Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,1205–1220.h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ejihpe11040088www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ejihpe
A icle
E ec i enesso aP og am oImp o eA en ion owa ds
A ec i e‐Sexual,BodilyandGende Di e si yinUni e si y
S uden s
F anciscoManuelMo ales‐Rod íguez
Depa men o Educa ionalandDe elopmen alPsychology,Facul yo Psychology,CampusUni e si a iode
Ca uja,Uni e si yo G anada,18071G anada,Spain; mmo ale[email p o ec ed];Tel.:+34‐680‐976‐924
Abs ac :I isnecessa y o heuni e si yen i onmen ocon ibu e o heimp o emen o he
a en ionpaid oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.This esea chdealswi hhow,by
meanso a eachinginno a ionp og am,compe ences o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si ywe ede el‐
oped.Speci ically,nega i ea i udes owa dsdi e si y,knowledge,anddeg eeo empa hyon hese
issuesbe o eanda e heimplemen a iono hep og ama ecompa ed.Thedeg eeo sa is ac ion,
pe cei eduse ulness,and ul illmen o heobjec i esp oposedin hep og amwe ealsoe alua ed.
Anexpos ac odesignwasused.Thepa icipan sin hiss udywe e129s uden sbelonging o
Educa ionalSciencesandPsychology,ou o 2400whobene i ed om heinno a ionp og am.The
esul sshowedaninc easeincompe ences ela ed o hea en ion odi e si y,wi h heimp o e‐
men o a i udesandknowledgeabou a ec i e‐sexualdi e si ya e heapplica iono hep o‐
g am.I isconcluded ha his ypeo inno a ionp og am,wi hquali y aining,con ibu es o he
imp o emen o coexis enceand hep e en iono gende iolenceinuni e si yclass ooms,elimi‐
na ings e eo ypesandnega i ea i udes owa dsdi e si y.
Keywo ds:a ec i e‐sexual;bodilyandgende di e si y;inno a ion;p og am;uni e si ys uden s
1.In oduc ion
Incu en unde g adua edeg ees, heacquisi ionand/o de elopmen o in e pe ‐
sonalskillsbys uden sisnecessa y.Speci icallyimpo an a e hoseskills ela ed oed‐
uca ion ha a end oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y,aligningwi h heSec‐
ondPlano Equali yo heUGR[1].Wi hin hisscena ioo heEu opeanHighe Educa‐
ionA ea(EHEA)[2],i is ele an ode elopaninno a i e ypeo eachingp og am
ha p o idess uden swi hhigh‐quali y ainingin hisa ea.
As ecen lyhighligh ed[3], heseissuesa ebecominginc easingly ele an insocio‐
legal e ms— he oleo Spanishuni e si ieswi h espec oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,and
gende di e si ys illneeds obeanalyzed.In ac ,inSpain, he eisacu en deba e e‐
ga dingce ainlegisla i ep o isions ela ed o hisissue.In ha sense,[4]indica esp e‐
cisely ha he ecessiono COVID‐19(co ona i usdisease)couldinc easedisc imina o y
a i udes owa dsLGBTQIA+(Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,T ansgende ,In e sexual,Quee ,
In e sexual,Asexual)peopleandmen alheal hp oblemsdue o hes esso mino i ies.
In hesame ein,[5]conside s ha hesocialisola ionimposedby heCOVID‐19pan‐
demicb ings o he o e,inanempowe ingway,somewo yingindica o so domes ic
iolenceand amily iolenceagains women.O ganiza ionsadd essingdomes ic iolence
ha eal eadyseenaninc easeindomes ic iolencedue o o cedcoexis ence,economic
s ess,and ea sabou heco ona i us.To hisend,i isnecessa y ode elop ainingand
inno a ionac ionsin a o o educa ion o gende equali yanda ec i e‐sexual,bodily,
Ci a ion:Mo ales‐Rod íguez,F.M.
E ec i enesso aP og am o
Imp o eA en ion owa ds
A ec i e‐Sexual,BodilyandGende
Di e si yinUni e si yS uden s.
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.
2021,11,1205–1220.h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/ejihpe11040088
AcademicEdi o :Ma íadelMa
Mole oJu ado
Recei ed:14Augus 2021
Accep ed:1Oc obe 2021
Published:4Oc obe 2021
Publishe ’sNo e:MDPIs aysneu‐
alwi h ega d oju isdic ional
claimsinpublishedmapsandins i u‐
ionala ilia ions.
Copy igh :©2021by heau ho s.
Submi ed o possibleopenaccess
publica ionunde he e msandcon‐
di ionso heC ea i eCommonsA ‐
ibu ion(CCBY)license(h p://c ea‐
i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881206
andgende di e si y ha con ibu e o heimp o emen o coexis enceand hep e en‐
iono homophobicbullying.Ano he ecen s udy[6]alsohighligh s hema ginaliza ion
ands igma iza ion ha non‐bina ypeoplecansu e ,wi h heconsequences ha hisen‐
ails.
The eiss illmuch obedone o gende equali yanda en ion oa ec i e‐sexual
di e si y.Among heau onomousp o isions ha canbehighligh edinSpaina eLaw
2/2014,o 8July,comp ehensi elyw i en o non‐disc imina ionon heg oundso gen‐
de iden i yand ecogni iono he igh so ansgende peopleinAndalusia[7].Mo e
ecen ly,Law8/2017a gues o he igh so heLGBTIcollec i e,aswellas hei amilies
[8,9].Addi ionally, heO de o 28Ap il2015[10]includesanac ionp o ocolongende
iden i yin heAndalusianeduca ionalsys em.I iso g ea impo ance owo kon he
p e en iono gende s e eo ypesineduca ionalins i u ions, hecloses en i onmen o
hes uden s.Insuchse ings, his ypeo p og amisnecessa y,inwhicha i udesand
pe cep ionsby hes uden body owa dsgende di e si yindi e en con ex sa ee alu‐
a ed.
Theconcep o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si yiswha allowsindi iduals odis inguish he
di e en sexualop ions ha exis insocie y[11].Theconcep sconside ed undamen al
o unde s andinga ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si ya e hoseo sexualo ien‐
a ion,sex,gende ole,andgende iden i y[12–15].Wi h espec o hese e ms, he ol‐
lowingde ini ionsa eiden i ied[12].“Sexualo ien a ion” e e s o hedesi eand/o sex‐
uala ac ion el bypeopleo hesamesexo o o he sexes.“Sex”is hese o biological
cha ac e is ics ha allow o maleand emaleca ego iza iono indi idualsbydis inguish‐
ingbe ween ep oduc i esex,ch omosomalsex,ho mones,andgonads.Thisimplies ha
somehumanbeingsmaysha egene icandpheno ypiccha ac e is icso emalesand
males ha canbecombinedinmanyways(suchasinin e sexindi iduals).“Gende iden‐
i y”canbede inedasanindi idual’spe sonaliden i ica ionasmale, emale,
ansgende ,o o he wisenonbina y.Nonbina y e e s oaniden i ica ion ha isnei he
maleno emale,andcanincludeo he mo especi iciden i iessuchas“agende ,”“gen‐
de quee ,”“in e media egende ,gende neu al,o hi dsex.”Thebiologicalsexmay
ma ch hegende iden i y(cisgende )o mayno ma ch( ansgende o nonbina y),
whichleads oawide a ie yo gende expe iences.Theso‐called“gende ole”isde ined
associe y’sassignedbelie sandcha ac e is icsasinhe en lymaleo emale.Gende oles
ha ecul u alconno a ionsandimplica ionsas heyse easse so no ms,belie s, alues,
a i udes,andwayso beingandbeha ingindi e en si ua ionsp ope oeachsexac‐
co ding osocie y, u he in luencedbydesc ip i eandp esc ip i esex‐baseds e eo‐
ypes.
The ea edi e en psychological heo ies oexplain helea ningp ocesso sexual
andgende iden i y,suchascogni i e–sociallea ningmodelsandpsychoanaly ic heo y.
Howe e ,sincei isno heobjec i eo hiswo k,wewillb ie lypoin ou someo he
speci ic heo ies ha apply oa ec i e‐sexualandgende di e si y.
The wop ima y heo iesunde pinning heconcep sunde analysisand hei possi‐
bleimplica ionsa e:(1)essen ialism,whicha gues ha sexualdimo phismc ea es ixed
maleand emaleiden i ieswhicha einna einna u eandp o ideunques ionableimpli‐
ca ions o people’sli esandexpec a ions;and(2)quee heo y,emphasizing hein lu‐
enceo hesociocul u al elaywi h eedom o heexp essiono sexuali yandgende
[12].Wi hin hisquee heo y,wecanpoin ou heexis enceo pansexuali y,whichde‐
nies hebina ycha ac e iza iono sexandgende ,andhowi a emp s ogobeyondsuch
labels.In hissense,ass a edin hedoc o al hesiso [16], hede ini iono sex om he
quee heo ype spec i ewouldbe“asocial,poli icalandlinguis iccons uc ion ha
shouldno bebasedonbiologicala gumen s”(p.28).
Oneo heconsolida ed heo ies, o which he eise enane alua ionscale,is he
mul idimensional heo yo [17],inwhichsexualo ien a ionisbelie ed oe ol eo e
imeandape soncanbesi ua edanywhe ebe ween heex emes owa ds heo he sex
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881207
and hesamesex.I alsoshows ha anindi idual’siden i iedsexualo ien a ionmaybe
a ec edbysociocul u alp essu ein ha pe son’sen i onmen .
A ecen s udy[18]shows heexis enceo a i udeso espec , ole ance,andac‐
cep ance owa ds heLGBTcommuni y(lesbian,gay,bisexual, ansgende )inuni e si y
s uden s.Howe e ,asano he s udy[19,20]indica es, u he educa ionon he opico
accep anceand espec iss illnecessa yino de oallow o mo e lexiblesexualdi e ‐
si y,aswellas ocon ibu e oimp o edsel ‐accep anceand educeds igma.Speci ically,
hela e s udy[20]makesadis inc ionbe ween he ollowing e msin ega ds osel ‐
iden i iedsexualo ien a ion:(a)he e osexual(sexuala ac ion opeopleo heopposi e
sex);(b)homosexual(sexuala ac ion opeopleo hesamesex);(c)bisexual(sexuala ‐
ac ion omenandwomenandpeoplewhoa enon‐bina yo dono iden i yaswomen
o men);(d)asexual(nosexuala ac ion oanype son);(e)pansexual(sexuala ac ion
opeopleo anysexo gende );( )demisexual(sexuala ac ion opeoplewi hwhom
heyha ea e ys ongemo ionalbond);(g)he e o lexible(sexuala ac ion opeopleo
heopposi esexandsome imesa ac ion opeopleo hesamesex);and(h)sapiosexual
(sexuala ac ion opeoplewi hhighin elligence).Theseau ho s ound ha ,inasample
o youngSpania dsagedbe ween18and25yea sold,26.1%iden i iedwi hanon‐he e ‐
osexualsexualo ien a ionacco ding o he e msdesc ibedabo e;speci ically,12.8%
iden i ied hemsel esasbisexual,andwomenexp essedg ea e sexuala ac ion obo h
sexes,whilemeniden i iedmo ewi hhomosexuali y.
F oma e lexi emodelusingaquali a i eme hodology,suchasin e iewswi h
openques ions,li ehis o ies,ande hnog aphy,o he s udiescanbe oundwhichconside
heimpo anceo inclusionand espec o di e si y,especiallyin he aceo newchal‐
lengesandchangesingende dis inc ions,and he endency owa dsaless ixedsexual
iden i yinbo h hesocialandclinicalsphe es[21–25].As[26]shows, he igidi yo oles
o menandwomenhasconsequenceswhe he hose olesa e ollowedo no in e mso
he o ma iono aposi i e“I,”asenseo belongingandin helinks ha a ec ea edo ail
obec ea edwi ho he people.
Wi h ega d o hepe cep iono u u e eache s owa ds heLGBTQIA+communi y,
somes udies[27]poin o heawa enessandwillingnesso ainee eache sinp ima y
educa ionandea lychildhoodeduca ion ocon ibu e o ainingandp omo ingac‐
cep anceo a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si yin heclass oom.Ano he wo k
[28]s udied hes a eo academicawa enesssu oundingin e sexuali yinea lychild‐
hood,p ima yandseconda yeduca ion, indingalacko esea chandacademicigno‐
ance ha demons a es hedi icul yinimplemen ingp og amsandmeasu es o im‐
p o eddi e si yandinclusion.O he ecen esea ch[29]emphasizes he oleo socio‐
educa ional ac o sin hep omo iono inclusionin heuni e si yen i onmen ,as hese
ac o sha easigni ican impac onacademicpe o mancein hemos ma ginalizedpop‐
ula ions.
Wi h espec o hecon ibu ionsbyp e ious esea ch,i shouldbeno ed ha he e
a emo ewo ks ha call o coexis encewi h ega d ogende equali yinseconda yedu‐
ca ion,ande ena hisle el, he ea e e y ewwhich ocusonLGBTQ+communi ies.
Howe e , he ea es ill e y ewp og ams,suchas hep esen one,aimedno onlya
educa ion o gende equali y,bu alsoa educa ion o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgen‐
de di e si yin heuni e si yen i onmen ,inwhichelemen so inno a iona ein o‐
ducedandac i i iesa eca iedou ans e sally.Non‐sexis languageguidesha ebeen
analyzedin hiss udy,ands uden sha ealsohad heoppo uni y opa icipa einmany
join ac i i iessuchaswo kshops,semina s,cong esses,con e ences,sc ip o iumcon e ‐
ences, ideo o ums,andexhibi ions.
Taking heabo ein oaccoun ,asuccess ul eachinginno a ionp og amwascoo ‐
dina edandde elopedwi hin heuni e si ycu iculum(PlanFIDOUGR,PlandeFo ‐
macióneInno aciónDocen edelaUni e sidaddeG anada,PIE419,2018–2020)[30],
whichaimed o aiseawa enessandp omo eeduca ion o sexual,bodily,andgende
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881208
di e si y(sexualo ien a ions,gende exp essionandiden i y,anddi e secha ac e is‐
ics),non‐sexism,co‐educa ion, espec o gende iden i y,and heimpo anceo p e en‐
ionandi sawa enessin heuni e si yen i onmen .
Amul idisciplina yg oupo 25 eache s om a iousacademicdisciplinespa ici‐
pa ed.Thei s uden sbene i ed om ans e salandspeci icac i i iesin a o o educa‐
ion o sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.Theseac i i ieswe eadap edandblended
in o hecon en so espec i e eachingp og ams.Theimplemen a ionandadap a iono
ad ancedlea ningme hodologiesencou agedau onomouslea ning,ac i epa icipa ion,
and heuseo in o ma ionandcommunica ion echnologies(ICT) o aiseawa enesso
heseissuesinuni e si yclass ooms.
Thep ojec wasde elopedo e woacademicyea s.The i s yea wasaimeda ais‐
ingawa enessand ainings uden swi hc osscu ingandsubjec ‐speci icac i i ies.In
hesecondyea , oge he wi h hep e iousac i i ies,join ac i i ieswe ede elopedwi h
he olun a ypa icipa iono s uden s ainedin hep e iousacademicyea .
The ollowing ans e salac i i ieswe ede elopedwi hine e ysubjec a ea:
Usingques ionnai es ocusinga en ionona ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di‐
e si y;
De elopinglanguageandguides(languageandcon en ,including e e ences, e‐
sou ces,andma e ials) o eachsubjec ;
MakingLGBTpeople(and hosewo king o LGBT igh s) isible;
Deba ing heimpo anceo ini ia i esdesigned op omo e espec owa dsa ec i e‐
sexual,bodily,andgende di e si yin hewo ld odayinSpanishandAndalusian
schools,wi hsubsequen e lec i eac i i iesand hepossibili yo ex ending hese
deba es oschoolsa hele elo compulso yseconda yeduca ion(Enseñanza
Secunda iaObliga o ia;ESO);
Ge ing hepa icipa ings uden s odesigne e ydayli eac i i ies o hep omo ion
o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.
The ollowingspeci icac i i ieswe ealsoca iedou :Comple ingaspeci icac i i y
basedon heco espondingma e ialo subjec ma e .The eache spa icipa ingineach
educa ionalac i i y,whichwaslinked oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y,
o ien a ion,andp o essionale hics,selec ed hespeci icac i i ies ha wouldbeexclu‐
si elyca iedou wi hineachsubjec a ea.Thesewe ebasedon hepedagogicalc i e ia
andsui abili yo heme hodology o hecon en andobjec i eso heac i i y.Examples
o possibleac i i iesincluded:Wa chingasho o long‐ o ma ilm ollowedbyadiscus‐
sionandadeba e;alec u ebyanexpe in he ieldandcomple iono ollow‐upques ions
on he i ualcampus(designed o hispu pose);pa icipa ioninna ionalandin e na‐
ionaldeba e o ums;cons uc iono aWiki,cha ,o o um o discussionandi suse o
sol eapa icula p oblemo ob ainsugges ions o e e ydayideas oencou age he
equali yo gende di e ences;a ideoo book o um;c ea iono aglossa yo e ms e‐
la ed o heseissues;askings uden s o indanLGBT‐suppo i enewsi em ollowedby
c i ical e lec ionuponi inclass;c ea iono abibliog aphic ile;andanalysiso a ex .
Thes uden bodyalsobene i ed om he ollowingjoin ac i i ies:(a)Commemo a‐
iono anni e sa ies(pe o mance,conce ,slogans/s icke s o sa espaces);a endance
andpa icipa ionin he1s Con e enceonA en ion oA ec i e‐SexualDi e si yhelda he
Facul yo Psychologyand he1s In e na ionalCong essonA en ion oA ec i e‐SexualDi‐
e si yhelda heFacul yo Psychology;and he1s In e na ionalCong essonA en ion o
A ec i e‐SexualDi e si yheldinAndalusia;(b)In e disciplina y ound ables,suchas o
heanalysiso lawsand hei de elopmen ,depa hologiza ion,and amilies; esea chin
educa ionandheal h.Pa icipa iono woexpe sando he au onomouscommuni ies;
Legisla ionandpublicpolicies.Pa icipa iono woexpe sand heAndalusiancommu‐
ni y;Expe iencesinESO(Compulso ySeconda yEduca ion,Voca ionalT aining,In an
andP ima yEduca ion,LanguageSchools).
Theobjec i eso hep esen s udywe e:(a)Toanalyze hedesc ip i es a is icsas
wellasS uden ’sT‐ es compa ing heini ialda aa hebeginningo hep og amwi h
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881209
he inalda aonce heinno a ionp og amhadbeencomple edwi hase ieso a iables
selec ed ocon ol hee ec o hep og am;(b)Toe alua e hedeg eeo sa is ac ionand
pe cei eduse ulnesso heac i i ieso heinno a ionp og am;(c)Toexamine hedeg ee
o pe cei eduse ulnesso heac i i iesca iedou o ul ill heobjec i eso hep ojec ;
(d)Toexamine he ela ionshipsbe ween he a iablea i udes owa dsequali yanda ‐
ec i e‐sexualdi e si yando he psychoeduca ional a iables,suchass yleso hinking;
ande)Toassess hedeg eeo ul illmen o heobjec i eso he eachinginno a ionp o‐
g amby he eachings a ands uden s.
Resea chHypo hesis
Aninc easein hede elopmen o socio‐emo ionalskills,suchasempa hy,isex‐
pec ed odec easenega i ea i udes owa dsa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e ‐
si ya e hede elopmen o heac i i ieso heinno a ionp og am.I isalsoexpec ed
ha heknowledgeabou a ec i e‐sexualdi e si ywillbeg ea e a e he aining e‐
cei edin hep og am.
2.Ma e ialsandMe hods
2.1.Pa icipan s
Theinno a ionp ojec bene i ed2400uni e si ys uden s omdi e en acul ies
(suchasEduca ionalSciences,Psychology,SocialWo k,Law,andPhilosophyandLe e s)
whoca iedou hep oposedac i i ies.A o alinciden alsampleo 129s uden sbelong‐
ing o heFacul yo Educa ionalSciencesand heFacul yo Psychologyo heUni e si y
o G anadawe eselec ed.Mos o hembelonged o he i s yea o heDeg eeinP ima y
Educa ionand heDeg eeinPsychology.O he129s uden s,69%we ewomen.In e ms
o ma i als a us,mos o hemwe esingle.Theywe eagedbe ween18and25yea s,wi h
ana e ageageo 20.87yea sold.Acon olg oupwasalsousedwi hasampleo 95
s uden s(67% emale) omg oups ha didno pa icipa ein hep og ambu belonged
o hesame acul ies.Amul idisciplina yg oupo 25 eache s omdi e en a easo
knowledgepa icipa ed.Thep esen s udyp o ocolwasapp o edby heE hicsCommi ‐
eeo heUni e si yo G anada(G anada,Spain),wi h he egis a ionnumbe :
2056/CEIH/2021.Thepa icipan scomple edanindi idualin o medconsen o m opa ‐
icipa ein hes udy.
2.2.Ins umen s
2.2.1.Ins umen sSelec ed oMoni o heE ec o heP og am
Adap a iono SchoolDoingGende /S uden s—Scaleo S uden A i udes owa ds
Co‐educa ion[31]:Thisins umen e alua ess uden a i udes owa dsco‐educa ionand
hecons uc iono anewgende cul u einschoolsbasedonequali ybe weenpeople,
acco ding oa5‐poin Like ‐ ypescalewi h1=Comple elydisag eeand5=Comple ely
ag ee.I p esen sadequa epsychome icp ope ieso eliabili yand alidi y.C onbach’s
alpha(α) o hecu en s udy o hescalewas0.92.
Nega i eA i udes owa dsT ansPeopleScale(NATS)[32].Thisins umen consis s
o ninei ems.The o alsco ewasob ainedbyaddingsco esacco ding oa5‐poin Like
scale anging om1=S onglydisag ee o5=S onglyag ee.Thisscalehasanexcellen
in e nalconsis encyin hes udysample(α=0.88).Highe sco esa eindica i eo ahighe
le elo nega i ea i udes owa ds anspeople.Somei emsin hisins umen include:
“T anspeopleshouldno beallowed o eachinschools”;“ anspeople end obesex‐
uallyp omiscuous”;and“ anspeoplea emo elikely han he es o socie y oge a
sexualdisease.”Thisins umen hasp e iouslybeenusedin heSpanishpopula ion[33].
Mode nHomophobiaScale[34].Thisins umen consis so 22i emsin hesubscale
Homophobia owa dgaymen(MHS‐G)and24i emsin hesubscaleHomophobia owa d
lesbians(MHS‐L)wi h i e‐s ep esponse o ma :1=S onglydisag ee,2=Somewha
disag ee,3=Nei he ag eeno disag ee,4=Somewha ag eeand5=S onglyag ee.A
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881210
highe sco eindica esamo eposi i ea i ude ohomosexuali y,whichise idencedbya
mo eposi i ea i ude owa dlesbiansandgays.Thein e nalconsis ency o hescale o
hecu en s udywasα=0.87.This es hasbeen alida edin heSpanishlanguage o
useinSpanishpopula ions[35].
Cogni i eandA ec i eEmpa hyTes (TECA)[36].This es ins umen comp ises
33i ems ha a e a edonaLike scale omone(s onglydisag ee) o i e(s ongly
ag ee).I assessescogni i e‐a ec i eskills ela ed o hele elo empa hy ega dingdi‐
e si y‐ ela edissues.The es consis so ou dimensions.Wi hin hecogni i ea eaa e
hedimensionso pe spec i e‐ akingandemo ionalunde s anding.Thea ec i ea eain‐
cludesempa hics essandempa hicjoy.I p esen sadequa epsychome icp ope ieso
eliabili yand alidi yin hes udysample(α=0.88).This es hasbeenusedinnume ous
s udiesin ol ing heSpanishpopula ion(e.g.,[37]).
S enbe g–Wagne ThinkingS ylesQues ionnai e[38,39](S e nbe g,1994,sho
o m).Thisques ionnai econ ains65i emswi hase en‐s ep esponse o ma :1=No a
all(i hes a emen doesno i a all);2=Almos ,3=Sligh ly;4=Ali le;5=Qui ealo ;
6=Alo ;7=Comple ely.I e alua esindi idualp e e ences o askpe o mance,p ojec
de elopmen ,andmen alp ocesses.I ismadeupo 13scaleso i ei emseach:Legisla‐
i e,execu i e,judicial,local,global,libe al,conse a i e,hie a chical,mona chical,oli‐
ga chical,ana chical,in e nal,andex e nal.Thein e nalconsis ency o hep esen sam‐
ple angesbe ween0.70and0.86.Thisques ionnai ehasp e iouslybeenusedwi hin
Spanishuni e si ypopula ions[40].
2.2.2.Ins umen so Con inuousE alua iondu ing heDe elopmen o heP og am
Rub icanswe edby hes uden s[30].This ub ice alua ed hedeg eeo sa is ac ion
anduse ulness epo edby heeduca ionalac i i iesin a o o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily
andgende di e si yca iedou bypa icipan s,acco ding oa i e‐s epscalewi h1=
no a alland5= e ymuch.I alsocon ainsase ieso i ems ela ed oknowledgeabou
concep sand e minology ela ed oa ec i e‐sexualdi e si y,knowledgeabou ools o
hede ec ionandp e en iono LGBTI iolenceandha assmen ,belie sabou heneed o
ecei e ainingina ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y(ASCGD),de ec iono
s e eo ypes,sel ‐pe cei edsocio‐emo ionalcompe ence odealwi h heseissuesin he
class oomas u u e eache s,and o acesi ua ionso disc imina ionandha assmen in
e e ydayli e.
The ub icwasanswe edby eache sands uden s o hee alua iono hedeg ee
o compliancewi h heobjec i eso heP og am[30].Thee alua ionwas1=Thisobjec‐
i ehasno been ul illeda all;and5=Yes, hisobjec i ehasbeen o ally ul illed.
Thep og amandi sme hodology:Al houghdesc ibedin hein oduc ion, hegen‐
e alobjec i eso head anced eachinginno a ionp og am i led“T ans e saleduca ion
o a ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y”(Code419,Call o TeachingInno a ion
P ojec sandGoodP ac iceso heFIDOUGRPlan2018–2021)[30]we e o aiseawa e‐
nessandp omo eeduca ion o sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y(sexualo ien a ions,
gende exp essionandiden i yanddi e secha ac e is ics),non‐sexism,co‐educa ion, e‐
spec inggende iden i y,and heimpo anceo p e en ionandi sawa enessin heuni‐
e si yen i onmen .
2.3.DesignandP ocedu e
Anexpos ac odesignwasused.Ac oss‐sec ionalnon‐expe imen al esea chde‐
signwasimplemen ed,andcon eniencesamplingwasused o selec ings uden pa ici‐
pan s.Pa icipan swe easked ocomple ease ieso sel ‐ epo Like ‐ esponsescales
ha we ep e iouslyou lined.TheE hicsCommi eeo heUni e si yo G anadaap‐
p o ed hep og amand hes udiesde i ed omi .E alua ionswe eca iedou be o e
s a ing hep og amanda e ending hep og amwi hdi e en a iablesselec ed o
eco d hee ec o hep og am.In o medconsen was eques ed,and hecon iden iali y
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881211
o heda aand he olun a yna u eo pa icipa ionwe eensu edwi hpa icipan s.The
ques ionnai eswe eadminis e edcollec i elywi hdi e en g oupso pa icipan sindi ‐
e en class ooms.
2.4.Da aAnalysis
Fo heda aanalysis, hecompu e izeds a is icalpackageSPSSV.22wasused.An
examina ion(desc ip i es a is icsandKolmogo o –Smi no no mali y es s)o hes udy
a iableswasca iedou o e i ycompliancewi h heassump ionso no mali y,non‐
collinea i y,andPea son’sco ela ion.
Desc ip i eanalyseswe eca iedou e lec ingpe cen ages,means,ands anda d
de ia ionso hepa icipa ingsampleaswellasS uden ’sT‐ es o ela edsamples, o
de e minei he ewe es a is icallysigni ican di e encesin hee alua iono he a ia‐
bleso heques ionnai es,includingnega i ea i udes owa ds anssexualpeople,em‐
pa hyin hecogni i eanda ec i edimension,andknowledgeabou equali yanda ec‐
i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.
Toassess hedeg eeo sa is ac ionandpe cei eduse ulnessassocia edwi h hep o‐
g amac i i ies(comple iono ques ionnai esandsubsequen e lec ionon he esul sin
classsemina s;deba eon heimpo anceo educa ion o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si y;d aw‐
ingupalis o dailyac ions obeca iedou in a o o a ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgen‐
de di e si y;analysiso newsondi e si y;analysisandassessmen o guidesonnon‐
sexis language; iewingo a ilmo sho ilmabou hissubjec ; esou ceswhicha end
oa ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y;ca yingou alis o dailyac ionsin a o
o a ec i e‐sexualandgende di e si y;analysiso newsondi e si y;analysisande al‐
ua iono guidesonnon‐sexis language;Ca yingou ag oupac i i y(mu al,e c.) ela ed
odi e si y;andacon e enceo alk.Themeanands anda dde ia ionwe eex ac ed.
Likewise, oe alua e hedeg eeo ul illmen o heobjec i eso heinno a ionp og am
i isalsoex ac ed hemean, hes anda dde ia ion,andex ensi ein o ma iona ailable
inp in andon heIn e ne o quali a i ecommen s ha ha eno beenp esen edin his
wo k.Muchmo ein o ma ion ha isno p esen edin hiss udyisa ailablein hepla ‐
o musedwi h hepa icipan sin he epo sdeli e ed,pa icipa ionsandcommen sin
o ums,wikis,andglossa ieso e ms,inaddi ion o hein e iewsca iedou .
Analyseso he ela ionshipsbe ween he a iables—a i udes owa dsgende
equali yanda ec i e‐sexualdi e si yand he a iable hinkings yles/cogni i e lexibil‐
i y—we eca iedou usingPea son’sco ela ionanalysis.
3.Resul s
3.1.Di e encesinEmpa hy,A i udes,andKnowledgeabou A ec i e‐Sexual,Bodily,and
Gende Di e si yBe o eandA e Pa icipa ionin heInno a ionP og am
Table1p esen s heanalysiso hee ec so heinno a ionp og amcompa ing he
sco eson he a iable’sempa hy,a i udes,andknowledgeabou a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,
andgende di e si yin hissamplebe o eanda e hei pa icipa ionin hep og am.
Di e encesin hesco eson hese a iableswe e ound.Speci ically,aninc easewas
oundin hesco eso heempa hy a iablesin hei cogni i eanda ec i edimensions,
aswellasin heknowledgeselec ed o hei e alua ion.Adec easeinnega i ea i udes
ands e eo ypes owa ds ansgende peoplewasalso ound.
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881212
Table1.Compa isono p e–pos meansin heg oupo uni e si ys uden spa icipa ingin heinno a ionp og amin
he a iableso hes udy.
S uden ’s ‐Tes
MDTMDT glp
Nega i ea i udes owa ds ansgende people11.253.669.932.224.041260.00
Adop iono pe spec i es30.593.3633.233.53−26.671260.00
Emo ionalunde s anding31.465.2934.155.29−24.231260.00
Empa hics ess23.393.8525.533.82−22.751260.00
Empa he icjoy28.743.1031.333.11−29.481260.00
Posi i eBelie s1.560.563.840.37−22.141260.00
Knowledgeo equali yanda ec i e‐sexualdi e si y1.780.503.590.49−24.351200.00
Social‐emo ionalcompe encies1.340.643.900.30−25.681240.00
gl:deg eeso eedom;p:signi icancele el; :S uden ’s ‐s a is ic o dependen samples;M:mean;SD:s anda dde ia ion;
p:c i icalle elo signi icance.
Table2belowshowsanex ac o he inalda ao hepa icipan sin hep og am
e e ing o hedeg eeo sa is ac ionandpe cei eduse ulnessob ainedin heeduca ional
ac i i iesusedin hep og am.Conside ing ha hee alua ionwas omone obeing, he
a e agesco esshowed ha heac i i ies epo edahighdeg eeo sa is ac ion.Pa ici‐
pan swe ealsoaskedabou hedeg ee owhich heseac i i iescon ibu ed o he ul ill‐
men o heobjec i eso hep ojec ,whosesco ewas4.90 o ac i i y7(s uden body),
4.85 o ac i i y4(s uden body),and4.83 o ac i i y7(Facul y), o example.
Table2.Deg eeo pe cei eduse ulnessandsa is ac ionwi heduca ionalac i i iesin a o o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,
andgende di e si y.D =s anda dde ia ion.
Ac i i ies
Deg eeo Sa is‐
ac ion
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Pe cei ed
Use ulness
(S uden )
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Con ibu ion
o These
Ac i i ies o
heFul ill‐
men o he
P ojec
Objec i es
(S uden )
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Con ibu ion
o These
Ac i i ies o
he
Ful illmen
o heP ojec
Objec i es
(Facul y)
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Pe cei ed
Use ulness
(Facul y)
Mean(d )
1.Comple iono ques ionnai es4.00(1.21)4.36(1.12)4.49(0.70)4.50(0.84)5.00(1.00)
2.Discussionon heimpo anceo educa ion
o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si y4.25(0.87)4.46(0.80)4.49(0.70)4.83(0.41)4.67(0.82)
3.Elabo a iono alis o dailyac ions o
ca you in a o o a ec i e‐sexualbodily
andgende di e si y.
4.26(0.83)4.00(0.77)4.50(0.70)4.83(0.41)4.67(0.52)
4.Di e si ynewsanalysis4.33(0.79)4.39(1.83)4.85(0.69)4.67(0.81)4.83(0.40)
5.Analysisande alua iono guidesonnon‐
sexis language.4.00(0.83)4.00(0.83)4.67(0.79)4.40(0.89)5.00(0.00)
6.Viewingo a ilmo sho ilmon his he‐
ma icline.4.33(0.75)4.36(0.83)4.67(0.65)4.67(0.81)5.00(0.00)
7.Resou cesp o idedona en ion oa ec‐
i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y.4.00(0.60)4.66(0.67)4.90(0.51)4.83(1.03)4.33(1.03)
8.Ca yingou ag oupac i i y(mu al,e c.)
ona en ion odi e si y.4.08(0.90)4.48(0.87)4.68(0.75)4.33(1.91)4.67(0.51)
9.Con e enceo lec u e4.00(1.04)4.5(1.10)4.80(0.69)4.35(1.03)4.55(1.00)
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881213
3.2.Rela ionshipsbe ween heVa iableA i udes owa dsA ec i e‐SexualDi e si yandS yles
o Thinking
Table3shows heco ela ionsbe ween he a iableso posi i ea i udes owa ds
gende equali ya he h eele els(sociocul u al, ela ional,andpe sonal)and hedi e ‐
en scales ha a epa o he hinkings yles.The esul sshow heexis enceo posi i e
co ela ionsbe weena i udes owa dsgende equali yand he o alsco e o he hinking
s yles a iable.
Table3.Co ela ionbe weena i udes owa dsgende equali yand hinkings ylesinuni e si ys uden s.
12345678910111213
A i udes owa ds
heequali yo
gende ( o al)
−0
.29
−0.27
0.45
*
−0.06
0.17
0.110.11−0.190.120.120.060.030.11
Sociocul u alle el
0
.26
0.22
0.46
*
0.07
0.280.080.18−0.18−0.010.020.070.15−0.03
Rela ionalle el
0
.41*
0.46
*
0.33
0.14
0.08
0.15
0.04−0.33−0.140.290.140.04−0.32
Pe sonalle el
−0
.09
−0.26
−0.04
−0.14
0.12−0.070.11
−0.03
0.11−0.21−0.140.02−0.33
No e.1.Legisla i e;2.Execu i e;3.Judicial;4.Local;5.Global;6.Libe al;7.Conse a i e;8.Hie a chical;9.Mona chical;
10.Oliga chical;11.Ana chical;12.In e nal,and13.Ex e nal;*p<0.05.
3.3.Pe cep ionson heDeg eeo Compliancewi h heObjec i eso heP ojec by heTeaching
S a ,S uden s,andAssocia ion
Nex ,Table4p esen s heda a e e ing o hedeg eeo ul illmen o hep ojec ’s
objec i esby he eachings a ands uden s,and hepe cei eduse ulness— hea e age
aluesacco ding oa i e‐s epscalealso angingbe ween4and5.
Table4.Deg eeo compliancewi h hep ojec objec i es(1= o allydisag ee;7= o allyag ee).Meanands anda d
de ia ion.
S uden Body(Meanand
S anda dDe ia ion)
Facul y(MeanandS anda d
De ia ion)
Objec i es:
GENERAL:
‐Sensi izeand aiseawa eness owa dsinclusi eeduca‐
ionabou a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y
inuni e si yen i onmen s.
4.3(1.41)4.66(0.51)
‐P omo eamongs uden s heo e ical‐p ac ical
knowledgeabou inequali y,disc imina ion,and he
alueo equali y,gende equi y,co‐educa ion,and e‐
spec o di e en gende ,sexual,andbodilyiden i ies.
4.14(1.06) 4.17(0.41)
‐P omo e ans e sali y o hede elopmen o in e ‐
andin a‐pe sonalskills h ough hecollabo a ionand
join pa icipa iono s uden sanduni e si y eaching
s a omdi e en deg eecou sesand eachinga eas.
4.4(1.05)4.33(1.21)
‐Re lec upon heimpo anceo in e sec ionali y o he
p omo ionandmobiliza iono igh sin hea eao
equali yandjus ice,linking hesi ua ionso disc imina‐
ion ha heyp oducewi h hei speci icsocio‐poli ical,
legal,andeconomiccon ex s.
4.40(1.06) 4.00(1.89)
SPECIFICJOINTOBJECTIVES:
‐Encou agecon ac wi hassocia ionsandsocialo gani‐
za ions ha wo k o a o hesuppo o ,anda en ion
o,sexual‐a ec i edi e si yandsexualo ien a ion.
4.50(1.06) 4.33(0.51)
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881220
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ingbody:UnidaddeCalidad,Inno aciónyP ospec i a,Uni e sidaddeG anada.Con oca o iadeP oyec osdeInno ación
Docen eyBuenasP ác icas,PlanFIDOUGR2018‐2020[Uni o Quali y,Inno a ion,andFo wa dPlanning,Uni e si yo
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