Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
1&
In e en ions*in*U ban*Geopoli ics*
1Rokem,&J.&and&F egonese,&S.;&2Ramadan,&A.&and&Pascucci,&E.A.;&Rosen,&G.&and&Cha ney,&I.;&
Paasche,&T.F.&and&Sidaway,&J.&D.&
These&in e en ions) in) u ban) geopoli ics) ecognise& ha &i &is& imely& o&de elop&a& esea ch&
agenda& ha & ein o ces,& b oadens& and®ene a es& his& ield,& b idging& he&disciplines& o &poli ical&
geog aphy,& u ban& s udies,& planning&and& a chi ec u e&in& enewed& ways.& T acing& he&“changing&
ca og aphy&o &dange ”&(Dalby,&2010:&285)&in& he&pos (&9(11&wo ld,&c i ical&geopoli ics&ha e&posi ed&a&
e o mula ion&o &geopoli ics&“ om&a&s a e( owa ds&a&ci y(cen ic& ocus”&(Agnew,&2003:&10)&whe e&
mic o(si es&and&u ban&ba le ields&ough & o&be&gi en&as&much& hough &as&mo e&con en ional¯o(&
mili a y& easoning&(Dalby,&2010).& These& ideas& ha e& shaped& much& o & wha & we& ame& he e& as& an&
eme ging&‘u ban&geopoli ical& u n’&(G aham,&2004a,&2010;&Sidaway,&2009;&F egonese,&2009,&2012;&
Yacobi,&2009;&Rokem&&&Boano,&In&P ess).&&
U ban& geopoli ics& has& adi ionally& s emmed& om& wo& main& and& in insically& di e se& s ands& o &
esea ch.& Au ho s& in& bo h& s ands& ha e& employed& he& e m&“u ban& geopoli ics”&in& mo e& o & less&
1&In e en ions,edi o s,and,au ho s:&
Co esponding&au ho &and&edi o :&D .&Jona han&Rokem,&Uni e si y&College&London,&UK.&(j. [email protected])&
Co(au ho &and&edi o :&D .&Sa a&F egonese,&Uni e si y&o &Bi mingham,&UK.&&
2&Con ibu ing,au ho s:,,,
D .&Adam&Ramadan,&Uni e si y&o &Bi mingham,&UK&and&D .&Elisa&Pascucci,&Uni e si y&o &Tampe e,&Finland.&&
D .&Gillad&Rosen,&Heb ew&Uni e si y&o &Je uaslem,&Is ael&and&D .&Igal&Cha ney,&Uni e si y&o &Hai a,&Is ael.&
D .&Till&F.&Paasche,&So an&Uni e si y,&Ku dis an&Region,&I aq&and&P o .&James&D.&Sidaway,&Na ional&Uni e si y&
o &Singapo e.&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
2&
&
&
di e en & ways,&some& engaging&wi h& i &mo e& explici ly& han& o he s,& bu & all& ha e& a emp ed& o&
concep ualise&and&p oduce&empi ical&knowledge&abou & he&complex&and&in ima e& ela ions&be ween&
u ban&space&and&di e se&and&mul i(scala &poli ical&geog aphies.&He e,&geopoli ically&cha ged&u ban&
si es&ac &as&connec o s&be ween&localised&expe iences&o & iolence&and&wide &geopoli ical&p ocesses,&
a& link& al eady& heo ized& –& albei & no & in& an& explici ly& u ban& ashion& –& by& eminis & geopoli ics&
(Hyndman,& 2004;& Pain& && Smi h,& 2008;& Smi h,& 2012).&The& i s & esea ch& s and,& ocusing& on& he&
mili a iza ion&o )u ban) space,&su eillance&and&secu i y&(G aham&and&Wood&2003;&Coa ee,&2004;&
G aham,&2004a,&2010),& he&pe o ma i e&spaces&and&geog aphical&imagina ions&o &la e(mode n&wa &
(G ego y,& 2016;& Ramadan,& 2009)& and& he& e ical/ae ial& geome ies& o & u ban& and& asymme ic&
con lic s&(Weizman,&2007;&G ego y,&2011;&Elden,&2013)&has&led& o&a&deepe &sc u iny&o &ci ies&and&
hei &encoun e s&wi h&and&endu ance&o &ma e ial&damage&and& a ge ed& iolence.&Second,&in& he&pas &
wo& decades,&a& as &e ol ing& s and&o & esea ch&has& ocused& mo e&speci ically&on& u ban) con lic s&
wi hin& e hno(na ionally& con es ed& ci ies,& especially& in& ela ion& o& he& ole& o & planning&and&
a chi ec u e&&(see,&e.g.!Hepbu n(2004;&F egonese&2009;&F egonese,&2012;&Ande son,&2010;&Pullan&
2011;&Bollens,&2012)&as&well&as& o& he& ole&o &“my iad&o &u ban&ne wo ks&and&in as uc u es& ha &a e&
no & bound& by& o icial& planning& p ocedu es”&(Leshem,& 2015:& 35)& h ough& which& ci ies& expe ience&
e hno(na ional&con lic .&
&
Al hough& he& a chi ec u e& o & ci ies& has& his o ically& been& bo h& medium& and& a ge & o & poli ical&
iolence&(Hi s ,&2005),&as& esea che s&and& esiden s&in&a&p edominan ly&u banized&wo ld&we&can&no&
longe &igno e&expanding& iolence,&disas e ,&and&di ision&in&ci ies.&U ban&en i onmen s&ac oss& he&
plane &a e&becoming&hype secu i ised&and&ye &insecu e.&The&Pa is&and&B ussels& e o is &a acks&in&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
3&
&
&
No embe &2015&and&Ma ch&2016&and&subsequen &ci ywide&lock(downs&ha e&ques ioned& he&s a e&o &
secu i y&o &Eu opean& capi al& ci ies&in& he& wake& o & new& ypes& o & iolen & u ban& eme gencies.&&
Meanwhile,& a med& police& in& he& s ee s& o & London& is& being& inc eased& by& 20%& o& make& he&
en i onmen & “hos ile”& o & po en ial& a acke s& (BBC&News,&2016);& ai po s,&ho els,&shopping& malls&
and& conce & enues& om& Ge many& o& Sinai,& om& F ance& o& Tunisia& and& he& Somali& coas ,&ha e&
become&p edominan &so & a ge s.&En i e&ci ies&a e&s a ed&and&sieged& h oughou &Sy ia.&Con lic &
and& iolence&in&all& hei ° ees&and&nuances&ha e&become&a&poli ical&and&humani a ian&conce n&
ha &is&p edominan ly&u ban&and&a ec ing& he&e e yday&li e&o &ci y&dwelle s.&The e&is&an&inc easing&
need,& he e o e,& o& c i ically& e(examine&and& es ablish&u ban) geopoli ics&as& a& necessa y& sub(
disciplina y&lens& h ough&which& o&make&sense&o & he&impac & hese&g and&challenges&ha e&on& he&
global&u ban&p esen .&&
&
As&a& esul &o & hese&shi s&in&global&and&local& o ces,& he&poli ical&geog aphies&o &ci ies& a e&being&
eshaped,& equen ly&in& unp edic able& ways,& hei & popula ions&coming& oge he & o & becoming&
pola ised&wi h&o en&un(o dina y&and&unde explo ed&pa e ns.&One&ques ion& emains&open:&whe he &
i &is& ime& o&challenge& he&canonical&di e en ia ion&be ween&u ban&phenomena&o &socio(economic&
spa ial&seg ega ion,&socio(poli ical&di ision,&and&o &mili a ized&u ban&con lic ,&and&–&ul ima ely&–& he&
e y&dis inc ion&be ween&‘con lic &ci ies’&and&mo e&peace ul&ones&(Rokem,&2016a:&406).&As&such,& his&
in e en ion&sugges s& ha &U ban&Geopoli ics&ough & o&mo e&beyond&i s¤ ly& es ic ed& ocus&on&
ci ies&as&di ec & a ge s&o & e o &and& iolence,&as& ully&mili a ized& g ounds&o &open& con lic ,&o &as&
e ical/ae ial&geome ies&o &u ban&asymme ic&wa a e&(Ha ies&2015;&Rosen&&&Cha eny,&2016).&&
&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
4&
&
&
Fo & his& pu pose,& we& p esen & he e& i e& enewed& hemes,& o& a& ce ain& ex en & in e ela ed& and&
o e lapping,&aimed&a &opening&up& he&scope&o &u ban&geopoli ics& o&accoun & o &a&numbe &o &u ban&
g and& challenges& o & he& 21s ¢u y.& These& a e:& (1)& O dina y) u ban) geopoli ics;&&(2)&Towa ds)
domes ic) u ban) geopoli ics;&(3)& U ban) geopoli ics) o ) e uge;) (4)&Geopoli ics) o ) U ban) Ve icali y:)
Beyond) Unidimensionali y;&(5)& a& concluding& con ibu ion;) The) u ban) and) he) geopoli ical) as)
ca ego ies)o ) heo y)and)p ac ice:) on Aline) e lec ions.)While& he& i s & ou &con ibu ions&se e&as&
ancho &poin s& o& s ep& beyond& he& echnocen ic,&mili a is ic& and& e hno(na ional&app oaches& ha &
ha e&been&a & he¢ e&o &u ban&geopoli ics’&concep ualisa ions&and&empi ical&case&s udies&so& a ,&
he& i h& ex & mo es& us& back& om& he& mo e& o dina y& and& e e yday& domains& o& he& mili a is ic&
sphe e&o &con empo a y&u ban&wa a e&and&i s&b u al&consequences&on& he&g ound&in&I aq&and&Sy ia;&
in&so&doing,&i )con eys&some&b oade &obse a ions&de i ing& om&a& i s &hand&–&albei &clea ly&pa ial&–&
accoun &o & he&u ban&ba le ields& ha &nowadays&a e&in o ming&much&o & he&geopoli ical& hinking&
abou & ha &po ion&o & he&Middle&Eas .&Th ough& hese& i e&con ibu ions,&we&p opose&a&way& o&s a &
e(engaging& in& a& c i ical& eading& o &con es a ion&in& ci ies,& and&speci ically& owa ds& a& enewed&
unde s a ing&o &u ban&geopoli ics& ha &accoun s& o & he&pos colonial,&o dina y,&domes ic,&embodied&
and& e ical)dimensions& in& o de & o& be e & comp ehend& ecen & global& shi s& and& hei &u ban&
challenges.&&&
&
&
&
&
&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
5&
&
&
O dina y*U ban*Geopoli ics*
*
D .,Jona han,Rokem,,Uni e si y,College,London,,UK.,,
*
The)composi ional,)messy,)uncon ollable)and) ecombinan )na u e)o ) he)p esen )u banism,)and) he)
di e en ial) knowledge) a ) play) in) he) cons uc ion) o ) he) u ban,) is) any hing) bu ) s aigh o wa d))
(Peck,)2015:161).)
)
A&g owing&conce n&has&de eloped&among&u ban&s udies&schola s®a ding& he&need& o& e(
hink& he& discipline,& om& heo e ical& and& epis emic& assump ions,& o& me hodological& and& e hical&
issues&(Amin&&&Th i ,&2002;&Alleg a&a &el,&2013;&Peck,&2015;&Robinson,&2006,&2016;&Roy&2016).&This&
on(going&deba e,&howe e ,&has¬&ye &in es iga ed&geopoli ics&and&i s& ele ance& o&u ban&s udies&
and&planning&in&any&signi ican &de ail.&This&b ie &in e en ion&aims& o&ad ance& he&c oss(disciplina y&
ield&o &u ban&geopoli ics,&by&b inging&geopoli ics&in o& he&mains eam&o &u ban&s udies&and&planning&
esea ch.&F om&a&planning&s andpoin ,& he e&is&a&need& o&enhance&ou &unde s anding&o &ci ies&as&
signi ican ly& shaped& by& e e yday&mani es a ions& o & poli ical& aul lines,& and& o & how& his& a ec s& a&
mul iplici y&o &ou comes&ac oss&geog aphical&scales.&&
&
The&geog aphies& o & ci ies& a e& es uc u ing,& equen ly& in& unp edic able& ways,& wi h& hei & u ban&
popula ions& coming& oge he & and& becoming& pola ised& wi hin& o en(unde explo ed&mig a ion,&
seg ega ion& and& mobili y& pa e ns&(Rokem& && Vaughan,& 2017).& The& eme ging& ‘u ban& geopoli ical&
u n’&(Rokem&&&F egonese,& his&issue;&Rokem&&&Boano,&In&p ess)&has&so& a &p edominan ly&engaged&
wi h%ex eme%u ban%comba ,%and% he% o al%b eakdown%and% ap u e%o %u ban%sys ems%du ing%con lic %
(G aham,&2004a,&2010;&Weizman,&2007;&G ego y,&2016).#While# hese#deba es#ha e#been#signi ican #

Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
6&
&
&
in# b idging# he# ield% o % geopoli ics!and$ i s! adi ional) ocus) on) na ional) and) egional) e i o ial)
con lic s) o)a)mo e)u ban)scale)(Agnew,)2003;)F egonese,!2012),& hey&ha e&gene ally&o e looked& he&
mo e%o dina y%e e yday%unde s andings%o %u ban%con es a ion,%seg ega ion%and#mobili y.#&
&&
Concep ualising&u ban)geopoli ics&beyond& he& o al& ap u e&and&b eakdown&o &municipal&sys ems&
and& ci ies& as& a& wa ( o n& ba le ields,& allows& de eloping& a& enewed& look& mo e& a uned& o& he&
e e yday& mani es a ions& ac oss& he& messie & o dina y& p ocesses& o )seg ega ion) and) mobili y&and&
hei &connec ion& o&ques ions&o &mig a ion&and& e uge&(see:&Pascucci&&&Ramadan,& his&issue).&In& he&
las & ew&decades,&u ban&p o es &in&se e al&coun ies&wo ldwide&has&augmen ed& o&new&summi s&as&a&
esul &o & he&expanding&and&deepening&neo(libe al&inequali ies&andðno( acial&con es a ion&o & he&
u ban&sphe e.&Some&p ominen &examples&include& he&A o(Ame ican&u ban& io s&in& he&1960s&and&
he&F ench&ea ly&2000s&No h&A ican&immig an & io s&in& he&banlieues.&These&e en s&among&o he s&
ha e& econs uc ed&and& di ided& u ban& e i o y,& p oducing& pa e ns&o & con es ed& socio(spa ial&
o ma ions& and& c ea ing& new& local& geopoli ical& ajec o ies& and& zones& o & he& u ban& ou cas s&
(Wacquan ,&2008).&The&p esen &in e na ional&geopoli ical& u moil&in& he&Middle&Eas &and&A ica&has&
in ensi ied& hese&p ocesses&shaping&la ge(scale& o ced&mig a ion&and&g owing&local&opposi ion&and&
dissen &(Alleg a&a &el,&2013).&Fu he &a en ion&needs& o& be& placed& on& he& impac &o & he¤ &
uns able&geopoli ical&condi ions&wo ldwide&and& hei &a ec &on& he&o dina y&daily&li e&and&(lack&o )&
planning& o&accommoda e&g owing& ensions&in&ci ies.&&
&
Seg ega ion)and)mobili y)a e)p oposed&he e&as& wo&o e a ching& hemes& o&cap u e& he&mo e&open(
ended&na u e&o &o dina y&and&o en&unplanned& and& in o mal&u ban&geopoli ical&p ocesses.&Mo e&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
7&
&
&
han&emphasizing&a&se &o &gi en&quali ies&associa ed&wi h& he&u ban&en i onmen ,&seg ega ion&and&
mobili y&sugges &ways& o&explo e&e e yday&mo emen s&wi h&a&geopoli ical&signi icance&a & he&u ban&
and&local&scale.&In&o he &wo ds,&while&seg ega ion&dis inguishes&geog aphically&be ween&di e en &
g oups,&wi hou &mobili y&mixing&o &di e en &g oups&canno &occu &(Rokem&&&Vaughan,&2017).&This&
enables&us& o&delinea e& he&con ou s&o & he&ci y&as&a&meaning ul&si e& o&analyse&mobili y&and&bo de s&
be ween&di e en &g oups,&wi h&mo e&a en ion&gi en& o& he&‘planning&poli ics&nexus’;& he& ela ion&
be ween& planning& and& poli ics,& as& a& non(hie a chical& se & o & in e ac ions,& nego ia ed& wi hin& he&
speci ic&his o ical,&geog aphical,&legal&and&cul u al&con ex &(Rokem&&&Alleg a,&2016).&&
&
U ban& seg ega ion& is& ega ded& as& a& uni e sal& academic& amewo k& ela ing& o& socio(economic,&
e hnic&and&poli ical&di isions&in&ci ies&(Nigh ingale,+2012).&I &con ains&a&wide&spec um&o & heo e ical&
and&concep ual&p inciples,& anging& om& he&e ec s&o &neo(libe al&globalisa ion&on&social&inequali ies&
in&ci ies&(Smi h,&2002;&Ma cuse&&& an&Kempen,&2002),& he&injus ices&o &s a e(led&spa ial&planning&and&
housing&policies&(Sande cock,&2003;&Lees,&2012)&and&howðnici y&and& ace&a ec & he&mo e&long(
e m& o ma ion&o &spa ial&and&social&seg ega ion&in&ci ies&(Ma cuse,&1997;&Mus e d&&&Os endo ,&
2013).& His o ically,& deba es& su ounding& u ban& seg ega ion& s em& om& he& Chicago& School’s&
biological&model&o & he)ci y&(Pa k&e &al,&1925)&and& he&No h&Ame ican& acial& ypology&o & he)ghe o&
(Ma cuse,&1997,&2006;&Wacquan ,&2008,&2016).&I s&U.S.&o igins&a e&one&o & he&main& easons& ha & he&
subjec &(a &leas &in& he&English&language&li e a u e)&has&his o ically&been&dicho omized&as&a&(li e ally)&
black/whi e& ace(based&u ban&p oblem,& a he & han& he&mo e&mul i( ace edðno( acial,&economic&
and&spa ial&condi ion& ha &mani es s&i sel &wo ldwide&(Nigh ingale,&2012).&This&is&also&mani es ed&in&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
8&
&
&
he& ecen & call& o& pay& mo e& a en ion& o& in e sec ionali y& o & mul iple& iden i ies& wi hin& u ban&
seg ega ion& esea ch&(Vaughan&&&A baci,&2011).&&
&
Li e a u e&on&u ban&seg ega ion&(Sme s&and& Salman,&2008)&and& con es ed&ci ies&(Hepbo n,&2004;&
Bollens,&2012)& ends& o&o e look&mobili y&and&i s&impo an & ole&in& os e ing&co(p esence&leading& o&
in e ac ions& wi hin& ci ies.& “[I] & has& long& been& ecognized& ha & mobili y& o & mobili ies& a e& bo h&
gene a ing&and&an&ou come&o &inequali ies&and&exclusion”&(Kwan&&&Schwanen,&2016:&248)&As&such,&
he&a ailabili y&o &public& anspo a ion&and&pe sonal&mobili y&has&c i ical&implica ions& o &access& o&
employmen & and& i &a ec s& housing& and& educa ion& oppo uni ies.& Immobili y,& o & being& apped&
wi hin&one’s&neighbou hood,&cons i u es&one&o & he&main&causes&o &social&exclusion&(Massey,&1994;&
Lei ne & e & al,& 2008).& U ban& seg ega ion& should& be& iewed& as& mo e& mul i a ious& and& complex,&
sugges ing& i & is& simul aneously& a& poli ical,& social,& economic& e hnic& and& acial& a e ac & o & an&
indi idual’s&po en ial&mobili y&in& he&ci y.&Seg ega ion&alone&is¬&necessa ily&a&p oblem&and&can&be&
seen& mo e& posi i ely& as& spa ial& cong ega ion,& bu & o e coming& a& combina ion& o & seg ega ion& and&
immobili y&is&an&u gen &challenge&in&seeking&spa ial&and&social&jus ice&(Rokem&&&Vaughan,&2017).&
Inc eased&seg ega ion&and& immobili y& lead& o& u ban&gene a ed& iolence&and& ea &en angled&wi h&
p ocesses&o &socie al&change&p oducing&new& o ms&o &exclusion&in&ci ies.&Impo e ished&and&spa ially&
disconnec ed&neighbo hoods&in&Eu opean&ci ies,&especially&in& he&No h&a e&becoming&widesp ead.&
Examples&such&as&Fi ja&in& he&Sou h&and&Rinkeby&No h&S ockholm,&bo h&neighbo hoods&wi h&mo e&
hen&90&pe cen &o & he&popula ion&bo n&ab oad&(Rokem,&2016b).&&&&&
&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
9&
&
&
I &is&impo an & o&b ing&geopoli ics&in o& he&mains eam&o &u ban&s udies& o&expose& he&impac &o &
daily& e en s& on& long( e m& planning& p ocesses& nego ia ed& wi hin& speci ic& his o ical,& geog aphical,&
legal& and& cul u al& con ex .& O dina y) u ban) geopoli ics&is& sugges ed& as& a& mo e& open(ended&
amewo k& co e ing& seg ega ion& and& mobili y& ac oss& an& expansi e& ange& o & ci ies.& Th ough& his&
lense,&ci ies&can&be&s udied&as&bo h&si es&o &di ision&and& isingðno( eligious&poli ics,&and&as&places&
o &oppo uni y& o & he&eme gence&o &new&poli ical&a angemen s,&enabling& he& econs uc ion&o &
ci izenship&(Hols on,&2008)&and& os e ing&localðnic&mino i y&in eg a ion.&B inging&geopoli ics&in o&
he& mains eam& o & u ban& s udies& becomes& c i ical& in& an&e a& o & g owing& neo(libe aliza ion,& e hno&
na ionalism& and& in e na ional& mig a ion,&whe e& u ban) geopoli ics&can& be& a& p ac ical& lens& o&
encapsula e& ecen &shi s&in& he&con empo a y&u ban&p esen &ac oss&a&mul i ude&o &con inen s&and&
geog aphical&scales.&
&
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Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
16&
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solida i y&and&hospi ali y&a e&being& o ged&and&new&in as uc u es&o & e uge&assembled,&opening&up&
new&poli ical&possibili ies& o & e ugees&and& he&ci ies&whe e& hey&li e.&&
The&mass&mig a ion&and& e ugee&c isis&a ec ing&Eu ope&has&gene a ed&ou igh &poli ical&hos ili y&and&
a& esu gence&o &na ionalis &and& a & igh &pa ies&ac oss& he&con inen ,&wi h&calls& o &in e na ional&
bo de &closu es,&pa ols,&and&walls.&A & he&same& ime,&i &has&gene a ed&new& o ms&o &solida i y&and&
hospi ali y:& om&ci izens&welcoming& e ugees&a & ailway&s a ions& o& he&p oli e a ion&o &squa s&in&
which&mig an s&and& e ugees&li e&and&mobilize&poli ically&alongside&locals&(Belloni,&2016),& heðical&
and& poli ical& po en ial& o & hospi ali y& is& ans o ma i e& o & hos s& and& gues s,& and& o & ci ies&
hemsel es.&Re ugees&can&ex end&welcome& oo:&a & he&Magdas&Ho el&in&Vienna,& e ugee&employees&
welcome& ou is s& o& hei &adop ed&ci y&(Rose,&2016;&see&also&Ramadan,&2008).&The& epu posing&o &
ho els&as& e ugee& and& asylum& seeke & accommoda ion& highligh s& he& o e laps& be ween& he&
geopoli ics&o & e uge& and& ou ism&(F egonese& && Ramadan,& 2015;& Squi e,& 2016;& Williams&&& Hall,&
2000),& as& well& as& he& he e ogenei y& o & eme ging& u ban& in as uc u es& and& p ac ices& be ween&
hospi ali y&as&‘sha ing& he&ci y&as&common&space’&and& e uge&as&shel e &c ea ed&‘in& he&absence&o &
hospi ali y’&(Agie ,& 2012:& 266).& As& Da ling& (2010:& 133)& has& a gued,& he& e hics& and& poli ics& o & a&
geog aphical&agenda& ocused&on& he&ci y&as&a&space&o &sanc ua y&‘pose(s)& he¢ al&ques ion&o &a&
ela ional&spa ial&poli ics,&o &how&bes & o&nego ia e& he&spa ial&jux aposi ions&o &li ing&wi h&o he s,&
and& he&in luence&o &o he s,&bo h&‘wi hin’&and&‘beyond’& he&ci y’.&I &he e ogenei y&is& he&de ining&
cha ac e is ic&o & he&u ban&(Cowa d,&2007;&Wi h,&1938),& hen&such&p ojec s&and&s uggles&go& o& he&
hea &o &wha &a&ci y&is&and&can&be.&&
In& hese&eme ging&in as uc u es,&human&sociali y&and&poli ical&agency&a e&embedded&in&ma e iali y&
and& o ms&o &inc emen al&p esence.&In&cases&o &long( e m& e ugee&displacemen ,& he& e y&ma e ial&

Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
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ab ic& o & camps& and& o he & spaces& o & e uge& a e& assembled& inc emen ally& –& en s& eplaced& wi h&
co uga ed&i on& eplaced&wi h&conc e e;&shel e s&and& ooms&adap ed&and& emade&–&while& he&slow&
accumula ion&o &expe iences&and&memo ies&also&builds&up&a&sense&o &place&and&meaning&(Ramadan,&
2010:&50–51).& Rela ions& wi h& neighbou s& and& hos & communi ies,& and& alliances& o ged& o& ind&
esponses& o& in as uc u al& c ises&in& housing,& anspo a ion& o & connec i i y,& can&ca e& ou & new&
spaces&o &belonging&a & heµ(local&scale.&Ma e ial&p eca iousness&and&dis up ed& empo ali ies&–&
such&as& hose&associa ed&wi h&leng hy&asylum&p ocedu es,&o &labo ious&daily&p ac ices&o &mobili y&
and&ca e&–&migh & he e o e& acili a e,& a he & han& h ea en,&coexis ence&(Pascucci,&2016).&Th ough&
such& p ac ices& o & u ban& dwelling& cha ac e ised& by& p eca ious& in o mali y& –& makeshi ,& ma ginal,&
ansien &and&p o isional&–&poli ical&communi ies&a e&buil & h ough&e e yday&sociali y&and&ca e.&&
This&‘subal e n&u banism’&(Vasude an,&2015:&354),&howe e ,&is&also&inc easingly&g ound& o &policy&
in e en ion& and& a emp s& a & e ugee& con ol.& UNHCR’s& Eme gency) Handbook)sees& ‘dispe sed&
se lemen s’,& such& as& communi y& shel e s,& ne wo ks& o & hospi ali y,& o & en & accommoda ion,& as&
oppo uni ies& o &g ea e &a o dabili y,& lexibili y&and&capaci y& o & os e ing&independence&(Pascucci&
o hcoming).&In&a& ime&o &sh inking&budge s& o &di ec &humani a ian&assis ance&in& he&sou h&and&
wel a e& s a es& in& he& no h,& in o mali y& is& e ec i ely& ea ed& as& a& esou ce& o & sel ( eliance&
p omo ion,& while& communi y(based& ne wo ks& o & suppo & become& a& sou ce& o & esilience& and&
subs i u e& o & adi ional&in as uc u es&o & elie ,&such&as& he&eme gency&shel e s&p o ided&in&camps&
(Pascucci,& o hcoming,&see&also&Fawaz,&2016).&By&p omo ing& he&in eg a ion&o &displaced&pe sons&in&
he& u ban& ab ic& o & i s & coun ies& o & asylum,& UNHCR& also& acknowledges& and& no malizes& a& new&
empo ali y& o & e uge,& in& which& p o ac ed& displacemen & has& become& he& no m,& a he & han& he&
excep ion.& The& cons ained& empo ali ies& o & ansien & camps& a e& hus& being& ex ended& o& li e& in&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
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ci ies.& As& a emp s& a & go e ning& displacemen & h ough& u ban& adap abili y,& hese& dynamics& a e&
essen ial& o& he&b oade &geopoli ics&o & e uge.&Howe e ,& hey&do¬&e ase& he&poli ical&po en ial&
ha &li ing& oge he &in&ci ies&en ails,&and&a e&inc easingly&con es ed&by& e ugees& hemsel es& h ough&
collec i e&poli ical&mobiliza ion&(Moulin&&&Nye s,&2007;&Pascucci,&Fo hcoming).&
&
The&wo ld&is&in& he&mids &o &an&unp eceden ed& e ugee&c isis.&Tha &c isis&is&inc easingly&u ban,&and&
ma ked& by& mul i(scala & connec ions& be ween& he& global& dynamics& unde pinning& he& poli ical&
geog aphies&o &displacemen &and& he&shi s&in&in e na ional&humani a ian¶digms,&and& heµ(
geog aphies&o &solida i y&and&adap abili y&in&ci ies.&These&connec ions&a &mul iple&scales&be ween&
di e en &geog aphies&o & iolence&and&coexis ence&a e&wha &makes& he&u ban&condi ion&o & e ugees&
a&geopoli ical&ques ion.&Wi h&a& ocus&on&u ban&he e ogenei y&and&modali ies&o &sha ing,&hos ing&and&
ca ing,& s udying& hese& new& spaces& o & e uge& is& essen ial& o &‘opening& up& he& scope’& o & u ban&
geopoli ics& o& he&spa iali ies&and& empo ali ies&o & o ced&displacemen .&In&doing&so,&we&mus ¬&
simply& ep oduce& he&epis emologies&o &‘in o mali y’& ha &unde pin& he&policing&o &u ban&po e y&
and&ma ginali y,&bu & emain&a en i e& o& he&ways& he&go e nmen &o &displacemen &subsumes&and&
ins i u ionalizes& u ban& coexis ence,& and& a emp s& o& con ol& he& con en ious& consequences& o &
p o ac ed& displacemen .& Re uge& is& oday& a& he e ogeneous& space& o & s uggle& whe e& solida i ies,&
poli ical&mobiliza ion,&biopoli ical&con ol,&socio(economic&ma ginali y,&in as uc u al&p eca i y,&and&
new& o ms&o & acialized&and&na ionalis & iolence&con e ge.&The&new&geopoli ics&o & e uge&eme ging&
in&ou &ci ies&a e& hus¬&only& agile&ways&o &li ing,&bu &also&and&mos &impo an ly& ansien &spaces&
o &s uggle.&&
&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
19&
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Geopoli ics*o *U ban*Ve icali y:*Beyond*Unidimensionali y**
*
D .,Gillad,Rosen,,Heb ew,Uni e si y,o ,Je uaslem,,Is ael,and,D .,Igal,Cha ney,,Uni e si y,o ,Hai a,,
Is ael.,
Fi een&yea &ago,& e o is s&hijacked&and& ammed&je line s&in o&majo &symbols&o &Ame ican&
economic&sup emacy,&mili a y& o ce,&and&poli ical&powe .&New&Yo k&Ci y’s&iconic&Twin&Towe s,&an&
epicen e &o &in e na ional&comme ce&and&Ame ican&capi alism,&we e&obli e a ed&in& he&9/11&a acks,&
while& he)Pen agon,&an&a che ypical&g oundsc ape &home& o& he&na ion’s&Depa men &o &De ense,&
su e ed& se e e& damage.& These& ca aclysmic& e en s& s iking& a & he& hea & o & he& u ban& landscape,&
coupled& wi h& he& p oli e a ion& o & u ban& wa a e& and& e o & ha e& been& a lic ing& an& inc easing&
numbe & o & ci ies& ac oss& he& globe.& This& has& encompassed& ci ies& engul ed& by& endu ing& wa s& and&
con lic s&(Baghdad,&Jenin,&and&Kabul)&and&ci ies&si ua ed&ou side&immedia e&ba le&zones,&bu &which&
ha e& su e ed& e o & a acks& (B ussels,& London,& and& Pa is).& Consequen ly,& esea ch& has& explo ed&
issues&such&as& he&u baniza ion&o &wa ,&secu i y&and&su eillance,&ae ial&wa a e,&immig a ion&and&
bo de & egimes.& This& g owing& body& o & esea ch& has& b ough & oge he & and& s imula ed& c oss(
disciplina y& dialogue& be ween& a ious& ields& o & knowledge,& speci ically,& poli ics,& mili a ism,& and&
economics&(Amoo e,&2006;&Coa ee,&2009;&G aham,&2008;&2010).&
&
Wi hin& he&con ex &o &u ban&wa a e,& he&pionee ing&wo k&o &Weizman&(2007)&has&called&upon& he&
need& o& mo e& om& la & o& e ical& concep ualiza ions& o & space,& especially& in& con es ed&
en i onmen s.& The& e ical& dimensions& o & abo e& and& below& g ound& in& egions& o & con lic & ha e&
in oduced& an& inno a i e& and& exci ing& esea ch& agenda& (B idge,& 2013;& Elden,& 2013;& G aham& and&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
20&
&
&
Hewi ,& 2013).& Ve ical& scoping& egimes& ope a e& a & h ee& di e en & dimensions& h ough& he&
deploymen &o &su eillance,&secu i iza ion&de ices,&and&(pa a)&mili a y&ac ions.&In& he&ai ,&g owing&
numbe s&o &d ones,&ai & a ic&and&sa elli e&su eillance&a e&used& o&sense&human&ac i i y.&On& he&
su ace,& he& cons uc ion& o & walls,& o i ica ions,& secu i y& owe s,& and& checkpoin s& p o oundly&
impac & daily& li e& expe iences.& Unde g ound& e ical& spaces& used& o & anspo ing& people& and&
ma e ials,& mining& and& in as uc u e,& bunke s& and& a cheological& digs,& a e& less& isible,& bu &
none heless,& o & g ea & impo ance.& This& mul i ace ed& in e play& be ween& wa a e,& e hno(na ional&
con lic ,&planning,&and&a chi ec u e&is&explo ed& h ough& he&idea&o & olume ic&geog aphies,&a&body&
o &knowledge&sugges ing& ha &space&should&be&analyzed& h ough&a& h ee(dimensional&pe spec i e&
(G aham,&2016;&Leshem,&2015;&McFa lane,&2016).&&
&
Despi e& hese&new&and&exci ing& esea ch& ajec o ies&in& he&s udy&o & e icali y,&much& esea ch&has&
become&pa h(dependen &and&unidimensional&in&cha ac e &in& ha &i &has& ocused&chie ly&on&speci ic&
se ings& (e.g.& geopoli ically& sensi i e& ci ies& and& global& ci ies)& and& ypes& o & s uc u es& ( he& alles &
skysc ape s&and&a chi ec u al&spec acles).&Following& he&wo k&o &colleagues&(Ha ke ,&2014;&Ha is,&
2015;&Kaika,&2010),&we&ad oca e& he&use&o &a&mul idimensional&p ism& o&explo e&con o e sies&o e &
so e eign y,& legi imacy,& capi al& and& iden i ies,& in& a& ange& o & u ban& en i onmen s.& I & we& a e& o&
engage& in& he& explo a ion& o & u ban& e icali y,& i & is& essen ial& o& s udy& a& ange& o & u ban&poli ical&
en i onmen s,& examine& bo h& excep ional& edi ices& and& mo e& o dina y& s uc u es& and& si es,& and&
acknowledge& he&plu ali y&o & heo ies&and& heo e ical&pe spec i es.&&
&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
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&
U ban& e icali y& has& exp essed& i sel & in& he& o m& o & owe s,& a chi ec u al& wonde s,& and&
monumen al&s uc u es& o ¢u ies.&Beginning&as&imagined& owe s&(Towe &o &Babel),&celeb a ed&
s uc u es&o &an&epic&scale&(Py amids),&imp essi e&places&o &wo ship&(ca hed als),&and& inally,&e e (
alle &skysc ape s,& e ical&s uc u es&ha e&come& o&domina e& eal&and&imagined&u ban&skylines.&A &
p esen ,& owe s&o &unp eceden ed&heigh &a e& adema ks&o &global&and&globalizing&ci ies.&Supe all&
buildings& a e& used& as& ins umen s& o & swi ching& be ween& di e en & o ms& o & capi al& and& o &
inc easing& global& u ban& compe i i eness& (Acu o,& 2010;& King,& 2004).& Howe e ,& he& ecen & ise& o &
excep ional&skysc ape s&in& he&Ci y&o &London&and&Manha an,& o &example,&does¬&necessa ily&
e lec & jus & he& desi e& o& secu e& and& enhance& he& global& economic& posi ion& o & ci ies.& Ra he ,& i &
epi omizes& he&conjunc ion&o &poli ical,&economic,&and&cul u al&agendas&(Appe &and&Mon es,&2015;&
Cha ney,&2014;&Kaika,&2010),& hus&making&“…& all&buildings&si es&as&a&nexus&o &powe &made& isible…”&
(McNeill,&2005:&53).&&
&
No wi hs anding& hei & p ominence,& excep ional& owe s& in& global& and& di ided& ci ies& a e& no &
necessa ily& he&sole&mani es a ion&o &u ban& e icali y.&S udying& e ical&dynamics&in&mo e&o dina y&
and&less&poli ically&o &economically&unique&se ings,&and&explo ing& e icali y&in&excep ional&places,&
albei & om& di e se& heo e ical&pe spec i es,&can& expose&addi ional&social& and& poli ical& a ionales&
and& ajec o ies& in& ou & unde s anding& o & e ical& u banism& (Ha ke ,& 2014).& Explo ing& u ban&
e icali y& equi es& an& unde s anding& ha & socio(spa ial& ela ions& a e& shaped& by& he& in e play& o &
global& o ces,&na ional&agendas,&local&di isions,&and&e e yday&li e&expe iences&(Rosen&and&Cha ney,&
2016).& These& a e& nei he & sepa a e& no & isola ed& o ces,& bu & a he & wo k& oge he & in& a ying&
cons ella ions& o&shape&space&and&socie y.&Fo &example,&high( ise&de elopmen &in&Ramallah&and&in&

Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
22&
&
&
he&new&ci y&o &Rawabi&does¬&me ely& e lec & he&geopoli ical&condi ions&cons aining&Pales inian&
ho izon al&expansion&(subu baniza ion)&and&dic a ing&upwa d&de elopmen .&Ra he ,&i & esul s& om&
he&in e play&be ween& hese& es ic i e&condi ions&and& he&g ea e &accep ance&o & esiden ial& owe s&
in&Pales inian&socie y.&In&Je usalem&–&an&a che ypical÷d&and&con es ed&ci y&(Shlay&and&Rosen,&
2015)&–&di e en &mani es a ions&o &heigh ,&e.g.,&unau ho ized&o dina y&high( ises,& he&Sepa a ion&
Wall,&and&imp essi e& owe s&illus a e& he&in e wining&geopoli ics&o & e icali y&(Cha ney&and&Rosen,&
2014).& A& c ucial& elemen & in& he& analysis& o & e icali y& is& hus& he& need& o& mo e& beyond& a&
unidimensional& pe spec i e& and& explo e& he& plu ali y& o & condi ions& ha & unde pin& e icali y.&
De eloping&a&mo e&complex&unde s anding&o &u ban&a enas&in ol es&meshing& a ious& heo e ical&
s eams& and& abandoning& “ he&hopeless& e o s& o& apply& quasi(scien i ic& igou & o& case& selec ion&
based& on& a emp ing& o& con ol& o & di e ence& ac oss& ci ies”& (Robinson,& 2016:& 194).& Despi e& he&
a iance& in& u ban& en i onmen s,& local& con ex s,& and& expe iences,& he& s udy& o & u ban& e icali y&
should& acili a e&analyses& ha &cu &ac oss&di e ences.&Analysis&should¬&be&limi ed& o&a&speci ic&
ca ego y& o & ci ies,& e.g.,& global& o & di ided& ci ies,& no & should& i & be& conduc ed& h ough& he& na ow&
p ism&o &a&single& ield&o &knowledge.&I &should&apply& o&a&gamu &o &u ban&se ings&and&b idge&ac oss&
a ious&disciplines,&e.g.,&geog aphy,&u ban&s udies,&a chi ec u e&and&planning&(Ha is,&2015).&&
&
G aham&and&Hewi &(2013),&expand&c i ical&deba es&on& e ical&u banism&by&linking&be ween&high(
ise& cons uc ion& and& he& social& secession& o & eli es.& Mo ing& upwa ds& and& employing& a& ange& o &
secu i y& a angemen s& pa allels& gen i ica ion& and& he& cons uc ion& o & encla es& o & he& weal hy&
(Pow,& 2011).& The& g owing& popula i y& o & inne (ci y& li ing& and& he& global& di usion&o & high(end&
condominiums&emphasize& he&inc eased& endency&o &eli es& o&escape& he&s ee &le el&and&occupy&
Rokem&e (al&(2017)&In e en ion)in)U ban)Geopoli ics,&Poli ical&Geog aphy&Jou nal&&
P e(publica ion& e sion&(Accep ed&2nd&Ap il&2017)&&
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&
&
op& loo s& o & luxu y& owe s.& Ve ical& secession,& ia& p ac ically& li ing& in& he& skies,& challenges& he&
dominan & pe cep ion& ha & seg ega ion& is& exp essed& solely& ho izon ally& in& enclosed& and& ga ed&
encla es&(G aham,&2015;&2016;&Rosen&and&Walks,&2013).&Resea ch&on&u ban& e icali y&in&ci ies&o &
he&Global&Sou h&p o ides&ye &ano he & an age&poin & om&which& o&unde s and&u ban&geopoli ics&
unde &condi ions&o &in o mali y.&Fo &eigh &yea s,&To e)de)Da id)in&Ca acas&–&an&incomple e&o ice&
owe &had& unc ioned&as&a&slumsc ape &(o & he&wo ld's& alles & e ical&o ganized& a ela),&an&in o mal&
e ical&communi y&o &squa e s& ha &lacks&basic&in as uc u e&such&as&wo king&ele a o s,&elec ici y,&
and& unning&wa e .&Examining& he&daily&li e&expe ience&in&such&an&en i onmen &d aws&a en ion& o&
ano he & se & o & issues& including& social& injus ice,& homelessness,& ac i ism& and& socio(economic&
dispa i ies.& Hence,& looking& a & a& a ie y& o & u ban& se ings& enables& he& s udy& o & u ban& e icali y&
h ough& he&lens&o & he&li ed&expe iences&o &people&(Ha ke ,&2014;&Robinson,&2006).&&
&
We& would& like& o& conclude& wi h& wo& inal& hough s& on& he& connec ion& be ween& geopoli ics& and&
u ban& e icali y.&Fi s ,& ollowing&Cowen&and&Smi h&(2009),&i &is&possible& o& hink&o &u ban& e icali y&
as&being&si ua ed&somewhe e&on& he&spec um&be ween&geopoli ics&and&geoeconomics.&In& he&pas ,&
imposing&u ban& e icali y&was&an&ins umen &among& i al&p i a e&co po a ions&and&in e es &g oups&
ha &sough &g ea e &ma ke &sha e& h ough&public&exposu e&in&u ban&skylines&(Domosh,&1988;&Fenske&
and& Holdswo h,& 1992).& Mo e& ecen ly,& as& ci ies& ha e& become& global& showcases,& eme ging&
economies& use& he& e ical&dimension& o& pu sue& a&mo e& signi ican & ole& in& global& a ai s.& In& a&
g andiose&display&o &a&well(o ches a ed&s a e&showo ,&coun ies&such&as&Aze baijan,&Saudi&A abia,&
Uni ed& A ab& Emi a es,& and& Qa a & ha e& been& cons uc ing& e e ( alle & and& e e (imp essi e&
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Unpacking&local&condi ions,&being&mo e&sensi i e& o& he&in e play&be ween& o ces,&and&accep ing& he&
plu ali y& o & heo ies& and& heo e ical& pe spec i es& including& di ided& ci ies,& mili a iza ion& o & space,&
and&colonialism&p o ides&an&oppo uni y& o &a&mo e&comp ehensi e&explo a ion&o &geopoli ics&and&
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down&–& o&ci y&s ee s,&buildings&and&ba icades.&Fo &Till,& his&has&been&as&a&pa icipan &obse e &as&a&
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secu i y& in& neolibe alizing& Cape& Town& (Paasche& e & al.& 2014).& Fo & James,& he& e lec ions& ela e& o&
ieldwo k&since&2009&wi h&Till&in&Cambodia,&I aqi&Ku dis an&and&Mozambique&plus&ou &ea lie &join &
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Con es ed& U banism& P ojec ,& o & u he & in o ma ion& isi :&
h ps://www.ucl.ac.uk/ba le /a chi ec u e/ esea ch/space(syn ax/con es ed(u banism,
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