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Designing o Vi ual Mobili y : Po en ials and Ca ea s
© 2019 The Au ho s.
Published e sion
Fi sso a, Olga; Vogel, Ca h in; B ouns, F ancis; Diegel, Noëlle; Fo sman, Panu;
S acke, Ch is ian M.
Fi sso a, O., Vogel, C., B ouns, F., Diegel, N., Fo sman, P., & S acke, C. M. (2019). Designing o
Vi ual Mobili y : Po en ials and Ca ea s. In A. Fessl, & T. Zdolšek D aksle (Eds.), EC-TEL
P ac i ione P oceedings 2019 : 14 h Eu opean Con e ence on Technology Enhanced Lea ning,
Del , Ne he lands, Sep embe 16-19, 2019.. Sp inge In e na ional Publishing. CEUR Wo kshop
P oceedings, 2437. h p://ceu -ws.o g/Vol-2437/pape 4.pd
2019
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Designing o Vi ual Mobili y: Po en ials and Ca ea s
Olga Fi sso a1  [0000-0001-7336-5252], Ca h in Vogel2, F ancis B ouns1 [0000-0002-6240-2684],
Noëlle Diegel2, Panu Fo sman3[0000-0002-5283-0474], Ch is ian M. S acke1[0000-0001-9656-8298]
1 Wel en Ins i u e, Open Uni e si y o he Ne he lands, P.O. Box 2960, 6401 DL Hee len, The
Ne he lands
2 Fe nUni e si ä in Hagen, Depa men o Ins uc ional Technology and Media, Uni e si-
ä ss aße 33, 58084 Hagen, Ge many
3 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Facul y o Educa ion and Psychology, P.O. Box 35, 40014
Jy äskylä, Finland
[email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed], an-
[email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed],
[email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . This pape e lec s on he join pilo de elopmen and implemen a ion
o an in e na ional mas e le el online cou se in Educa ional Design by h ee uni-
e si ies om di e en Eu opean coun ies. The pilo a ge ed cu iculum in e -
na ionaliza ion and p o ision o in e na ional lea ning expe iences o s uden s
wi h less mobili y oppo uni ies h ough online lea ning and use o echnology.
The key ocus was on connec ing s uden s om di e en coun ies by collabo a-
i e lea ning and wo king on an au hen ic ask in he p o essional domain o hei
s udy - educa ional media design - ia a join pla o m and digi al media. In small
in e na ional g oups, s uden s collabo a i ely de eloped mobile game apps o
educa ional se ings. S uden s enjoyed ull eedom in design choices, s a ing
om heo ies in which hey ancho ed hei designs o subjec ma e and he way
hey implemen ed designs in mobile applica ions.
In he eigh weeks o online lea ning and collabo a ion, s uden s demons a ed
hei collabo a i e and digi al lea ning skills and made ex ensi e use o ools and
echnologies. The pilo p o ided designe s wi h insigh s on co-designing and co-
eaching in e na ional echnology-enhanced online cou ses. I demons a ed he
po en ials and he ca ea s o designing o i ual mobili y.
Keywo ds: Vi ual mobili y, Cu iculum design, Mobile lea ning, Collabo a-
i e lea ning
1 In oduc ion
Ins uc ional designe s need o know, apply and use di e se educa ional me hodologies,
app oaches and ools in hei p o essional wo k and need o keep ack o inno a ions.
Howe e , wi hin o mal cu icula in highe educa ion, he space o expe imen a ion
and inno a ion-based de elopmen is o en limi ed. Mo eo e , lea ning and eaching in
in e na ional con ex s is no s anda dly pa o cu icula in he educa ional domains.
2
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Due o he con empo a y globaliza ion ends, ubiqui ous cha ac e o social media
and on-going echnological de elopmen s, educa ion is changing mo e apidly han
e e be o e. Educa ion needs o a ain and e ain s uden s' in e es s, and o one, become
mo e echnologically appealing and i ing [1]. In pa , uni e si ies a e unde p essu e
o mee he new challenges: o p epa e u u e expe s om mo e he e ogeneous and
demanding s uden g oups and coho s o a wo k li e, labo ma ke and a quickly
changing socie y, and a he same ime, p epa e hem o collabo a ion in di e se (o
mul icul u al in b oad sense) wo k con ex s [2].
Th ee Eu opean uni e si ies - Fe nUni e si ä in Hagen, Ge many (FeU), Uni e si y
o Jy äskylä (JYU), Finland, and Open Uni e si ei in he Ne he lands (OUNL) - joined
o ces o ackle hese challenges by pilo ing a echnology-enhanced app oach o inno-
a e hei mas e le el cu icula in he educa ional domain. This pilo add essed h ee
majo objec i es:
─ o o e ich in e na ional lea ning expe iences o s uden s who ha e ewe oppo u-
ni ies o global lea ning, like dis ance lea ning o adul s uden s who combine s udy
and wo k o canno a o d o s udy ab oad;
─ o design, implemen and e alua e a join mas e le el cou se in he domain o edu-
ca ion combining pedagogical and echnological expe ise o he h ee pa icipa ing
uni e si ies and s a e-o -a ools;
─ o build common g ound and exchange ideas, unde s anding and know-how on co-
designing and implemen ing inno a i e echnology enhanced app oaches o open-
ing closed cu iculum-based academic educa ion be ween he h ee pa icipa ing uni-
e si ies.
The pape ames he pilo as an a emp o open up academic educa ion h ough lea n-
ing om an au hen ic collabo a i e online lea ning expe ience. I p esen s he designed
cou se, ools and echnology used and elabo a es on he pilo ou comes add essing each
o he h ee objec i es. Fu he mo e, i posi ions he p esen ed pilo in a b oade con ex
o i ual mobili y and au hen ic lea ning. Since he s uden g oup was di e se, building
a suppo i e and imme si e echnology enhanced lea ning expe ience was he main
challenge o he pilo . To ha end, e alua ion ques ions a ge ed he design and pilo
ou comes as well as s uden s' pe cep ions o he implemen a ion.
2 Design p inciples and implemen a ion guidelines
The key ocus o he pilo was o connec c oss-bo de s uden s o whom i would be
e y di icul o collabo a e ace- o- ace in o de o ge o know each o he , wo k and
lea n oge he [1] by de eloping and o e ing a join ly p oduced cou se on ins uc ional
design. Mo eo e , wi h his cou se, he h ee uni e si ies aspi ed o imp o e and inno-
a e hei own s udy p og ams as well as o ind syne gies be ween uni e si ies. T adi-
ionally, hese syne gies and bene i s a e sough h ough di e en o ms o physical
mobili y and exchange. In he pilo , he objec i es we e ealized h ough i ual con-
nec ions, using exis ing lea ning pla o ms and ools.
3
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To b idge he physical sepa a ion o he s uden s om uni e si ies in h ee di e en
coun ies, an online lea ning pla o m and online ools ha e been used. The cou se de-
sign ollowed he p inciples o compu e suppo ed collabo a i e lea ning (CSCL) [3]
o p omo e synch onous and asynch onous collabo a ion and exchange.
To p omo e engagemen , concep s o ask au hen ici y, con ex and in e ac ion [4]
ha e been applied in cou se design. Lea ning akes place h ough he in e ac ion be-
ween he lea ne s wi h gi en p oblems and he en i onmen i sel . I needs o be an
au hen ic con ex ha e lec s he way knowledge is used in eal li e (conce ning pu -
pose and mo i a ion). The e o e, he psychological closeness (cogni i e ealism) o he
p oblems wi h eal li e p oblems is impo an [5]. In addi ion, s uden s should ha e
access o expe hinking, e.g. by social media whe e s uden s can di ec ly in e ac wi h
expe s. To sum up, an au hen ic lea ning en i onmen :
─ o e s he s uden s mul iple oles and pe spec i es;
─ makes use o au hen ic asks. These a e ill-de ined p oblems, allow compe ing solu-
ions and di e si y o ou comes;
─ p o ides coaching and sca olding, e.g., ia communica ion wi h eache s and o he
s uden s;
─ o e s a icula ion and collabo a ion, which deepens he unde s anding and easoning
and iden i ies he gaps in lines o hough ;
─ con ains au hen ic assessmen o gi e s uden s he oppo uni y o demons a e hei
solu ions.
3 Pilo design and implemen a ion
The cou se aims a mas e le el s uden s s udying educa ional science. The au hen ic
lea ning ask chosen in he cou se had o be o ele ance o he s uden s o hei u u e
p o ession in educa ion. Fo his pu pose, an au hen ic educa ional design ask was o -
mula ed: o design, de elop and e alua e a mobile game applica ion, o g ound game
design decisions in es ablished educa ional heo ies and o in eg a e he end p oduc
(mobile game) in an educa ional se ing. S uden s we e ee o choose he opic o hei
mobile game p ojec o add ess he au hen ici y o he ask. Du ing he eigh -week du-
a ion o he cou se, s uden s we e expec ed o wo k on he ask in small in e na ional
g oups, in e ac ing wi h each o he , eache s and ele an cou se esou ces in he lea n-
ing en i onmen de eloped o suppo collabo a i e lea ning.
The cou se was s uc u ed as a se ies o sub asks. Each week lea ning ac i i ies we e
in oduced wi h miles ones o ask comple ion and eedback oppo uni ies communi-
ca ed in ad ance o p o ide op imal suppo o s uden s in hei collabo a i e lea ning
and wo k. The in oduc o y ask con ained ac i i ies ocused on socializa ion and ex-
change o pe sonal in o ma ion o acili a e g oup o ming and collabo a ion. In he
ollowing weeks, s uden s ecei ed in oduc ions in lea ning and ins uc ional design
heo y, he educa ional design p ocess and e alua ion, and ools o design o mobile
lea ning. In pa allel, a e he in oduc ion o educa ional heo ies and he game pla -
o m, s uden s made a s a wi h designing and implemen ing he educa ional p oduc ,
building on each o he heo e ical aspec s ha we e p esen ed e e y week.
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Table 1. Ou line o he cou se and opics co e ed
Topic co e ed
Week 1
In oduc ion
Week 2
Media and ins uc ional heo ies
Week 3
In oduc ion on e alua ion
De elopmen o mobile game/app
Week 4
W i ing a concep
De elopmen o mobile game/app
Week 5
Summa i e assessmen
De elopmen o mobile game/app
Week 6 - 8
De elopmen o mobile game/app
Showcase o mobile game/app and g oup
p esen a ion
The design o he cou se ac i i ies and asks has been based on he p inciples o
Salmon's ‘e- i i ies’ [6]. These we e chosen in o de o help s uden s in s uc u ing hei
g oup wo k as well as o cla i y expec a ions, ways o eedback and deli e ables. Sug-
ges ions on how o collabo a e we e gi en in he e- i i ies as well. Cou se esou ces
included ideo ma e ials, e-books, a icles and hype links o o he websi es and e-
sou ces. Regula supe ision and eache suppo we e p o ided by he supe ising u-
o s om he h ee pa icipa ing uni e si ies on se e al le els: as ask suppo (ins uc-
ional ideos, cou se ma e ials and synch onous i ual classes), as lea ning suppo
( eedback on p o isional p oduc s, moni o ing o g oup exchanges) and as esou ce
suppo (weekly ins uc ion, guidelines o communica ion and collabo a ion wi h
pee s) [4].
The h ee uni e si ies join ly designed and implemen ed he cou se. Each uni e si y
p o ided i s pa icula expe ise o con en , asks and ac i i ies and ealized he design
o he weekly asks acco dingly.
A mix o ools was used o synch onous and asynch onous communica ion o ena-
ble imme si e expe iences wi hin g oups as well as wi h eache s and acili a o s. In
addi ion, s uden s we e encou aged o in oduce and use hei own p e e ed solu ions
o g oup communica ion and collabo a ion.
3.1 Applied echnology and i s usage
Pa ne s decided o make use o he lea ning en i onmen 1 p o ided by he FeU o
hei open cou ses o bypass es ic ions imposed by he o mal lea ning en i onmen s
in use by he uni e si ies. This lea ning en i onmen is based on Moodle ( e sion
3.2.8), a commonly used open sou ce lea ning pla o m ha p o ides a a ie y o ools
and esou ces o design and implemen cou ses. In addi ion, s uden s had access o ools
and esou ces ou side he pla o m. Fo example, s uden s could use Mindmeis e o
c ea e he mind maps hey had o p oduce in o de o s uc u e ideas on he opic o he
1 Moodle LMS: h ps://o ene. e nuni-hagen.de/

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g oup wo k. In addi ion, Blackboa d Collabo a e i ual class oom sessions we e se up
by he cou se designe s o use by indi idual g oups as well as o eache -s uden in-
e ac ion.
The lea ning en i onmen p o ided discussion o ums. Besides gene al sha ed dis-
cussion o ums ha we e used o allow pa icipan s o in oduce hemsel es and o dis-
cuss gene al issues, speci ic discussion o ums we e se up o each g oup. As pa o
he assessmen , indi idual g oups had o main ain a wiki - p o ided in he lea ning
en i onmen - in which hey we e o documen hei p og ess and e lec on p ocess and
e en s.
S uden s also made ex ensi e use o social media and communica ion and collabo-
a ion ools ou side he pla o m. To men ion a ew, hey used Skype, Slack, OneD i e,
Google d i e and Google docs, Padle , Wha sApp, and a ious o he de aul applica-
ions such as Wo d and Powe Poin .
S uden s had o use he augmen ed eali y pla o m ARLea n, p o ided by OUNL,
o de elop hei mobile game. This open sou ce pla o m suppo s c ea ing and playing
mobile se ious games. The ARLea n implemen a ion ollows augmen ed eali y design
p inciples [7]. I consis s o :
─ an au ho ing en i onmen 2
─ a playe , a ailable h ough he Google play s o e3.
Cou se designe s and/o eache s use he au ho ing en i onmen o design and imple-
men games. I de ines a game as a bluep in o mobile ac i i y. ARLea n allows he
game designe o au ho (i.e. cou se designe o eache ) o sc ip lea ning ac i i ies o
be pe o med. These ac i i ies a e shown o he lea ne as messages ha appea ei he
in a message lis o on a s ee map. The game au ho can c ea e a a ie y o messages
and use se e al kinds o ools (such as ideo, audio, QR-scanne s, ques ions, ex , in-
s uc ions, e c.) o base he ac i i ies on. Fo example, he game au ho can c ea e an
assignmen and ask he lea ne o eco d a ideo and upload he ideo, o scan a QR o
ecei e u he ins uc ions, answe a ques ion. O cou se, he game au ho can use ex-
ual ins uc ions as well. The game au ho uses condi ions o de ine when a message
appea s o disappea s om he message lis o map. Once he game is designed, he
game au ho has o deploy i o a mobile de ice. Lea ne s can download he game on o
an And oid de ice and can play he game once he au ho has made a game un a aila-
ble. A game un is an ins an ia ion o he game ha links a se o lea ne s o he game.
The example in Fig. 1 shows he wo modes o lis ing messages o ac i i ies: dis-
playing messages on a s ee map (on he le ), o in a simple lis (in he middle). The
igh hand image shows he ins uc ion (in Du ch) o explain in i y wo ds he mason y
s uc u e o he building and upload an audio eco ding. I also shows a p e iously up-
loaded eco ding and allows he lea ne o lis en o eco ded sessions.
2 ARLea n au ho ing en i onmen : h ps://s ee lea n.appspo .com
3 Google play s o e: h ps://play.google.com/s o e/apps/de ails?id=o g.cels ec.a lea n2.and oid
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Fig. 1. Messages o a game a e displayed on a map o as a lis . Once selec ed, he con en o he
message de ails he ac i i y o be pe o med (e.g., eco ding he answe using audio).
4 An o e iew o pilo ou comes
This sec ion de ails cou se ou comes based on ealized mobile game designs, o mal
assessmen s and cou se e alua ions ha he s uden s comple ed in week h ee and upon
cou se comple ion. The ocus o he i s e alua ion ques ionnai e was on s uden ex-
pec a ions and pe sonal lea ning objec i es, hei i s expe iences wi h he cou se, he
ools and he g oup o ming. In he inal e alua ion, s uden s p o ided es ima ions o
wha hey had lea ned in he cou se, ga e ex ensi e eedback on he cou se con en ,
pla o m, eache suppo and g oup wo k and sha ed insigh s in hei pe cep ions o he
o e all lea ning expe ience.
4.1 An in e na ional collabo a i e lea ning expe ience
Basic p e equisi es o pa icipa ion on olun a y basis in all h ee uni e si ies included
mo i a ion, a ini y wi h educa ional science a (p e-)mas e le el, luency in English
and basic ICT skills. FeU add essed s uden s om a Mas e o A s p og am ‘eEduca-
ion’ o he Ins i u e o Educa ional Science and Media Resea ch. OUNL in i ed all
mas e and p e-mas e s uden s o i s dis ance-lea ning p og am in Educa ional Science
as well as alumni o pa icipa e. Howe e , only mas e s uden s could embed he cou se
in hei cu iculum by en olling in an exis ing elec i e cou se and comple ing an addi-
ional assignmen . JYU in i ed in e na ional s uden s om a Mas e p og am in Educa-
ional Sciences o he Facul y o Educa ion and Psychology.
A he s a o week 1, 24 s uden s we e alloca ed o eigh g oups, mixing s uden s
om he h ee uni e si ies. G oups we e expec ed o collabo a e h oughou he cou se.
S uden s (n=16) desc ibed pe sonal lea ning objec i es in wo main ca ego ies:
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• acquisi ion o u he de elopmen o media design skills
─ lea n abou mobile lea ning
─ make a se ious game
─ lea n o wo k wi h he mobile games pla o m
─ de elop an app
• in e na ional online collabo a ion
─ alk English wi h o he s uden s
─ lea n om each o he
─ expe ience wo king oge he online
─ collabo a e wi h s uden s om o he educa ional cul u es.
In he ques ionnai e issued upon cou se comple ion, s uden s (n=11) con i med
knowledge and skills gain in bo h a eas and exp essed hei pa icula app ecia ion o
in e cul u al communica ion and collabo a ion skills hey had de eloped du ing cou se
ac i i ies. As documen ed in s uden e lec ions and he g oup wiki in which a leas
one s uden om each g oup sys ema ically e lec ed on he p og ess, collabo a ion and
he syne gy o new domain knowledge and unde s andings and lea ning om o he s
cons i u ed a mos p ominen gain om pa icipa ion in his pilo . Tha is how s uden s
e lec ed on he expe ience o lea ning h ough in e na ional collabo a ion:
‘Being “ o ced” in o a new g oup and o ganizing he wo k low in his g oup wi h
all i s posi i e and nega i e aspec s... I was g ea o see an ac ual esul .’
‘In p e ious cou ses I ha e lea ned elabo a ely abou lea ning heo ies and concep s
bu h ough discussion wi h my pee s hese heo ies and concep s eally came o li e.’
‘Th ough in e ac ion wi h pee s and u o s om o he coun ies you iew on edu-
ca ion as a whole b oadens.’
4.2 Mobile game designs o educa ional p ac ice
Table 1 p o ides an o e iew o ealized game designs. As his o e iew demons a es,
opics chosen by g oups a ied conside ably and a ge ed di e en audiences. All solu-
ions we e explici ly g ounded in lea ning and ins uc ional heo ies and connec ed o
he educa ional p ac ice, in mos cases o ha o se e al g oup membe s. In each case,
s uden s aimed a esol ing a pedagogical p oblem by using echnology and embedding
he solu ion in p ac ice. In his con ex , a s uden emphasizes:
‘You lea n o conside si ua ions o which an app is a sui able choice, a he han
jus build an app o he sake o using mode n echnology’.
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Table 2. An o e iew o mobile app/game designs p oduced in he cou se
AR(e) you English?
G oup
cha ac e is ics
3 membe s (an alumnus, a mas e and a p e-mas e s uden om
OUNL)
Topic
Lea ning wo ds and use o e e yday ocabula y
Ins uc ional
p oblem
The need o imp o e lea ning English as o eign language in p i-
ma y educa ion
Ins uc ional
solu ion
A mobile app o lea ning o p onounce wo ds and sho sen ences
in English by non-na i e speake s. Audio and ex wi h hymes and
lis ening exe cises o ac i a e he lea ning o p onouncing wo ds
and sho sen ences. The game is played wi h QR-codes ha can be
p in ed ou .
Theo e ical
unde pinning
Gagne’s p inciples o lea ning; Augmen ed eali y design p inci-
ples
Ta ge g oup
12-yea -old s uden s, non-na i e speake s, s a e s
The Xylophones
G oup
cha ac e is ics
4 membe s (an alumnus and 2 mas e s uden s om OUNL; a mas-
e s uden om JYU)
Topic
An educa ional app o a music school open day
Ins uc ional
p oblem
The need o an a ac i e and engaging way o a quick in oduc-
ion o a a ie y o music ins umen s
Ins uc ional
solu ion
Ac i e and in e ac i e game elemen s: aking a pho o, making a
eco ding, doing a quiz wi h a chosen ins umen . Use o QR codes
o choose one o ou p e-se pa hs pe ins umen ype
Theo e ical
unde pinning
Maye 's mul imedia design heo y
Ta ge g oup
Young child en
Lea ning Democ acy
G oup
cha ac e is ics
5 membe s (a mas e s uden om FeU; a p e-mas e , a mas e s u-
den and an alumnus om OUNL; a mas e s uden om JYU)
Topic
C i ical hinking abou democ acy in Eu ope and in you own en-
i onmen
Ins uc ional
p oblem
The need o de elop and imp o e awa eness o wha democ acy is,
how his concep and ins i u ions de eloped in Eu ope o e ime
Ins uc ional
solu ion
The mobile game is in eg a ed in a school lesson se ies abou de-
moc acy designed as p oblem-based lea ning. The game p o ides
in o ma ion, ideo eco dings om his o ic si es (i.e., G eece, he
bi hplace o democ acy), ac i i y sc ip s and quizzes
Theo e ical
unde pinning
Social cons uc i ism; Lau illa d's con e sa ional amewo k;
Sel -de e mina ion heo y; P oblem-based lea ning; Bloom axon-
omy o lea ning objec i es
Ta ge g oup
English speaking lea ne s, age 12-14