Recei ed: 27 Feb ua y 2024
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Re ised: 5 June 2024
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Accep ed: 24 June 2024
DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12164
ORIGINAL PAPER
Applied Spo Science
S eng h cha ac e is ics in as e change o di ec ion
baske ball playe s: A compa ison ac oss cu ing angles
F ancisco J. Ba e a‐Domínguez
1
|Indya del‐Cue po
2
|An onio Riego‐Ruiz
2
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Da ío Ma ínez‐Ga cía
2
|Daniel Je ez‐Mayo ga
2,3
|Luís Ja ie Chi osa‐Ríos
2
|
Jo ge Molina‐López
1
1
Facul y o Educa ion, Psychology and Spo Sciences, COIDESO, Uni e si y o Huel a, Huel a, Spain
2
Facul y o Spo s Sciences, Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Spo s, S eng h & Condi ioning Labo a o y, CTS‐642 Resea ch G oup, Uni e si y o G anada,
G anada, Spain
3
Facul y o Rehabili a ion Sciences, School o Physical The apy, Exe cise and Rehabili a ion Sciences Ins i u e, Uni e sidad And es Bello, San iago de Chile, Chile
Co espondence
F ancisco J. Ba e a‐Domínguez, Facul y o
Educa ion, Psychology and Spo Sciences,
COIDESO, Uni e si y o Huel a, A d. de las
Fue zas A madas s/n, Huel a 21007, Spain.
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Funding in o ma ion
Fo mación del P o eso ado Uni e si a io”
P og amme, un by Spanish Minis y o
Uni e si ies, G an /Awa d Numbe s: FPU19/
02030, FPU22/01057; Recuali icación del
P o eso ado Uni e si a io. Modalidad
Ma ga i a Salas
Abs ac
Change o di ec ions (COD) in ol es mul idi ec ional and complex ac ions, wi h
pe o mance in luenced by mul iple ac o s. As lowe limb s eng h is one o he
mos de e minan o COD pe o mance, he p esen s udy aimed o (a) explo e he
di e ences in s eng h ou comes ac oss di e en lowe limb muscle ac ions be-
ween as e and slowe baske ball playe s in COD ac ions a di e en angles and
(b) analyse he ela ionship be ween isome ic, concen ic and eccen ic s eng h
ou comes and COD pe o mance a di e en cu ing angles. Twen y‐ i e baske ball
playe s (44% emale) comple ed a ba e y o es s, encompassing isokine ic and
isome ic squa s eng h assessmen s, along wi h COD es s a 45°, 90° and 180°.
Playe s we e ca ego ised as ‘low‐pe o mance’ and ‘high‐pe o mance’ g oups based
on execu ion ime in COD, acili a ing a compa ison be ween pe o mance g oups.
Resul s indica ed ha concen ic s eng h showed he g ea es di e ences be ween
pe o mance g oups a 45° COD (e ec size ≥0.813; p≤0.034). Isome ic and
eccen ic s eng h demons a ed a mode a e‐ o‐la ge ela ionship wi h 90° COD
pe o mance (Rho ≥0.394; p≤0.045), and all muscle ac ions exhibi ed a la ge
ela ionship wi h 180° COD (Rho ≥0.445; p≤0.030). Mo eo e , he as es playe s
showed highe le els o concen ic s eng h ela i e o eccen ic s eng h, ega d-
less o he cu ing angle. These indings hold p ac ical applica ions, sugges ing ha
baske ball coaches should ain a speci ic kind o muscle ac ion depending on he
indi idual playe s' COD demands, ocusing on imp o ing he apid eccen ic o ce
applica ion while s i ing o educe he eccen ic/concen ic a io.
KEYWORDS
accele a ion, agili y, cu ing, decele a ion, eam spo
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medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is non‐comme cial and no modi ica ions o adap a ions a e made.
© 2024 The Au ho (s). Eu opean Jou nal o Spo Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behal o Eu opean College o Spo Science.
Eu J Spo Sci. 2024;1–10. wileyonlinelib a y.com/jou nal/ejsc
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1
Highligh s
�S eng h is undeniably a key indica o in change o di ec ions (COD) pe o mance. The
ela ionship be ween s eng h ou come measu es and COD p o iciency depends on he
cu ing angle.
�Cu ing angles below 90° emphasise concen ic s eng h, while hose abo e 90° exhibi a
s onge eliance on isome ic and eccen ic s eng h.
�Rapid eccen ic o ce p oduc ion s ongly co ela es wi h COD pe o mance ac oss all
cu ing angles. Howe e , he as es playe s exhibi highe concen ic s eng h ela i e o
hei eccen ic s eng h.
1
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INTRODUCTION
Change o di ec ion (COD) ac ions, which a e i al in baske ball,
demand p ecise body con ol, muscle ac i a ion and o ce p oduc ion
(Spi e i, New on, Bine i, e al., 2015). This complex and mul idi ec-
ional skill in ol es planned decele a ion and accele a ion in di e en
di ec ions (Nimphius e al., 2016), occu ing equen ly—o e 1000
imes pe game (Ma hew & Delex a , 2009; Salaza e al., 2020),
wi h 15% o hese a maximum in ensi y (<−3.5 m·s−2) (S ila
e al., 2018). Rega dless o a playe 's posi ion o gende , COD is a
c ucial physical abili y in baske ball, p o iding a physical ad an age
o e opponen s, aiding in o enci e posi ioning o enhancing de en-
ci e manoeu e s (Powe e al., 2022). Wi h he ising in ensi y o
mode n baske ball (Sugiyama e al., 2021), s eng h and condi ioning
coaches mus p io i ise COD, unde s anding i s physical ac o s and
enhancing a hle es' pe o mance in hese ac ions.
E icien execu ion o COD elies on dis inc ypes o muscle
ac ions, wi h a hle es needing adequa e eccen ic s eng h o ini ial
decele a ion, isome ic s eng h du ing s ance and concen ic
s eng h o eaccele a ion in he new di ec ion (Spi e i e al., 2014).
Achie ing op imal COD a maximum speed in ol es he c ucial
in e play o hese muscle ac ions (Cas illo‐Rod íguez e al., 2012).
While p io s udies ha e in es iga ed physical de e minan s o COD,
including eccen ic (Jones e al., 2022; Smajla e al., 2022), isome ic
(Smola ek e al., 2023; Spi e i e al., 2014; Spi e i, New on, & Nim-
phius, 2015) and concen ic s eng h (Spi e i e al., 2014; Spi e i,
New on, & Nimphius, 2015), as well as powe and eac i e s eng h
(Ba e a‐Domínguez e al., 2020; Cas illo‐Rod íguez e al., 2012),
con lic ing conclusions and lack o consensus pe sis . Di e gen
indings may s em om a ia ions in sample cha ac e is ics, COD
assessmen p o ocols employed (i.e., ‐ es s. 505 es ) and muscle
s eng h measu emen me hods (i.e., isokine ic s. isoine ial).
No ably, he in luence o muscle ac ions on COD likely hinges on he
ask demands, which a e di ec ly a ec ed by cu ing angles (Dos’-
San os e al., 2018). Thus, he absence o consensus in he scien i ic
li e a u e is jus i iable, gi en he challenge o compa ing esul s
ac oss s udies using di e en COD assessmen es s.
The analysis o mechanical demands in 180° cu ing angles e-
eals he necessi y o a hle es o apidly decele a e a he cu poin
and hen swi ly eaccele a e in he opposi e di ec ion. P e ious
s udies emphasise he c ucial ole o he decele a ion phase in COD
pe o mance, ecognising i s ins umen al p epa a ion o he inal
s ep and he subsequen eaccele a ion (Dos’San os e al., 2021a;
DosʼSan os e al., 2019). In his phase, a hle es expe ience o ce
peaks eaching up o six imes hei body mass (Ha pe e al., 2022),
highligh ing he signi icance o eccen ic s eng h in mi iga ing linea
momen um du ing p e‐cu ing s eps and he b aking phase a he
inal s ep o he cu (Jones e al., 2017). A s ong associa ion be ween
he eccen ic s eng h o knee lexo s and ex enso s and 180° COD
pe o mance has been epo ed (Jones e al., 2017). These sha p
cu ing ac ions also ex end g ound con ac ime beyond 400 milli-
seconds du ing he inal s ep (McBu nie & Dos’San os, 2022), making
isome ic s eng h ele an . Smola ek e al. (2023) disco e ed sig-
ni ican co ela ions be ween peak isome ic s eng h (measu ed in a
mid‐ high pull) and he abili y o execu e a 180° COD.
In con as , o shea cu s below 90°, managing he momen o
ine ia is pi o al, wi h less emphasis on decele a ion (Dos’San os
e al., 2018). Addi ionally, main aining high speeds a hese wide
cu ing angles is c ucial o highe pe o mance (Hade e al., 2015).
While Jones e al. (2022) emphasised he subs an ial in luence o
eccen ic s eng h a shea angles anging om 70° o 90°, Smajla
e al. (2022) ound only i ial co ela ions be ween eccen ic
s eng h in an isoine ial lywheel squa and 90º COD pe o mance.
As p e iously men ioned, dis inc muscle ac ions ha e been
demons a ed o in luence COD pe o mance, wi h all ypes o muscle
ac ions playing c ucial oles in his complex, high‐speed ac ion (Spi e i,
New on, Bine i, e al., 2015). S udies assessing ull‐spec um s eng h
h ough dynamic mo emen s show co ela ions be ween dynamic
s eng h and COD pe o mance, pa icula ly emphasising he elas ic
and eac i e componen s o s eng h a angles o 90° and 180° (Ba -
e a‐Domínguez e al., 2020; Cas illo‐Rod íguez e al., 2012). S eng h
is undeniably a key indica o in COD pe o mance, ye consensus is
lacking on he impac o a ious s eng h measu es o each muscula
ac ion a di e en cu ing angles.
This s udy sough o achie e wo main pu poses: (a) o examine
he di e ences in s eng h measu es o di e en lowe limb muscle
ac ions be ween as e and slowe baske ball playe s in COD ac ions
a di e en angles and (b) o analyse he ela ionship be ween iso-
me ic, concen ic and eccen ic s eng h measu es and COD pe -
o mance a di e en cu ing angles. I was hypo hesised ha
associa ions be ween di e en muscle ac ions and COD exis , wi h
he s eng h o hese associa ions a ying depending on he speci ic
2
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ET AL.
15367290, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsc.12164 by Uni e sidad De G anada, Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/07/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
cu ing angle. Fas e playe s engaged in cu ing ac ions a 45° may
equi e g ea e concen ic s eng h, hose a 90° may demand
g ea e eccen ic s eng h, and in he case o cu ing ac ions a 180°,
all muscle ac ions may hold equal impo ance.
2
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1
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Design
A c oss‐sec ional expe imen al design was employed o analyse he
e ec o speci ic s eng h cha ac e is ics on di e en cu ing angles
and o compa e di e en s eng h cha ac e is ics be ween “ as ” and
“slow” COD baske ball playe s a each angle. The e alua ion session
comp ised wo main componen s. Fi s ly, pa icipan s pe o med he
modi ied 505 COD es a 45°, 90° and 180° (Ba e a‐Domínguez
e al., 2023). Subsequen ly, assessmen s o isokine ic s eng h a
0.60 m·s
−1
we e conduc ed, along wi h 8‐s isome ic s eng h mea-
su emen s in ol ing knee lexion a 65° and hip lexion a 55°, using
unc ional elec omechanical dynamome y (FEMD).
Da a collec ion occu ed du ing he compe i i e phase o he
spo s season. The s eng h assessmen was conduc ed in he (blin-
ded) acili y, while he COD es s we e execu ed on he uni e si y's
baske ball cou . To amilia ise pa icipan s wi h he isokine ic and
isome ic s eng h es ing p ocedu es using FEMD, a amilia isa ion
session was conduc ed 1 week be o e he assessmen . All pa ici-
pan s comple ed bo h he amilia isa ion and assessmen sessions
immedia ely be o e hei baske ball aining sessions.
2.2
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Pa icipan s
A o al o 25 baske ball playe s (44% emales; age, 23.2 �4.69 yea s;
heigh , 182.5 �7.69 cm; body mass, 77.4 �11.3 kg), all compe ing in
he (blinded), olun a ily pa icipa ed in his s udy. Pa icipan s we e
ec ui ed using con enience sampling and we e included i hey had
been ee om lowe limb inju ies o a leas 6 mon hs p io o he
assessmen , engage in aining a leas 3 days a week du ing he
season in addi ion o compe i i e games and possess a minimum o
10 yea s o baske ball‐playing expe ience.
All pa icipan s we e in o med o po en ial isks and bene i s
be o e he s udy and p o ided w i en consen p io o commencing
es ing p ocedu es. This s udy was app o ed by he (blinded),
ollowing he guidelines ou lined in he Decla a ion o Helsinki.
2.3
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P ocedu es
The amilia isa ion session las ed 30 min, s a ing wi h 5 min o
gene al hip and ankle mobili y exe cises. Following his, he subjec s
pe o med wo se s o 30‐s bodyweigh isome ic squa s and 10
epe i ions o dynamic ee squa s. Subsequen ly, amilia isa ion wi h
FEMD began, in ol ing wo se s o 8‐s maximum isome ic squa s.
Finally, pa icipan s pe o med wo se s o ou epe i ions ( wo
submaximal and wo maximal) o isokine ic squa s a a eloci y o
0.60 m·s
−1
wi h subjec ‐speci ic anges o mo ion (ROM). The ROM
depended on he leng h o he lowe limb le e s o each subjec and
was indi idually adjus ed o allow hem o pe o m an isokine ic
squa om 0° o 90° o knee lexion.
One week a e amilia isa ion, he main e alua ion ook place.
Be o e he s a o he e alua ion sessions, a 15‐min wa m‐up was
implemen ed, s a ing wi h gene al ac i a ion, including ligh in-
ensi y jogging, a se ies o dynamic s e ching exe cises and se e al
accele a ion uns, ollowed by speci ic po en ia ion exe cises. Addi-
ionally, each playe was ins uc ed o ensu e adequa e hyd a ion
and es , abs ain om high‐in ensi y aining o 24 h p eceding he
e alua ion and con ol ca eine and ood in ake a leas 3 h be o e
each assessmen .
2.3.1
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Modi ied 505 COD es a 45°, 90° y180°
The execu ion ime o speed es s was measu ed using single‐beam
iming cells (Ch onojump BoscoSys em®, Ba celona, Spain). The
iming cells we e posi ioned 2 m apa a a heigh o 1 m, app oxi-
ma ely co esponding o he heigh o he playe s' hips. Be o e he
es , each playe was posi ioned 0.5 m behind he i s ga e in a wo‐
poin spli s ance (i.e., s anding wi h he p e e ed oo o wa d and
placed exac ly 0.5 m behind he s a ing line). Then, each playe
accele a ed o maximum speed, co e ing 10 m in all es s, wi h a
u ning poin a he 5‐m ma k. A his u ning poin , each a hle e
execu ed u ns a angles o 45°, 90° and 180° o each he second
ga e in he sho es possible ime. The COD es s a 45°, 90° and
180° we e pe o med on bo h sides, wi h la e ali y de e mined by he
leg used du ing he inal s ep when pe o ming he COD mechanics.
2.3.2
|
Isome ic and isokine ic s eng h
Isokine ic and isome ic s eng h we e assessed du ing he squa
exe cise using a FEMD (Myoquali y, Spain) (del‐Cue po e al., 2023;
Mo enas‐Aguila e al., 2023; Rod iguez‐Pe ea e al., 2021) wi h high
p ecision, ea u ing a h ee‐mm displacemen accu acy, a load
de ec ion sensi i i y o 100 g and a sampling equency o 1000 Hz.
The FEMD sys em comp ises a ope connec ed o he machine body,
passing h ough a loo ‐moun ed pulley loca ed jus in on o he
machine. To isola e lowe limb s eng h, he playe s ood wi h one
oo on each side o he pulley, ensu ing ha he applica ion o o ce
agains he ope emained comple ely e ical (Figu e 1). The playe
hen hooked he ope o a wais ha ness. In he co ec posi ion,
playe s applied o ce o he ope, and a load cell de ec ed he ension
on he ope o measu e lowe limb s eng h.
Isome ic s eng h assessmen in ol ed conduc ing wo se s o
8‐s isome ic squa s wi h he knee lexed a 65° and he hip a 55°,
eplica ing he join angles expe ienced du ing COD (Dos’San os
e al., 2021b). The ope leng h was indi idually adjus ed o each
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCE
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15367290, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsc.12164 by Uni e sidad De G anada, Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/07/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
playe o achie e he speci ied squa posi ion. Playe s we e ins uc-
ed o exe maximum and s eady o ce quickly.
Fo isokine ic s eng h, pa icipan s comple ed wo se s o ou
maximal epe i ions o isokine ic squa s a a eloci y o 0.60 m·s
−1
.
The FEMD sys em p ecisely con olled angula eloci y using a
2000 W elec ic mo o (Ma inez‐Ga cia e al., 2020). The squa
mo emen anged om a s anding posi ion o a knee lexion o 90°
(Figu e 1), encompassing he angles expe ienced by he lowe limbs
du ing COD ac ions (Dos’San os e al., 2021b). Rope leng h and
dis ance co e ed we e indi idually adjus ed o each playe . Playe s
we e ins uc ed o esis he “pull” o he ope as much as possible
du ing he eccen ic phase and o exe maximal o ce du ing he
concen ic phase.
A i e‐minu e es pe iod was main ained be ween each se using
he FEMD sys em. Mean s eng h alues o each ype o muscula
ac ion we e used o calcula e eccen ic/isome ic (E/I), eccen ic/
concen ic (E/C) and isome ic/concen ic (I/C) s eng h a ios. A
sampling pe iod o 20 milliseconds was used o analyse he peak a e
o o ce de elopmen (pRFD), gi en i s demons a ed eliabili y in
p io s udies (Ha e al., 2015).
2.4
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S a is ical analyses
Means �s anda d de ia ions (SD) we e used o a iable de-
sc ip ions. The ela i e and absolu e eliabili ies o he es s we e
e alua ed using he in aclass co ela ion coe icien (ICC; ICC >0.9
was conside ed s ong) and he coe icien o a ia ion (CV;
CV <10% was es ablished as an in aday eliabili y c i e ion). A
median cu ‐o sco e was es ablished o he execu ion ime o each
COD angula ion, hus di iding pa icipan s acco ding o hei pe -
o mance in each COD es . High Pe o mance (HP) included
pa icipan s wi h a pe o mance abo e he 50 h pe cen ile in each
COD es . Low Pe o mance (LP) consis ed o playe s wi h a pe -
o mance below he 50 h pe cen ile in each COD es . No mali y and
homogenei y o da a we e assessed using Shapi o–Wilk and Le ene's
es s, espec i ely. Gi en non‐compliance wi h assump ions, he
Mann–Whi ney U‐ es was used o analyse he in luence o he
s eng h a iables ac oss he di e en COD pe o mance g oups.
Cohen's dwas calcula ed o e ec size (ES) in e p e a ion. Th esh-
olds o quali a i e desc ip o s o Cohen's dwe e se a <0.20
‘ i ial’, 0.20–0.50 ‘small’, 0.50–0.80 ‘mode a e’ and >0.80 ‘la ge’
(Cohen, 1988). Spea man's co ela ion coe icien assessed ela ion-
ships be ween he di e en s eng h a iables and COD, wi h he
ollowing h esholds indica ing magni ude: <0.10 ‘ i ial’, 0.10–0.30
‘small’, 0.30–0.50 ‘mode a e’, 0.50–0.70 ‘la ge’, 0.70–0.90 ‘ e y la ge’
and >0.9 ‘almos pe ec ’ (Hopkins e al., 2009). The alpha le el was
se a p<0.05. All s a is ical analyses we e conduc ed using IBM
SPSS S a is ics o Macin osh (V25.0, IBM Co po a ion).
3
|
RESULTS
Table 1p esen s he mean �SD alues o he assessed s eng h and
COD a iables, along wi h he ICC and CV o each a iable. The es
eliabili y, bo h in ela i e and absolu e e ms, was con i med (ICC ≥
0.905; CV ≤7.94).
Table 2displays a compa ison be ween LP and HP g oups o
di e en u ning angles wi h each s eng h a iable. The HP g oup
showed he highes le els o s eng h o all muscle ac ions.
Concen ic s eng h cha ac e is ics showed he la ges signi ican
di e ences be ween pe o mance g oups (ES ≥0.813; p≤0.034) o
a shea angle a 45°. A a cu ing angle o 90°, he only a iable
demons a ing signi ican and subs an ial di e ences be ween
FIGURE 1 Isokine ic and isome ic squa se ‐up. Ini ial (le ) and inal ( igh ) posi ion.
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ET AL.
15367290, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsc.12164 by Uni e sidad De G anada, Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/07/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
g oups was eccen ic pRFD (ES =0.882; p=0.035). The sha pes
COD a 180° e ealed he g ea es signi ican di e ences be ween
g oups o all isome ic (ES ≥1.080; p≤0.015), concen ic (ES ≥1.03;
p≤0.010) and eccen ic (ES ≥0.697; p≤0.050) s eng h ou come
measu es.
The co ela ion analysis be ween di e en s eng h ou come
measu es o each muscle ac ion and COD es s is p esen ed in
Figu e 2. Mean o ce (MF) and impulse in he isome ic squa
exhibi ed mode a e nega i e co ela ions ha we e s a is ically sig-
ni ican wi h 90° (Rho ≥0.394; p≤0.048) and 180° (Rho ≥0.445;
p≤0.030) cu ing angles. The MF o he concen ic phase o he
isokine ic squa demons a ed a subs an ial nega i e co ela ion wi h
45° (Rho ≥0.460; p≤0.022) and 180° (Rho ≥0.551; p≤0.005)
cu ing angles. In ela ion o eccen ic s eng h, i was as o ce
applica ion, speci ically pRFD, ha displayed signi ican nega i e
co ela ions wi h all COD angles (Rho ≥0.469; p≤0.019).
Table 3displays he compa ison be ween LP and HP g oups o
di e en u ning angles in e ms o each s eng h a io. Signi ican
la ge di e ences we e iden i ied in he E/C and I/C a ios
(ES ≥0.834; p≤0.035) be ween pe o mance g oups, wi h he HP
g oup showing he lowes alues a a 45° cu ing angle. Addi ionally,
he I/C a io also showed signi ican la ge di e ences be ween pe -
o mance g oups (ES =0.994; p=0.030) du ing he 180° COD es ,
indica ing ha hose as es a his cu ing angula ion esul ed in he
lowes I/C a io.
4
|
DISCUSSION
The pu pose o he p esen s udy was o examine di e ences in
s eng h ou come measu es o lowe limb muscle ac ions be ween
as e and slowe baske ball playe s in COD ac ions a di e en
angles. Addi ionally, he s udy aimed o analyse he ela ionship be-
ween isome ic, concen ic and eccen ic s eng h ou come mea-
su es and COD pe o mance a di e en cu ing angles. The indings
shed ligh on how he dispa i ies in pe o mance g oups o each
s eng h ou come measu e we e di ec ly in luenced by he cu ing
angle. Speci ically, concen ic s eng h measu es displayed he mos
di e ences a a 45° angle, as eccen ic s eng h eme ged as pi o al
o cu s a 90° and all muscle ac ions showed signi ican di e ences
a 180° COD. No ewo hy indings o his esea ch included he
obus ela ionship be ween he pRFD and all COD angula ions, he
signi ican ela ionship be ween concen ic s eng h and COD a 45°
and 180° and he mode a e ela ionship be ween isome ic s eng h
and COD a 90° and 180°. Finally, he s eng h a ios unde sco ed
he impo ance o possessing high concen ic s eng h le els
TABLE 1Desc ip i e analysis (mean �SD) o he pe o mance a iables analysed.
Va iables Mean ±SD Minimal–Maximal ICC CV (%)
Isome ic s eng h
Mean o ce (kg) 175.5 �43.3 106.4–265.8 0.969 7.94
Peak o ce (kg) 203.3 �48.4 125.1–296.0 0.940 7.17
Impulse (N·s) 14,032.2 �3338.9 8498.1–21,238.5 0.981 4.35
Peak RFD (N/s) 9899.3 �6175.3 2992.9–26,935.9 0.973 3.75
Concen ic s eng h a 0.6 m·s
−1
Mean o ce (kg) 67.4 �32.3 21.0–129.2 0.976 7.77
Peak o ce (kg) 134.5 �50.8 52.0–236.5 0.977 7.55
Peak RFD (N/s) 6941.5 �3044.3 1678.9–12,451.0 0.957 7.61
Eccen ic s eng h a 0.6 m·s
−1
Mean o ce (kg) 165.1 �57.7 74.3–269.1 0.982 4.24
Peak o ce (kg) 246.8 �74.2 142.7–381.1 0.986 6.88
Peak RFD (N/s) 12,300.8 �3725.2 6514.4–19,987.1 0.919 7.49
Change o di ec ion es s
COD 45° L (s) 2.01 �0.16 1.63–2.51 0.941 2.38
COD 45° R (s) 2.01 �0.15 1.57–2.44 0.983 1.45
COD 90° L (s) 2.32 �0.18 1.94–2.83 0.935 2.55
COD 90° R (s) 2.32 �0.19 1.96–3.08 0.905 3.50
COD 180° L (s) 2.81 �0.21 2.54–3.44 0.955 2.25
COD 180° R (s) 2.81 �0.22 2.39–3.28 0.956 1.59
Abb e ia ions: COD, change o di ec ion; CV, coe icien o a ia ion.; ICC, in aclass co ela ion coe icien ; L, le ; R, igh ; RFD, a e o o ce
de elopmen ; SD, s anda d de ia ion.
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TABLE 2Compa ison (mean �SD) o he di e en s eng h cha ac e is ics be ween low pe o mance and high pe o mance g oups classi ied by each change o he di ec ion es .
COD 45° COD 90° COD 180° p alue (ES)
LP (n=12) HP (n=13) LP (n=12) HP (n=13) LP (n=12) HP (n=13) 45° 90° 180°
Isome ic s eng h
MF (kg) 166.6 �37.3 182.7 �46.4 167.0 �35.7 182.4 �47.5 149.5 �23.3 197.2 �43.1 0.277 (0.503) 0.424 (0.372) 0.002 (1.574)
PF (kg) 196.7 �43.8 206.8 �51.4 194.7 �39.5 208.5 �53.7 177.0 �32.2 223.5 �48.5 0.733 (0.203) 0.691 (0.193) 0.015 (1.080)
Impulse (N·s) 13,312.7 �2976.8 14,683.7 �3388.1 13,345.9 �2855.5 14,655.6 �3485.7 12,050.5 �1733.3 15,751.8 �3239.0 0.331 (0.440) 0.424 (0.355) 0.002 (1.495)
RFDp (N/s) 8794.4 �6741.3 10,834.1 �5757.9 10,277.8 �5546.3 9578.9 �6871.2 7583.5 �3772.4 11,858.7 �7221.9 0.246 (0.328) 0.562 (0.111) 0.132 (0.723)
Concen ic s eng h a 0.6 m·s
−1
MF (kg) 52.6 �31.3 81.0 �27.6 65.3 �38.9 69.3 �26.2 49.8 �26.7 83.6 �29.0 0.014 (0.892) 0.574 (0.116) 0.002 (1.299)
PF (kg) 112.3 �48.6 155.0 �45.1 137.0 �60.8 132.2 �42.0 110.5 �45.5 156.7 �46.5 0.030 (0.813) 0.852 (0.007) 0.010 (1.032)
RFDp (N/s) 5935.6 �2913.7 7869.8 �2967.7 6584.7 �3328.9 7270.8 �2851.7 5858.4 �3251.9 7941.2 �2566.2 0.034 (0.865) 0.807 (0.222) 0.221 (0.715)
Eccen ic s eng h a 0.6 m·s
−1
MF (kg) 159.4 �64.5 170.3 �52.6 147.5 �62.1 181.3 �50.2 133.3 �58.7 185.3 �50.8 0.503 (0.205) 0.137 (0.569) 0.049 (0.775)
PF (kg) 235.2 �86.7 257.4 �62.1 222.8 �69.9 268.9 �73.6 202.3 �77.2 269.4 �66.3 0.347 (0.265) 0.137 (0.535) 0.050 (0.697)
RFDp (N/s) 10,890.8 �3261.1 13,606.8 �2900.8 10,707.6 �2698.8 13,775.9 �3920.4 10,214.4 �2616.4 14,231.2 �2708.1 0.035 (0.882) 0.016 (1.027) 0.001 (1.507)
No e: Bold indica es signi ican di e ences be ween g oups p<0.05.
Abb e ia ions: COD, change o di ec ion; HP, high pe o mance g oup; LP, low pe o mance g oup; MF, mean o ce; PF, peak o ce; RFDp, a e o o ce de elopmen peak.
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compa ed o o he muscula ac ions o achie ing supe io pe o -
mance ac oss a ious COD angula ions.
These indings align wi h p io esea ch, consis en ly indica ing a
s ong ela ionship be ween isome ic (Smola ek e al., 2023; Spi e i
e al., 2014; Spi e i, New on, & Nimphius, 2015), concen ic (Spi e i
e al., 2014,2015) and eccen ic (Jones e al., 2022; Smajla
e al., 2022) s eng h measu es and COD pe o mance. Howe e ,
hese s udies only examined he ela ionship be ween s eng h a -
iables a a single cu ing angle o wi hin manoeu abili y es s ha
in ol ed a ious cu ing ac ions ac oss mul iple angles (Nimphius
e al., 2018). Consequen ly, hey could no p o ide a de ailed analysis
o he e ec o each s eng h ou come measu e on a ious COD
angula ions.
The p esen s udy ein o ces he exis ing li e a u e's asse ion
ha s eng h is an indispensable componen o success ul COD
pe o mance (Ba e a‐Domínguez e al., 2020; Young e al., 2002).
Fu he mo e, i sheds ligh on he speci ic s eng h cha ac e is ics o
each cu ing angle. In his ega d, o wide cu ing angles o 45°, he
concen ic s eng h ou come measu es had he g ea es in luence on
COD pe o mance. This could be explained by he emphasis on e-
loci y in hese shea angles (Bou geois e al., 2017). Achie ing op imal
pe o mance a 45° COD equi es a p ima y ocus on main aining
high speeds (Hade e al., 2015), cha ac e ised by g ound con ac
imes o less han 150 milliseconds and minimal b aking o ces
(McBu nie & Dos’San os, 2022). Thus, i makes sense ha concen ic
s eng h is o g ea ele ance in 45° COD.
Ne e heless, when pe o ming COD wi h sha pe cu ing an-
gles, he s eng h equi emen s unde go signi ican changes, and
o he s eng h ou come measu es become inc easingly in luen ial on
COD pe o mance. P io esea ch has indica ed ha he mechanical
cha ac e is ics o 90° and 180° cu s esul in longe g ound con ac
imes in he inal s ep, anging om 250 o 500 milliseconds
(McBu nie & Dos’San os, 2022). The indings om he p esen s udy
showed a s ong ela ionship be ween isome ic s eng h and COD
pe o mance a sha p angles. This ela ionship can be a ibu ed o
he need o he lowe limbs o main ain isome ically longe eac ion
o ces in he inal s ep while he es o he body unde goes eo -
ganisa ion and edi ec ion owa ds a new di ec ion o displacemen
(Dos’San os e al., 2021a).
In addi ion, i is known ha 180° COD ac ions emphasise o ce‐
o ien ed cha ac e is ics (Bou geois e al., 2017), demanding sub-
s an ial b aking and eaccele a ion o ces o highe pe o mance.
The cu en esul s align wi h p e ious li e a u e and show ha he
sha pes angles o 180° COD a e he mos o ce‐demanding, wi h all
assessed s eng h ou come measu es se ing as de e minan s in 180°
COD. Finally, i is wo h no ing ha among all he s eng h ou come
measu es ob ained, eccen ic pRFD showed he s onges ela ion-
ship wi h COD and was he sole a iable ha exe ed a signi ican
impac on all cu ing angles. COD ac ions a e execu ed a maximal
in ensi ies and speeds wi h high ex e nal load demands, as demon-
s a ed in ecen s udies ha ha e eco ded alues o knee join
FIGURE 2 Spea man's Rho co ela ions be ween di e en
s eng h ou come measu es o each muscle ac ion and change o
di ec ion es s. COD, Change o Di ec ion ime a 45° (COD45), 90°
(COD90) and 180° (COD180) u n; RFD, Ra e o Fo ce
De elopmen . An as e isk (*) indica es p<0.05; wo as e isks (**)
indica e p<0.001.
TABLE 3Compa ison (mean �SD) o he di e en s eng h a ios be ween low pe o mance and high pe o mance g oups classi ied by
each change o he di ec ion es .
COD 45° COD 90° COD 180° p alue (ES)
LP (n=12) HP (n=13) LP (n=12) HP (n=13) LP (n=12) HP (n=13) 45° 90° 180°
S eng h a ios
E/I 1.04 �0.49 0.97 �0.38 0.92 �0.38 1.07 �0.47 1.06 �0.52 0.96 �0.34 0.910 (0.162) 0.361 (0.350) 0.820 (0.214)
E/C 3.53 �1.37 2.45 �1.20 2.91 �1.58 3.02 �1.22 3.53 �1.58 2.44 �0.94 0.035 (0.834) 0.650 (0.078) 0.087 (0.743)
I/C 4.15 �2.04 2.59 �0.86 3.60 �2.03 3.06 �1.35 3.95 �1.81 2.76 �1.41 0.026 (1.026) 0.649 (0.317) 0.030 (0.994)
No e: Bold indica es signi ican di e ences be ween g oups p<0.05.
Abb e ia ions: C, concen ic; COD, change o di ec ion; E, eccen ic; ES, e ec size; HP, high pe o mance g oup; I, isome ic; LP, low pe o mance
g oup.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCE
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angula eloci ies anging om 469 o 493°/s du ing he decele a ion
phase be o e COD (Nede gaa d e al., 2014). These ele a ed knee
join angula eloci ies unde sco e he pa amoun impo ance o
apid eccen ic o ce p oduc ion capaci y and p e‐ac i a ion o he
knee ex enso s o acili a e ea ly pRFD occu ence wi hin he i s
40 milliseconds o s ance (da a no shown).
P e ious s udies ha e highligh ed he c ucial ole o eccen ic
muscle ac ion in COD pe o mance (Jones e al., 2017,2022; Smajla
e al., 2022), p ima ily due o subs an ial peaks in eccen ic s eng h
du ing b aking ac ions. These peaks, eaching 168% highe han
p opulsi e o ces (Ha pe e al., 2022), emphasise he impo ance o
eccen ic s eng h. Howe e , exis ing esea ch o en isola ed
eccen ic muscle ac ion wi hou conside ing i s in e play wi h o he
muscle ac ions o he speci ic COD es s pe o med. Ou comp e-
hensi e s udy examined a ious s eng h ou come measu es and
sc u inised s eng h a ios ac oss all muscle ac ions. Su p isingly, he
swi es playe s in COD exhibi ed highe concen ic s eng h ela i e
o eccen ic and isome ic s eng h, e lec ed in lowe E/C and I/C
a ios. This end was e iden in bo h sha pe (180°) and shea (45°)
cu s. These unde sco e he impo ance o possessing high concen ic
s eng h le els compa ed o o he muscula ac ions o achie ing
supe io pe o mance in a ious COD angles. Al hough he capaci y
o apidly apply eccen ic s eng h du ing maximum decele a ion
a he COD is c ucial (Ha pe e al., 2022), playe s demons a ing
apid eccen ic o ce p oduc ion wi h minimal dispa i ies be ween
eccen ic and concen ic s eng h excel ac oss cu ing angles. This
highligh s he mul i ace ed na u e o COD pe o mance, emphasising
he impo ance o s eng h a ios o a mo e comp ehensi e
assessmen .
To he bes o ou knowledge, his s udy ep esen s he i s
comp ehensi e analysis o he impac o di e en muscle ac ions
assessed wi h FEMD on di e en cu ing angles in baske ball
playe s. E en hough he indings p o ide aluable insigh s in o
COD pe o mance, i is essen ial o acknowledge se e al limi a ions
inhe en in ou s udy. Fi s ly, all squa s e alua ed we e pe o med
bila e ally, while ac ual COD ac ions in baske ball in ol e bila e al
asymme ic o unila e al ac ions. Unila e al squa assessmen wi h
FEMD may be mo e speci ic and be e simula e COD execu ion,
which migh lead o g ea e co ela ions, bu may also show wo se
ICC and CV alues. Secondly, he sample size is ela i ely small,
which may es ic he gene alisabili y o he indings o a la ge
popula ion. Fu he mo e, i is impo an o no e ha due o he
c oss‐sec ional na u e o ou s udy, we canno es ablish a cause‐
and‐e ec ela ionship. None heless, i is wo h men ioning ha
Ba e a‐Domínguez e al. (2023) epo ed imp o emen s in COD
pe o mance a di e en angles in baske ball playe s a e an 8‐
week o indi idualised aining p og am designed o enhance all
s eng h ou come measu es in he squa . This u he ein o ces he
p esen esea ch indings, adding aluable insigh s o he exis ing
li e a u e ega ding he impac o di e se s eng h measu es on
COD. These insigh s may p o e bene icial o coaches in de ising
mo e e ec i e aining p og ammes o enhance hei a hle es' COD
pe o mance.
5
|
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, s eng h eme ges as a pi o al ac o in luencing COD
pe o mance, and his s udy sheds ligh on in iguing disco e ies in
his domain. The esul s unequi ocally demons a ed ha he
ela ionship be ween s eng h ou come measu es and COD p o i-
ciency depends on he cu ing angle. Speci ically, cu ing angles
below 90° emphasise concen ic s eng h, while hose abo e 90°
exhibi a s onge eliance on isome ic and eccen ic s eng h.
Fu he mo e, apid eccen ic o ce p oduc ion s ongly co ela es
wi h COD pe o mance ac oss all cu ing angles. Howe e , he
as es playe s exhibi highe concen ic s eng h ela i e o hei
eccen ic s eng h. These indings a e c ucial o coaches seeking
o imp o e hei playe s' COD pe o mance. Coaches should
analyse he indi idual COD equi emen s, conside ing angle a ia-
ions, and design ailo ed aining p og ammes ha ocus on aug-
men ing apid eccen ic o ce while aiming o educe he E/C a io.
This s a egic app oach could op imise baske ball playe s' COD
abili ies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The au ho s a e pa icula ly g a e ul o all he a hle es who olun-
a ily pa icipa ed in he p esen s udy. The au ho s a e also g a e ul
o he suppo o he ‘Ne wo k o Spo s Func ional Dynamome y’
(09/UPB/23). This pape is pa o he i s au ho 's doc o al hesis
ca ied ou in he Doc o al P og am o he Uni e si y o Huel a
(Spain), hanks o he suppo and unding o he ‘Fo mación del
P o eso ado Uni e si a io’ P og am (FPU22/01057), un by Spanish
Minis y o Uni e si ies. This p og am suppo s and unds he p e‐
doc o al esea che s F.J.B.‐D. (FPU22/01057) and I.d.‐C. (FPU19/
02030). Pos doc o al esea che s D.J.‐M. and D.M.‐G., ha e a con-
ac h ough he p og am ‘Recuali icación del P o eso ado Uni‐
e si a io. Modalidad Ma ga i a Salas’, Uni e sidad de G anada/
Minis e io de Uni‐ e sidades yFondos Nex Gene a ion o he Eu-
opean Union. Funding o open access cha ge: Uni e sidad de
Huel a/CBUA.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The au ho s decla e ha hey do no ha e any con lic o in e es .
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable om he
co esponding au ho , F.J.B.‐D., upon easonable eques .
PATIENT CONSENT STATEMENT
In o med consen was ob ained om all pa icipan s included in he
s udy.
ORCID
F ancisco J. Ba e a‐Domínguez
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5387-
1788
Indya del‐Cue po h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2949-7896
An onio Riego‐Ruiz h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0006-3593-2555
8
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BARRERA‐DOMÍNGUEZ
ET AL.
15367290, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsc.12164 by Uni e sidad De G anada, Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/07/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
Da ío Ma ínez‐Ga cía
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0077-6813
Daniel Je ez‐Mayo ga h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6878-8004
Luís Ja ie Chi osa‐Ríos h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1008-176X
Jo ge Molina‐López h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2516-5226
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