Earth as a Sustainable Construction Material. Characterization of Different Mixtures and Implementation Using the Projected Earth System

Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial. Cha ac e iza ion o Di e en Mix u es and Implemen a ion Using he P ojec ed Ea h Sys em Ignacio Val e de-Palacios, Raquel Fuen es-Ga cía, Ana Ce illa-Maldonado, and Ignacio Val e de-Espinosa Abs ac The use o he ea h as a cons uc ion ma e ial has been ca ied ou all o e he wo ld, in walls, ampa s, o i ica ions. Fo his eason, esea ch o his ype is necessa y o implemen cu en echniques in he es o a ion o ammed ea h cons uc ions wi h he ammed ea h echnique. In addi ion, i can be used o he cons uc ion o new wo ks o bo h walls and cladding. The esea ch o he ea h as a cons uc ion ma e ial is p esen ed he e h ough he cha ac e iza ion o he ea h i sel , in his case, edaphic soils om he wea he ing o he Alhamb a Fo ma ion (Spain), and i s mix u es wi h ae ial o hyd aulic limes and cemen o low esis ance. In addi ion, na u al o ecycled agg ega es and addi i es such as wa e epellen s and ecological enzymes, o eplace binde s, and addi ions o powde ubbe and ex ile om used i e was e ha e been used. The esul s ob ained in all he mix u es, excep he one added wi h ubbe and ex ile powde , a e ideal o use in es o a ion o ea h wo ks and new cons uc ion, placed on si e using he p ojec ed ea h sys em. Keywo ds Ea h ·P ojec ed ea h sys em ·Res o a ion o ammed ea h ·Lime · Ecological enzyme ·Powde ubbe and ex ile ibbe 1 In oduc ion Cons uc ion ma e ials a e conside ed en i onmen al esou ces which ha e been ob ainedino de obe ea ed oshape hebuildings ha su ound us. These ma e ials unde go, o a g ea e o lesse ex en , a se ies o na u al p ocesses ha help us be e unde s and how hey a e o be used and used, as well as hei beha io h oughou hei use ul li e. Th oughou his o y, he me hods o ex ac ion and ea men o hese ha e changed, enhancing hei i ues and acili a ing adap a ion o he di e en equi emen s o which hey a e going o be exposed. All his g ea a ie y o ma e ials ha we ind a ound us has a common compo- nen ein e p e ed since he beginning o cons uc ion, we speak o a e nacula I. Val e de-Palacios (B)·R. Fuen es-Ga cía ·A. Ce illa-Maldonado ·I. Val e de-Espinosa Depa men o Building Cons uc ion, Technical Uppe School o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y o G anada, Campo del P incipe, 18071 G anada, Spain e-mail: nacho al@ug .es © The Au ho (s), unde exclusi e license o Sp inge Na u e Singapo e P e L d. 2022 D. Bien enido-Hue as and J. Moyano-Campos (eds.), New Technologies in Building and Cons uc ion, Lec u e No es in Ci il Enginee ing 258, h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-981-19-1894-0_17 299 300 I. Val e de-Palacios e al. a chi ec u e, an a chi ec u e unde s ood and based on he genesis o i s en i onmen , in which i s componen s ha e ha au hen ici y imp in ed in hei aining. One o he ma e ials ha mos co esponds o his commen is abou he ea h, his being one o he mos used ma e ials h oughou his o y. I is a ma e ial p esen in p ac ically all pa s o he wo ld, ha ing been exploi ed by a mul i ude o ci iliza ions which ha e used many echniques. All his se o p ac ices p o ides us wi h in o ma ion abou how he land gi es iden i y and shape o he cons uc ions and elemen s in which i is used, a i ing wi h his s a emen a he concep o he i age. Howe e , conse ing he he i age buil on land is no only conside ing he cons uc ion ypology and i s limi a ions, bu i also consis s o a ask o esea ch, escue, and dissemina ion o he echniques used, which, since i is adi ional a chi- ec u e, depends on egional wisdom and p esen s he disad an age ha , since hey a e knowledge ans e ed o ally, hey do no appea in documen s. To a ce ain ex en , his p oblem has in luenced he ac ha cu en ly he choice o he ex ac ion a ea o he ma e ial is no an easy ask, his being one o he main ac o s o he cons uc ion o walls. The ammed ea h is a cons uc i e sys em used o millennia in places like Egyp , India, China, Sy ia, Pe u, e c. In Spain, he land he i age buil using his echnique is qui e ex ensi e; in ac , i has emains belonging o 820 BC [16]. Speci ically, in G anada(Spain)isoneo hemos ex ensi emonumen sbuil wi h ammed ea h, he Alhamb a,aswellasdomes ic housesin he AlbaicínandSac omon e neighbo hoods ha gi e he ci y so much iden i y and name. The ammed ea h echnique consis s o illing a o mwo k wi h laye s o ea h o 10–15 cm compac ing each one o hem wi h a ampe . The o mwo k is made up o wo sepa a e pa allel planks, joined by a c ossba . In compac ion wi h echniques in which he mud is used in a mo e humid s a e, he ammed ea h echnique p o ides much lowe sh inkage and g ea e esis ance. The ad an age in ela ion o adobe cons uc ion echniques is ha b ick cons uc ions a e monoli hic and he e o e ha e g ea e s abili y [20]. This ea h sys em, as we ha e commen ed, consis s o he amping o he aw ea h by laye s inside a wooden o mwo k whe e he cohesi e p ope y o he clays is complemen ed by he mechanical comp ession o he ma e ial. Soil compac ion is in luenced by he deg ee o humidi y. A soil ha is oo we canno be compac ed p ope lyjus asone ha is ood y willno wo kp ope ly.Fo his eason, heop imum mois u e con en is essen ial so ha i is jus enough o ac i a e he binding capaci y o he clays, which anges om app oxima ely 0–10% [16]. I is he e o e a sys em in which when using aw ea h, he choice o aw ma e ial is essen ial, complemen ing i wi h he ideal deg ee o humidi y, and he use o s abilize s o gua an ee i s du abili y. Adobe was used on he G ea Wall o China along wi h s one mo e han 5000 yea s ago and was subsequen ly used in houses and walls abou 2700 yea s ago [18]. On he o he hand, in No h A ica and he Middle Eas , he mos abundan ma e ial was and is ea h, o his eason, he e a e also nume ous examples o walls buil wi h ea h, a ma e ial ha was e ec ed as an easy, as , and inexpensi e way o build o i ica ions. Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 301 In addi ion, h oughou he Medi e anean, he e a e Phoenician es iges ha used he ea h in he o m o adobe as a cons uc ion ma e ial, bo h in No h A ica and on he Spanish coas s [3,4,17]. The e a e also desc ip ions o Roman w i e s who na a e he cons uc ion o clay owe s in he in asion o he Ibe ian Peninsula ca ied ou by he Ca haginians in 218 BC. In he con ex o p e-Columbian Ame ica, he e isnoe idence o he use o land as a buildingma e ial,in ac , he i s cons uc ion on land in No h Ame ica was ca ied ou by he Jesui missiona y Manuel Da Nob ega in 1549, which sen a eques o Eu ope eques ing c a smen and ca pen e s o build clay and adobe walls. In he same way, he e is knowledge o ea hen cons uc ions ca ied ou in ea ly imes in he a ea o B azil [13,22]. In he la e Middle Ages, Spain was unde Muslim ule, un il he Ca holic Mona chs, in 1492, ook he las Muslim kingdom, he ci y o G anada (Spain). The Ch is ian Kings implemen ed he ea h building echnique by hi ing Muslim a i- sans. La e , he clay was mixed wi h i ed b ick, making s onge and mo e du able o i ica ions [2]. The p oli e a ion o he ea h as a building ma e ial was such ha he e a e nume ous ci ies ha we e buil in his way, such as Babylon in I aq, and he oldes known ci y, Ca alhöyük, as has al eady been e e ed o, in Ana olia, om he se en h millennium BC, ha i al eady had he houses buil wi h adobe. In ancien Egyp , adobe, made wi h sil om he Nile, was equen ly used in he cons uc ion o houses, ombs (mas abas), o esses, and e en palaces, al hough he Egyp ians we e also he i s o use he ca ed s one o e ec emples, py amids, and o he monu- men al buildings. In Pe u, he e is he ci adel o Chan Chan, he la ges mud ci y in Ame ica. In Jiayuguan, China, he e is a wall pa ially buil wi h ammed ea h, he uppe le el inished wi h b icks, buil du ing he Ming dynas y (1368–1644), and gian bea ing wall like he Fujian Ea h Building (TuLou) o he song-yuan dynas y (800 yea s ago) [29]. In ou emples, his building ma e ial inds mani es a ions such as es iges ha pa en i s use by a ious ci iliza ions such as he Roman o Muslim and samples o ecen buildings ha show ha his ma e ial is pa o a li ing ea hen a chi ec u e [14,19]. Clay, a he end o he Second Wo ld Wa , was once again a widely used cons uc- ion ma e ial in Eas Ge many due o i s a ailabili y and low p ice [27]. The same happenedinAus alia,whe ehisbook“BuildYou Houseo Ea h”wasun il ecen ly he accep ed s anda d o cons uc ion on Aus alian soil [21]. All hese di e en eadings on he use o land unde cons uc ion h ough he amming echnique coincide in one hing, du ing he de elopmen o he echnique a se ies o p oblems a ise abou he use o soils o he geological o ma ion o he a ea ha has been used o so long o cons uc ions h ough his me hod, since hey a e conside ed he bes o such cons uc ion ypology, his has made hem be used o a long ime, bu he ci ed p oblems a e such as access o ex ac ion o he land and ease o ob aining i . Fo his eason, in his esea ch, he main objec i e has been he beha io o collu ial and/o edaphic soils om he Alhamb a Fo ma ion in G anada (Spain), which has p o ided a g ea de elopmen o he ci y, bo h in applica ion and unc ionali y. 302 I. Val e de-Palacios e al. As i has become clea , he use o he ea h as a cons uc ion ma e ial has been ca ied ou all o e he wo ld. Fo his eason, esea ch o his ype is necessa y o implemen cu en echniques in he es o a ion o ammed ea h cons uc ions wi h he ammed ea h echnique. In addi ion, i can be used o he cons uc ion o new wo ks o bo h walls and cladding. In his esea ch, ea h has been used as he main ma e ial, which has been mixed wi h di e en binde s, agg ega es, and addi i es. On he o he hand, he echnique o laying by p ojec ion has also been p esen ed. 2 Ma e ials and Me hod 2.1 Ma e ials 2.1.1 Ea h. Collu ial/Edaphic Soils In his case, he chosen ea h co esponds o he B ho izon o he edaphic soil o he F. Alhamb a (Sou h o Spain, in G anada, Fig. 1) mixed wi h he oo o he C ho izon. These soils a e ound in si u in he o ma ion i sel o accompanying he discha ges ha ha e been made in di e en nea by exca a ion a eas, almos all o building p ojec s. The mos supe icial and al e ed soil o med by angula g a els and sandy sil s whe e he ege a ion co esponding o ho izon A de elops om he ex ac ion zone. In ho izon B, he e a e mac oscopic es iges o he mo he ma e ial wi h ounded edges ha a e much cemen ed wi h less o ganic ma e han in he uppe le el, made e iden by he b ownish hue o his laye . The C ho izon would be he base ma e ial ha is made up o e y di e en ocks. These a e collu ial sedimen s ha make up he Alhamb a Fo ma ion, cha ac e ized by i s eddish colo . All he esul s o he s udy o he physical–mechanical p ope ies o edaphic soils will be compa ed wi h hose ob ained o he Alhamb a Fo ma ion which is used in many o he su i ing Fig. 1 Gene al iew o he ex ac ion a ea o he ea h used (le ) and soil collec ed in he labo a o y ( igh ) Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 303 ammed ea h cons uc ions in he ci y o G anada (Spain), including o i ica ions, dwellings, and walls [15]. The ma e ial was ex ac ed in an a ea nea he own o El Fa gue, e y close o G anada capi al. He e, he e a e lands and o cha ds o an h opic spills o collu ial soils o he Alhamb a Conglome a e ha a e easily accessible (Fig. 2). X- ay di ac ion es s ha e been ca ied ou o ob ain he mine alogical compo- si ion o his soil (Fig. 3), ob aining qua z (46–47%), dolomi e (18–39%), and Fig. 2 Gene al ec onic ske ch o he cen al and eas e n Be ic Co dille a (a). The ema ked zones show he loca ion o Fig. 1b, (b) spa ial loca ion o soil uni s o he me opoli an A ea o G anada. Town bounda ies a e shown wi h a hin polygonal line. Modi ied om Val e de-Palacios [28] 304 I. Val e de-Palacios e al. Fig. 3 Soil-sample powde -X- ay di ac ion es esul s. The mean alue o he h ee samples analyzed is p esen ed calci e (17–27%) as he dominan mine alogical elemen s. Feldspa s (3–4%) and clay mine als, phyllosilica es (4–7%), such as chlo i e and musco i e, a e ound o a lesse ex en . This mine alogical composi ion is e y simila o he esul s ob ained o soil samples om he Alhamb a Fo ma ion (On i e os 1995, [14]), a esul ha con i ms ha he soil p esen ed in his in es iga ion comes om he wea he ing o le el 2 o he F. Alhamb a, on i s edaphic ho izon B wi h some C. 2.1.2 Binde s – CL90-S [7], hyd a ed calcium lime powde (>90% CaO +MgO). Fo he eha- bili a ion and es o a ion o he in e io and ex e io o emblema ic and old buildings. – NHL 5 [7], na u al hyd aulic lime. I is a ype o lime widely used in es o a ion and g een building. I s main cha ac e is ics include i s low endency o c acking, i s g ea plas ici y, and adhe ence o a ious su aces. Rega ding he mos no able mechanical cha ac e is ics, we ha e a comp essi e s eng h o 2.0 MPa a 7 days and 5 MPa a 28. Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 305 – BL 22.5X [6], whi e mason y cemen wi h a comp essi e s eng h g ea e han 10 and 22.5 MPa a 7 and 28 days, espec i ely, acco ding o EN 413-1: 2011. In he case o cemen , no mechanical es s ha e been ca ied ou since his in o ma ion was a ailable h ough a quali y ce i ica e om he supplie , o which i mus be added ha he pe cen age used, wi h espec o he weigh o he ea h, is e y low, so i s impo ance as a binde is only in he sho e m un il he main binde , lime, begins o ca bona e, p o iding esis ance. 2.1.3 Agg ega es – Dolomi ic limes one na u al agg ega e (Fig. 4) These agg ega es come om dolomi ic ocks ha a e basically composed o magnesium ca bona e (Ca Mg (CO3)2), no eac i e wi h he alkalis in cemen . I is a well-p ocessed ma e ial, which p esen s mo phology like ha esul ing om agg e- ga es om c ushing. In his case, he high deg ee o mic o-c acking o he moun ain massi ,due o ec onic phenomena, allows he ock odisin eg a e whenexecu ing he ex ac ion p ocess, esul ing in an agg ega e equi alen o ha o a i icial c ushing. – Recycled agg ega es om cons uc ion and demoli ion was e (Fig. 5) They a e was e om cons uc ion and demoli ions ha a e anspo ed o he plan o be ea ed h ough c ushing and c ushing p ocesses, as well as a selec ion o he ideal ma e ial. In ou case, we ha e a mix u e o wo ypes o ac ions: ine ac ion o sand (0/4 mm) and coa se ac ion o g a el (4/8 mm). In i s composi ion, we can ind he ollowing ma e ials: conc e e in a highe pe cen age, ce amic ma e ial, b icks, glass s onewa e, po celain, e c. These agg ega es can be coded as 17 01 07 [23] acco ding o he Eu opean was e lis (O de MAM/304/2002, o Feb ua y 8. Reco e y and disposal ope a ions o was e and Eu opean was e lis . Chap e 17 Fig. 4 Dolomi ic limes one na u al agg ega e 306 I. Val e de-Palacios e al. Fig. 5 Recycled agg ega es o he Eu opean was e lis Annex 2 BOE, no. 43 ( e .: BOE-A-2002-3285)). They comply wi h he speci ica ions es ablished by he Spanish s uc u al code. I is a well- p ocessed ma e ial, wi h a sui able g anulome y o be used in he ea h p ojec ion echnique and compa ible wi h he ea h used. In bo h cases, hei pu pose is o co ec he g anulome ic cu es o he base ma e- ial, heea h, in o de o achie eg ea e compac ness in hemix u eas a whole; in he case o ecycled ma e ials, hei use also has an ecological unc ion, he elimina ion o was e. 2.1.4 Addi i e Wa e p oo ing: In he case o du abili y es s agains ain, a wa e - epellen addi i e om SIKA, SikaP oo L-100, was used. Ecological enzyme as a by-p oduc o suga cane p ocessing. The p oduc is called COMPAT-TO®, p oduced and p o ided by nanosys ems, and is composed o a mix u e o o ganic enzymes ha ca alyze a binding ac ion on plas ic pa icles, o which a plas ici y index g ea e han 10 and a con en o clay g ea e han o equal o 20%. 2.1.5 Clays The wea he ed soil o he Alhamb a Fo ma ion has insu icien ines con en o he ecological enzyme o bind he clay ma e ial. Fo his eason, wo ypes o clays (Table 1,Fig.6), om he company ARGILES COLADES S.A., ha e been used o he mix u es in which he enzyme has been used. Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 307 Table 1 Chemical composi ion o he wo ypes o clays used Chemical composi ion (%) Mic onized clay pen F g ay Mic onized clay pen F beige Al2O315 18,13 SiO275,21 55,22 K2O0,64 3,59 CaO 0,40 4,62 Fe2O35,50 6,20 Modi ied om h p://a gilescolades.com/ Fig. 6 Mic onized clay pen F g ay (le ), mic onized clay pen F beige ( igh ) 2.1.6 Rubbe Powde and Tex ile Fibe s Ma e ial om used i e was e (Fig. 7), which is subjec ed o a mechanical c ushing p ocess in o de o ob ain di e en g anulome ies ha se e us in ou agglome a e o ea h. This mechanical g inding is also esponsible o sepa a ing all he componen s o he i es, so ha he ex iles, s eel, and ubbe a e g ouped independen ly, and he “ ubbe powde and g anules” a e ee o impu i ies and can be used. 314 I. Val e de-Palacios e al. Fig. 11 Elec ic comp ession mul i- es machine used (le ). Fo ced ca bona ion chambe ( op igh ) and sample a e uncon ined comp ession es and dep h o ca bona ion es wi h phenolph- halein (bo om igh ) app ecia ed; o his eason, he low esis ance ob ained, 26% less, makes i necessa y o p e-we he agg ega e wi h 5% o wa e wi h espec o he weigh o he d y mass o ecycled agg ega e added acco ding o he in es iga ions o Cuenca-Moyano e al. [5]; wi h his p e-we me hod, and also a e se en days o o ced ca bona ion, an inc ease in comp essi e s eng h o a ound 47% was achie ed. The mix u es o ea h wi h ecological enzymes, o eplace binde s, ha e been e y sa is ac o y in he case o he addi ion o clay (6% wi h espec o he weigh o he ea h), and e en mo e so o he ype mic onized clay pen F beige in which 31% mo e is achie ed comp essi e s eng h compa ed o g ound only. On he con a y, he use o ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s has e ealed a no able d op in comp essi e s eng hs (~200%), an issue ha was o be expec ed gi en he low densi y o he one wi h his esidue. Howe e , his mix u e opens up a new line o esea ch o he use o his p oduc as a he mal insula ing ma e ial pu in o wo k using he P ojec ed Ea h ™ echnique. Rega ding he du abili y in simula ed ain es , a e 90 min (Fig. 12), he compac specimens a s anda d p oc o densi y o he di e en mix u es ha e a he e ogeneous beha io wi h mass losses o be ween 10 and 25% o hose o only ea h, be ween 2 and 5% o ea h +na u al agg ega e +lime +cemen , he mos sui able esul is ae ial lime, a e y simila esul in he case o subs i u ion o na u al agg ega e o ecycled agg ega e. On he o he hand, he mass losses measu ed in he o he mix u es, wi h ecological enzymes and wi h powde and ex ile ibe s, he weigh loss eached 40–50%, an issue ha was no la e e lec ed in he p ojec ed mix u es ha a e de eloped in he nex sec ion. Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 315 Fig. 12 Example o cylind ical samples compac ed o s anda d p oc o densi y placed in ain es machine 3.4 Commissioning Tes Using he P ojec ed Ea h Sys em The sys em p esen ed is a pa en and egis e ed adema k owned by he Uni e si y o G anada (Spain) and by he in en o s, Fuen es-G acía, R., Val e de-Espinosa, I and Val e de-Palacios, I. [14,15]. Howe e , his echnique began wi h a ype o machine y simila o ha used o sp ay conc e e by we means ha equi es g ea specializa ion and high-capaci y comp esso s. Fo his eason, he p ojec ion o ou mixes wi ha Tig e ™ plas e ing machine (Fig. 13) is now p esen ed as an inno a ion, which does no equi e much expe ience and is much mo e e sa ile. Speci ically, he mix u es ha ha e been p ojec ed a e he ollowing (Fig. 14): –Ea h+na u al dolomi ic agg ega e (NA) +ae ial lime (CL90S) +whi e cemen (BL22.5X) +wa e - epellen addi i e (WRA) –Ea h+ ecycled agg ega e (RA) +ae ial lime (CL90S) +whi e cemen (BL22.5X) +wa e - epellen addi i e (WRA) –Ea h+ecological enzymes (EE) +beige clay (C) +wa e - epellen addi i e (WRA) –Ea h+ ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s (RPT) +CL90S) +whi e cemen (BL22.5X) +wa e - epellen addi i e (WRA) The mix u es we e p epa ed in a conc e e mixe wi h a p e-es ablished o de o illing, acco ding o he p e ious in es iga ions ca ied ou by Fuen es-Ga cía [14], o achie e he g ea es possible homogenei y. Tables 3and 4show he ideal illing o de s o he di e en mix u es: The esul o he p ojec ion o he di e en mix u es is shown in Fig. 13 in which i can be seen ha he ex u e and adhe ence o he ce amic suppo ha e been e y sa is ac o y. Subsequen ly, samples we e ex ac ed o es hem unde comp ession, ob aining as a esul , he alues shown in Table 5. In his case, du abili y es s ha e no been ca ied ou bu i should be no ed ha a e wo and a hal yea s, in a clima e such as G anada (Spain) wi h annual a e age empe a u es be ween 0 and 34 °C and 316 I. Val e de-Palacios e al. Fig. 13 a Ce amic b ick ac o y wall ha will se e as a suppo o p ojec he mix u es. bExample o ma e ialsdosedbyweigh p epa ed o p ojec ion. cTig eplas e sp aye pluggedin ocomp esso a p ecipi a ion a ound 300 mm/yea , he p ojec ed mix u es a e in pe ec condi ion and no mass loss. Rega ding he esul s o comp essi e s eng h on ca ed samples ex ac ed om he p ojec ed mix u es, a dec ease o he o de o be ween 46 and 60% is obse ed wi h espec o he cylind ical specimens compac ed o he densi y o he s anda d p oc o es . These dec ease pe cen ages a e consis en wi h hose ob ained in he p e ious esea ch such as Fuen es-Ga cía [14]. The conc e e esul s can be seen in Table 5. 4 Conclusions A e he esul s o all he es s ha ha e been p esen ed o he cha ac e iza ion o he p oposed mix u es, i can be concluded in a gene al way ha all excep he one added wi h dus and ex ile om i e was e a e sui able o use bo h in new cons uc ion and o ehabili a ion o ammed ea h-based cons uc ions using he Tapial echnique. In addi ion, he “p ojec ed ea h sys em” laying echnique using a plas e ing machine is iable as a cons uc ion echnique, achie ing adequa e s eng h and du abili y while sa ing ime and manpowe . Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 317 Fig. 14 Resul o he p ojec ion o he di e en mix u es. aEa h +na u al dolomi ic agg ega e +ae ial lime +whi e cemen . bEa h + ecycled agg ega e +ae ial lime +whi e cemen . cEa h +ecological enzymes +clay. dEa h + ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s +ae ial lime +whi e cemen 318 I. Val e de-Palacios e al. Table 3 Ideal illing o de o he case o ea h +dolomi ic na u al agg ega e and o ea h + ecycled agg ega e Ea h +NA Ea h +RA Fill o de Quan i y Fill o de Quan i y 1º Wa e All Wa e All CL90S o NHL 5 All CL90S o NHL 5 All BL 22,5x All BL 52,5 All 2º Ea h 1/2 Ea h 1/2 NA 1/2 RA 1/2 3º Ea h 1/2 Ea h 1/2 NA 1/2 RA 1/2 WRA All WRA All Table 4 O de o illing sui able o he case o ea h +ecological enzymes and o ea h + ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s Ea h +RPT Ea h +EE Fill o de Quan i y Fill o de Quan i y 1º Wa e All Wa e Todo CL90S All EE Todo BL 52,5 All Ea h 1/2 2º Ea h 1/2 CTodo Cuacho 1/2 NA 1/2 NA 1/2 Ea h 1/2 3º Ea h 1/2 NA 1/2 RPT 1/2 WRA Todo NA 1/2 WRA All The use o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e, speci ically ecycled agg ega e, and ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s om i e was e leng hens he li e cycle o hese p oduc s, ully en e ing he ield o ci cula economy. Ea h as a Sus ainable Cons uc ion Ma e ial … 319 Table 5 Resul s o he es s o mean esis ance o comp ession o he samples o he di e en p ojec ed mix u es in compa ison wi h hose ob ained o he compac ed samples a he densi y o s anda d p oc o es s Mean alue comp essi e s eng h (Mpa) Samples s anda d P oc o es s Samples om p ojec ed mix u es Ea h +20% na u al dolomi ic agg eaga es +10% CL90S + 1% BL 22.5 X 3.88 1.71 Ea h +20% ecycling agg eaga es (p e-soked) + 10%NHL 5 +1% BL 22.5 X 3.59 1.42 Ea h +7.5 ml enzimes +6% beige clay 2.78 1.25 Ea h +10% ubbe powde and ex ile ibe s +10%NHL 5 +1% BL 22.5 X 0.58 0.31 Acknowledgemen s This esea ch was pa ially suppo ed by Resea ch G oup TEP942 o he Andalusian Resea ch Plan, unded by he Andalusian Regional Go e nmen in Spain and by he Depa men o Building Cons uc ion o G anada Uni e si y. Re e ences 1. Ame ican S anda d ASTM D2487–11. S anda d p ac ice o classi ica ion o soils o enginee ing pu poses (Uni ied Soil Classi ica ion Sys em) 2. 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