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Sus ained Adop ion o Sys ema ic Physical Ac i i y o Young Elde ly : A De eloped
UTAUT App oach
© Au ho s 2020
Published e sion
Ca lsson, Ch is e ; Ka i, Tuomas; Makkonen, Ma kus; Walden, Pi kko; F ank, Lau i
Ca lsson, C., Ka i, T., Makkonen, M., Walden, P., & F ank, L. (2020). Sus ained Adop ion o
Sys ema ic Physical Ac i i y o Young Elde ly : A De eloped UTAUT App oach. In A. Puciha , M.
Kljajic Bo s na , R. Bons, H. C ipps, A. Sheomba , & D. Vidma (Eds.), 33 d Bled eCon e ence :
Enabling echnology o a sus ainable socie y (pp. 439-454). Uni e si y o Ma ibo .
h ps://doi.o g/10.18690/978-961-286-362-3.30
2020
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.18690/978-961-286-362-3.30
ISBN 978-961-286-362-3
SUSTAINED ADOPTION OF SYSTEMATIC
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR YOUNG ELDERLY – A
DEVELOPED UTAUT APPROACH
Keywo ds:
physical
ac i i y
p og ams,
digi al
se ice
suppo ,
UTAUT,
young
elde ly,
sus ained
adop ion.
C
HRISTER
C
ARLSSON
1,
T
UOMAS
K
ARI
1,2,
MARKUS MAKKONEN1,2, PIRKKO WALDEN1 & LAURI
FRANK2
1 Ins i u e o Ad anced Managemen Sys ems Resea ch, Tu ku, Finland, e-mail:
ch is- e .[email p o ec ed], uomas. .ka i@jyu. i, ma kus. .makkone[email p o ec ed]i,
pi kko.wald[email p o ec ed]
2Uni e si y o Jy askyla, Jy äskylä, Finland, e-mail: uomas. .ka i@jyu. i,
ma kus. .makkonen@jyu. i, lau i. a[email p o ec ed]i
Abs ac Heal h ecommenda ions s a e ha o young elde ly
sys ema ic physical ac i i- ies a mode a e in ensi y o a leas
150 minu es pe week a e equi ed o help hem s ay in good
shape o hei senio yea s. We ha e ound ha young el-de ly
eadily ge s s a ed wi h a physical ac i i y (PA) p og am bu
he e is some challenge o make hem s ay wi h his p og am. We
ha e lea ned ha a PA p og am should build on ac i i ies ha
use s ind meaning ul and/o bes sui -ed o hei his o y o PA
and hei p esen physical capaci y. Suppo om dig-i al se ices
o ind meaning ul and sui able p og ams can make a di e ence.
We wo k ou de elopmen s o he UTAUT o ind d i e s ha
could help build a sus ained adop ion o PA p og ams and
p opose a model o Sys ema -ic Physical Ac i i y P og ams
(SysPAP).
440
33RD BLED ECONFERENCE
ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
1 In oduc ion
Heal h ca e p o essionals ha e wo ked ou (THL, 2019a) a ecommenda ion ha
adul s need a minimum o 2.5 hou s o mode a e physical ac i i y (PA) pe week o
s ay heal hie . Highe in ensi y and/o longe du a ion gi e mo e e ec han lowe
in ensi y and/o sho e du a ion. The ac i i ies should o m a weekly p og am in
o de o become a ou ine o a habi ha would be sus ained o mon hs and yea s.
A sus ainable PA p og am is key o ge long- e m heal h e ec s. Despi e his, PA
among Finnish adul s is way oo low. The ATH 2010-2017 s udy in Finland (THL,
2019a) shows ha in he age g oup o 30-54 yea s, only 30% spen se e al hou s pe
week in PA-p og ams and in he 55-74 age g oup, i dec eases o 15%. In he 75+
age g oup only 7% a e ac i e o se e al hou s. Mo eo e , a ecen FinHeal h2017
s udy (THL, 2019b) ound ha 39% o men and 34% o women in Finland each
he ecommended le els o PA. The FinHeal h2017 s udy o ms a ep esen a i e
sample o he Finnish popula ion. The ma e ial is ex ensi e and subse s o i a e
p esen ed in Tables 1-3.
Table 1: Physical ac i i y, leisu e ime, p opo ion o age g oup (FinHeal h2017).
In Table 1, we ha e ex ac ed age g oups 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ om he
ma e ial. The able shows he p opo ion o pa icipan s a di e en PA le els o
di e en age g oups as well as he di e ences be ween male (M) and emale (F)
pa icipan s; he las column shows he weigh ed a e ages o e all age g oups (also
including 18-29, 30-39, and 40-49). “Ligh PA” gi es li le long- e m heal h e ec s,
“ i ness PA” is acco ding o heal h ecommenda ions, and “ac i e spo s” ep esen
a hle ic and compe i i e ac i i ies. The las ow shows minu es/day o si ing du ing
Physical ac i i y, leisu e ime
50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
No physical ac i i y (%) 28.5 25.4 29.7 48.6 M25.8
26.8 23.9 36.4 73.2 F29.5
Ligh physical ac i i y (%) 44.6 55.0 50.1 37.9 M40.1
50.3 56.2 47.6 22.8 F44.3
Fi ness physical ac i i y (%) 25.9 19.3 20.0 13.5 M29.8
22.5 19.6 16.1 4.1 F25.8
Ac i e spo s (%) 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 M4.3
0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 F1.1
Si ing (wi h sma de ices (min/day)) 172 216 222 206 M192
156 206 223 222 F174
Ch is e Ca lsson, Tuomas Ka i, Ma kus Makkonen, Pi kko Walden and Lau i F ank:
Sus ained Adop ion o Sys ema ic Physical Ac i i y o Young Elde ly – A De eloped UTAUT App oach
441
leisu e ime, which is a sou ce o wo ies among heal h ca e p o essionals (THL,
2019b).
Ou a ge g oup is he young elde ly (60-75 age g oup), o which he
ecommenda ion is o spend a minimum o 150 minu es/week a mode a e PA in
o de o s ay heal hie in senio yea s (Jonasson, 2017).
Table 2: Physical ac i i y, leisu e ime, ollowing heal h ecommenda ions (FinHeal h2017).
In Table 2, whe e he PA is egis e ed in ela ion o heal h ecommenda ions (“b isk”
= “mode a e”), he las wo ows show PA ha combines endu ance ac i i y wi h
s eng h aining and in which he ac i i y is dis ibu ed o e mo e han wo
days/week. In he 50-59 age g oup, 30.3% o he male and 33.0% o he emale
pa icipan s me he ecommenda ions; o he 70-79 age g oup, his is down o
28.8% and 20.5%, espec i ely. The weigh ed a e age o all age g oups is 38.7%
(M) and 34.1% (F).
Physical wellness comes om physical exe cise o build s amina, muscle s eng h,
and balance, and o wa d o age- ela ed se ious illness. Sus ained physical exe cise
helps o mee e e yday equi emen s o li e. S udies (Jonasson, 2017; Wallén e al.,
2014) show ha sys ema ic PA con ibu es o good quali y o li e in senio yea s. In
ou ield wo k, we ha e ound ou ha ypical o ms o exe cise o young elde ly
include walking, unning, No dic walking, gym aining, g oup aining, skiing,
bocce, dancing, and swimming. The FinHeal h2017 s udy ound ha he mos
Physical ac i i y, e heal h ecommenda ions
50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
No physical ac i i y (%) 20.2 19.2 17.5 28.0 M16.5
12.2 11.9 23.8 38.9 F13.2
Ligh physical ac i i y (%) 16.0 21.6 27.4 40.8 M14.7
13.1 24.0 23.2 37.7 F15.5
Some b isk, some igo ous (%) 16.0 14.6 14.3 7.3 M13.6
22.1 20.4 18.3 9.1 F19.8
Endu ance, ecommenda ions (%) 17.4 15.8 12.0 10.6 M16.5
19.6 15.3 14.2 5.5 F17.4
Endu ance, s eng h, > 2 days (%) 30.3 28.8 28.8 13.3 M38.7
33.0 28.4 20.5 8.8 F34.1
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ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
popula o ms o PA we e he same; he e we ha e ex ac ed he PA o ms mos
a ou ed among he young elde ly (Table 3).
Table 3: Physical ac i i y, leisu e ime, se e al imes/week (FinHeal h2017).
The mos a ou ed o ms o PA a e walking, No dic walking, and ya d o ga den
wo k. Addi ionally, one o he mos a ou ed ac i i ies is he choice o walk he
s ai s. Gym and s eng h aining a e much less a ou ed.
The FinHeal h2017 s udy o e s se e al insigh s o he young elde ly age g oup: (i)
he p opo ion ha ca ies ou PA acco ding o heal h ecommenda ions should be
much highe ; (ii) PA ca ied ou se e al imes pe week should be o su icien
in ensi y and du a ion (a leas 150 minu es/week a mode a e o 75 minu es/week
a igo ous in ensi y); (iii) ime spen si ing should be educed. The 2011
Compendium o Physical Ac i i y (CPA) (Ainswo h e al., 2011) quan i ies he
ene gy cos o 821 speci ic ac i i ies in e ms o he me abolic equi alen o ask
(MET). This o e s suppo o dealing wi h (i) and (ii). METs show he ene gy cos
(e o ) o a PA ela i e o si ing (Ainswo h e al., 2011). I is an objec i e igu e
and can be use ul o goal se ing (e.g., MET-minu es/week) as well as o
egis a ion and ollow-up o PAs.
Physical ac i i y, se e al imes/week, summe
50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
Ya d, ga den wo k (%) 18.8 30.1 35.6 25.7 M19.0
37.7 45.4 42.9 36.1 F31.4
Walking, s ai s (%) 64.5 56.6 53.0 54.4 M65.4
69.8 59.1 52.6 42.8 F67.0
Walking, No dic walk (%) 48.9 57.2 58.2 60.2 M53.9
69.0 71.9 63.0 52.9 F69.1
Bicycling (%) 22.6 24.6 19.8 21.4 M27.6
42.4 33.6 31.9 18.2 F36.0
Gym, s eng h aining (%) 12.1 8.4 9.1 6.6 M19.3
8.6 7.5 2.6 1.8 F13.6
C oss-coun y skiing, win e (%) 8.3 10.2 11.1 5.9 M8.6
6.1 7.2 3.6 1.9 F4.1
Gym, s eng h aining, win e (%) 15.3 9.9 12.6 2.6 M21.1
13.7 9.6 5.4 4.0 F16.5

Ch is e Ca lsson, Tuomas Ka i, Ma kus Makkonen, Pi kko Walden and Lau i F ank:
Sus ained Adop ion o Sys ema ic Physical Ac i i y o Young Elde ly – A De eloped UTAUT App oach
443
In ou ongoing esea ch p og am, young elde ly pa icipa e in g oups o design PA-
p og ams, ind ways o implemen hem wi h digi al se ices, and o ge he digi al
se ice echnology accep ed. Cu en ly he e a e mo e han 660 pa icipan s in he
p og am. The unde lying esea ch p oblems ha e a wide scope:
 Will he PA p og ams, wi h he suppo om digi al se ices, be adop ed
and used by he young elde ly use g oup?
 Wha ac o s o d i e s can help o sus ain adop ion o PA p og ams, so
ha hey become a habi o a ou ine?
 Will hese ou ines help young elde ly o con inue wi h PA p og ams o
heal h e ec s also in hei senio yea s?
In sec ion 2, we p esen he composi ion o PA p og ams and digi al se ices. In
sec ion 3, we in oduce a ia ions o he UTAUT (Venka esh e al., 2012)
amewo k. In sec ion 4, we p opose a new amewo k ha will desc ibe, explain,
and guide he adop ion o sys ema ic PA p og ams. Finally, sec ion 5 is a summa y
and o e s some solu ions o he esea ch p oblem.
2 Physical Ac i i y P og ams and Digi al Se ices
An e icien way o make he adop ion o a PA p og am sus ainable, ha is, o make
pa icipan s con inue o mon hs o e en yea s, would be o build on selec ions o
ac i i ies (c . Figu e 1). These should i a young elde ly pa icipan , his/he PA
his o y, and his/he physical i ness. The CPA (Ainswo h e al., 2011) o e s a basis
o designing PA p og ams. The in ensi y o a PA ollows h ee classes – ligh ,
mode a e, and igo ous – and is measu ed wi h METs (Ainswo h e al., 2011). The
heal h ecommenda ions (THL, 2019a; Bangsbo e al., 2019) co espond o oughly
500 MET-minu es pe week, which will gi e sho - and long- e m heal h e ec s.
Digi al se ices (in he o m o sma phone apps wi h links o s o ing PA da a on a
secu e cloud se ice) a e use ul o ge ing people s a ed wi h PA p og ams
(Ca lsson and Walden, 2018) and should also wo k o building sus ainable weekly
PA p og ams. I should be easy o eco d ac i i ies, o ind MET-minu es and i
weekly goals ha e been me . Summa ies show p og ession o e weeks and mon hs
o e i y ha he PA p og ams con ibu e o imp o ed PA.
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33RD BLED ECONFERENCE
ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
In he esea ch p og am, we ini ially used a lis o 35 physical ac i i ies including
hei MET alues (c . Figu e 1 o a subse ).
Ac i i y
CPA METs
Low
Mode a e
High
Baske ball
4,5
6,0
8,0
Socce
4,9
7,0
10,0
Swimming
3,5
6,0
9,8
Aquajogging
2,5
4,5
6,8
C oss-coun y skiing
6,8
9,0
12,5
Jogging
6,0
7,0
8,0
Walking
2,8
3,5
4,3
Running
6,0
8,0
9,8
No dic walking
3,4
4,8
6,8
Gol
3,5
4,8
5,3
Gym aining
3,5
5,0
6,0
O ien ee ing
6,8
9,0
11,0
Cycling
6,8
8,0
10,0
Cycling indoo s
4,8
7,0
8,8
Ya d wo k
3,0
4,0
6,0
O he ac ici y
4,1
5,6
7,5
Figu e 1: Lis (subse ) o physical ac i i ies, including MET alues.
The i s se o de eloped digi al se ices consis ed o a sma phone app ha
suppo s he logging and epo ing o PA (c . Figu e 2). To log a PA, a use selec s
he o m and in ensi y o he ac i i y, selec s he da e, and en e s he du a ion; he
app esponds wi h he ene gy expendi u e in MET-minu es and kcal. The app sends
he da a o a secu e cloud se e (ope a ed by he Social Insu ance Ins i u ion o
Finland) whe e he pa icipan s appea only by pseudonym. The da a is used o gi e
weekly, mon hly, and yea ly epo s o make i easy o moni o he p og ess ela i e
o he use ’s pe sonal goals.
D i e s o he adop ion o digi al se ices ha e been iden i ied and s udied (Yuan
e al., 2015) in he con ex o wellness apps. The d i e s o he in en ion o con inue
using he apps come om he UTAUT2 model (Venka esh e al., 2012). They
include (summa ised om Yuan e al., 2015): (i) pe o mance expec ancy (“deg ee
o which he use o a echnology will help use s o pe o m chosen ac i i ies”); (ii)
e o expec ancy (“deg ee o ease in he use o a echnology”); (iii) social in luence
(“pe cep ion ha impo an o he s suppo he use o echnology”); (i ) acili a ing
Ch is e Ca lsson, Tuomas Ka i, Ma kus Makkonen, Pi kko Walden and Lau i F ank:
Sus ained Adop ion o Sys ema ic Physical Ac i i y o Young Elde ly – A De eloped UTAUT App oach
445
condi ions (“ ac o s ha acili a e o impede adop ion o echnology”); ( ) hedonic
mo i a ion (“ un o pleasu e wi h using a echnology”); ( i) p ice alue (“ ade-o
be ween pe cei ed bene i s o and mone a y cos o using a echnology”); ( ii) habi
(“pe cep ion o au oma ically engaging in a ce ain beha iou ”).
Figu e 2: Logging and epo ing o ac i i ies.
The UTAUT2 add esses he accep ance and use o in o ma ion echnology. Digi al
se ices a e in o ma ion echnology by common unde s anding – hey a e deli e ed
ia he in e ne o an elec onic ne wo k, hey a e au oma ed, and hey ypically
equi e li le o no human in e en ion.
3 UTAUT and I s Va ia ions
In (Reyes-Me cado, 2018), i was ound ha pe o mance expec ancy and e o
expec ancy ha e high ne e ec s on he use and in en ion o use o adop e s o
i ness wea ables. The s udy by Alsha e-Mousa (2014) wo ks ou he in en ion o use
mobile paymen de ices and adds a ew in e es ing cons uc s. I inds ha
pe o mance expec ancy, social in luence, and pe cei ed in o ma ion secu i y a e
signi ican d i e s o a consume ’s beha iou al in en ion. I also ound unce ain y
a oidance, masculini y, and collec i ism o ha e mode a ing e ec s. A s udy o how
s uden s use social ne wo king si es (Bo e o e al., 2014) con i ms ha e o
expec ancy, social in luence, and pe o mance expec ancy a e key d i e s.
446
33RD BLED ECONFERENCE
ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
Technology eadiness (TR) had a mode a ing e ec on he d i e s, especially on
e o expec ancy among emale s uden s and s uden s wi h sel - epo ed low-le el
TR. Male s uden s and s uden s wi h sel - epo ed high-le el TR showed mode a ing
e ec on social in luence. Knowledge managemen sys ems ha e speci ic bene i s
and challenges. When s udied wi h he UTAUT amewo k, Bou don-Sand ine
(2009) ound pe o mance expec ancy and social in luence o ac as d i e s o he
in en ion o use. The ound acili a ing condi ions we e no el: o ganizing s uc u e,
a ailable ime, ime alloca ed, and incen i es.
An in eg a ion o heo ies om collabo a ion esea ch (i.e., social p esence heo y,
channel expansion heo y, and he ask closu e model) wi h UTAUT o e s an
in e es ing basis o wo k wi h collabo a ion echnology (B own e al., 2010). This
p oposes ha collabo a ion echnology ea u es, indi idual and g oup
cha ac e is ics, ask cha ac e is ics, and si ua ional cha ac e is ics a e p edic o s o
pe o mance expec ancy, e o expec ancy, social in luence, and acili a ing
condi ions. The in en ion o use collabo a ion echnology is mode a ed by gende ,
age, and expe ience.
Chiu-Wang (2008) expanded UTAUT o a s udy o use loyal y o subsequen
con inued usage. The added cons uc was subjec i e ask alue, and he esul s
showed ha pe o mance expec ancy, e o expec ancy, compu e sel -e icacy,
a ainmen alue, u ili y alue, and in insic alue we e signi ican p edic o s o
in en ions o con inued use, whe eas anxie y had a signi ican nega i e e ec .
UTAUT was used as he amewo k o a s udy o sys em use in Facebook, which
is a hedonic oli ional se ing (Lallmahomed e al., 2013). A no el esul was ha
hedonic pe o mance expec ancy is significan ly ela ed o cogni i e abso p ion.
Ano he esul was ha he use / ask aspec s be e explain Facebook use han he
sys em/ ask aspec s, i.e., wha he use wan s o achie e is a s onge d i e han he
echnical capabili ies o he sys em. The s udy by Neu eld e al. (2007) ep esen s a
classical UTAUT se ing – a la ge-scale IT implemen a ion in an o ganisa ion. The
no el ac o is p ojec champion cha isma, which was ound o be posi i ely
associa ed wi h inc eased pe o mance expec ancy, e o expec ancy, social
in luence, and acili a ing condi ion pe cep ions o use s.
Ch is e Ca lsson, Tuomas Ka i, Ma kus Makkonen, Pi kko Walden and Lau i F ank:
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