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Cen al Capabili ies o Well-Being in he Con ex o Fo ced Mig a ion : A Scoping Re iew
o Capabili y App oach-Based Li e a u e
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Published e sion
Nassa , A een
Nassa , A. (2024). Cen al Capabili ies o Well-Being in he Con ex o Fo ced Mig a ion : A
Scoping Re iew o Capabili y App oach-Based Li e a u e. Jou nal o In e na ional Mig a ion and
In eg a ion, Ea ly online. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12134-024-01202-4
2024
Vol.:(0123456789)
Jou nal o In e na ional Mig a ion and In eg a ion
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12134-024-01202-4
Cen al Capabili ies oWell‑Being in heCon ex o Fo ced
Mig a ion: AScoping Re iew o Capabili y App oach‑Based
Li e a u e
A eenNassa 1
Accep ed: 2 No embe 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
This pape p o ides a comp ehensi e o e iew o he Capabili y App oach-based li e a u e
ele an o o ced mig an s’ alued capabili ies o well-being. I s p ima y aim is o iden i y
he capabili ies ha a e o cen ali y o well-being wi hin he con ex o o ced mig a ion.
This esea ch applies Naz’s (2020) me hodological a gumen , iden i ying he elemen s o
he ideal lis o capabili ies o well-being by e iewing li e a u e, in he con ex o o ced
mig a ion. Following A ksey and O’Malley’s (2005) me hodological amewo k o scop-
ing s udies, se en elec onic da abases we e sea ched, esul ing in he inclusion o en pee -
e iewed jou nal a icles in his esea ch. Using desc ip i e and hema ic da a analysis
me hods, his s udy e eals ha o ced mig an s alue h ee key capabili ies: he Capabili y
o Legali y, which in ol es being able o be legally ecognised and secu e; he Capabili y
o Educa ion, which emphasises being able o be educa ed a a ious le els o lea ning;
and he Capabili y o Sociali y, which encompasses being able o be socially connec ed.
While b oade scoping e iews and u he empi ical s udies a e s ill highly ecommended,
he capabili ies iden i ied in his e iew ha e he po en ial o in o m policies and se ices
ele an o he con ex o o ced mig a ion, ul ima ely imp o ing he o e all well-being o
o ced mig an s in hos socie ies.
Keywo ds Fo ced mig a ion· Capabili y app oach· Cen al capabili ies· Well-
being· Scoping e iew
In oduc ion
Imagine being o cibly up oo ed om you home, o n away om e e y hing
amilia and dea o you. Fo ced mig a ion, a haun ing eali y o millions
a ound he wo ld, eme ges as a phenomenon anscending bo de s, cul u es, and
* A een Nassa
[email p o ec ed]
1 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Kokkola Uni e si y Conso ium Chydenius, Jy äskylä, Finland
A.Nassa
con inen s, lea ing in i s wake coun less indi iduals g appling wi h he ques o
well-being. This complica ed phenomenon has cap u ed he a en ion o a ious
s akeholde s a he na ional and in e na ional le els, including esea che s and
policymake s, who ha e p oposed humane in e en ions and in eg a ion s a e-
gies o imp o e he well-being o indi iduals wi h o ced mig a ion backg ounds.
The enhancemen p ocess o people’s well-being necessi a es ini ially iden i y-
ing hei well-being aspec s—capabili ies— a ious hings indi iduals ha e eason
o alue being o doing (Sen, 1985, 1993). Subsequen ly, enhancing he well-being
o indi iduals wi h o ced mig a ion backg ounds, h ough policies and se ices,
necessi a es i s iden i ying hei capabili ies. Acco dingly, i is impe a i e o he
p oponen s o he Capabili y App oach o unde ake an explo a ion ocused on iden-
i ying he capabili ies cen al o he well-being o o ced mig an s in hos socie ies.
This esea ch applies Naz’s (2020) me hodological a gumen , iden i ying he
elemen s o he ideal lis o capabili ies o well-being by e iewing he li e a u e,
in he con ex o o ced mig a ion. Th ough scoping and mapping he Capabili y
App oach-based li e a u e published in he esea ch a ea o o ced mig a ion, he
p ima y aim is o iden i y o ced mig an s’ alued capabili ies o well-being in
hos socie ies. The o e a ching esea ch ques ion is, he e o e, se ou as ollows:
Wha is known om he exis ing li e a u e based on he Capabili y App oach
ega ding he capabili ies cen al o he well-being o o ced mig an s?
The signi icance o his esea ch lies in i s con ibu ion o he enhancemen
o he o e all well-being o o ced mig an s in hos socie ies. This is because
he capabili ies iden i ied ha e he po en ial o in o m immig a ion, in eg a ion,
wel a e, and humani a ian policies, as well as hei co esponding se ices, el-
e an o he con ex o o ced mig a ion. Fu he mo e, he esea ch makes a al-
uable con ibu ion o he ongoing me hodological deba e wi hin he Capabili y
App oach communi y ega ding he iden i ica ion o cen al capabili ies.
This pape is s uc u ed in six main sec ions. I i s in oduces o ced mig a-
ion as he Resea ch Con ex hen p oceeds in he Theo e ical Backg ound by
gi ing an o e iew o he Capabili y App oach o well-being. Subsequen ly, he
me hodological amewo k adop ed in his scoping e iew is desc ibed in he
Me hodology sec ion, a e which he cen al capabili ies a e p esen ed in he
Findings sec ion. The pape ends wi h a Discussion and Conclusion.
Resea ch Con ex : Fo ced Mig a ion
Fo ced mig a ion is a mig a o y mo emen which, al hough he d i e s can be
di e se, in ol es o ce, compulsion, o coe cion (IOM, 2019). I encompasses
indi iduals compelled o lee hei homes and who a e o en ca ego ised in o di -
e en legal o poli ical g oups, including e ugees, a icked pe sons, s a eless
pe sons, asylum seeke s, and in e nally displaced pe sons (IDPs). These ca ego-
ies a e dis inguished om he ca ego y o labou mig an s based on he o ce ul
ci cums ances ha led o he mig a o y mo emen (S anko ic e al., 2021).
Cen al Capabili ies oWell‑Being in heCon ex o Fo ced…
Fo ced mig a ion is a complex phenomenon ha encompasses no only indi-
iduals who quali y o in e na ional p o ec ion bu also anyone who expe iences
displacemen due o a ious exis en ial h ea s (Cas les, 2006). These can a ise
om socio-economic and s a e agili y, a med con lic , iolence, human igh s
iola ions, en i onmen al deg ada ion, clima e change, de elopmen p ojec s, o
na u al disas e s (Ze e , 2018). Fo ced mig a ion o en has a ious socio-cul-
u al, economic, and poli ical consequences o popula ions a bo h des ina ion
and o igin and o he mig an s hemsel es (Becke & Fe a a, 2019). The impac
o o ced mig a ion on he la e a ies, depending on ac o s such as he indi-
idual’s pe sonal cha ac e is ics, he d i e s o mig a ion, and he esponses om
bo h na ional and in e na ional communi ies (Ruiz & Va gas-Sil a, 2013).
Acco ding o he UNHCR (2024) global ends epo , he global popula ion
o indi iduals o cibly displaced had exceeded 117.3 million people by he end
o 2023. This popula ion o en ace a ange o legal, social, and economic hu dles
when in eg a ing in o hos na ions, as e idenced in s udies conduc ed in coun-
ies like Tü kiye (Aka & E doğdu, 2018), Jo dan (Sahin Mencu ek & Nashwan,
2020), and beyond. These mul i ace ed in eg a ion challenges ha e cap u ed he
a en ion o some schola s who a gued o p o ec ion s a egies ha go beyond
esou ce p o ision owa d c ea ing enabling condi ions o acili a e he de el-
opmen o he capabili ies o indi iduals unde going o ced mig a ion. Landau
(2008), o ins ance, a gued o p o ec ion as capabili y expansion o ee e u-
gees om any so o commodi y dependency synd ome. In a simila ein, Kim
(2012) a gued ha e o s owa ds suppo ing e ugees should ocus no only on
g an ing p o ec ion bu addi ionally and mo e signi ican ly on wha capabili ies
should be gua an eed.
Theo e ical Backg ound
The Capabili y App oach: Well‑Being andCen al Capabili ies
O iginally d awn om he wo ks o he Nobel lau ea e economis Ama ya Sen
(1979, 1985), he Capabili y App oach is one o he mos widely ag eed upon and
con o e sial app oaches in poli ical philosophy, de elopmen s udies, wel a e
economics and social policy (Ray, 2014). I is a b oad mul i-dimensional ame-
wo k o e alua ing he social a angemen s o socie y and he in insic expe i-
ence o de elopmen (Robeyns, 2005a). I is, u he mo e, a no ma i e e alua i e
space o an indi idual’s well-being ha is based on nei he u ili ies, opulence
o esou ce holdings no acquisi ion o basic needs o p ima y goods, bu on he
subs an i e eedoms— he capabili ies— o choose a li e one has eason o alue
and he abili ies o do aluable ac s o each aluable s a es o being (Sen, 1993,
p. 30; 1999, p. 74).
Sen’s (1985, 1993) Capabili y App oach elies hea ily on he no ma i e a gu-
men ha well-being conce ns an indi idual’s capabili ies— a ious hings people
A.Nassa
ha e eason o alue being o doing. Since he app oach was in oduced, he issue
o iden i ying capabili ies ha a e o cen ali y o a speci ic pu pose, such as lead-
ing a digni ied o good li e has highly been con o e sial wi hin he Capabili y
App oach communi y (Claassen, 2011). On one hand, Ma ha Nussbaum (2003)
a gued o endo sing a speci ic lis o cen al human capabili ies o make he Capa-
bili y App oach ope a ional o social jus ice. D awing om he A is o elian oo s o
he concep o Eudaimonia, o human lou ishing, Nussbaum (2011) p oposed a lis
o 10 capabili ies ha a e cen al o a li e o digni y. These a e, in sho , li e, bod-
ily heal h and bodily in eg i y, senses, imagina ion and hough , emo ions, p ac ical
eason, a ilia ion, o he species, play, and con ol o e one’s en i onmen .
On he o he hand, Sen (2004) e ained om iden i ying cen al capabili ies and
endo sing a canonical lis , a guing ha in a democ a ic socie y, his should be he
esponsibili y o public discussions. Ra he han s icking o a philosophical heo y,
Sen (2004) a gued ha indi iduals mus conside local consensus building h ough
dialogue o iden i y capabili ies ha a e ele an o hei con ex . Robeyns (2003,
2005b) suppo s Sen’s (2004) a gumen agains endo sing a uni e sal, one-size- i s-
all lis o capabili ies, easoning ha di e en capabili ies a e ele an o di e en
con ex s and pu poses. Hence, in he p ocess o iden i ying ele an capabili ies and
o mula ing a lis ailo ed o a speci ic con ex o policy implemen a ion, Robeyns
(2005b) asse ed he necessi y o he app oach o be mo e epis emologically jus i-
ied and poli ically legi ima e, going beyond me e philosophical p oposi ions and
empi ical in es iga ions. Consequen ly, she in oduced i e selec ion c i e ia, a gu-
ing ha he ini ial s ep should in ol e d awing an ideal lis o capabili ies. Acco d-
ingly, Naz (2020) p oposed a me hodology o iden i y he elemen s o an ideal lis
o cen al capabili ies o well-being by e iewing exis ing li e a u e ele an o he
s udied con ex .
Me hodology
A scoping e iew was chosen as an app oach o e iewing he exis ing li e a u e
as i is well-sui ed o desc ibe he ange o esea ch being done in a speci ic ield
o s udy. Thus, his esea ch was conduc ed acco ding o A ksey and O’Malley’s
(2005) me hodological amewo k o scoping s udies. The amewo k ollows a
i e-s age app oach: (1) iden i ying guiding esea ch ques ions, (2) sea ching o el-
e an s udies, (3) selec ing s udies o be included in he scoping e iew, (4) cha ing
he da a and colla ing, and (5) summa izing da a and epo ing esul s.
S age 1: Iden i ying heResea ch Ques ion andEligibili y C i e ia
The ollowing esea ch ques ion guides he scoping e iew: Wha is known om he
exis ing li e a u e ha has adop ed he Capabili y App oach ega ding he capabili-
ies cen al o he well-being o o ced mig an s?
While he e a e nume ous concep ualisa ions o and pe spec i es on well-being,
he li e a u e included should align wi h he no ma i e a gumen o he Capabili y

Cen al Capabili ies oWell‑Being in heCon ex o Fo ced…
App oach; ha well-being conce ns an indi idual’s capabili ies— a ious hings
people ha e eason o alue being o doing ( he analy ical lens and ocus). The
ime ame was se o include only hose schola ly jou nal pee - e iewed s udies
published be ween 1979 and 2021. The commencemen da e o 1979 was chosen
because i ma ks he yea when Sen (1979) i s in oduced he concep o Capabil-
i y in Tanne Equali y o Wha ? Only English-w i en li e a u e was included, due
o he cos and ime ha would be equi ed o he ansla ion o o eign language
ma e ials.
The inclusion c i e ia se we e ha he li e a u e had o (a) be a pee - e iewed
a icle, (b) be published in an academic jou nal, (c) be w i en in English, and ( )
be published be ween 1979 and 2021. Howe e , he exclusion c i e ia se we e ha
li e a u e would be ejec ed whe e any o he ollowing cases applied: (a) had been
w i en in an unde ined mig a ion con ex , (b) had no been w i en in he con ex
o o ced mig a ion, (e.g., labou mig a ion), (c) had no adop ed he Capabili y
App oach as a heo e ical amewo k, o (d) had no highligh ed capabili ies eason-
ably alued by o ced mig an s hemsel es o hei well-being (i.e., o add ess epis e-
mology- ela ed conce ns and o align wi h he no ma i e a gumen o he Capabili y
App oach ega ding well-being).
S age 2: Iden i ying Rele an S udies
Se en elec onic da abases we e sea ched be ween No embe and Decembe 2021 includ-
ing Scopus, Web o Sciences co e collec ion (Social Sciences Ci a ion Index (SSCI)),
JSTOR, P oQues (Social Science Da abase), P oQues (Sociology Da abase), Wiley
Online Lib a y, and Academic Sea ch P emie (EBSCOhos – Philosophe ’s Index).
The s udy popula ion is o ced mig an s including e ugees, a icked pe sons,
s a eless pe sons, asylum seeke s, and IDPs. Howe e , a p io sea ch was conduc ed
using all he abo e-men ioned e ms indi idually and no ele an s udies we e iden-
i ied o ei he a icked pe sons o s a eless pe sons. Thus, subsequen ly, hese
ha e no been used as sea ch e ms. This is o eseeable, as hey a e no commonly
applied e ms in academic li e a u e.
The ollowing combina ion o sea ch e ms was he e o e used: (“Ama ya Sen”
OR “capabili y app oach” OR capabili * OR “capabili y-based” OR “Ma ha Nuss-
baum”) AND ( e ugee* OR displaced OR immig an * OR mig an * OR emig an *
OR asylum).
The sea ch was limi ed o:
• Scopus: (sea ch in Ti le, Abs ac , Keywo ds), a pee - e iewed a icle om a
schola ly jou nal sou ce, English language, and social sciences as a subjec a ea.
• SSCI: (sea ch in Topic), a icle, and English language.
• JSTOR: (sea ch in Abs ac ), a icle om schola ly jou nal sou ce.
• P oQues Social Science and Sociology Da abases: (sea ch anywhe e excep ull
ex s), pee - e iewed a icles om schola ly jou nal sou ces, and English lan-
guage.
A.Nassa
• Wiley Online Lib a y: (sea ch in Abs ac ), a icle om schola ly jou nal sou ce,
and sociology as a subjec a ea.
• Philosophe ’s Index: (sea ch in Abs ac ), a pee - e iewed a icle om a schol-
a ly jou nal sou ce, and English language.
S age 3: Selec ion o S udies
The elec onic da abases’ sea ch yielded a o al o 1278 hi s expo ed in o Endno e
20 e e ence managemen so wa e in which 753 duplica es ha e been iden i ied,
which we e hen me ged. This signi ican numbe o s udies was acqui ed by delib-
e a ely pu suing a b oad scope, a oiding limi a ions on he concep o well-being.
Addi ionally, i can be a ibu ed o he equen use o he wo d capabili ies ou -
side he li e a u e o he Capabili y App oach. The i les o he emaining 848 li e a-
u es we e sc eened manually o exclude i ele an ones. Then, he abs ac s o he
emaining 133 we e examined and checked o ele ance o he esea ch ques ion
and eligibili y c i e ia, which esul ed in 38 li e a u es emaining. The ull ex s o
hese li e a u es we e hen e ie ed and ead in-dep h, and consequen ly, 28 li e a-
u es we e excluded due o hei i ele ance o he esea ch ques ion and he speci-
ied eligibili y c i e ia. The selec ion o he ele an s udies p ocess esul ed in 10
jou nal a icles included in his e iew. Figu e1 gi es mo e de ails abou he sea ch
p ocess.
S age 4: Cha ing heDa a
Key pieces o in o ma ion om he ele an 10 jou nal a icles we e cha ed and
en e ed in o a da a cha ing o m using an Excel sp eadshee on which he ollow-
ing key in o ma ion was eco ded: au ho (s), yea o publica ion, s udy loca ion,
objec i e(s), s udy popula ion, me hodology, and impo an esul s. Table1 shows a
desc ip ion o e iewed esea ch a icles.
S age 5: Colla ing, Summa izing, andRepo ing heResul s
A desc ip i e da a analysis me hod using Mic oso Excel was pe o med o
desc ibe he main cha ac e is ics o all included s udies. The added alue o he
e iew is no only in analysing he indings o he included li e a u e desc ip i ely
bu also hema ically, using ATLAS. i 9 quali a i e da a analysis so wa e. The
hema ic da a analysis me hod has become inc easingly common in conduc ing
scoping e iews (see, e.g., Essex e al., 2021). The me hod was adop ed o loca e
he common passages in he included li e a u e ele an o o ced mig an s’ cen-
al capabili ies o well-being. The syn hesis o he hemes ollowed B aun and
Cla ke’s (2021) guidance o hema ic analysis. A concep ually-d i en hema ic
analysis app oach was adop ed, using he no ma i e a gumen o he Capabil-
i y App oach— ha well-being conce ns an indi idual’s capabili ies, he a ious
hings people ha e eason o alue being o doing (Sen, 1993)—as an analy ical
amewo k o he indings o his li e a u e. The in en ional app oach o meaning
Cen al Capabili ies oWell‑Being in heCon ex o Fo ced…
h ough language in oduced by Hall (1997) was adop ed. This concep ualisa ion
asse s ha language con eys a pe son’s unique pe spec i e on hings, hei eal-
i y. The e o e, he p ocess o my unde s anding o meaning in he included li e a-
u e is mainly in o med by an empa hic o ien a ion o da a in oduced by Ricoeu
(1970), as ci ed by Willig (2017), o iden i y explici seman ic meanings in da a.
Seman ic meanings we e iden i ied ac oss he included li e a u e, and om hese,
pa e ns o sha ed seman ic meaning—sub hemes and hemes—we e syn hesised
a ound a cen al o ganising concep . As an example o he analysis, in he s ud-
ies o Agboli e al. (2019), Chase (2019), and an de Boo e al. (2020), o ced
mig an s alued legal ecogni ion, legal secu i y, legal ce ain y, pe manen esi-
dence, ci izenship acquisi ion, as well as discussed hei easons o aluing hese
elemen s. Thus, I a gued ha all hese alued elemen s con ibu e o he same
co e idea o cen al o ganising concep ha I e e o as Legali y. The same analy-
sis p ocess was applied while de eloping he o he hemes. Finally, I e iewed he
eme ging hemes collabo a i ely wi h he esea ch ad iso s o ensu e hei el-
e ance o he esea ch opic and analy ical amewo k. Table2 shows he de el-
opmen o hemes.
Fig. 1 De ailed sea ch p ocess
A.Nassa
Table 1 Desc ip ion o e iewed esea ch a icles by au ho (s), yea o publica ion, s udy loca ion, objec i e(s), s udy popula ion, me hodology, and impo an esul s
Au ho (s) and yea o
publica ion
S udy loca ion Objec i e(s) S udy popula ion Me hodology Impo an esul s
Agboli e al. (2019) Belgium Examine he empowe men
mig an women wi h
(FGM/C) expe ienced as
a esul o aking pa in
heal h-p omo ing ac i i ies
A o al o 9 mig an women
seeking asylum in Belgium
Aged be ween 18 and
50yea s
A quali a i e s udy design:
Indi idual in e iews
Capabili ies o P ac ical Rea-
son, A ilia ion, Emo ions,
and Play we e ein o ced,
while Con ol O e One’s
En i onmen was dimin-
ished
G an ing e ugee s a us is
uly empowe ing
Chase (2019) The UK Explo e he capabili ies o
asylum-seeking young
A ghans du ing hei an-
si ion o ins i u ional adul -
hood, and he ela ionship
be ween ul illing hese
capabili ies and well-being
A o al o 31 asylum-seeking
young men om A ghani-
s an
A quali a i e s udy design:
In-dep h in e iews and
longi udinal e hnog aphic
ieldwo k
Well-being means enjoying
sa e y, eedom and choice,
and accessibili y o a ange
o igh s and p o ec ions
ha all a e con ingen on
legal ecogni ion
an de Boo e al. (2020) The UK Explo e he cha ac e is ics
o he good li e o emale
e ugees pos ese lemen
in he UK
A o al o 16 e ugees om
di e en coun ies includ-
ing Aze baijan, Sudan,
Nige ia, Sie a Leone, I an
and Sy ia
A quali a i e s udy design:
Fou ocus g oup discus-
sions
In e p e a i e phenom-
enological analysis (IPA)
app oach
Legal secu i y, social cohe-
sion and pe sonal agency
a e h ee in e ela ed hemes
essen ial o li ing a good
li e
Cla ke (2014) The UK Explo e he di e se e ec s o
he educa ional se ices o
(RCOs) in e ugees’ li es
A o al o 71 e ugee se ice
use s om di e en e hnic/
na ional backg ounds and
o he 23 key esponden s
A quali a i e s udy design:
Semi-s uc u ed in e iews
A mul iple case s udy
app oach
Di e en mani old social ac-
o s a ec ing genuine access
o educa ion
Capabili y o be educa ed
enla ges o he capabili ies
Cen al Capabili ies oWell‑Being in heCon ex o Fo ced…
in immig a ion policies o e ime in luence mig an s’ s a us mobili y in a ious
ways, and hence hei capabili ies o s abilise hemsel es in he hos coun y. This
poin esona es wi h Wol and de-Shali (2007, p. 84) concep o secu e unc ion-
ings, emphasising ha indi iduals alue no only enjoying a ce ain le el o unc-
ioning—in his case, being legally ecognised—bu also he abili y o sus ain i
o e ime, he eby being ee om wo y.
As shown by an de Boo e al. (2020), e en a e being g an ed e ugee s a-
us, e ugees o en pu sue ci izenship o g ea e legal secu i y. This pu sui a gu-
ably a ises because e ugees con inue o g apple wi h ch onic ea and unce ain y
o e hei liminal legal s a us, making i di icul o plan o he u u e hey aspi e
o, especially gi en he immig a ion policies changing in luenced by poli ical
ins abili ies. G ace e al. (2018) e ms his poin as Violen Unce ain y, desc ib-
ing i as a o m o iolence imposed on e ugees. I is enac ed h ough sys ema ic
pe sonal, social, and ins i u ional ins abili y, injec ing ea in o basic daily in e -
ac ions. No ably, he li e a u e ha highligh ed he impo ance o Capabili y o
Legali y in he li es o o ced mig an s was conduc ed in Belgium (Agboli e al.
2019) and he UK (Chase, 2019; an de Boo e al., 2020). This ocus migh be
a ibu ed o he simila unce ain expe iences o o ced mig an s in hese con-
ex s, which sha e ex ended wai ing pe iods o ini ial asylum decisions and em-
po a y esidence pe mi s g an ed o e ugees (see also ECRE, 2024; S ewa &
Mul ey, 2013).
Resea ch indings also clea ly unde sco e he signi icance o o ced mig an s
being able o be educa ed a a ious le els o lea ning. The Capabili y o Educa ion
is e iden ly cen al o o ced mig an s’ well-being due o bo h i s ins umen al and
in insic alue. Ins umen ally, i ac s as a ca alys o o ced mig an s o de elop
u he necessa y capabili ies, including employabili y ( ead, e.g., Dijk, 2022).
Addi ionally, i holds in insic alue as o ced mig an s gain espec and ecogni-
ion om socie y, as well as de elop sel -con idence, sel -es eem, and a sense o
social belonging. The ins umen al and in insic alue o he Capabili y o Educa-
ion in he li es o o ced mig an s was consis en ac oss all esea ch con ex s o he
i e li e a u e pieces included in his heme ( he UK, Aus alia, Tü kiye, and Sou h
A ica). This uni e sal alue could be a ibu ed o educa ion being ega ded as one
o he basic human capabili ies essen ial o well-being. I s absence would subs an-
ially disad an age any indi idual and is conside ed ounda ional o a ious capabil-
i ies necessa y o lead a good li e (see also Te zi, 2007). In Walke ’s (2006, p. 163)
accoun , i is s a ed ha Sen iden i ies educa ion as one o a ela i ely small numbe
o cen ally impo an beings and doings ha a e c ucial o well-being. Likewise,
Nussbaum (2011) iews educa ion as a undamen al en i lemen ha a jus socie y
should endo se, equi ing a i ma i e go e nmen ac ion.
The igh s o educa ion o o ced mig an s a e o en dependen on hei legal
s a us in hos socie ies. Asylum seeke s and e ugees, in p inciple, ha e igh s o
a ious o mal educa ional oppo uni ies in coun ies whe e he Capabili y o Edu-
ca ion is alued (i.e., he UK, Aus alia, Tü kiye, and Sou h A ica). Howe e , ha -
ing igh s o hese oppo uni ies does no gua an ee ha ing he Capabili y o Edu-
ca ion (Walke , 2006). The e o e, i is c ucial o ecognise ha de eloping o ced
mig an s’ Capabili y o Educa ion equi es mo e han me ely g an ing hem igh s

A.Nassa
o educa ion. Va ious socio-cul u al, economic, ins i u ional, and en i onmen al
disad an ages hinde o ced mig an s’ abili y o con e he educa ional oppo uni-
ies hey ha e igh s o in o genuine access o educa ion. Fo example, s udies by
Lamb ech s (2020), Bake e al. (2023), Aka and E doğdu (2018), and Mkwananzi
(2018) illus a e hese ba ie s in he UK, Aus alia, Tü kiye, and Sou h A ica,
espec i ely. Gi en his, I s ongly a gue o he b oad p o ision o educa ional
oppo uni ies o all o ced mig an s, ega dless o hei legal s a us. Addi ionally, i
is essen ial o c ea e enabling condi ions ha help in con e ing hese oppo uni ies
in o a genuine Capabili y o Educa ion.
Las bu no leas , esea ch indings clea ly unde sco e he signi icance o o ced
mig an s being able o be socially connec ed. This is because social connec ion wi h
o he s cons i u es a undamen al aspec o he human condi ion, as well as being
co e o a sense o belonging and well-being o o ced mig an s. Howe e , social iso-
la ion and loneliness ha e been p ominen challenges in he con ex o o ced mig a-
ion. I is e iden ha expe iencing loneliness, social isola ion, and disconnec ion
signi ican ly impac he well-being o o ced mig an s (see, e.g., S ang & Quinn,
2019; Baillo e al., 2021). The indings o his e iew indica e ha o ced mig an s
place signi ican alue on hei abili y o main ain ies wi h amily and iends back
home, build ecip ocal ela ionships wi h locals, and es ablish social links in a
new socie y as in eg al aspec s o hei o e all well-being. This poin aligns wi h
he s ance p esen ed by Age and S ang (2008), emphasising ha a ious o ms o
social connec ions—such as bonds wi h amily and wi hin one’s e hnic, na ional,
o eligious communi y (social bonds), in e ac ions wi h indi iduals om di e en
na ional, e hnic, o eligious backg ounds (social b idges), and links wi h he s uc-
u es o he s a e (social links)—a e c ucial o he in eg a ion o o ced mig an s in
hos socie ies.
The de elopmen o o ced mig an s’ Capabili y o Sociali y equi es e ec i e
communica ion wi h local popula ions and ac i e pa icipa ion in ac i i ies ha
b ing joy and ul ilmen . This is especially impo an o helping hem cope wi h
he challenges and s esses ha o en accompany displacemen om hei home and
communi y. Howe e , e ec i e communica ion and ac i e pa icipa ion necessi a e
linguis ic capabili ies as a p e equisi e. In bo h Jo dan and New Zealand, whe e he
Capabili y o Sociali y is alued, dis inc social condi ions a ise. Fo ins ance, in
Jo dan, he p edominan language is A abic, which acili a es smoo he communi-
ca ion and pa icipa ion o Sy ian e ugees who sha e his linguis ic backg ound
wi h he hos communi y. Con e sely, in New Zealand, he e ugee popula ion is
linguis ically di e se (Immig a ion New Zealand, 2024), wi h many e ugees speak-
ing languages o he han English, he p ima y local language. This linguis ic di e -
si y p esen s unique challenges in os e ing social connec ions and necessi a es addi-
ional language suppo and esou ces o enable e ec i e communica ion and ac i e
pa icipa ion. Fu he mo e, i is essen ial o ecognise ha o he social condi ions
also in luence o ced mig an s’ Capabili y o Sociali y. Fo ins ance, while p ejudi-
cial a i udes, disc imina ion, and acism agains o ced mig an s nega i ely impac
hei well-being, welcoming and inclusi e socie ies enhance o ced mig an s’ social
connec edness wi h locals, he eby imp o ing hei o e all well-being.
Cen al Capabili ies oWell‑Being in heCon ex o Fo ced…
Conclusion
The enhancemen o he well-being o indi iduals wi h o ced mig a ion back-
g ounds, h ough policies and se ices, necessi a es i s iden i ying hei well-being
aspec s—capabili ies—wi hin hos socie ies. By scoping he Capabili y App oach-
based li e a u e, i can be concluded ha he Capabili ies o Legali y, Educa ion,
and Sociali y a e o high cen ali y o o ced mig an s’ well-being in hos socie ies.
While he Capabili y App oach p o es o be sui able o esea ch in o ced mig a-
ion (see, e.g., Dijk e al., 2022), he scan numbe o a icles included in his e iew
highligh s he u gen demand o addi ional s udies wi hin i s amewo k. Speci i-
cally, a mo e in-dep h explo a ion h ough empi ical wo ks is essen ial o add ess
he ques ion o which capabili ies o ce mig an s alue o hei well-being.
I ully suppo Nussbaum’s asse ion ega ding he b oad ope a ional applicabil-
i y o he lis o cen al human capabili ies. Simul aneously, I endo se he ecom-
menda ions pu o h by Sen (2004) and Robeyns (2003) a guing o he iden i ica-
ion o con ex -dependen capabili ies. While Nussbaum (2011) no ably emphasises
he cen ali y o educa ion and social connec ion, Capabili y o Legali y, has no
ecei ed much a en ion. I is no a sho coming in Nussbaum’s lis bu a he a o e-
seeable aspec , conside ing ha he Capabili y o Legali y holds pa icula impo -
ance in he con ex o o ced mig a ion.
Despi e many simila i ies in he li ing condi ions o o ced mig an s, signi ican
di e si ies pe sis . Consequen ly, i is c ucial o acknowledge ha he signi icance
o he iden i ied capabili ies may a y ac oss di e en con ex s and phases o he
o ced mig a ion p ocess. Fo ins ance, he Capabili y o legali y migh be pa icu-
la ly c ucial du ing he asylum-seeking p ocess, while bo h he capabili ies o Edu-
ca ion and Sociali y may become mo e ele an du ing he se lemen phase. The e-
o e, democ a ic discussion and empi ical in es iga ion o hese capabili ies a e s ill
needed o policy design and implemen a ion.
The iden i ied capabili ies, cen al o he well-being o o ced mig an s, ex end
beyond hei speci ic con ex ; people in di e se li ing condi ions may simila ly
alue hem. The uni e sal esonance o hese capabili ies sugges s hei b oade sig-
ni icance ac oss a ious con ex s, emphasising hei impo ance o indi iduals ac-
ing di e en challenges and ci cums ances. Fu he mo e, he iden i ied capabili ies,
al hough signi ican , may no ully encompass all aspec s con ibu ing o he well-
being o o ced mig an s. Howe e , he capabili ies iden i ied in his e iew ha e he
po en ial o in o m immig a ion, in eg a ion, wel a e, and humani a ian policies, as
well as hei co esponding se ices, ele an o he con ex o o ced mig a ion.
Limi a ions
A limi a ion o his e iew lies in i s exclusi e eliance on li e a u e adop ing he
Capabili y App oach. This app oach migh inad e en ly exclude aluable insigh s
om li e a u es ha , while no explici ly adop ing he Capabili y App oach, s ill
highligh s he beings and doings ha o ced mig an s alue o hei well-being.
A.Nassa
Recognising he po en ial ichness o pe spec i es ou side his speci ic amewo k
is c ucial, and u u e esea ch should explo e a mo e di e se ange o li e a u e o
p o ide a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he well-being aspec s o o ced mig an s
in hos socie ies.
Acknowledgemen s I would like o ake he oppo uni y o hank all commen a o s on ea lie e sions
o his manusc ip , in pa icula Ka i Tu iainen, Johanna Kiili, Holge Ziegle , Aila-Leena Ma hies, and
Ingo S amm. I am also g a e ul o all he schola s who a ended my session a he HDCA con e ence in
An we p, and CARFMS23 con e ence in To on o, whe e a sho e e sion o his pape was p esen ed.
Funding Open Access unding p o ided by Uni e si y o Jy äskylä (JYU). This esea ch is a pa o
he ASTRA p ojec ha is unded by he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion p o-
g amme unde he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie g an ag eemen No. 955518.
Decla a ions
Disclaime This esea ch e lec s only he iew o he au ho ing esea che and does no necessa ily e lec
o ep esen he opinion and posi ion o he ASTRA p ojec , educa ional ins i u ions, and pa ne o gani-
sa ions in ol ed. The Eu opean Commission and he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie Ac ions Ne wo k a e no
esponsible o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion i con ains.
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