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P ecipi a ion o po assium as hazeni e om washing wa e o spen alkaline ba e ies
© 2022 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
Published e sion
Lapinkangas, Su i; Rau io, Lasse; Kauppinen, Toni; Hu, Tao; Pesonen, Janne; Lassi,
Ulla
Lapinkangas, S., Rau io, L., Kauppinen, T., Hu, T., Pesonen, J., & Lassi, U. (2022). P ecipi a ion o
po assium as hazeni e om washing wa e o spen alkaline ba e ies. Chemical Enginee ing
Jou nal Ad ances, 12, A icle 100426. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100426
2022
Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances 12 (2022) 100426
A ailable online 15 No embe 2022
2666-8211/© 2022 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
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P ecipi a ion o po assium as hazeni e om washing wa e o spen
alkaline ba e ies
Su i Lapinkangas
a
, Lasse Rau io
a
,
b
, Toni Kauppinen
a
,
c
, Tao Hu
a
, Janne Pesonen
a
,
*
,
Ulla Lassi
a
,
c
a
Uni e si y o Oulu, Resea ch Uni o Sus ainable Chemis y, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
b
T aceg ow Oy, Teollisuus ie 21, K¨
a s¨
am¨
aki, Finland
c
Kokkola Uni e si y Conso ium Chydenius, Uni e si y o Jy ¨
askyl¨
a, Talonpojanka u 2 B, FI-67100 Kokkola, Finland
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
S u i e
Hazeni e
P ecipi a ion
Alkaline ba e y
Black mass
Fe ilize
ABSTRACT
Hazeni e (KNaMg
2
(PO
4
)
2
×14 H
2
O), a new ype o s u i e mine al, was p ecipi a ed om he po assium- ich
washing wa e o spen alkaline ba e y black mass. Hazeni e can be used as a e ilize , which would be an
addi ional bene i de i ed om he sus ainable eco e y o ba e y ma e ials. P ecipi a ion expe imen s we e
pe o med using di e en pH alues (9.5–12), Mg:K:PO
4
a ios ((1.0–1.5):1:(1.0–1.5)) and empe a u es
(10–40 ◦C). Based on he esul s, hazeni e p ecipi a ed in a wide pH ange unde alkaline condi ions. The p e-
cipi a ion kine ics we e as , and he pu i y o he hazeni e was high. O e all, hazeni e can be p ecipi a ed a
oom empe a u e wi hou he addi ion o excess chemicals, which minimizes he consump ion o chemicals and
ene gy.
1. In oduc ion
Phospho us and po assium a e essen ial nu ien s o c ops, animals
and humans. Mos o he phospho us and po assium used a e de i ed
om mine al s ones, making hem non- enewable esou ces. Thus, o he
sou ces o phospho us and po assium a e needed o ensu e he s able
and sus ainable de elopmen o ag icul u e [1].
Po assium in was ewa e can be emo ed simul aneously wi h
phospho us and magnesium in alkaline condi ions (pH a ound 11) o
p oduce K-s u i e (KMgPO
4
×6 H
2
O), which is a po assium analog o
s u i e (NH
4
MgPO
4
×6 H
2
O) [2]. Hazeni e (KNaMg
2
(PO4)
2
⋅14H2O) is
a newly disco e ed s u i e g oup mine al ha con ains wo s uc u ally
dis inc mono alen ca ions (Na
+
and K
+
) [3]. The i s obse a ion o
hazeni e was made a he highly alkaline (pH ≈10) and saline (84–92
g/l) Lake Mono in Cali o nia, whe e i was syn hesized by biodeg adable
cyanobac e ia. Like s u i e and K-s u i e, hazeni e could also be
sui able o e ilize use [3,4]. In a ecen s udy, hazeni e eleased
phospho us slowe han con en ional comme cial wa e -soluble e il-
ize s bu as e han s u i e [5]. The e o e, hazeni e could be a po en ial
phospho us sou ce o long- e m elease. Indeed, hazeni e inc eased he
biomass o suga cane by 21% compa ed o comme cial supe phospha e
in a 180-day g ow h expe imen [6].
In his esea ch, hazeni e p ecipi a ion was s udied using he
washing wa e o spen alkaline ba e ies as a sou ce o po assium,
which c ea es an addi ional bene i o he sus ainable eco e y o ba -
e y ma e ials. Spen alkaline ba e ies a e haza dous was e, and he
ea men o hem is needed. As ba e y black mass is washed, a
po assium- ich was ewa e is p oduced. He e, he po assium is p ecipi-
a ed om he washing wa e as hazeni e, which is a po en ial po assium
e ilize . This educes he need o use p ima y aw ma e ials o po-
assium e ilize s, since po assium is mos ly eco e ed om mine al
s ones, making i a non- enewable esou ce. Fu he , he elease o po-
assium in o wa e cou ses om was ewa e s can be p e en ed using his
p ecipi a ion p ocedu e.
Alkaline ba e ies use po assium hyd oxide as an elec oly e,
whe eas zinc-ca bon ba e ies use ammonium chlo ide. When alkaline
ba e ies a e collec ed and c ushed, a small ac ion o zinc-ca bon
ba e ies o en eside among he alkaline ones. The e o e, when po as-
sium is sepa a ed om he c ushed ba e y mass by washing wi h wa e ,
some ammonium also ends up in he washing wa e [7,8]. Cu en ly,
hese po assium- ich washing wa e s end up in municipal was ewa e
ea men plan s o pu i ica ion. I is also possible o hyd o-
me allu gically ea he ba e y mass wi hou emo ing he po assium i
he p esence o po assium in he end solu ion is app o ed. The e o e, he
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (J. Pesonen).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances
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Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances 12 (2022) 100426
2
washing phase is no always pe o med. Howe e , he ele a ed po as-
sium con en in he zinc and manganese con aining sul a e solu ions
could suppo o ma ion o Tu on’s sal s [9,10]. The e o e, o p oduce
mo e concen a ed ZnSO
4
and MnSO
4
solu ions, emo al o he po as-
sium om he sys em is needed. P ecipi a ion expe imen s we e pe -
o med using di e en pH alues (9.5–12), Mg:K:PO
4
a ios ((1.0–1.5):1:
(1.0–1.5)) and empe a u es (10–40 ◦C). The e is only a e y limi ed
numbe o publica ions ela ed o hazeni e, and his is he i s in which
he p ecipi a ion condi ions o hazeni e ha e been s udied.
2. Expe imen al
2.1. Po assium- ich washing wa e
The washing wa e o spen alkaline ba e ies was p o ided by
T aceg ow Oy (K¨
a s¨
am¨
aki, Finland). T aceg ow is a company ha p o-
duces zinc and manganese con aining ace elemen e ilize s om
spen alkaline ba e ies. In his expe imen , c ushed and sie ed alkaline
black mass was dosed o a 220 l con aine , and wa e was pou ed among
he black mass (0.8 kg wa e /1 kg black mass). The mix u e was hen
mixed wi h a ba el mixe o abou 1 h. A e his, he mixing was
s opped, and he black mass was le o sedimen a he bo om o he
ba el o one day. A e his, abou hal o he wa e was anspo ed
om he su ace laye wi h a pump o a sepa a e con aine . The solu ion
con ained ine g aphi e, which had o be il e ed away wi h a il e p ess.
The esul was g een-shaded po assium- ich alkaline washing wa e
(Table 1), which was hen deli e ed o he Uni e si y o Oulu. Po as-
sium, sodium and magnesium concen a ions o he washing wa e we e
measu ed using a omic abso p ion spec oscopy AAS (Va ian AA240FS,
Aus alia) and ammonium concen a ion was measu ed using an HACH
HQ40d- NH
4
-selec i e elec ode (Model ISENH418101, Lo eland, CO,
USA).
2.2. P ecipi a ion expe imen s
Po assium- ich washing wa e was dilu ed in a a io o 1:5 be o e he
p ecipi a ion expe imen s due o i s abundan po assium con en . 1.6 l o
dilu ed washing wa e was used in each p ecipi a ion expe imen .
Du ing he p ecipi a ion expe imen s, he e ec s o se e al pa ame e s
(pH, mola a ios and empe a u e) we e s udied (Table 2). The o al
p ecipi a ion ime was 4 h, and samples we e wi hd awn a e 0, 15, 30,
60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min. All p ecipi a ion expe imen s we e con-
duc ed in duplica e o iplica e. A e he expe imen , he p ecipi a e
was sepa a ed by il a ion, and he solid p ecipi a e was d ied a oom
empe a u e in a desicca o o i e days. In each expe imen , phospha e
sal (NaH
2
PO
4
x 2 H
2
O; AnalaR NORMAPUR, 99.0–102.0%, VWR
Chemicals, Ge many) was added o he washing wa e in he p ecipi-
a ion eac o and mixed (500 pm) by an o e head s i e (IKA
EUROSTAR 40 digi al o e head s i e ; IKA®-We ke GmbH & CO.KG,
Ge many) wi h a 2-blade impelle and s a o s un il he sal was
comple ely dissol ed. The pH was adjus ed o he desi ed alue wi h 10
M NaOH (AnalaR NORMAPUR, 99.2%, VWR Chemicals, Sweden). P e-
cipi an (solid magnesium sal , MgSO
4
x7H
2
O, pH. Eu ., 99.6%, VWR
Chemicals, Belgium) was hen added while s i ing he solu ion a a
cons an speed (1 min 500 pm, hen 250 pm o 50 pm). The pH o he
solu ion was kep cons an by using 10 M NaOH and concen a ed HCl
(37%, EMSURE®, Me ck KGaA, Ge many). The e ec o he ammonium
ions was s udied by ca ying ou a wo-s ep p ecipi a ion. In he i s
s ep, he pH was se o 9 and ammonium was a ge ed by ca ying ou
s u i e p ecipi a ion; he pH was hen aised o 11 and he po assium
was p ecipi a ed as hazeni e.
2.3. Cha ac e iza ion o samples
Liquid samples we e il a ed h ough 0.45 um il e pape . Magne-
sium and po assium concen a ions we e measu ed using a omic ab-
so p ion spec oscopy AAS (Va ian AA240FS, Aus alia) using s anda d
e e ence solu ions. Phospha e concen a ions we e measu ed using ion
ch oma og aphy IC (Me h ohm 761 Compac IC; Swi ze land).
Solid p ecipi a es we e analyzed using X- ay di ac ion (XRD). The
XRD pa e ns we e eco ded by a PANaly ical X´Pe P o-X- ay di ac-
ome e (Mal e n Panaly ical, Almelo, The Ne he lands) using mono-
ch oma ic CuK
α
1 adia ion (λ =1.5406 Å) a 45 kV and 40 mA.
Di ac og ams we e collec ed in he 2θ ange o 10–85◦a 0.017◦in-
e als. The c ys alline phases and s uc u es we e analyzed using
HighSco e Plus so wa e (Ve sion 4.0, PANaly ical B.V., Almelo, he
Ne he lands).
The elemen al analysis was measu ed using a PANaly ical Axios mAX
X- ay luo escence spec ome e . The sample was ed as loose powde
h ough Myla ilm in He-a mosphe e. A geos anda d was used and he
con ibu ion o pu e Myla ilm was sub ac ed om he measu emen
esul s.
3. Resul s and discussion
3.1. E ec o ammonium on hazeni e p ecipi a ion
The washing wa e con ained ammonium ions, as desc ibed in Sec-
ion 2.1. This migh ha e a ec ed he p ecipi a ion and pu i y o he
p ecipi a e. The e o e, he e ec o ammonium ions was accoun ed o
by ca ying ou s u i e p ecipi a ion ollowed by hazeni e p ecipi a ion
( wo-s ep p ecipi a ion). In he s u i e p ecipi a ion expe imen s, he
mola a io o Mg:N:PO
4
was 1:1:1, he pH was 9 and he mixing a e was
50 pm. The ob ained il a e was u he p ecipi a ed wi h an Mg:K:PO
4
o 1:1:1, a pH o 11 and a mixing a e o 50 pm. In addi ion, he hazeni e
was di ec ly p ecipi a ed om he washing wa e (one-s ep p ecipi a-
ion) wi hou he p eceding p ecipi a ion o ammonium. In hese ex-
pe imen s, he condi ions we e equal (a Mg:K:PO
4
o 1:1:1, a pH o 11
and a mixing a e o 50 pm).
The emo al o po assium, magnesium and phospha e in he one- and
wo-s ep p ecipi a ion p ocedu es is p esen ed in Fig. 1. Simila p e-
cipi a ion e iciencies o po assium we e obse ed a 54% and 56% o
Table 1
Composi ion o he washing wa e .
K mg/l NH
4
mg/l Mg (mg/l) Na (mg/l) pH
34,500 1700 31 1220 10.8
Table 2
P ecipi a ion condi ions.
Va iable O he pa ame e s
E ec o pH 9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
Mola a io
Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1
T =20 ◦C
=4 h
E ec o mola a io Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1
1.2:1:1
1.5:1:1
1:1:1.2
1:1:1.5
1.2:1:1.2
1.5:1:1.5
T =20 ◦C
pH 11
=4 h
E ec o empe a u e 10 ◦C
20 ◦C
30 ◦C
40 ◦C
Mola a io Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1
pH 11
=4 h
Two s age p ecipi a ion Mola a io Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1
T =20 ◦C
=4 h
s age pH 9
s age pH 11
S. Lapinkangas e al.
Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances 12 (2022) 100426
3
he one-s ep and wo-s ep p ecipi a ions, espec i ely; ammonium’s
p esence in he washing wa e did no a ec he p ecipi a ion o he
po assium. This is p obably because he ammonium concen a ion was
e y small (340 ppm) compa ed o he concen a ions o po assium
(6900 ppm) and sodium. Based on p e ious s udies, a high po assium
con en and low ammonium con en a o K-s u i e o ma ion ins ead
o s u i e o ma ion [11,12]. Simila obse a ions we e also made in
he case o phospha e ( he emo al e iciencies we e 92% and 99% o
he wo-s ep and one-s ep p ecipi a ions) and magnesium ( he emo al
e iciencies we e o e 98.8% o he wo-s ep and one-s ep p e-
cipi a ions). Based on XRD analysis (no p esen ed), he p ecipi a es
ob ained om s u i e p ecipi a ion con ained mos ly K-s u i e
(76–99.9%) and a li le s u i e (0–23.2%). Since ammonium did no
in luence po assium emo al, di ec hazeni e p ecipi a ion was pe -
o med in he la e s ages o he esea ch.
3.2. E ec o pH
The e ec o pH on he p ecipi a ion o hazeni e was s udied in he
pH ange o 9.5–12 using Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1 and a mixing a e o 250 pm.
The emo al e iciencies o po assium, magnesium and phospha e a e
p esen ed in Fig. 2. As can be seen in Fig. 2, he pH had no e ec on he
p ecipi a ion e iciency. Fo po assium, he emo al e iciency was
60%–65%. In addi ion, in he case o magnesium and phospha e, simila
obse a ions we e made. The o al emo al e iciency was 98.5%–100%
o magnesium and 96%–99% o phospha e. Kine ically, he p ecipi-
a ion was e y as a all pH alues, as he eac ion occu ed du ing he
i s 15 min.
The e a e no s udies in he li e a u e on he e ec o pH on hazeni e
p ecipi a ion. Since hazeni e is na u ally ound in alkaline condi ions (a
pH 10), i will also p ecipi a e a high pH alues, like o he s u i e
g oup compounds [3,4]. Gene ally, po assium emo al e iciency in-
c eases signi ican ly a high pH alues due o he dissocia ion o H
2
PO
4
−
o HPO
4
2−
and PO
4
3-
[1,13,14]. The inc eased PO
4
3−
concen a ion in-
c eases he p ecipi a ion o po assium as phospha e compounds, such as
K-s u i e and hazeni e. As he pH ises abo e 11, he o ma ion o
magnesium hyd oxide [15] could weaken he e iciency o po assium
p ecipi a ion, bu his was no obse ed in his s udy. I he pH d ops
below 11, he o ma ion o K-s u i e slows down and s u i e may begin
o o m, wi h an op imum p ecipi a ion pH o 8–9 [2].
Based on he XRD analysis (Fig. 3), all main peaks we e associa ed
wi h hazeni e ega dless o he pH alue, con o ming he esul s o
emo al e iciencies (Fig. 2). This indica es ha hazeni e p ecipi a es in
a wide pH ange unde alkaline condi ions.
3.3. E ec o empe a u e
The e ec o empe a u e on p ecipi a ion e iciency was s udied a
empe a u es o 10–40 ◦C (Fig. 4). Based on he esul s, empe a u e
does no seem o ha e any impac on p ecipi a ion e iciency. Unde he
gi en condi ions (a pH o 11, 250 pm and a Mg:K:PO
4
o 1:1:1), he
emo al e iciencies we e 60%, 99.7%–99.9% and 97.3%–99% o po-
assium, magnesium and phospha e, espec i ely, a e ou hou s o
p ecipi a ion. The p ecipi a es ob ained a di e en empe a u es we e
pu e hazeni e (Fig. 5).
Fo s u i e p ecipi a ion, empe a u e has a less signi ican e ec
han pH o mola a io [16]. Howe e , he solubili y o s u i e inc eases
wi h inc easing empe a u e un il a empe a u e o a ound 35 ◦C
[16–18]. A highe empe a u es, he solubili y once again dec eases.
Ta ag´
o e al. (2017) epo ed ha he op imum empe a u e o
K-s u i e o ma ion would be 38 ◦C [19]. Ou esul s indica e ha
hazeni e p ecipi a ion is no dependen on empe a u es unde he
10–40 ◦C empe a u e ange. Gene ally, lowe p ecipi a ion empe a-
u es should be p e e ed o a oid he high ene gy consump ion caused
by hea ing.
3.4. E ec o Mg:K:PO
4
a io
The e ec o mola a ios on p ecipi a ion e iciency was s udied
wi h mola a ios Mg:K:PO
4
(1.0–1.5):1:(1.0–1.5) (Fig. 6). The
Fig. 1. Remo al e iciency o po assium (a), magnesium (b), and phospha e (c) in one-s ep (hazeni e) and wo-s ep (s u i e +hazeni e) p ecipi a ions (Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1, pH 11 and 50 pm).
S. Lapinkangas e al.
Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances 12 (2022) 100426
4
Fig. 2. Remo al e iciency o po assium (a), magnesium (b), and phospha e (c) as a unc ion o pH (Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1 and 250 pm). Ini ial concen a ions o K: 6900
ppm, Mg: 4750 ppm and PO
4
3−
: 17,000 ppm.
Fig. 3. XRD di ac og ams o he samples p ecipi a ed a di e en pH alues.
S. Lapinkangas e al.

Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances 12 (2022) 100426
5
Fig. 4. The e ec o empe a u e on he emo al e iciency o po assium (a), magnesium (b) and phospha e (c) (Mg:K:PO
4
1:1:1, pH 11 and 250 pm). Ini ial
concen a ions o K: 7100 ppm, Mg: 4750 ppm and PO
4
3−
: 17,000 ppm.
Fig. 5. XRD di ac og ams o he samples p ecipi a ed a di e en empe a u es.
S. Lapinkangas e al.
Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances 12 (2022) 100426
6
po assium p ecipi a ion e iciency inc eased om 63.4% o 78% when
he mola a io o Mg:K:PO
4
chanced om 1:1:1 o 1.5:1:1.5. Thus, he
mo e magnesium and phospha e sal s we e added o he washing wa e ,
he mo e po assium was emo ed. Howe e , i he e was an excess o
only one componen (magnesium o phospha e), i did no imp o e he
emo al o po assium om he washing wa e .
The excess o phospha e o magnesium and phospha e had li le e -
ec on he magnesium emo al a e, as i was o e 99% (Fig. 6a). When
excess magnesium was p esen , 95.7% (Mg:K:PO
4
=1.2:1:1) and 96.9%
(Mg:K:PO
4
=1.5:1:1) o he magnesium we e emo ed. Phospha e
emo al e iciencies (see Fig. 6c) we e simila when he p ecipi a ions
we e pe o med wi h a 1:1:1 mola a io o Mg:K:PO
4
and a simul a-
neous excess o magnesium o phospha e and magnesium. In all hese
p ecipi a es, mo e han 98.5% o he phospha e was emo ed. When
magnesium was p esen in excess, he pe cen age o phospha e emo al
was sligh ly (abou 1%) highe han wi h Mg:K:PO
4
mola a ios o 1:1:1,
1.2:1:1.2 o 1.5:1:1.5. Thus, excess magnesium sligh ly inc eased he
emo al o phospha e om he washing wa e . A mola a ios o Mg:K:
PO
4
o 1:1:1.2 and 1:1:1.5, abou 85% and 69% o he phospha e we e
emo ed, espec i ely. The amoun o phospha e added in excess
emained in he washing wa e and did no p ecipi a e.
Theo e ically, po assium should be emo ed comple ely om
washing wa e when he Mg:K:PO4 mola a io is 1:1:1. Xu e al. (2011)
s udied he emo al o po assium and phospha e as K-s u i e om
syn he ic u ine and ound ha he concomi an excess o magnesium
and phospha e inc eased he emo al o po assium [13]. Howe e , an
excess o magnesium and phospha e ha is oo high can cause he p e-
cipi a ion o Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
. Excess phospha e (wi hou excess Mg) leads o
esidual phospha e in he il a e.
Gao e al. (2018) also s udied syn he ic u ine and concluded ha
excess magnesium inc eased phospha e emo al [14]. Howe e , hese
esul s con adic he esul s o Xu e al. (2011), in which excess mag-
nesium educed po assium emo al, inc eased he amoun o p ecipi a e
and dec eased i s pu i y [13]. They also ound ha excess phospha e
dec eased phospha e emo al e iciency bu sligh ly inc eased po as-
sium emo al e iciency. Howe e , excess phospha e did no play a
majo ole in he amoun o pu i y o he K-s u i e o med. The
simul aneous excess o phospha e and magnesium inc eased he phos-
pha e’s and po assium’s emo al e iciencies. The highes po assium
emo al e iciency (78.1%) was achie ed wi h a Mg:K:PO
4
mola a io o
1.8:1:1.8 when he pH o he solu ion was 11. Howe e , in hei s udy
he simul aneous excess o phospha e and magnesium inc eased he
p ecipi a e o med bu dec eased i s pu i y due o he o ma ion o i-
magnesium phospha e.
The XRD pa e ns o p ecipi a es a di e en mola a ios a e shown
in Fig. 7. All he main spikes we e associa ed wi h hazeni e. The p e-
cipi a es o med wi h di e en mola a ios Mg:K:PO
4
we e also cha -
ac e ized using XRF (Table 3). The p ecipi a es we e nea ly pu e
hazeni e, excluding he expe imen wi h excess Mg (mola a io 1.5:1:1),
whe e un eac ed MgSO
4
was also p esen . This explains he highe - han-
expec ed Mg emo al obse ed using his mola a io.
4. Conclusions
C ushed and sie ed alkaline ba e y black mass was washed wi h
wa e , and his il e ed washing wa e con aining po assium and
ammonium was ea ed by emo ing po assium using phospha e and
magnesium sal s. The p ecipi a ion e iciencies o po assium we e
Fig. 6. Remo al e iciency o po assium (a), magnesium (b) and phospha e (c) wi h di e en mola a ios Mg:K:PO
4
(250 pm and pH 11).
S. Lapinkangas e al.
Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal Ad ances 12 (2022) 100426
7
ypically 60–65%, and hazeni e was o med. The simul aneous excess o
magnesium and phospha e inc eased he po assium emo al e iciency
o 78%. When p ecipi a ion was pe o med a di e en pH alues, he e
was no di e ence in po assium emo al e iciencies. Fu he , an excess
o magnesium o phospha e o di e en empe a u es did no a ec he
po assium emo al a e. Thus, i can be concluded ha hazeni e p e-
cipi a es o e a wide pH ange, bu i he pH is alkaline, i does no
equi e excess magnesium o phospha e o hea ing du ing p ecipi a ion.
In addi ion, he p ecipi a ion is kine ically as , and sho eac ion imes
a e enough. The e was no need o emo e ammonium ions om he
washing wa e p io o hazeni e p ecipi a ion, as ammonium did no
inhibi hazeni e o ma ion. E en hough, he excess amoun o magne-
sium and phospha e imp o ed he emo al e iciency o po assium, he
op imal condi ions o he p ecipi a ion o hazeni e om washing wa e
would be oom empe a u e a pH 9.5, wi hou he addi ion o excess
magnesium o phospha e. This would mean ha he consump ion o
chemicals and ene gy would be minimized. Hazeni e can be used as a
e ilize , bu i is a ela i ely new compound ha has no been s udied
in dep h. The e o e, mo e esea ch is needed on hazeni e p ecipi a ion
and i s use as a e ilize .
Funding in o ma ion
This esea ch did no ecei e any speci ic g an om unding
agencies in he public, comme cial, o no - o -p o i sec o s.
Decla a ion o Compe ing In e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Da a a ailabili y
Da a will be made a ailable on eques .
Acknowledgmen s
Sa i Tuikkanen is acknowledged o IC analyses.
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Table 3
Composi ion o he p ecipi a es a di e en mola a ios measu ed wi h XRF.
Mola a io Mg:K:
PO
4
Hazeni e
(%)
Na
2
O
(%)
MgO
(%)
P
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O
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(%)
SO
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(%)
Cl
(%)
CaO
(%)
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1.2:1:1 98.391 0.00 0.02 0.29 0.88 0.11 0.20
1.5:1:1 89.528 0.56 4.32 0.38 4.49 0.44 0.19
1:1:1.2 98.606 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.40 0.08 0.19
1:1:1.5 98.635 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.50 0.09 0.18
1.2:1:1.2 98.174 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.65 0.09 0.21
1.5:1:1.5 96.069 0.54 0.08 2.17 0.77 0.10 0.21
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