on ie sin.o g
FPSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.08;
p= 0.038; = 0.52), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.33; p= 0.02; = 0.58).
In addi ion, highe sco es we e eco ded in CA + FSSMPG
condi ion compa ed o CA + SSSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; =
0.89), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.36; p= 0.001; = 0.84), CA +
SPSMPG (z=−3.43; p= 0.001; = 0.86), CA + FPSMNPG (z=
−3.53; p< 0.001; = 0.88) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.53; p<
0.001; = 0.88). Fu he mo e, CA + SSSMPG esul ed in highe
sco es compa ed o CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.05; p= 0.002; =
0.76), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.32; p= 0.001; = 0.83) and CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.19; p= 0.001; = 0.80) and highe sco es we e
eco ded in CA + FPSMPG condi ion in compa ison o CA +
SPSMPG (z=−2.34; p= 0.019; = 0.59), and CA + FPSMNPG (z
=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89). Sco es we e highe in CA + SPSMPG
condi ion compa ed o CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.17; p= 0.002; =
0.79) and CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.09; p= 0.002; = 0.77).
3.3.3 Mo i a ion
The e was a significan e ec o condi ion (Chi
2
= 97.881; p<
0.001; d = 7). Con ol condi ion induced lowe sco es compa ed
o CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.58; p< 0.001; = 0.90), CA + SSSMPG
(z=−3.57; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.57; p<
0.001; = 0.89), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.34; p= 0.001; = 0.84) and
CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.11; p= 0.002; = 0.87). Mo eo e , lowe
sco es we e eco ded unde CA + NM condi ion compa ed o
CA + FSSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + SSSMPG (z=
−3.57; p< 0.001; = 0.89), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001;
= 0.89), CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.72; p= 0.007; = 0.68), CA +
FPSMNPG (z=−2.28; p= 0.022; = 0.57) and CA + SPSMNPG
(z=−3.35; p= 0.001; = 0.84). In addi ion, sco es we e highe in
CA + FSSMPG condi ion in compa ison o CA + SSSMPG
(z=−3.58; p< 0.001; = 0.90), CA + FPSMPG (z=−3.56; p<
0.001; = 0.89), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.54; p< 0.001; = 0.90),
CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89) and CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.56; p< 0.001; = 0.89). The sco es we e highe
in CA + SSSMPG as compa ed o CA + FPSMPG (z=−2.96; p=
0.003; = 0.74), CA + SPSMPG (z=−3.32; p= 0.001; = 0.83),
CA + FPSMNPG (z=−3.31; p= 0.001; = 0.83) and CA +
SPSMNPG (z=−3.57; p< 0.001; = 0.89) and also highe in CA
+ FPSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA + SPSMPG (z=−2.58; p=
0.01; = 0.65), CA + FPSMNPG (z=−2.57; p= 0.01; = 0.64) and
CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.57; p< 0.001; = 0.89). Addi ionally,
sco es we e highe in CA + SPSMPG condi ion compa ed o CA
+ SPSMNPG (z=−3.43; p= 0.001; = 0.86) and highe in CA +
FPSMNPG in compa ison o CA + SPSMNPG (z=−3.32; p=
0.001; = 0.83) (Table 4).
4 Discussion
While music and PAPE ha e been s udied independen ly in he
con ex o exe cise, cu en findings a e among he fi s o assess
he combined e ec s o CA in e en ion and lis ening o music
du ing wa m-up wi h a ied selec ion p ocess and in insic
componen s (i.e., empos, and gen e) on he subsequen TKD
specific pe o mances and psychological- ela ed esponses.
Findings om he p esen s udy e ealed ha combining a
plyome ic-based CA wi h a sel -selec ed music a as o slow
empos imp o ed TSAT, FSK-10s, FSKT-mul , FAS, mo i a ion
and RPE pos -TSAT be e han he con ol, CA single use and
he combined CA and p e-selec ed (i.e., as and slow) music
condi ions. Mo eo e , combining a plyome ic-based CA and as
sel -selec ed music induced g ea e FS, RPE-FSKT-10s and RPE-
FSKT-mul alues han con ol, CA single use, he combined CA
and slow sel -selec ed music and he combined CA and p e-
selec ed (i.e., as and slow) music condi ions.
The e ec i eness o including a plyome ic CA wi hin wa m-
up o induce PAPE in TKD specific pe o mances has been
TABLE 4 E ec s o wa m-up music and condi ioning ac i i y on mo i a ion a e, eeling scale (FS) and el a ousal scale (FAS).
Tes Con ol CA +
NM
CA +
FSSMPG
CA +
SSSMPG
CA +
FPSMPG
CA +
SPSMPG
CA +
FPSMNPG
CA +
SPSMNPG
Mo i a ion: Med/IQR 2/1 2/0.75 8/0.75
a,c,d,e,g,ɸ,
* 6/0
a,c, ,k,i,
* 5/1.5
a,c,
*,
i,k
4/1.75
b,β,m
4/2.75
b,β,m
1/1
β
FS: Med/IQR −1/3 0/0 4/1
a,β,d, ,k,ɸ,
* 1/1
b,β, ,i,m
2/0
b,c,k,ɸ
1.5/2.75
b,β,i,m
−1/1.75
β
−1/2
FAS: Med/IQR 1/0 2/1
b
6/1
a,c,d,e,g,ɸ,
* 4/1
a,c,k,i,
* 4/1
a,β,i,
* 3/2
b,β,i,m
3/1
b,β,m
1/1
Med/IQR, alues as Median/ In e qua ile; CA + NM, Condi ioning ac i i y wi hou music (NM); CA + FSSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F), sel -selec ed music (SSM)
om p e e ed gen e (PG), CA + SSSMPG, CA wi h slow (S), sel -selec ed music (SSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA + FPSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F),
p e-selec ed music (PSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA + SPSMPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h slow (S), p e-selec ed music (PSM) om p e e ed gen e (PG); CA +
FPSMNPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h as (F), p e-selec ed music (PSM) om non-p e e ed gen e (NPG); CA + SPSMNPG, condi ioning ac i i y wi h slow (S)
p e-selec ed music (PSM) om non-p e e ed gen e (NPG).
a
Di e en om con ol a p< 0.001.
b
Di e en om con ol a p< 0.05.
c
Di e en om CA + NM a p< 0.001.
β
Di e en om CA + NM a p< 0.05.
d
Di e en om CA + SSSMPG a p< 0.001.
j
Di e en om CA + SSSMPG a p< 0.05.
e
Di e en om CA + FPSMPG a p< 0.001.
Di e en om CA + FPSMPG a p< 0.05.
g
Di e en om CA + SPSMPG a p< 0.001.
k
Di e en om CA + SPSMPG a p< 0.05.
ɸ
Di e en om CA + FPSMNPG a p< 0.001.
i
Di e en om CA + FPSMNPG a p< 0.05.
*Di e en om CA + SPSMNPG a p< 0.001.
m
Di e en om CA + SPSMNPG a p< 0.05.
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 08 on ie sin.o g
p e iously documen ed (9,10,15), bu esul s we e no all
consis en (11,13). Simila ly, wa m-up music was an e ec i e
e gogenic aid in some ci cums ances (9,15,36–38), while no
e ec i eness has been epo ed in o he s udies (39,40). In he
p esen s udy, combining sel -selec ed music wi h a plyome ic
CA esul ed in g ea e pe o mance han wi h CA single use as
well wi h he CA and p e-selec ed music combina ions. The wo
in e en ions a e undamen ally di e en wi h music being
classified as a psychological e gogenic aid (18) and CA as a
physical s imulus (6). The e o e, he epo ed esul s gene a ed
by hei combina ion a e no su p ising, since he physical
abili ies and psychological aspec s a e in e ela ed and a ec each
o he (27). In ac , unde p e e ed condi ions, wa m-up music
may inc ease he an icipa o y esponse o exe cise (25), esul ing
in inc eased e o and muscula o ce de elopmen (19,20). In
his conside a ion, lis ening o music du ing a wa m-up session
has been shown o inc ease plasma ca echolamine
concen a ions, which may p omo e muscula ac i a ion, shi
blood flow owa d skele al muscles, and modi y me abolic
eac ions du ing a e wa d exe cise (41). F om a PAPE
pe spec i e, i is well-documen ed ha pe o mance enhancemen
is he esul o an imp o emen o muscula ac i a ion and
neu al d i e (6,7). Plyome ic exe cises a e pa icula ly well
known o ea u e quicke sho ening-s e ching cycles and boos
mo emen speed (12). The e o e, he la ge pe o mance
imp o emen obse ed unde bo h as and slow sel -selec ed
music condi ions may be a ibu ed o a PAPE window o ac ion
ha is p olonged as a esul o syne gis ic e ec s a he cen al
(e.g., neu al d i e, ho monal sec e ion) (12,18) and pe iphe al
le els (e.g., powe p oduc ion and mo o s uni s
synch oniza ion) (6,41).
I has been demons a ed ha b ain ac i i y changes gene a ed
by lis ening o music a e highly elian on he indi idual’s musical
selec ion, wi h a s onge emo ional a achmen o p e e ed music
possibly al e ing esponses (42). Especially, pe o mance
enhancemen s a e media ed by music’s abili y o inc ease
mo i a ion o exe cise and egula e a ousal (43,44). In he
p esen s udy, a ec i e alence (i.e., FAS and FS) and mo i a ion
we e highe when CA was combined wi h as o slow sel -
selec ed music. The eco ded esul s may implica e a syne ge ic
e ec by changes in a ousal le el since posi i e a ousal inc eases
a e associa ed wi h imp o ed muscula o ce ou pu (45).
Acco ding o Blaze ich and Babaul (6), he le el o amilia i y
wi h exe cise and mo i a ion could ha e de imen al e ec s on
PAPE s imulus. In he p esen s udy, he ec ui ed a hle es we e
well- amilia ized wi h he specific asks. Rega ding mo i a ion,
esul s om combining CA wi h SSMPG could be suppo ed by
p e ious findings epo ing inc eased mo i a ion and in en o
gi e e o wi h p e e ed music (46,47). Such e ec s o
inc eased mo i a ion may las h oughou he exe cise bou , e en
i he selec ed music was played only du ing he wa m-up (38).
Music has been epo ed o educe pe cei ed exe ion due o
dissocia i e e ec s om physical exe cise cues (18). Howe e , he
po en ial o wa m-up music on he dissocia ion o unpleasan
e ec s om exe cise declined o e ime (36), e en when music
was sel -selec ed (38). In he p esen s udy, RPE dec eased unde
he CA combined wi h as and slow music sel -selec ed wi hin
p e e ed gen e. This esul could indica e ha lis ening o music
unde p e e ed condi ion while pe o ming a CA ex ends i s
e ec on a igue pe cep ion. This could be ela ed o a gene a ed
PAPE om he combined s imulus esul ing in lowe muscula
a igue (6,41). PAPE could eme ge om he educ ion in he
inhibi o y e ec s o senso y a e en s ( h ough educed p e-
synap ic inhibi ion) o an inc ease in mo oneu on exci abili y
(6). Howe e , in eg a ing a CA wi hin a hle es’wa m-up sessions
should be awa e o he a igue-po en ia ion ela ionship and he
app op ia e iming o achie e maximal pe o mance (48). In his
conside a ion, i is unde s ood ha a PAPE s imulus equi es a
su ficien es pe iod be o e pe o ming a subsequen mo emen
(4). In he p esen s udy, h ee minu es o es we e gi en be o e
pe o ming he es s we e an adequa e es in e al. This could
be e iden as using a plyome ic CA may cause low exhaus ion,
enabling a s ong po en ia ion e ec while sho ening he ime
equi ed o he op imal PAPE benefi (5). In his conside a ion,
Oue gui e al. (15) epo ed ha when using plyome ic ac i i y
g ea e pe o mance enhancemen was documen ed wi h 3 min
han wi h 7 min ega dless o he e o /pause a io. F om o he
side, he le el o PAPE has been epo ed o be g ea e in ained
indi iduals since hey ha e been shown o display as e eco e y
han un ained ones (14). Nuzzo e al. (49) ound ha he
inc eased exci abili y was de ec able immedia ely a e he bou o
con ac ions and slowly dec eased o baseline, bu no be o e a
leas 20 min. In he p esen s udy, he ac ha CA and SSMPG
g ea e e ec s pe sis ed o e consecu i e asks could indica e ha
sho -du a ion con ac ions would no allow a igue inc ease
du ing con ac ions, while s ill p omo ing PAPE (48). This could
be e iden since he gi en es in e al be ween es s would allow
muscle eco e y, enhancing he p e alence o PAPE o e a igue
(50). PAPE may occu as a esul o he al e a ion in he
s imula ion pa e n o mo o uni s, inc easing he numbe o
exci ed mo o uni s (51). This e ec o ac i a ion his o y on he
subsequen o ce p oduc ion migh be g ea e when subsequen
exe cise simula es he p e iously ac i a ed muscle fibe s (52).
This could be a ibu ed o a be e synch oniza ion o he mo o
uni s in ol ed, and a educ ion in p esynap ic inhibi ion (3).
The cu en s udy could ha e impo an implica ions in he field
o comba spo s, especially, in TKD, and se e as a p ac ical
amewo k o imp o e a hle es’pe o mances. Specifically, based
on he di e ence be ween he wo s imuli in e ms o hei na u e
(i.e., physical s. psychological), combining music and CA du ing
wa m-up session migh be a use ul ool o enhance physical fi ness
and men al pe o mance. In compe i ions scena ios, hese wo p e-
e en p ocedu es could educe he an icipa ed s ess (i.e.,
imp o ing a ec i e s a e and mo i a ion) while enhancing powe
p oduc ion (i.e., PAPE phenomenon). In aining se ings, s a ing
sessions wi h music and plyome ic-based CA may help o a ain
objec i es wi h lowe ime and ene gy cos s. Howe e , findings
should be aken wi h cau ion and some limi a ions should be
conside ed in u u e in es iga ions. In ac , he esul s o he
p esen s udy a e conduc ed only wi hin male a hle es and hus
canno be gene alized o emale p ac i ione s. Mo eo e , he
physiological mechanisms behind he pe o mance enhancemen
Messaoudi e al. 10.3389/ spo .2023.1335794
F on ie s in Spo s and Ac i e Li ing 09 on ie sin.o g
