Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion
Ma e ial. Cha ac e iza ion o Di e en
Mix u es and Implemen a ion Using
he P ojec ed Ea h Sys em
Ignacio Val e de-Palacios, Raquel Fuen es-Ga cía,
Ana Ce illa-Maldonado, and Ignacio Val e de-Espinosa
Abs ac The use o he ea h as a cons uc ion ma e ial has been ca ied ou all
o e he wo ld, in walls, ampa s, o i ica ions. Fo his eason, esea ch o his
ype is necessa y o implemen cu en echniques in he es o a ion o ammed ea h
cons uc ions wi h he ammed ea h echnique. In addi ion, i can be used o he
cons uc ion o new wo ks o bo h walls and cladding. The esea ch o he ea h as
a cons uc ion ma e ial is p esen ed he e h ough he cha ac e iza ion o he ea h
i sel , in his case, edaphic soils om he wea he ing o he Alhamb a Fo ma ion
(Spain), and i s mix u es wi h ae ial o hyd aulic limes and cemen o low esis ance.
In addi ion, na u al o ecycled agg ega es and addi i es such as wa e epellen s and
ecological enzymes, o eplace binde s, and addi ions o powde ubbe and ex ile
om used i e was e ha e been used. The esul s ob ained in all he mix u es, excep
he one added wi h ubbe and ex ile powde , a e ideal o use in es o a ion o ea h
wo ks and new cons uc ion, placed on si e using he p ojec ed ea h sys em.
Keywo ds Ea h ·P ojec ed ea h sys em ·Res o a ion o ammed ea h ·Lime ·
Ecological enzyme ·Powde ubbe and ex ile ibbe
1 In oduc ion
Cons uc ion ma e ials a e conside ed en i onmen al esou ces which ha e been
ob ainedino de obe ea ed oshape hebuildings ha su ound us. These ma e ials
unde go, o a g ea e o lesse ex en , a se ies o na u al p ocesses ha help us be e
unde s and how hey a e o be used and used, as well as hei beha io h oughou
hei use ul li e. Th oughou his o y, he me hods o ex ac ion and ea men o hese
ha e changed, enhancing hei i ues and acili a ing adap a ion o he di e en
equi emen s o which hey a e going o be exposed.
All his g ea a ie y o ma e ials ha we ind a ound us has a common compo-
nen ein e p e ed since he beginning o cons uc ion, we speak o a e nacula
I. Val e de-Palacios (B)·R. Fuen es-Ga cía ·A. Ce illa-Maldonado ·I. Val e de-Espinosa
Depa men o Building Cons uc ion, Technical Uppe School o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y o
G anada, Campo del P incipe, 18071 G anada, Spain
e-mail: nacho al@ug .es
© The Au ho (s), unde exclusi e license o Sp inge Na u e Singapo e P e L d. 2022
D. Bien enido-Hue as and J. Moyano-Campos (eds.), New Technologies in Building and
Cons uc ion, Lec u e No es in Ci il Enginee ing 258,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-981-19-1894-0_17
299
300 I. Val e de-Palacios e al.
a chi ec u e, an a chi ec u e unde s ood and based on he genesis o i s en i onmen ,
in which i s componen s ha e ha au hen ici y imp in ed in hei aining. One o he
ma e ials ha mos co esponds o his commen is abou he ea h, his being one o
he mos used ma e ials h oughou his o y. I is a ma e ial p esen in p ac ically all
pa s o he wo ld, ha ing been exploi ed by a mul i ude o ci iliza ions which ha e
used many echniques. All his se o p ac ices p o ides us wi h in o ma ion abou
how he land gi es iden i y and shape o he cons uc ions and elemen s in which i
is used, a i ing wi h his s a emen a he concep o he i age.
Howe e , conse ing he he i age buil on land is no only conside ing he
cons uc ion ypology and i s limi a ions, bu i also consis s o a ask o esea ch,
escue, and dissemina ion o he echniques used, which, since i is adi ional a chi-
ec u e, depends on egional wisdom and p esen s he disad an age ha , since hey
a e knowledge ans e ed o ally, hey do no appea in documen s. To a ce ain
ex en , his p oblem has in luenced he ac ha cu en ly he choice o he ex ac ion
a ea o he ma e ial is no an easy ask, his being one o he main ac o s o he
cons uc ion o walls.
The ammed ea h is a cons uc i e sys em used o millennia in places like Egyp ,
India, China, Sy ia, Pe u, e c. In Spain, he land he i age buil using his echnique
is qui e ex ensi e; in ac , i has emains belonging o 820 BC [16]. Speci ically, in
G anada(Spain)isoneo hemos ex ensi emonumen sbuil wi h ammed ea h, he
Alhamb a,aswellasdomes ic housesin he AlbaicínandSac omon e neighbo hoods
ha gi e he ci y so much iden i y and name.
The ammed ea h echnique consis s o illing a o mwo k wi h laye s o ea h o
10–15 cm compac ing each one o hem wi h a ampe . The o mwo k is made up o
wo sepa a e pa allel planks, joined by a c ossba . In compac ion wi h echniques in
which he mud is used in a mo e humid s a e, he ammed ea h echnique p o ides
much lowe sh inkage and g ea e esis ance. The ad an age in ela ion o adobe
cons uc ion echniques is ha b ick cons uc ions a e monoli hic and he e o e ha e
g ea e s abili y [20].
This ea h sys em, as we ha e commen ed, consis s o he amping o he aw
ea h by laye s inside a wooden o mwo k whe e he cohesi e p ope y o he clays
is complemen ed by he mechanical comp ession o he ma e ial. Soil compac ion
is in luenced by he deg ee o humidi y. A soil ha is oo we canno be compac ed
p ope lyjus asone ha is ood y willno wo kp ope ly.Fo his eason, heop imum
mois u e con en is essen ial so ha i is jus enough o ac i a e he binding capaci y
o he clays, which anges om app oxima ely 0–10% [16]. I is he e o e a sys em in
which when using aw ea h, he choice o aw ma e ial is essen ial, complemen ing i
wi h he ideal deg ee o humidi y, and he use o s abilize s o gua an ee i s du abili y.
Adobe was used on he G ea Wall o China along wi h s one mo e han 5000 yea s
ago and was subsequen ly used in houses and walls abou 2700 yea s ago [18]. On
he o he hand, in No h A ica and he Middle Eas , he mos abundan ma e ial
was and is ea h, o his eason, he e a e also nume ous examples o walls buil
wi h ea h, a ma e ial ha was e ec ed as an easy, as , and inexpensi e way o build
o i ica ions.
Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 301
In addi ion, h oughou he Medi e anean, he e a e Phoenician es iges ha used
he ea h in he o m o adobe as a cons uc ion ma e ial, bo h in No h A ica and
on he Spanish coas s [3,4,17]. The e a e also desc ip ions o Roman w i e s who
na a e he cons uc ion o clay owe s in he in asion o he Ibe ian Peninsula ca ied
ou by he Ca haginians in 218 BC. In he con ex o p e-Columbian Ame ica, he e
isnoe idence o he use o land as a buildingma e ial,in ac , he i s cons uc ion on
land in No h Ame ica was ca ied ou by he Jesui missiona y Manuel Da Nob ega
in 1549, which sen a eques o Eu ope eques ing c a smen and ca pen e s o build
clay and adobe walls.
In he same way, he e is knowledge o ea hen cons uc ions ca ied ou in ea ly
imes in he a ea o B azil [13,22].
In he la e Middle Ages, Spain was unde Muslim ule, un il he Ca holic
Mona chs, in 1492, ook he las Muslim kingdom, he ci y o G anada (Spain). The
Ch is ian Kings implemen ed he ea h building echnique by hi ing Muslim a i-
sans. La e , he clay was mixed wi h i ed b ick, making s onge and mo e du able
o i ica ions [2].
The p oli e a ion o he ea h as a building ma e ial was such ha he e a e
nume ous ci ies ha we e buil in his way, such as Babylon in I aq, and he oldes
known ci y, Ca alhöyük, as has al eady been e e ed o, in Ana olia, om he se en h
millennium BC, ha i al eady had he houses buil wi h adobe. In ancien Egyp ,
adobe, made wi h sil om he Nile, was equen ly used in he cons uc ion o
houses, ombs (mas abas), o esses, and e en palaces, al hough he Egyp ians we e
also he i s o use he ca ed s one o e ec emples, py amids, and o he monu-
men al buildings. In Pe u, he e is he ci adel o Chan Chan, he la ges mud ci y in
Ame ica. In Jiayuguan, China, he e is a wall pa ially buil wi h ammed ea h, he
uppe le el inished wi h b icks, buil du ing he Ming dynas y (1368–1644), and
gian bea ing wall like he Fujian Ea h Building (TuLou) o he song-yuan dynas y
(800 yea s ago) [29]. In ou emples, his building ma e ial inds mani es a ions such
as es iges ha pa en i s use by a ious ci iliza ions such as he Roman o Muslim
and samples o ecen buildings ha show ha his ma e ial is pa o a li ing ea hen
a chi ec u e [14,19].
Clay, a he end o he Second Wo ld Wa , was once again a widely used cons uc-
ion ma e ial in Eas Ge many due o i s a ailabili y and low p ice [27]. The same
happenedinAus alia,whe ehisbook“BuildYou Houseo Ea h”wasun il ecen ly
he accep ed s anda d o cons uc ion on Aus alian soil [21].
All hese di e en eadings on he use o land unde cons uc ion h ough he
amming echnique coincide in one hing, du ing he de elopmen o he echnique a
se ies o p oblems a ise abou he use o soils o he geological o ma ion o he a ea
ha has been used o so long o cons uc ions h ough his me hod, since hey a e
conside ed he bes o such cons uc ion ypology, his has made hem be used o
a long ime, bu he ci ed p oblems a e such as access o ex ac ion o he land and
ease o ob aining i . Fo his eason, in his esea ch, he main objec i e has been he
beha io o collu ial and/o edaphic soils om he Alhamb a Fo ma ion in G anada
(Spain), which has p o ided a g ea de elopmen o he ci y, bo h in applica ion and
unc ionali y.
302 I. Val e de-Palacios e al.
As i has become clea , he use o he ea h as a cons uc ion ma e ial has been
ca ied ou all o e he wo ld. Fo his eason, esea ch o his ype is necessa y o
implemen cu en echniques in he es o a ion o ammed ea h cons uc ions wi h
he ammed ea h echnique. In addi ion, i can be used o he cons uc ion o new
wo ks o bo h walls and cladding.
In his esea ch, ea h has been used as he main ma e ial, which has been mixed
wi h di e en binde s, agg ega es, and addi i es. On he o he hand, he echnique
o laying by p ojec ion has also been p esen ed.
2 Ma e ials and Me hod
2.1 Ma e ials
2.1.1 Ea h. Collu ial/Edaphic Soils
In his case, he chosen ea h co esponds o he B ho izon o he edaphic soil o
he F. Alhamb a (Sou h o Spain, in G anada, Fig. 1) mixed wi h he oo o he C
ho izon. These soils a e ound in si u in he o ma ion i sel o accompanying he
discha ges ha ha e been made in di e en nea by exca a ion a eas, almos all o
building p ojec s.
The mos supe icial and al e ed soil o med by angula g a els and sandy sil s
whe e he ege a ion co esponding o ho izon A de elops om he ex ac ion zone.
In ho izon B, he e a e mac oscopic es iges o he mo he ma e ial wi h ounded
edges ha a e much cemen ed wi h less o ganic ma e han in he uppe le el, made
e iden by he b ownish hue o his laye . The C ho izon would be he base ma e ial
ha is made up o e y di e en ocks. These a e collu ial sedimen s ha make up
he Alhamb a Fo ma ion, cha ac e ized by i s eddish colo . All he esul s o he
s udy o he physical–mechanical p ope ies o edaphic soils will be compa ed wi h
hose ob ained o he Alhamb a Fo ma ion which is used in many o he su i ing
Fig. 1 Gene al iew o he ex ac ion a ea o he ea h used (le ) and soil collec ed in he labo a o y
( igh )
Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 303
ammed ea h cons uc ions in he ci y o G anada (Spain), including o i ica ions,
dwellings, and walls [15].
The ma e ial was ex ac ed in an a ea nea he own o El Fa gue, e y close o
G anada capi al. He e, he e a e lands and o cha ds o an h opic spills o collu ial
soils o he Alhamb a Conglome a e ha a e easily accessible (Fig. 2).
X- ay di ac ion es s ha e been ca ied ou o ob ain he mine alogical compo-
si ion o his soil (Fig. 3), ob aining qua z (46–47%), dolomi e (18–39%), and
Fig. 2 Gene al ec onic ske ch o he cen al and eas e n Be ic Co dille a (a). The ema ked zones
show he loca ion o Fig. 1b, (b) spa ial loca ion o soil uni s o he me opoli an A ea o G anada.
Town bounda ies a e shown wi h a hin polygonal line. Modi ied om Val e de-Palacios [28]

304 I. Val e de-Palacios e al.
Fig. 3 Soil-sample powde -X- ay di ac ion es esul s. The mean alue o he h ee samples
analyzed is p esen ed
calci e (17–27%) as he dominan mine alogical elemen s. Feldspa s (3–4%) and
clay mine als, phyllosilica es (4–7%), such as chlo i e and musco i e, a e ound o
a lesse ex en .
This mine alogical composi ion is e y simila o he esul s ob ained o soil
samples om he Alhamb a Fo ma ion (On i e os 1995, [14]), a esul ha con i ms
ha he soil p esen ed in his in es iga ion comes om he wea he ing o le el 2 o
he F. Alhamb a, on i s edaphic ho izon B wi h some C.
2.1.2 Binde s
– CL90-S [7], hyd a ed calcium lime powde (>90% CaO +MgO). Fo he eha-
bili a ion and es o a ion o he in e io and ex e io o emblema ic and old
buildings.
– NHL 5 [7], na u al hyd aulic lime. I is a ype o lime widely used in es o a ion
and g een building. I s main cha ac e is ics include i s low endency o c acking,
i s g ea plas ici y, and adhe ence o a ious su aces. Rega ding he mos no able
mechanical cha ac e is ics, we ha e a comp essi e s eng h o 2.0 MPa a 7 days
and 5 MPa a 28.
Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 305
– BL 22.5X [6], whi e mason y cemen wi h a comp essi e s eng h g ea e han 10
and 22.5 MPa a 7 and 28 days, espec i ely, acco ding o EN 413-1: 2011. In he
case o cemen , no mechanical es s ha e been ca ied ou since his in o ma ion
was a ailable h ough a quali y ce i ica e om he supplie , o which i mus be
added ha he pe cen age used, wi h espec o he weigh o he ea h, is e y
low, so i s impo ance as a binde is only in he sho e m un il he main binde ,
lime, begins o ca bona e, p o iding esis ance.
2.1.3 Agg ega es
– Dolomi ic limes one na u al agg ega e (Fig. 4)
These agg ega es come om dolomi ic ocks ha a e basically composed o
magnesium ca bona e (Ca Mg (CO3)2), no eac i e wi h he alkalis in cemen . I is a
well-p ocessed ma e ial, which p esen s mo phology like ha esul ing om agg e-
ga es om c ushing. In his case, he high deg ee o mic o-c acking o he moun ain
massi ,due o ec onic phenomena, allows he ock odisin eg a e whenexecu ing he
ex ac ion p ocess, esul ing in an agg ega e equi alen o ha o a i icial c ushing.
– Recycled agg ega es om cons uc ion and demoli ion was e (Fig. 5)
They a e was e om cons uc ion and demoli ions ha a e anspo ed o he plan
o be ea ed h ough c ushing and c ushing p ocesses, as well as a selec ion o he
ideal ma e ial. In ou case, we ha e a mix u e o wo ypes o ac ions: ine ac ion
o sand (0/4 mm) and coa se ac ion o g a el (4/8 mm). In i s composi ion, we
can ind he ollowing ma e ials: conc e e in a highe pe cen age, ce amic ma e ial,
b icks, glass s onewa e, po celain, e c. These agg ega es can be coded as 17 01 07
[23] acco ding o he Eu opean was e lis (O de MAM/304/2002, o Feb ua y 8.
Reco e y and disposal ope a ions o was e and Eu opean was e lis . Chap e 17
Fig. 4 Dolomi ic limes one
na u al agg ega e
306 I. Val e de-Palacios e al.
Fig. 5 Recycled agg ega es
o he Eu opean was e lis Annex 2 BOE, no. 43 ( e .: BOE-A-2002-3285)). They
comply wi h he speci ica ions es ablished by he Spanish s uc u al code. I is a well-
p ocessed ma e ial, wi h a sui able g anulome y o be used in he ea h p ojec ion
echnique and compa ible wi h he ea h used.
In bo h cases, hei pu pose is o co ec he g anulome ic cu es o he base ma e-
ial, heea h, in o de o achie eg ea e compac ness in hemix u eas a whole; in he
case o ecycled ma e ials, hei use also has an ecological unc ion, he elimina ion
o was e.
2.1.4 Addi i e
Wa e p oo ing: In he case o du abili y es s agains ain, a wa e - epellen addi i e
om SIKA, SikaP oo L-100, was used.
Ecological enzyme as a by-p oduc o suga cane p ocessing. The p oduc is
called COMPAT-TO®, p oduced and p o ided by nanosys ems, and is composed o
a mix u e o o ganic enzymes ha ca alyze a binding ac ion on plas ic pa icles, o
which a plas ici y index g ea e han 10 and a con en o clay g ea e han o equal
o 20%.
2.1.5 Clays
The wea he ed soil o he Alhamb a Fo ma ion has insu icien ines con en o he
ecological enzyme o bind he clay ma e ial. Fo his eason, wo ypes o clays (Table
1,Fig.6), om he company ARGILES COLADES S.A., ha e been used o he
mix u es in which he enzyme has been used.
Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 307
Table 1 Chemical
composi ion o he wo ypes
o clays used
Chemical
composi ion (%)
Mic onized clay
pen F g ay
Mic onized clay
pen F beige
Al2O315 18,13
SiO275,21 55,22
K2O0,64 3,59
CaO 0,40 4,62
Fe2O35,50 6,20
Modi ied om h p://a gilescolades.com/
Fig. 6 Mic onized clay pen
F g ay (le ), mic onized clay
pen F beige ( igh )
2.1.6 Rubbe Powde and Tex ile Fibe s
Ma e ial om used i e was e (Fig. 7), which is subjec ed o a mechanical c ushing
p ocess in o de o ob ain di e en g anulome ies ha se e us in ou agglome a e o
ea h. This mechanical g inding is also esponsible o sepa a ing all he componen s
o he i es, so ha he ex iles, s eel, and ubbe a e g ouped independen ly, and he
“ ubbe powde and g anules” a e ee o impu i ies and can be used.
314 I. Val e de-Palacios e al.
Fig. 11 Elec ic comp ession mul i- es machine used (le ). Fo ced ca bona ion chambe ( op
igh ) and sample a e uncon ined comp ession es and dep h o ca bona ion es wi h phenolph-
halein (bo om igh )
app ecia ed; o his eason, he low esis ance ob ained, 26% less, makes i necessa y
o p e-we he agg ega e wi h 5% o wa e wi h espec o he weigh o he d y mass
o ecycled agg ega e added acco ding o he in es iga ions o Cuenca-Moyano e al.
[5]; wi h his p e-we me hod, and also a e se en days o o ced ca bona ion, an
inc ease in comp essi e s eng h o a ound 47% was achie ed.
The mix u es o ea h wi h ecological enzymes, o eplace binde s, ha e been e y
sa is ac o y in he case o he addi ion o clay (6% wi h espec o he weigh o he
ea h), and e en mo e so o he ype mic onized clay pen F beige in which 31%
mo e is achie ed comp essi e s eng h compa ed o g ound only.
On he con a y, he use o ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s has e ealed a no able
d op in comp essi e s eng hs (~200%), an issue ha was o be expec ed gi en he
low densi y o he one wi h his esidue. Howe e , his mix u e opens up a new line
o esea ch o he use o his p oduc as a he mal insula ing ma e ial pu in o wo k
using he P ojec ed Ea h ™ echnique.
Rega ding he du abili y in simula ed ain es , a e 90 min (Fig. 12), he compac
specimens a s anda d p oc o densi y o he di e en mix u es ha e a he e ogeneous
beha io wi h mass losses o be ween 10 and 25% o hose o only ea h, be ween
2 and 5% o ea h +na u al agg ega e +lime +cemen , he mos sui able esul
is ae ial lime, a e y simila esul in he case o subs i u ion o na u al agg ega e
o ecycled agg ega e. On he o he hand, he mass losses measu ed in he o he
mix u es, wi h ecological enzymes and wi h powde and ex ile ibe s, he weigh
loss eached 40–50%, an issue ha was no la e e lec ed in he p ojec ed mix u es
ha a e de eloped in he nex sec ion.

Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 315
Fig. 12 Example o
cylind ical samples
compac ed o s anda d
p oc o densi y placed in ain
es machine
3.4 Commissioning Tes Using he P ojec ed Ea h Sys em
The sys em p esen ed is a pa en and egis e ed adema k owned by he Uni e si y
o G anada (Spain) and by he in en o s, Fuen es-G acía, R., Val e de-Espinosa, I
and Val e de-Palacios, I. [14,15]. Howe e , his echnique began wi h a ype o
machine y simila o ha used o sp ay conc e e by we means ha equi es g ea
specializa ion and high-capaci y comp esso s. Fo his eason, he p ojec ion o ou
mixes wi ha Tig e ™ plas e ing machine (Fig. 13) is now p esen ed as an inno a ion,
which does no equi e much expe ience and is much mo e e sa ile.
Speci ically, he mix u es ha ha e been p ojec ed a e he ollowing (Fig. 14):
–Ea h+na u al dolomi ic agg ega e (NA) +ae ial lime (CL90S) +whi e cemen
(BL22.5X) +wa e - epellen addi i e (WRA)
–Ea h+ ecycled agg ega e (RA) +ae ial lime (CL90S) +whi e cemen
(BL22.5X) +wa e - epellen addi i e (WRA)
–Ea h+ecological enzymes (EE) +beige clay (C) +wa e - epellen addi i e
(WRA)
–Ea h+ ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s (RPT) +CL90S) +whi e cemen
(BL22.5X) +wa e - epellen addi i e (WRA)
The mix u es we e p epa ed in a conc e e mixe wi h a p e-es ablished o de o
illing, acco ding o he p e ious in es iga ions ca ied ou by Fuen es-Ga cía [14],
o achie e he g ea es possible homogenei y. Tables 3and 4show he ideal illing
o de s o he di e en mix u es:
The esul o he p ojec ion o he di e en mix u es is shown in Fig. 13 in which
i can be seen ha he ex u e and adhe ence o he ce amic suppo ha e been e y
sa is ac o y. Subsequen ly, samples we e ex ac ed o es hem unde comp ession,
ob aining as a esul , he alues shown in Table 5. In his case, du abili y es s ha e
no been ca ied ou bu i should be no ed ha a e wo and a hal yea s, in a clima e
such as G anada (Spain) wi h annual a e age empe a u es be ween 0 and 34 °C and
316 I. Val e de-Palacios e al.
Fig. 13 a Ce amic b ick ac o y wall ha will se e as a suppo o p ojec he mix u es. bExample
o ma e ialsdosedbyweigh p epa ed o p ojec ion. cTig eplas e sp aye pluggedin ocomp esso
a p ecipi a ion a ound 300 mm/yea , he p ojec ed mix u es a e in pe ec condi ion
and no mass loss.
Rega ding he esul s o comp essi e s eng h on ca ed samples ex ac ed om
he p ojec ed mix u es, a dec ease o he o de o be ween 46 and 60% is obse ed
wi h espec o he cylind ical specimens compac ed o he densi y o he s anda d
p oc o es . These dec ease pe cen ages a e consis en wi h hose ob ained in he
p e ious esea ch such as Fuen es-Ga cía [14]. The conc e e esul s can be seen in
Table 5.
4 Conclusions
A e he esul s o all he es s ha ha e been p esen ed o he cha ac e iza ion o he
p oposed mix u es, i can be concluded in a gene al way ha all excep he one added
wi h dus and ex ile om i e was e a e sui able o use bo h in new cons uc ion and
o ehabili a ion o ammed ea h-based cons uc ions using he Tapial echnique.
In addi ion, he “p ojec ed ea h sys em” laying echnique using a plas e ing
machine is iable as a cons uc ion echnique, achie ing adequa e s eng h and
du abili y while sa ing ime and manpowe .
Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 317
Fig. 14 Resul o he p ojec ion o he di e en mix u es. aEa h +na u al dolomi ic agg ega e
+ae ial lime +whi e cemen . bEa h + ecycled agg ega e +ae ial lime +whi e cemen . cEa h
+ecological enzymes +clay. dEa h + ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s +ae ial lime +whi e
cemen
318 I. Val e de-Palacios e al.
Table 3 Ideal illing o de o he case o ea h +dolomi ic na u al agg ega e and o ea h +
ecycled agg ega e
Ea h +NA Ea h +RA
Fill o de Quan i y Fill o de Quan i y
1º Wa e All Wa e All
CL90S o NHL 5 All CL90S o NHL 5 All
BL 22,5x All BL 52,5 All
2º Ea h 1/2 Ea h 1/2
NA 1/2 RA 1/2
3º Ea h 1/2 Ea h 1/2
NA 1/2 RA 1/2
WRA All WRA All
Table 4 O de o illing sui able o he case o ea h +ecological enzymes and o ea h + ubbe
powde and ex ile ibe s
Ea h +RPT Ea h +EE
Fill o de Quan i y Fill o de Quan i y
1º Wa e All Wa e Todo
CL90S All EE Todo
BL 52,5 All Ea h 1/2
2º Ea h 1/2 CTodo
Cuacho 1/2 NA 1/2
NA 1/2 Ea h 1/2
3º Ea h 1/2 NA 1/2
RPT 1/2 WRA Todo
NA 1/2
WRA All
The use o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e, speci ically ecycled agg ega e,
and ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s om i e was e leng hens he li e cycle o hese
p oduc s, ully en e ing he ield o ci cula economy.
Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 319
Table 5 Resul s o he es s o mean esis ance o comp ession o he samples o he di e en
p ojec ed mix u es in compa ison wi h hose ob ained o he compac ed samples a he densi y o
s anda d p oc o es s
Mean alue comp essi e s eng h (Mpa)
Samples s anda d P oc o es s Samples om p ojec ed
mix u es
Ea h +20% na u al dolomi ic
agg eaga es +10% CL90S +
1% BL 22.5 X
3.88 1.71
Ea h +20% ecycling
agg eaga es (p e-soked) +
10%NHL 5 +1% BL 22.5 X
3.59 1.42
Ea h +7.5 ml enzimes +6%
beige clay
2.78 1.25
Ea h +10% ubbe powde
and ex ile ibe s +10%NHL 5
+1% BL 22.5 X
0.58 0.31
Acknowledgemen s This esea ch was pa ially suppo ed by Resea ch G oup TEP942 o he
Andalusian Resea ch Plan, unded by he Andalusian Regional Go e nmen in Spain and by he
Depa men o Building Cons uc ion o G anada Uni e si y.
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