UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH
Depa men o Mic ome eo ology
COPS expe imen
Con ec i e and o og aphically induced
p ecipi a ion s udy
01 June 2007 – 31 Augus 2007
Documen a ion
S e an Me zge , Thomas Foken
Wi h con ibu ions by Ra ael Eigenmann,
Wol gang Ku z, And ei Se a imo ich, Lukas Siebicke, Johannes Olesch,
Ka ha ina S aud and Johannes Lüe s
A bei se gebnisse
N . 34
Bay eu h, Sep embe 2007
2
A bei se gebnisse, Uni e si ä Bay eu h, Ab . Mik ome eo ologie, P in , ISSN 1614-8916
A bei se gebnisse, Uni e si ä Bay eu h, Ab . Mik ome eo ologie, In e ne , ISSN 1614-8924
h p://www.baycee .uni-bay eu h.de/mm/
Eigen e lag: Uni e si ä Bay eu h, Ab . Mik ome eo ologie
Ve iel äl igung: D ucke ei de Uni e si ä Bay eu h
He ausgebe : P o . D . Thomas Foken
Uni e si ä Bay eu h, Ab eilung Mik ome eo ologie
D-95440 Bay eu h
Die Ve an wo ung übe den Inhal lieg beim Au o .
3
Con en s
Con en s .............................................................................................................................. 3
1 Desc ip ion o he expe imen ..................................................................................... 4
2 Expe imen al se up ...................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS) and Fußbach II (BT02ETG)........................................ 7
2.1.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS).................................................................................. 8
2.1.2 Fußbach II (BT02T)...................................................................................... 23
2.2 Fische bach (BT03ETG)................................................................................... 26
2.2.1 Tu bulence measu emen complex ............................................................... 27
2.2.2 Radia ion and soil hea lux measu emen complex ..................................... 28
2.3 Hagenbuch (BT04ETG).................................................................................... 34
2.3.1 Tu bulence measu emen complex ............................................................... 35
2.3.2 Radia ion and soil hea lux measu emen complex ..................................... 36
3 Su ace pa ame e s .................................................................................................... 40
3.1 Land use............................................................................................................ 40
3.1.1 Land use maps............................................................................................... 40
3.1.2 Vege a ion..................................................................................................... 41
3.2 Soil p ope ies ................................................................................................... 42
3.2.1 Soil mois u e ................................................................................................. 42
3.2.2 Soil p o iles................................................................................................... 47
4 A ailable da a (days wi h con ec ion e en s in he mo ning)................................... 49
5 Wea he epo s.......................................................................................................... 50
6 DVD A chi e............................................................................................................. 70
4
1 Desc ip ion o he expe imen
Goal o he COPS expe imen is o imp o e he Quan i a i e P ecipi a ion Fo ecas (QPF)
which has been s agna ed du ing he las 16 yea s due o a lack o comp ehensi e, high-
quali y da a se s usable o model alida ion as well as o da a assimila ion, hus leading
o imp o ed ini ial ields in nume ical models. An In ensi e Obse a ions Pe iod (IOP) is
he backbone o he P io i y P og am SPP 1167 o he Ge man Resea ch Founda ion
(DFG) by p oducing he demanded da a se s o unachie ed accu acy and esolu ion (see
Figu e 1-1). The Uni e si y o Bay eu h con ibu es wi h ou ene gy balance s a ions
(su ace in-si u), a Soda -Rass ins umen and a 9m Mas , who’s measu ing a angemen
is summa ized below. An o e iew o e he whole COPS- egion gi es Figu e 1-2
Figu e 1-1: S uc u e o P io i y P og am 1167 Quan i a i e P ecipi a ion Fo ecas -P aecipi a ionis
Quan i a i ae P aedic io (PQP). GOP: Gene al Obse a ion Pe iod, IOP: In ensi e Obse a ions Pe iod :
COPS.
5
Figu e 1-2: The mos p onounced o og aphic ea u e in he COPS (= IOP) egion is he Rhine alley
be ween he Vosges and he Black Fo es moun ains. The ed ci cles indica e he p oposed supe si es o
he COPS ield campaign. The hunde s o m clima ology is alid o he g een box including Black Fo es
and Swabian Ju a.
Figu e 1-3 shows a de ailed segmen o he egion in he Kinzig alley wi h he
measu ing si es o he Uni e si y o Bay eu h highligh ed.
Figu e 1-3: measu ing si es o he Uni e si y o Bay eu h; ed pin: Fußbach I +II, g een pin: Fische bach,
blue pin: Hagenbuch.

6
2 Expe imen al se up
Table 2-1: Coo dina es o he measu emen s based on Ellipsoid WGS-84. Top: As ob ained wi h he
Ga min Emap GPS in UTM p ojec ion, accu acy 5-10m. Bo om: Longi ude and la i ude coo dina es
con e ed om UTM on h p://pages.globe o e .ne / oule/u mgoogle.h m. Al i ude in o ma ion ead o
Google Ea h.
Measu emen Eas ing [m] No hing [m]
BT01 EC 427608 5357758
BT01 P o ile 427612 5357670
BT01 Radia ion & soil 427598 5357675
BT0102 MBR / Scin send 427513 5357545
BT0102 Soda Rass / Scin ec 427530 5357620
BT03 435628 5348076
BT04 440996 5347931
Measu emen La i ude N [dms] Longi ude E [dms] Al i ude [m]
BT01 EC 48° 22' 7.82" 8° 1' 21.17" 178
BT01 P o ile 48° 22' 4.97" 8° 1' 21.42" 179
BT01 Radia ion & soil 48° 22' 5.13" 8° 1' 20.73" 179
BT0102 MBR / Scin send 48° 22' 0.88" 8° 1' 16.68" 180
BT0102 Soda Rass / Scin ec 48° 22' 3.32" 8° 1' 17.46" 180
BT03 48° 16' 57.4" 8° 7' 56.28" 226
BT04 48° 16' 54.59" 8° 12' 16.81" 245
UTM Zone 32U
Google Ea h In e ace
Table 2-2: Radio module channel alloca ion o he da a ansmission o he u bulence sys ems.
Measu emen Recep ion ad ess
(S252)
T ansmission
ad ess (S256)
Recep ion ad ess
(S252)
T ansmission
ad ess (S256)
BT01 EC 4 3 3 4
BT02 MBR 8 7 7 8
BT03 EC 6 5 5 6
BT04 EC 2 1 1 2
Campbell CR23X / Me ek MBR Mini ITX
7
ε
sonic
anemome e
N
ε: clockwise angle
be ween line o sigh
mas - gas analyze
(measu ing pa h) and N
[0-360° ]
gas analyze
δδ: clockwise angle
be ween line o sigh
mas - sonic (measu ing
pa h) and N [0-360° ]
mas
c
b
h_dp
γ
γ: inclina ion o gas analyze
agains e ical [0-90° ]
N
η: clockwise angle be ween
inclina ion di ec ion o gas
analyze and N [0-360° ]
η
φ
N
φ: clockwise angle be ween
sonic u componen and N [0-
360° ]
Figu e 2-1: Con en ions o he Eddy Co a iance se up.
2.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS) and Fußbach II (BT02ETG)
Figu e 2-2: Posi ion o he s a ions Fußbach I +II.
8
10m
N
ield pa h
s ee
130 m
bike pa h
10 kV-cable
po a oe
meadow
co n
sp ing ba ley/
obinambo
co n obinambo
10m 30m 45m 20m
o cha d
meadow c op
55m 20m
s ee
20 m
meadow
44m
22m
aile soda
modi ied bowen
cable
a e se cable
50m
cable
100m
eddy co a iance
ad. & soil p o ile cable
15m
20m
scin illome e .
scin illome e s.
cable
120 m
powe supply
Figu e 2-3: ins alla ion plan o he s a ion Fußbach I +II.
2.1.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS)
Table 2-3: measu emen and canopy heigh s, zpd: ze o plane displacemen o measu emen heigh s 0.5m,
1m, 2m adjus ed on he spo by means o a ca iage.
da e heigh EC
[cm]
heigh
adia ion[cm]
p o ile zpd
[cm]
canopy heigh
[cm]
2007-06-04 10 15
2007-06-06 29
2007-06-10 257 196 32 48
2007-06-26 120
2007-06-28 340 365 80 120
2007-07-02 100 150
2007-07-09 384 120 180
2007-07-16 160 (max.) 240
2007-07-18 425
2007-07-23 275
2007-07-30 413 290
2007-08-06 290
2007-08-13 290
2007-08-20 290
2007-08-27 290
9
2.1.1.1 Tu bulence measu emen complex
Table 2-4: Tu bulence measu emen complex, mh := measu emen heigh agl, _dp := e ical
displacemen , h_dp := ho izon al displacemen , o he s see Figu e 2-1.
pa ame e ins umen se ial signal in calib a ion
ac o
con e sion
in logge
signal ou mh / _dp / h_dp
[cm]
o ien a ion logge
Wind
ec o and
sonic
empe a u
CSAT3 0205-1
(Box),
0205-2
(Senso )
un ime
bina y
encoded
- calcula ion
in logge
wind ec o
[ms
-1
]
see Table abo e / - / - c=82cm
δ=91°
φ=88°
CR23X
SN:1113
Humidi y LI7500 75B-
1200
ol age 0-1500 mmol
m
-3
(0-5V)
linea
in e pola io
n acco ding
o
calib a ion
[mmol m
-3
]see Table abo e /
0 / 29
b=64cm
ε=73° γ=35°
η=342°
CR23X
SN:1113
CO2 LI7500 75B-
1200
ol age 10-30 mmol
m
-3
(0-5V)
linea
in e pola io
n acco ding
o
calib a ion
[mmol m
-3
]see Table abo e /
0 / 29
b=64cm
ε=73° γ=35°
η=342°
CR23X
SN:1113
The Campbell logging p og am CSAT3_36.DLD (21.03.2003 15:01) has been u ilized,
he EC measu emen ou pu is esol ed in 20Hz.
Table 2-5: con igu a ion o CR23X, SN 1113
ins umen cable colo ac o connec ion
LICOR b own CO2- ol age SE 7
LICOR blue H2O- ol age SE 8
LICOR black g ound
LICOR whi e g ound
LICOR ed/black Ex e nal Powe G
LICOR ed/whi e Ex e nal Powe 12 V
CSAT3 clea Powe ou 12V
CSAT3 black Powe ou G
CSAT3 ed no connec ed
CSAT3 SDM Cable:
CSAT3 black be ween Powe ou
and Con ol I/O
G
CSAT3 g een Con ol I/O C1
CSAT3 whi e Con ol I/O C2
CSAT3 b own Con ol I/O C3
Powe cable g ey Ex e nal Powe G
Powe cable ed Ex e nal Powe 12 V
16
Table 2-12: P o ile mas , F ankenbe ge psych ome e s: Heigh s in 0.5, 1.0 and 2m heigh a e adjus ed o
ze o-plane displacemen (see Table 2 4); o he heigh s a e ixed.
pa ame e ins umen se ial con e sion
in logge
heigh
[cm]
o ien a ion logge channel
P 100 4 wi e body/
en ila o
W
s_Psy01we 0085 BT01?1/903
8
con e sion
o °C
50 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 00
S_Psy01d y 0095 BT01?1/903
8
con e sion
o °C
50 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 01
S_Psy02we 0721 BT01?2/906
8
con e sion
o °C
100 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 02
S_Psy02d y 0157 BT01?2/906
8
con e sion
o °C
100 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 03
S_Psy03we 0075 P3/9048 con e sion
o °C
200 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 04
S_Psy03d y 58006891311 P3/9048 con e sion
o °C
200 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 05
S_Psy04we 0197 0124/7059 con e sion
o °C
405 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 06
S_Psy04d y 0045 0124/7059 con e sion
o °C
405 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 07
S_Psy05we 0177 0134/0055 con e sion
o °C
857 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 08
S_Psy05d y 0167 0134/0055 con e sion
o °C
857 E, di ec ing
N
QLC 347513
in e nal QLI
CH 09

17
Table 2-13: Channel alloca ion o QLC 347513, in e nal QLI wi h logge p og am COBT01GR.qsp.
logge QLC
347513
yp Va iable Name measu emen
unning
numbe
channel E H L C Powe
in e nal QLI Senso eal m_ws01 (wind speed 1. heigh ) cup anemome e
#1457 / #4719
F1
in e nal QLI Senso eal m_ws02 (wind speed 2. heigh ) cup anemome e
#1456 / #4529
F2
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy05d y (d y empe a u e 5.
heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0167
17181920 Ch 00 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy05we (mois empe a u e
5. heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0177
43444546 Ch 01 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy04d y (d y empe a u e 4.
heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0045
5678 Ch 02 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy04we (mois empe a u e
4. heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0197
9101112 Ch 03 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy03d y (d y empe a u e 3.
heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#58006891311
35363738 Ch 04 x
black
x
yellow-g een
x
b own
x
blue
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy03we (mois empe a u e
3. heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0075
35363738 Ch 05 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy02d y (d y empe a u e 2.
heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0157
39404142 Ch 06 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy02we (mois empe a u e
2. heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0721
1234 Ch 07 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy01d y (d y empe a u e 1.
heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0095
13141516 Ch 08 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_Psy01we (mois empe a u e
1. heigh )
PT100 4 wi e,
#0085
47484950 Ch 09 x
yellow
x g een x
b own
x
whi e
in e nal QLI da a ans e
RS232
60 RxD
in e nal QLI 61 TxD
in e nal QLI 62 GND
18
2.1.1.4 Soda RASS
Soda -RASS-measu emen s we e pe o med wi h a DSDPA.90/64-Soda and a
DSDR3x7-1290MHz-RASS-ex ension om ‘METEK Me eo ologische Mess echnik
GmbH’. The Soda consis ed o a phase a ay wi h 64 loudspeake s, a sc eening and a
PT100-senso .
Figu e 2-6: Alignmen o Soda -RASS-complex.
Table 2-14: Speci ica ions o Soda DSDPA.90/64.
P ope y Desc ip ion/Value
Ope a ing ange
Wind eloci y 0-35 m s-1
Wind di ec ion 0-360°
S anda d de ia ion o adial
componen s
0-3 m s-1
Accu acy
Wind eloci y (0-5 m s-1)± 0.5 m s
-1
Wind eloci y (5-35 m s-1)± 10%
Wind di ec ion ± 5°
Radial componen s ± 0.1 m s-1
S anda d de ia ion o adial
componen s
± 0.15 m s-1
Range o measu emen s
Minimum heigh 10 m
Heigh esolu ion 5–100 m
A ailabili y 80% up o 200 m
T ansmi ed equency
Tunable 1.0-4.0 kHz
The RASS-ex ension consis ed o 2 ada -an ennas and had he ollowing speci ica ions:
19
Table 2-15: Speci ica ions o 1290-MHz-RASS-ex ension DSDR3x7.
P ope y Desc ip ion/Value
T ansmi e
Ope a ing equency 1290 MHz
T ansmi ing powe 20 W
F equency s abili y 2×10
-6
Single side band phase-noise -100 dBc/Hz
Modula ion Con inuous wa e
Recei e
De ec ion Phase synch onously wi h
espec o ansmi signal
Noise igu e 1.5 dB
Bandwid h 32×(c
a
/Dh) [Dh = heigh
es.]
Noise bandwid h (c
a
/Dh)
An ennas
Pa abolic dish diame e Æ 1.8 m
Table 2-16: Desc ip ion o Soda -RASS pa ame e s I:
Index Desc ip ion
a Numbe o an enna (1,2,3=Soda , R=Rass)
c Vec o componen (u, ,w)
Va iable Desc ip ion Uni
D Wind di ec ion °
DAa A ailabili y o single spec a %
DC Class o Di usion (in e nal scheme) -
ERa Code o plausibili y (in e nal scheme) -
Ga Ampli ying alues 1
H Measu emen heigh m
me a see shee 'me a'
Pa Peak powe dB
Ra Re lec i i y dB
Sa S anda d de ia ion o adial wind eloci y m/s
SD S anda d de ia ion o wind inclina ion °
SNa Signal o noise a io dB
TMP Tempe a u e °C
V Wind eloci y (pola coo dina es) m/s
VRa Radial wind componen m/s
VVc Vec o wind componen m/s
20
Table 2-17: Desc ip ion o Soda -Rass pa ame e s II and hei occu ence du ing da a p ocessing.
Va iable Desc ip ion Uni Occu ance Desc ip ion Column Occu ance Desc ip ion
- Da e and ime DD.MM.YYYY hh:mm 1 - 1 1 -
AVE A e aging pe iod s 1 - 2 1 -
MIN Minimum measu emen heigh m 1 - 3 1 -
MAX Maximum measu emen heigh m 1 - 4 1 -
NOI Noise heigh (minimum le el o
ambien noise measu emen )
m1-51-
STP S ep (wid h o a heigh s ep) m 1 - 6 1 -
VOL Volume (max = 4095) - 6 1-5: Soda ; 6: Rass 7-11 5 1-5: Soda
XMT ansmi e equency Hz 2 1: Soda ; 2: Rass 12-13 2 1: Soda ; 2: Rass
MIX F equency cen e Hz 6 1-5: Soda ; 6: Rass 14-18 5 1-5: Soda
SMP Sampling equency Hz 2 1: Soda ; 2: Rass 19-20 2 1: Soda ; 2: Rass
AZI Azimu h (ho izon al alignmen o
sende a ay)
° 5 1-5: Soda 21-25 5 1-5: Soda
ZEN Zeni h (alignmen o en i e sende
a ay agains e ical)
° 5 1-5: Soda 26-30 5 1-5: Soda
TMP Su ace empe a u e °C 1 - 31 1 -
FEC Heigh o ixed echo elimina ion m 1 - 32 1 -
DST Dis ance be ween RASS
ansmi e and ecei e
m1-331-
XTL C oss alk V 1 - 34 1 -
SRV Se ice S a us - 1 - 35 1 -
O iginal da a a ay Con e ed da a ma ix
21
F om 30.05.07 18:46 o 01.06.07 08:48 wo equency- es s we e pe o med o op imize
he emi ing equency o he local condi ions.
Table 2-18: F equency es 1 om 30.5. 18:46 o 31.05. 08:46.
XMT [Hz] MIN [m] MAX [m] STP [m] NOI [m] AVE [s] an ennas
1598 30 980 20 1100 300 123
1598 30 980 20 1100 300 123
1715 30 980 20 1100 300 123
1715 30 980 20 1100 300 123
1803 30 980 20 1100 300 123
1803 30 980 20 1100 300 123
Table 2-19: F equency es 2 om 31.05. 11:00 o 01.06. 08:48.
XMT [Hz] MIN [m] MAX [m] STP [m] NOI [m] AVE [s] an ennas
1635 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1635 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1635 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123
1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123
As a esul , an emi ing equency o 1635 Hz was chosen o all Soda -an ennas. The
pa ame e se ings o he whole measu emen campaign a e summa ized in he ollowing.
No use o blanks o special cha ac e s shall be used o denomina e pa ame e se s. A bes
a sho name in combina ion wi h a desc ip i e se ing ile is ad ised, o he wise p oblems
wi h Soda C l So wa e can occu .
Table 2-20: Measu emen pa ame e s Soda -RASS.
da e hou da e hou
01.06.07 08:48 01.06.07 09:15 1635 30 980 20 1100 360 4095
01.06.07 09:15 11.06.07 15:00 1635 30 980 20 1100 300 4095
11.06.07 15:20 06.07.07 08:40 1635 30 710 20 810 600 4095
06.07.07 09:50 1635 30 710 20 810 600 3800
begin end VOLXMT [Hz] MIN [m] MAX [m] STP [m] NOI [m] AVE [s]

22
Table 2-21: An enna-o ien a ion.
zeni [°] azimu h [°]
an enna 1 23 - 24 100
an enna 2 23 - 24 190
an enna 3 0-
Rema ks o he con e sion ou ine: „Das P og amm sch eib ü jede Va iable eine eigene
cs -Da ei. Die Endungen de jeweiligen Da ei geben die Va iable an. In diesem File s eh
in de e s en Spal e de Zei s empel, dann in jede Zeile die jeweiligen Messwe e ü die
Höhen. Die Höhenzuo dnung kann mi dem en sp echenden File mi de Endung "_H"
gemach we den. Zusä zlich wi d eine e s e Fehle kon olle anhand de Fehle codes
du chge üh . Fü die Re lek i i ä sda en we den die Fehle codes nich beach e , also alle
Da en wie sie sind in die iles gesch ieben. Fü alle ande en Soda -G ößen we den alle
Messwe e, ü die eine Fehle code ungleich 00000 au gezeichne wu de, mi NaN e se z .
Bei den RASS-Da en wi d zusä zlich zu dem Fehle code 00000 (= kein Fehle ) noch de
Fehle code 04000 akzep ie .“ Each con e ed ile con ains columns wi h alues o one
heigh class (bu no 'COPS2007_mmdd_me a.cs '). Fo he heigh class o each column
see 'COPS2007_mmdd_H.cs '. COPS2007_mmdd_me a.cs ' con ains ope a ional da a.
2.1.1.5 Scin illome e
The scin illome e sende is aligned a 10°, he ecei e a 190°.
Figu e 2-7: Scin illome e p e e ences.
Fo ins umen speci ica ions see mas e hesis: Laslopp, G.: Bes immung u bulen e
Flüsse übe G as au de Basis on Lase -Scin illome e Messungen. Dipl.-A b., Uni .
Bay eu h, 2006.
23
2.1.2 Fußbach II (BT02T)
Du ch einen Bli zschlag am 27.06.2007 is de S ahlungs- und Bodenkomplex ab
27.06.2007 ausge allen. Die u sp ünglich als BT02ETG-S a ion geplan e Messs elle
muss e au BT02T zu ückges u we den. Du ch k ä igen Zwischenwuchs on
To inambo sind die Messda en nu An ang Juni und ab 27. Juli b auchba .
2.1.2.1 Modi ied Bowen measu emen complex
Table 2-22: measu emen and canopy heigh s.
da e lowe
measu emen
[cm]
uppe
measu emen
[cm]
canopy
heigh [cm]
2007-06-04 90 227 60
2007-06-26 140
2007-07-02 140
2007-07-09 116,5 227 140
2007-07-18 200
2007-07-23 200
2007-07-26 90 227 60
2007-07-27 30
2007-07-30 25
2007-08-06 10
2007-08-13 16
2007-08-20 20
2007-08-27 20
Table 2-23: Modi ied Bowen a io measu emen complex.
24
pa ame e ins umen se ial signal ou heigh
[cm]
ins alla ion /
o ien a ion
logge channel
Wind ec o USA-1 FHN 99 05007 wind ec o
[mms
-1
]
300,00 5° x,y,z
Sonic
empe a u e
USA-1 FHN 99 05007 [m°C] 300,00 5°
Mois
empe a u e
PT100 0114/9149 [m°C] 227 W, di ec ing N a5
D y
empe a u e
PT100 0114/9139 [m°C] 227 W, di ec ing N a4
Mois
empe a u e
PT100 0104/9129 [m°C] see Table
below
W, di ec ing N a7
D y
empe a u e
PT100 0104/9119 [m°C] see Table
below
W, di ec ing N a6
Mini
ITX
wi h
Tcopy
logging
p og am
The ans a e di ec ed E. The logging p og am Tcopy has been u ilized wi h he ba ch ile
s a .ba (01.06.2007 15:41), he EC measu emen ou pu is esol ed in 20Hz.
2.1.2.2 Soil hea measu emen complex
Table 2-24: Soil hea measu emen complex, demoun ed a 2007-06-28.
pa ame e ins umen se ial calib a ion
ac o
con e sion
in logge
heigh /
dep h [cm]
o ien a ion logge channel
s_NS ip scale OMC
212
0,1 100 QLC
R44303
QLI
in e nal
Coun 1
s_Soil mp1 P 100 0055 con e sion
o °C
-5 QLC
R44303
QLI
in e nal
Ch 00
s_Soil mp2 P 100 0054 con e sion
o °C
-10 QLC
R44303
QLI
in e nal
Ch 01
s_Soil mp3 P 100 0040 con e sion
o °C
-20 QLC
R44303
QLI
in e nal
Ch 02
Soil Hea
lux
HP3 65658 243 µV
mW
-1
cm
2
10
6
-10 QLC
R44303
QLI
in e nal
Ch 05
25
Table 2-25: Channel alloca ion o QLC R44303, in e nal QLI wi h logging p og am COBT02SR.qsp,
demoun ed and mo ed o BT03 a 2007-06-28.
logge
QLC
R44303
yp Va iable Name measu emen unning
numbe
channel E H L C Powe
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_NS (p ecipi a ion
Kippwaage), in R118
#OMO212 F 1 - - - -
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp1
(soil empe a u e 1. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0055
Ch 00 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp2
(soil empe a u e 2. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0054
Ch 01 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp3
(soil empe a u e 3. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0040
Ch 02 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_HFP_HP3_A (Hea Flux
Pla e HP3-A)
Vol age di (V)
#65658
Ch 05 x
b own
x
blue
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_TDR01 (TDR Sonde
dep h 01)
Vol age single
(+VE) #14067
Ch 06 x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_TDR02 (TDR Sonde
dep h 02)
Vol age single
(+VE) #14072
Ch 07 x
whi e
in e nal QLI da a ans e
RS232
60 RxD
in e nal QLI 61 TxD
in e nal QLI 62 GND
32
Table 2-33: adia ion and soil hea lux measu emen complex a e 2007-06-27 (because o ligh ning, wo
di e en se ups do exis ).
pa ame e ins umen se ial calib a io
n ac o
con e sion
in logge
heigh /dep h
[cm]
o ien a ion logge channel
s_CNR1_T CNR1 990197 con e sion
o °C
200 - QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
CH00
s_CNR1_Glb CNR1 990197 10.82 µV
W-1 m²
106200 161° QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
CH08
s_CNR1_Re CNR1 990197 10.82 µV
W-1 m²
106200 161° QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
CH09
s_CNR1_Geg CNR1 990197 10.82 µV
W-1 m²
106200 161° QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
CH05
s_CNR1_Aus CNR1 990197 10.82 µV
W-1 m²
106200 161° QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
CH03
s_SoilTmp2 P 100 0056 con e sion
o °C
-5 E QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
Ch 01
s_SoilTmp4 P 100 0050 con e sion
o °C
-20 E QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
Ch 02
s_HFP_HP3_B HP3 69813 227 µV
mW1cm²
106-10 S QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
Ch 04
s_TDR01 TDR-IMKO 14071 in e nal
calib a ion
102-5 E QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
Ch 06
s_TDR02 TDR-IMKO 14073 in e nal
calib a ion
102-20 E QLC
R44303 QLI
in e nal
Ch 07

33
Table 2-34: Channel alloca ion o QLC R44303, in e nal QLI wi h logge p og am COBT03_b.qsp a e
2007-06-27 (because o ligh ning, wo di e en se ups do exis ).
Logge QLC
R44303
Typ Va iable Name measu emen unning
numbe
channel E H L C Powe
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_CNR_T (CNR1
ins umen empe a u e)
PT100 4 wi e,
#990197
Ch 00 x
yellow
x
ed
x
g een
x
blue
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp2
(soil empe a u e 2. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0056
Ch 01 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp4
(soil empe a u e 4. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0050
Ch 02 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_CNR_Aus (CNR1 long-
wa e ou coming adia ion)
Vol age di (V)
#990197
Ch 03 x
b own
x
g een
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_HFP_HP3_B (Hea lux
pla e HP3 B)
Vol age di (V)
#69813
Ch 04 x
blue
x
black
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_CNR_Geg (CNR1 long-
wa e incoming adia ion)
Vol age di (V)
#990197
Ch 05 x
g ey
x
yellow
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_TDR01 (TDR p obe
dep h 01)
Vol age single
(+VE) #14071
Ch 06 x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_TDR02 (TDR p obe
dep h 02)
Vol age single
(+VE) #14073
Ch 07 x
whi e
g ound
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_CNR_Glb (CNR1 global
adia ion)
Vol age di (V)
#990197
Ch 08 x
ed
x
blue
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_CNR_Re (CNR1
e lec ed i adiance)
Vol age di (V)
#990197
Ch 09 x
whi e
x
black
in e nal QLI da a ans e
RS232
60 RxD
in e nal QLI 61 TxD
in e nal QLI 62 GND
34
2.3 Hagenbuch (BT04ETG)
Figu e 2-10: Posi ion o he s a ion Hagenbuch.
N
cycle way
ba n
cable b idge
2 mas s 6 m
powe
u bulence
adia ion
10m 50m 30m
heap
ield pa h in meadow
High ol age
20 m
Figu e 2-11: Ins alla ion plan o he s a ion Hagenbuch.
35
Table 2-35: Canopy heigh .
da e canopy heigh
[cm]
2007-06-25 115
2007-07-05 120
2007-07-10 120
2007-07-24 26
2007-07-31 46
2007-08-07 50
2007-08-14 55
2007-08-23 80
2007-08-25 10
2007-08-28 15
2.3.1 Tu bulence measu emen complex
Table 2-36: Tu bulence measu emen complex, mh := measu emen heigh agl, _dp := e ical
displacemen , h_dp := ho izon al displacemen , o he s see Figu e 2-1.
pa ame e ins umen se ial signal in calib a ion
ac o
con e sion
in logge
signal ou mh / _dp / h_dp
[cm]
o ien a ion logge
Wind
ec o and
sonic
empe a u
CSAT3 0235-1
(Box),
0235-2
(Senso )
un ime
bina y
encoded
- calcula ion
in logge
wind ec o
[ms-1]
250 / - / - c=81cm
δ=11° φ=7°
CR23X
SN: 1047
Humidi y LI7500 75H-
0220
ol age 0-1500 mmol
m-3 (0-5V)
linea
in e pola io
n acco ding
o
calib a ion
[mmol m-3]245 / - 5 / 30 b=72cm
ε=32.5°
γ=37°
η=18°
CR23X
SN: 1047
CO2 LI7500 75H-
0220
ol age 10-30 mmol
m-3 (0-5V)
linea
in e pola io
n acco ding
o
calib a ion
[mmol m-3]245 / - 5 / 30 b=72cm
ε=32.5°
γ=37°
η=18°
CR23X
SN: 1047
The Campbell logging p og am CSAT3_36.DLD (21.03.2003 15:01) has been u ilized,
he EC measu emen ou pu is esol ed in 20Hz.
36
Table 2-37: con igu a ion o CR23X, SN 1047
ins umen cable colo ac o connec ion
LICOR b own CO2- ol age SE 7
LICOR blue H2O- ol age SE 8
LICOR black g ound
LICOR whi e g ound
LICOR ed/black Powe in G
LICOR ed/whi e Powe in 12 V
CSAT3 clea Powe ou 12V
CSAT3 black Powe ou G
CSAT3 ed no connec ed
CSAT3 SDM Cable:
CSAT3 black be ween Powe ou
and Con ol I/O
G
CSAT3 g een Con ol I/O C1
CSAT3 whi e Con ol I/O C2
CSAT3 b own Con ol I/O C3
Powe cable g ey Ex e nal Powe G
Powe cable g ey/ ed Powe in 12 V
2.3.2 Radia ion and soil hea lux measu emen complex
Table 2-38: CNR1 connec o (male), op iew, black ec angles indica e pi o s.
Channel Ch03 C Ch03 H Ch03 L Ch03 E Ch07 H Ch07 L Ch06 H Ch06 L Ch05 H Ch05 L Ch04 H Ch04 L
Wi e blue ed g een yellow b own g een g ey yellow whi e black ed blue
Va iable
Cable
s_CNR_T s_CNR_Aus s_CNR_Geg s_CNR_Re s_CNR_Glb
4 wi e CNR1 cable 8 wi e CNR1 cable
37
Table 2-39: adia ion and soil hea lux measu emen complex. HFP01SC was hea ed daily om 01:00 o
01:15 and 11:00 - 11:15.
pa ame e ins umen se ial calib a ion
ac o
con e sion
in logge
heigh /dep h
[cm]
o ien a ion logge channel
s_Soil emp1 PT 100
wi e
0046 con e sion
o °C
-20 W in e nal QLI CH 0
s_Soil emp2 PT 100
wi e
0052 con e sion
o °C
-10 W in e nal QLI CH 1
s_Soil emp3 PT 100
wi e
0051 con e sion
o °C
-5 W in e nal QLI CH 2
s_Soil emp4 PT 100
wi e
0047 con e sion
o °C
-2 W in e nal QLI CH 3
s_HFP_HkFx HFP01SC
(hea ed)
0070 59.0 µV
W
-1
m²
10
6
-10 N in e nal QLI CH 4
s_HFP_HF_3A Hea Flux
Pla e HP 3A
G422 18.8 µV
W
-1
m²
10
6
-10 E in e nal QLI CH 5
s_HFP_HF_3B Hea Flux
Pla e HP 3A
G428 15.3 µV W
-1
m²
10
6
-10 W in e nal QLI CH 6
s_TDR_01 TDR-IMKO 14074 in e nal
calib a ion
10
2
-5 S in e nal QLI CH 8
s_TDR_02 TDR-IMKO 11223 in e nal
calib a ion
10
2
-20 W in e nal QLI CH 9
s_CNR_T PT 100 970059 con e sion
o °C
192 - ex e nal
QLI 2
CH 3
s_CNR_Gib CNR 1 970059 9.90 µV W
-
1
m²
10
6
192 185° in e nal QLI CH 4
s_CNR_Re CNR 1 970059 9.86 µV
W
-1
m²
10
6
192 185° in e nal QLI CH 5
s_CNR_Geg CNR 1 970059 9.12 µV
W
-1
m²
10
6
192 185° in e nal QLI CH 6
s_CNR_Aus CNR 1 970059 9.33 µV
W
-1
m²
10
6
192 185° in e nal QLI Ch 7

38
Table 2-40: Channel alloca ion o QLC 506209, in e nal QLI wi h logge p og am COBT04SR.qsp.
Logge QLC
506209
yp Va iable Name Messung unning
numbe
channel E H L C Powe
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp1
(soil empe a u e 1. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0046
Ch 00 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp2
(soil empe a u e 2. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0052
Ch 01 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp3
(soil empe a u e 3. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0051
Ch 02 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_SoilTmp4
(soil empe a u e 4. dep h)
PT100 4 wi e,
#0047
Ch 03 x
black
x
b own
x
ed
x
o ange
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_HFP_HkFx (HFx Hea
Flux Pla e Hukse lux)
Vol age di (V)
#00070
(double!)
Ch 04 x
whi e
x
g een
12 V +
ime
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_HFP_HP3_A (Hea lux
pla e HP3 A)
Vol age di (V)
#6422
Ch 05 x
whi e
x
whi e/ ed
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_HFP_HP3_B (Hea lux
pla e HP3 B)
Vol age di (V)
#6428
Ch 06 x
whi e
x
whi e/ ed
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_TDR01 (TDR p obe
dep h 01)
Vol age single
(+VE) #14074
Ch 08 x
whi e
in e nal QLI Senso eal s_TDR02 (TDR p obe
dep h 02)
Vol age single
(+VE) #11223
Ch 09 x
whi e
g ound
in e nal QLI da a ans e
RS232
60 RxD
in e nal QLI 61 TxD
in e nal QLI 62 GND
39
Table 2-41: Channel alloca ion o QLC 506209, ex e nal QLI wi h logge p og am COBT04SR.qsp.
Logge QLC
506209
yp Va iable Name Messung unning
numbe
channel E H L C Powe
ex e nal QLI 2 Ch 00
ex e nal QLI 2 Ch 01
ex e nal QLI 2 Ch 02
ex e nal QLI 2 Senso eal s_CNR_T (CNR1
ins umen empe a u e)
PT100 4 wi e,
#970059
Ch 03 x
yellow
x ed x
g een
x
blue
ex e nal QLI 2 Senso eal s_CNR_Glb (CNR1 global
adia ion)
Vol age di (V)
#970059
Ch 04 x
ed
x
blue
ex e nal QLI 2 Senso eal s_CNR_Re (CNR1
e lec ed i adiance)
Vol age di (V)
#970059
Ch 05 x
whi e
x
blac
k
ex e nal QLI 2 Senso eal s_CNR_Geg (CNR1 long-
wa e incoming adia ion)
Vol age di (V)
#970059
Ch 06 x
g ey
x
yellow
ex e nal QLI 2 Senso eal s_CNR_Aus (CNR1 long-
wa e ou coming adia ion)
Vol age di (V)
#970059
Ch 07 x
b own
x
g een
ex e nal QLI 2 Ch 08
ex e nal QLI 2 Ch 09
ex e nal QLI 2 da a ans e
RS232
60 RxD
ex e nal QLI 2 61 TxD
ex e nal QLI 2 62 GND
40
3 Su ace pa ame e s
3.1 Land use
A land use su ey has been ca ied ou o he oo p in analysis. Based on Google Ea h
sc eensho s, 1km2 su ounding o each si e has been classi ied by i s land use. The
classi ica ion i sel was ca ied ou wi h a Ga min Emap GPS in UTM p ojec ion,
accu acy 5-10m, wi h a esolu ion o 20m. The land use ma ices o oo p in analysis as
well as canopy heigh pa ame e iza ions a e a ailable on he DVD ‘COPS_me a’ a
‘COPS_me a 3_Su ace_pa ame e s 2_Landuse_ma ix.xls’. As well, addi ional SRTM
(ele a ion) and Landsa da a can be ound in he sub olde ‘0_Sa elli e_da a’.
3.1.1 Land use maps
BT01 & BT02
↑↑ N
−1000 −500 0 500 1000
−1000 −500 0 500 1000
BT03
↑↑ N
−1000 −500 0 500 1000
−1000 −500 0 500 1000
BT04
↑↑ N
−1000 −500 0 500 1000
−1000 −500 0 500 1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Legend see nex page.
41
Figu e 3-1: Land use map o he measu emen si es unde in es iga ion. The posi ions o he EC
measu emen s a e indica ed by he cen al c oss-hai s. X- and Y- axis indica e he dis ance om he
measu emen [m]. Fo he map BT01 & BT02 addi ional c osshai s indica e he p o ile measu emen (S)
and he MBR measu emen (SW). Land use classes o he measu emen pe iod a e dis inguished acco ding
o he colo ba : 1:= deciduous ee, 2:= coni e , 3:= opinambu , 4:= co n, 5:= meadow, 6:= ac e / allow,
7:= ga den, 8:= slope, 9:= s ee , 10:= building, 11:= s eam, 12:= powe pole small, 13:= powe pole la ge,
14:= s one pi .
3.1.2 Vege a ion
Fo canopy heigh s see expe imen al se up.
The ege a ion a BT01 is maize. A e ical mass p o ile has been a isen and is a ailable
a ‘COPS_me a 3_Su ace_pa ame e s 4_Co n_mass_p o ile.xls’.
maize mass p o ile
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0-50
50-100
100-150
150-200
200-250
250-300
heigh [cm
]
mass [g/m
2
]
Figu e 3-2: Maize mass p o ile a BT01, 22.08.2007.
The ege a ion a BT02 is Ba ley / Topinambo un il 2007-07-24, allow and successi ely
meadow he ea e .
48
Table 3-8: BT03 soil p o ile.
p o ile_n dep h [cm] signa u e desc ip ion colo commen s
0 - 52 Sl2 weak loamy sand b own
52 - 72 Sl2 weak loamy sand eddish
b own
72+ p obably
s ones
0 - 57 Sl2 weak loamy sand b own
57 - 71 Sl3 mean loamy sand eddish
b own
71+ p obably
s ones
0 - 45 Sl2 weak loamy sand b own
45 - 61 Sl2 weak loamy sand eddish
b own
61+ p obably
s ones
1
2
3
Table 3-9: BT04 soil p o ile.
p o ile_n dep h [cm] signa u e desc ip ion colo commen s
0 - 44 S 2 weak clayey
sand
b own
44 - 62 Slu sil y-loamy sand eddish
b own
0 - 50 S 2 weak clayey
sand
b own
50+ S 2 weak clayey
sand
eddish
b own
0 - 56 Sl4 s ong loamy
sans
b own
56+ Sl2 weak loamy sand eddish
b own
1
2
3

49
4 A ailable da a (days wi h con ec ion e en s in he mo ning)
Table 4-1: Lis o IOP days wi h con ec ion e en s in he mo ning o he s a ion Fußbach 1:
e en ime, da a quali y, wind o a ion and Soda -Rass a ailabili y a e also speci ied. E en s
deno ed wi h * only show a z/L alue nea < -1. ( ema k: eplace ? by <)
da e
jjjjjjjjj
IOP
hhh
e en ime
(decline o z/L)
[UTC]
da a quali y
( la
g
s
y
s em)
du ing e en
wind
o a ion
om
SW o N
Scena io (acco ding o
h p://www.cops2007.de/)
hhh
Soda -Rass
a ailabili y
hhh
2007-06-05 1a 6:00 - 8:00 ?7 + high p essu e con ec io
n
comple e da a
ailu e
2007-06-08 1
d
6:45 - 9:45 ? 5 +
high p essu e/ o ced
con ec io
n
comple e da a
ailu e
2007-06-14 3a
7:30 - 8:45 and
9:15 - 10:30 ? 3 and ? 7 -
weakly o ced diu nal
con ec io
n
+
2007-06-19 4a 7:00 - 8:15 ? 3 + high p essu e con ec io
n
+
2007-07-01 5a 7:30 - 9:30 ? 7 in e mi en
o ced con ec io
n
comple e da a
ailu e
2007-07-02 5b 8:00 - 9:00 ? 7 in e mi en
o ced con ec io
n
da a ailu e
b
e o e 14:00
2007-07-15 8b * 7:00 - 9:00 ? 7 + high p essu e con ec io
n
+
2007-07-23 10 6:45 - 7:45 ? 6 + o ced con ec io
n
da a ailu e
b
e o e 10:30
2007-07-25 11a 7:00 - 8:45 ? 3 + high p essu e con ec io
n
+
2007-08-03 13b
7:00 - 8:15 and
9:00 - 10:00 ? 5 and ? 3 + o ced con ec io
n
+
2007-08-06 14a 8:00 - 9:00 ? 3 + no in o ma io
n
da a ailu e
b
e o e 10:30
2007-08-13 15b * 6:45 - 8:00 ? 3 +
high p essu e/weakly o ce
d
con ec io
n
+
2007-08-21 17a 6:15 - 7:15 ? 5 + weakl
y
- o ced con ec io
n
+
2007-08-25 18b 8:45 - 9:45 ? 3 + high p essu e con ec io
n
+
2007-08-26 18b * 8:15 - 9:45 ? 3 + high p essu e con ec io
n
+
Table 4-22: Lis o in e es ing no-IOP days wi h ee con ec ion in he mo ning ( ema k: eplace ?
by <)
da e
jjjjjjjjj
IOP
hhh
e en ime
(z/L < -1)
[UTC]
da a quali y
( lag sys em)
du ing e en
wind
o a ion
om
SW o N
Scena io (acco ding o
h p://www.cops2007.de/)
hhh
Soda -Rass
a ailabili y
hhh
2007-06-13 no
7:00 - 8:45 and
9:15 - 10:15 ? 3 and ? 5 + no in o ma ion +
2007-07-16 no 7:45 - 9:30 ? 7 + no in o ma ion +
50
5 Wea he epo s
The ollowing wea he epo consis s o daily exce p s om he egional COPS wea he
summa ies on he o icial COPS Ope a ion Cen e Websi e (h p://www.cops2007.de/).
No summa y is gi en o down days, he wea he epo s a
‘COPS_me a 4_Repo s COPS wea he summa y ’ ha e been used un il 2007-08-17,
he ea e he ope a ion plans o he day a ‘COPS_me a 4_Repo s COPS ops plan o he
day ’ ha e been aken since no u he wea he epo s ha e been downloaded:
02 June 2007
Today, he COPS a ea will be a ec ed by he la e men ioned small-scale, wes wa d
mo ing o ici y maximum ( o max) which is esponsible o some mid/high le el
cloudiness and which may aid in con ec i e ini ia ion la e in he day. Con ec i e deb is
associa ed wi h his ea u e is in he p ocess o subs an ial weakening, pe la es ada
ends, and should hus no a ec he COPS a ea. This o max will accele a e wes wa d
as i phases wi h a sho -wa e ough which pi o s a ound he Medi e anean cu -o
cyclone, al oge he esul ing in subsidence o e he COPS egion, and possibly in
dissol ing o he clouds. Su ace low will be no heas e ly and a he weak; Whe e
b eaks in he clouds occu , he modynamic p o iles will become ma ginally uns able,
wi h mixed-laye CAPEs expec ed o be in he 100 - 300 J/kg ange. Shea p o iles will
be qui e weak as well, so ha he h ea o o ganized s o ms is also e y low.
04 June 2007
The COPS a ea emains unde he in luence o mode a ely mois , weakly uns able and
weakly capped ai . La ge-scale o cing o ascen is missing, so any con ec i e e olu ion
will likely be ied o o og aphy, and maybe o mesoscale bounda ies, which ha e no
been analyzed a he momen , howe e . Today’s 00Z ascen s om S u ga and Nancy
e ealed an in e sion nea 650 hPa, which may be obs uc i e o he de elopmen o deep
mois con ec ion. Cu en hinking is ha he majo i y o he cumuli will sp ead benea h
his s able laye , wi h only ew pa cels being able o pene a e he in e sion. Though
weak buoyancy will likely be p esen abo e he in e sion, i is possible ha sus ained
upd a s will no be able o de elop. Mos likely mode should be sho -li ed cells, hough
an isola ed, poo ly o ganized, small mul icellula s o m could de elop.
06 June 2007
Today’s con ec ion appea s o be mos ly limi ed o he laye below a ound 600 hPa,
whe e an in e sion laye is loca ed. Al hough i is possible ha con ec i e upd a s will
locally b eak h ough he in e sion laye la e oday, bu his appea s no e y likely.
51
Possible easons o ailu e o con ec i e ini ia ion include mixing e ec s c ea ed by he
low le el wind shea and inc eased uppe -le el cloudiness educing su ace hea ing.
These a e in e es ing ques ions o s udy.
07 June 2007
This mo ning’s ascen om S u ga e eals ha he mid-le el in e sion has anished, an
allo e wa ming o he p o iles, as well as subs an ial low-le el mois ening, esul ing in
abou 800 J/kg MLCAPE. Gi en minimal capping, i seems likely ha a he nume ous
hunde s o ms will o m, especially o e he Black Fo es and he Vosges moun ains.
Howe e , he mesoscale models a e s ill eluc an o ini ia e he con ec ion, bu his had
been he case ea lie his week when con ec ion did de elop a e wa ds. S o ms may
me ge in o clus e s in he e ening hou s, which may well las in o he nigh .
08 June 2007
Qui e mois ai is p esen o e no he n F ance, which is expec ed o be ad ec ed in o he
COPS a ea du ing he day. Ini ially, some d y ad ec ion may a ec he no he n COPS
a ea, as long as he low-le el winds ha e an eas e ly componen . Wi h he no hwa d
p og ession and s eng hening o he su ace low, esul ing in a ee ing o he su ace
low, he mois ai should g adually sp ead ac oss all o he COPS a ea un il la e e ening.
Though he e ical empe a u e lapse a es a e no pa icula ly s ong, MLCAPE in
excess o 1000 J/kg may de elop un il la e in he day.
Gi en inc easing DCVA- ela ed ascen ahead o he uppe low, widesp ead
hunde s o ms should o m. Cu en hinking is ha con ec ion will again s uggle o
ini ia e o e he no he n Black Fo es egion, bu may ha e be e success o e he
sou he n Black Fo es and he sou he n Vosges, gi en s onge low-le el mois u e and
he close p oximi y o he egion o la ge-scale o cing o ascen . A he same ime,
ex ensi e con ec i e ac i i y will de elop o e eas e n F ance and slowly ad ance
eas wa d, eaching he COPS a ea la e in he nigh o ea ly Sa u day mo ning. E olu ion
o one o mo e weakly o ganized MCSs may ensue, hough hese will likely each he
COPS domain a e ha ing unde gone subs an ial weakening. In ac , models do no
p oduce much p ecipi a ion, and he o ecas o he s eng h o his sys em emains
challenging.
11 June 2007
Wa e apo image y clea ly e eals a small uppe low which is esiding o e sou he n
Ge many and should make slow eas wa d p og ess while g adually weakening. Some
CAPE is expec ed o be in place acco ding o bo h he GFS and ECMWF models ha a e
simula ing con ec i e p ecipi a ion du ing he day. In e es ingly, he a ailable mesoscale
models again do no ini ia e deep con ec ion du ing he a e noon, hough his has p o en
52
o be no eliable in o ma ion based on las week’s expe ience. Du ing he nex hou s,
con ec ion should become mo e widesp ead, and possibly me ge in o small clus e s
owa ds he e ening hou s. Gi en weak o cing o upwa d mo ion, con ec i e ac i i y
should g adually diminish a e sunse .
12 June 2007
The low-le el s a i o m clouds should con inue o mix ou du ing he nex ew hou s and
con ec i e de elopmen should become mo e widesp ead. La es soundings indica e a
weak in e sion nea 600 hPa, which may obs uc pa o he con ec ion and esul in
s a i o m cloudiness benea h he in e sion. S ill, sca e ed hunde s o ms should o m
which may again conglome a e in o small clus e s in he a e noon. S o ms may pe sis
h ough much o he e ening/nigh .
13 June 2007
The modynamic p o iles sugges ha weak ins abili y will e ol e du ing he day, so ha
a ew isola ed hunde s o ms may o m again in he a e noon hou s. Gi en a lack o
la ge- and mesoscale o cing o ascen , con ec ion should diminish wi h he loss o
day ime hea ing in he e ening hou s.
14 June 2007
The 00 UTC ascen s om S u ga and Nancy al eady e ealed su ace-based CAPE (in
addi ion o ele a ed CAPE, which has been eleased by he ea ly-mo ning mid-le el
con ec ion), and gi en sus ained lapse- a e ad ec ion as well as low-le el wa ming,
CAPE should unde go some inc ease du ing he day. The GFS as well as he wa e - apo
image y sugges ha he e a e se e al sub-synop ic-scale pe u ba ions c ossing he
egion oday, being supe posed on weak la ge-scale idging. I is hus somewha
unce ain when he con ec ion will ini ia e. Cu en hinking is ha isola ed con ec ion
will o m o e he sou he n Vosges/Black Fo es in he a e noon hou s, and inc ease in
co e age owa ds he e ening. S o ms will likely e ol e in o mul icells, which may be
capable o some hail, especially o e he Vosges moun ains in he e ening, when/whe e
low-le el shea should be maximized.
15 June 2007
La es obse a ional da a sugges ha he e a e cu en ly wo main ainbands o a ec he
COPS a ea, one being loca ed a ew hund ed km eas o he cold on (which has c ossed
he ope a ions cen e a ound 7:30 CEST). Along he on , which is cu en ly loca ed o e
eas e n F ance, weak showe s a e e ealed by he ada . Be ween hese wo ea u es, no
p ecipi a ion is occu ing, bu ex ensi e low-le el cloudiness is p esen . Howe e , he e
a e some chances o con ec i e de elopmen o e he COPS domain oday: The mos
53
likely scena io is ha insola ion will help in c ea ing la ge cloud gaps be ween he wo
ain bands. I his occu s, ini ia ion may occu , possibly o e he eas e n COPS a ea
whe e day ime hea ing will ha e las ed longes be o e he on passes. Gi en s ong
shea p o iles, he s o ms will ha e ai chances o apidly e ol ing in o well-o ganized
mul icells o supe cells, capable o se e e wind gus s and la ge hail. Howe e , his
scena io is condi ional upon he de elopmen o la ge cloud- ee zones ahead o he cold
on . The wa e apo image y shows a d y in usion jus wes o he su ace on .
Should his ea u e o e sp ead he on , educed cloudiness would esul , enhancing he
chances o con ec i e ini ia ion also di ec ly along he on . The la es GFS un (00
UTC) ad e ises he de elopmen o an MCS o e he COPS egion be ween 12 UTC and
15 UTC, which mo es ou o he a ea in he la e a e noon.
18 June 2007
synop ic con ols o e he COPS a ea will be weak. In he sou h, sligh posi i e o ici y
ad ec ion is expec ed, which is p obably an impo an ac o o he ECMWF model o
p oduce some con ec i e p ecipi a ion o e he a ea, mainly in he e ening. O he models,
howe e , do no con i m his. A ew showe s o e en hunde s o ms a e ne e heless
expec ed his a e noon. Thei co e age should slowly diminish his e ening.
19 June 2007
Synop ic con ols o e he COPS a ea will ini ially be weak. Howe e , he combina ion
o inc easing wa m ai ad ec ion and an app oaching weak mid-/uppe o ici y
maximum du ing he e ening hou s should help o p o ide some upwa d e ical mo ion
su icien o ini ia e a ew con ec i e s o ms. These should be decoupled om he
noc u nal bounda y laye . As wa m ai ad ec ion mo es eas wa d o he COPS a ea
du ing he mo ning, any con ec ion should do so oo. I should howe e lea e a a he
mois and uns able lowe oposphe e in i s wake ha du ing he day will allow o
enewed con ec i e de elopmen , his ime su ace-based. The wes e n ex en o his
uns able ai will be o med by a cold on ha is cu en ly expec ed o e he
no hwes e n pa o he COPS a ea. Howe e , he exac posi ion o he on a ies om
un o un and om model o model. A chance does exis ha he on will be loca ed
u he eas and ha mos o he COPS a ea will expe ience oo s able condi ions o
con ec i e s o m ini ia ion. We do howe e no eel ha his scena io is pa icula ly
likely.
20 June 2007
A qui e uns able ai -mass is p esen o e he a ea eas o a di use on al zone o e he
wes e n COPS a ea. The Bu nhaup sounding o 5 UTC displays a deep mois laye in he
lowes kilome e o he oposphe e. This should allow a leas 1000 J/kg mixed-laye

54
CAPE o o m in esponse o sola hea ing. Fu he no h, he bounda y laye is less mois
and somewha lowe CAPE is expec ed. ini a ion o s o ms is expec ed, i s ly o e he
moun ains.
21 June 2007
The mois and wa m ai mass is s ill p esen o e he eas e n COPS a ea. As he
de elopping su ace low will lea e he COPS a ea in o a no heas e ly di ec ion, coole
ai will eplace he uns able wa m and mois ai om he wes . The models indica e a
mesoscale a ea wi h mainly s a i o m clouds and possible hea y p ecipi a ion. To he
eas op he COPS a ea nea he on al zone hunde s o ms may inc ease he p ecipi a ion,
some gus s up o 25 m/s a e possible. A ound noon his MCS will lea e he sou he n
pa s o he COPS a ea, la e on he no he n pa s, oo. Some local showe s a e likely o
ollow un il he e ening.
22 June 2007
A o ici y maximum wi h s a i o m clouds and embedded con ec ion p esen ly a ec s
he COPS a ea bu will lea e slowly o he eas . Some showe s and local hunde s o ms
a e likely o de elop un il e ening.
25 June 2007
Cu en ly, a p e on al line o s o ms o e no he n Ba a ia, Baden-Wü embe g and
Hesse. This ac i i y is associa ed wi h ising mo ion in he wa m ad ec ion egime.
Visible sa elli e image y shows an a ea o clea ing behind his sys em ahead o a cold
on s e ching om he Saa land o cen al F ance. This should c ea e he oppo uni y
o some su ace-based CAPE o o m. A na ow con ec i e line has al eady o med
along he on al bounda y. I is expec ed o accele a e eas wa d h ough he COPS egion
du ing he ea ly a e noon. S ong winds -in excess o 20 m/s winds a 850 hPa- sugges
ha s ong wind gus s could occu . The s ong shea addi ionally sugges s ha a ew
sho -li ed o nadoes a e possible as well along he squall. Behind he squall, gus y winds
will likely pe se e e and some ain is expec ed o se in la e in he day.
27 June 2007
Cu en ada end indica es ha he mesoscale s a i o m p ecipi a ion egion ha
a ec ed he COPS a ea his mo ning, will mo e o o he eas while unde going some
weakening. Du ing he a e noon hou s, some ain showe s will likely de elop. The la es
GFS simula es a he s ong quasi-geos ophic o cing his e ening, which could ac o
inc ease he dep h/s eng h o he showe s somewha , hough he e olu ion o s a i o m
p ecipi a ion may also occu wi h his ea u e, especially la e in he e ening/nigh .
55
28 June 2007
Some isola ed showe s, ex ending up o a ound 4000 m AGL will a ec he COPS a ea
oday. Widesp ead cloudiness should pe sis un il he la e a e noon. On he app oach o a
sho wa e idge, descending mo ion and dissolu ion o clouds is expec ed du ing he
e ening.
29 June 2007
Mid-le el cloudiness will likely p e ail, wi h shallow cumulus con ec ion unde nea h i ,
whe e he hickness o he mid-le el clouds is su icien ly hin o allow he buildup o a
con ec i e bounda y laye . Howe e , wi h he app oach o he abo e-men ioned ough
o e he No h Sea, mid-le el cloudiness is likely o inc ease in dep h, which may also
lead o ain in he COPS a ea, which may la e a ain con ec i e cha ac e .
30 June 2007
Mid-le el clouds o e he no he n hal o he COPS a ea, ha we e esponsible o some
ain his mo ning, a e expec ed o mo e eas wa d ou o he egion. Some high-le el
clouds, will howe e likely emain p esen h oughou he day and coming nigh .
01 July 2007
Wa m ai ad ec ion and weak o ici y o cing has led o high le el cloudiness al eady.
F om a ound noon mid-le el clouds a e also expec ed o o m o e he COPS a ea and
migh gene a e a li le s a i o m ain in he wes e n pa s. Al hough no e y likely, an
isola ed showe o hunde s o m o e he moun ains may no be excluded owa ds he
e ening. In he i s hal o he nigh , a s ong inc ease o con ec i e ac i i y is expec ed,
b inging widesp ead showe s and hunde s o ms, mo ing in om eas e n F ance and
Swi ze land. Thunde s o ms may o ganize in o MCS wi h some se e e wea he possible.
02 July 2007
F on associa ed cloudiness and ain will lea e he COPS a ea a ound noon ollowed by
coole and uns able pola ai mass. As he a o emen ioned long wa e ough will c oss
he COPS a ea un il he e ening, o ici y o cing is p esen ini ia ing widesp ead
con ec i e ac i i y. Sunny spells and he gi en CAPE should make hunde s o ms likely.
Showe s and s o ms will diminish du ing he nigh .
03 July 2007
La ge scale o cing associa ed wi h se e al mid/uppe -le el oughs ahead o he
eas wa d p opaga ing on al wa e al eady p o ide mainly s a i o m clouds and
p ecipi a ion. The cold on is expec ed o c oss he COPS a ea a ound midnigh . Gi en
56
windshea and ins abili y, some se e e wea he is possible, including hunde s o ms and
s o m o ce gus s.
04 July 2007
A la ge pool o cold pola ai is p esen o e he COPS a ea. A s eep lapse a e p o ides
some CAPE. Du ing he en i e Wednesday equen showe s and some hunde s o ms a e
o be expec ed. Showe s/s o ms migh be s ong in places and accompanied by s o m
o ce gus s and/o small hail. The showe s/s o ms a e sepe a ed by sho sunny in e als,
being e en sho e in moun ainous a eas. Con ec i e ac i i y will empo a ily dec ease
du ing he nigh .
07 July 2007
The COPS-a ea lies a he no he n edge o a su ace on al zone. Ahead o he idge ha
s a s o build up o e F ance s abilisa ion is expec ed o inc ease un il he nigh o
Sunday. Apa om a single showe o wo ha could o m in he e y sou h o he COPS
a ea, mos ly shallow cumulus cloud should p e ail; hey pa ly may sp ead in o
s a ocumulus and be accompanied wi h some al ocumulus cloud pa ches in he midle el.
08 July 2007
The COPS-a ea lies wi hin a on al zone, indica ed by mid-le el al ocumus clouds and
some cumulus clouds, ha o med al eady.The inc easing low-le el sou hwes e ly low
o wa m and mois ai and a passing uppe -le el sho wa e ough gi e he possibili y o
mainly s a i o m ain in he a e noon wi h some embedded con ec ion, e en a local
hunde s om canno be excluded. The o emen ioned on al wa e is expec ed o c oss he
COPS a ea du ing he nigh om Sunday o Monday. Whe eas a i s no hwes e n edge in
he colde ai he ain is mainly non-con ec i e, he COPS a ea should lie wi hin wa m
and mois ai masses a i s . Gi en ho izon al empe a u e g adien , CAPE and wind
shea , MCSs a e likely o de elop in he ansi ion zone, wi h he possibili y o embedded
hunde s o ms and some se e e wea he including hea y p ecipi a ion as well as hail and
s o m o ce gus s. As some models ag ee in he p edic ion o he acks o he
no heas wa d a elling MCSs, ain and hunde s o ms a e likely o be o less in ensi y
wi hin he COPS a ea. Al hough se e e wea he canno be excluded h oughou he
COPS egion.
09 July 2007
S ill ela i ely wa m and mois ai is g adually being eplaced by pola ai du ing he
cou se o he day. Mos ly d y bu cloudy condi ions should p e ail du ing he mo ning
hou s. Only li le sunshine is o be expec ed h oughou he day. Towa ds he
a e noon/e ening an app oaching uppe le el sho wa e ough leads o la ge scale
57
ascen associa ed wi h mainly mid le el cloudiness bu also embedded showe s and some
hunde s o ms. The e emains some unce ain y in he amoun o cloudiness, which is
mo e p onounced in he la es GFS model un han in he LM o ecas , he la e
indica ing mo e in ense con ec i e ac i i y in sou hwes e n Ge many in he second hal
o he day.
10 July 2007
Cen al and no he n pa s o he COPS egion emain wi hin he mode a ely uns able,
pola ai mass in he cen e o he ough. The main pool o uppe le el cold ai emains
o e he COPS egion oday se ing he s age o widesp ead showe ac i i y, suppo ed
by sligh inc ease o ins abili y in conjunc ion wi h he diu nal cycle. Uppe le el o cing
emains weak, so he con ec i e ac i i y can be cha ac e ized as mos ly uno ganized
indi idual showe cells. The sou he n pa s o he COPS egion, being close o an uppe
le el o ici y maximum ha mo es ac oss F ance o no he n I aly, will expe ience some
la ge scale ascen . P ecipi a ion as well as cloudiness in hese a eas will pa ly be o
s a i o m cha ac e wi h embedded showe ac i i y.
11 July 2007
A mois and sligh ly uns able pola ai mass is s ill p esen o e he COPS egion. Du ing
he mo ning hou s showe s o m mainly in he sou he n hal o he COPS egion, owa ds
he e ening a he in he no he n pa . Mo ning con ec i e ac i i y is mainly igge ed
by weakly di e gen low in he en ance egion o a small b anch o he je ex ending
ac oss he Alps no hwes wa d in o he Alsace egion. A e noon con ec ion is, on he
one hand, ied o he diu nal cycle, on he o he hand o some weak la ge scale o cing
ahead o a su ace ough, which is c ossing Ge many om he No h Sea o he
Sou heas du ing he e ening and he ollowing nigh .
12 July 2007
The eas e n pa o he COPS a ea is s ill unde he in luence o he mois pola ai mass
in he ea ly mo ning. Howe e , sligh ly d ie ai , al eady s ably s a i ied a mid le els,
will a i e al eady du ing he mo ning and p o ide some sho sunny spells. Towa ds
noon he high le el cloud shield o he app oaching wa m on will mo e in, ge ing
dense du ing he a e noon and c ossing he COPS egion. Some ligh ain is possible in
he e ening.
13 July 2007
An icyclonic condi ions will domina e du ing he cou se o he day. The no he n pa o
he COPS a ea is s ill unde he in luence o low le el clouds, o ming in he mois ai . In
he Sou h, he ai is al eady d ie .
64
A ew ligh showe s can be expec ed in he a e noon dying ou in he e ening.
Thunde s o ms a e no likely as he con ec i e s o ms should emain a he shallow.
06 Augus 2007
A di use on al zone loca ed om he Benelux coun ies o e cen al F ance o Spain
o ms he wes e n bounda y o a plume o wa m ai . Eas o his zone, a con e gence line
has o med, pa ly in esponse o a o ici y maximum mo ing no heas wa d o e
F ance. Along he zone, su ace-based con ec i e s o ms a e expec ed o o m du ing
Monday. Those s o ms will likely a ec he COPS a ea la e Monday a e noon and
du ing he e ening. Ele a ed con ec ion and s a i o m ain is expec ed nea he cold
on .
07 Augus 2007
A mesoscale con ec i e sys em mo es o e he COPS a ea owa ds he no heas du ing
he mo ning hou s. Behind he MCS, a d y pe iod will s a ha should las o e nigh and
in o Wednesday a e noon.
08 Augus 2007
Cu en ly, he main 850 hPa on is aligned no h/sou h, s e ching igh ac oss he COPS
a ea. Wi h he eas wa d p og ession o he uppe low, inc easing DCVA- o ced ascen
will o e sp ead he COPS a ea la e in he day, which will aid in inc easing on ogene ic
o cing, esul ing in s ong mesoscale ascen , which will be associa ed wi h ex ensi e
s a i o m p ecipi a ion in he la e a e noon and e ening hou s, con inuing h ough he
nigh .
08 Augus 2007
S ong zonally-o ien ed ba oclinic zone is cu en ly s e ching ac oss he COPS a ea and
will emain ocus o ascen and mainly s a i o m p ecipi a ion. I seems ha he
maximum o p ecipi a ion will be p esen no h o he low-le el on al bounda y, and i
should no a ec he COPS a ea. Howe e , ligh ain will likely con inue h ough mos o
he day.
11 Augus 2007
I appea s ha he sky will emain o e cas du ing mos o he day, wi h empo a y,
embedded ain showe s. Models indica e ha he e will be some clea ing, bu no un il
la e e ening.

65
12 Augus 2007
The og ha is linge ing o e much o he COPS a ea should g adually disappea un il 10
UTC, whe ea e diaba ic su ace hea ing should allow o he build-up o a con ec i e
bounda y laye . Towa ds ea ly a e noon, i s hunde s o ms a e expec ed, which should
emain a he isola ed un il ea ly e ening, howe e . The ea e , la ge-scale upwa d
mo ion associa ed wi h a sho -wa e ough ha g azes he COPS domain will a ec he
egion, and showe s/ hunde s o ms should become mo e widesp ead. The e olu ion in o
he nigh is somewha unce ain. The loss o diu nal hea ing may be compensa ed o by
la ge-scale ascen . Indeed, mos meso- and la ge-scale models ad e ise p ecipi a ion
h oughou mos o he nigh . Cu en hinking is ha hunde s o ms may con inue un il
la e e ening (maybe as la e as 00 UTC), bu chance also exis s ha hey will diminish
ea lie .
13 Augus 2007
The mesoscale de ails o e he COPS egion a e somewha complica ed. The sa elli e
loop e eals wo cloud bands, one o which is associa ed wi h he s o ms ha occu ed
du ing he pas nigh . This cloud band appea s o ha e been associa ed wi h a o ici y
maximum which is cu en ly en e ing wes e n Ge many. The ups eam cloud band is
co ela ed wi h a on ogenesis signal in he la es GFS analyses, which is ied o a weak
cold on cu ing om cen al F ance in o wes e n Ge many. Though he COPS egion
appea s o emain in he weakly uns able p e- on al ai mass oday, subsidence in he
wake o he o ici y maximum mo ing in o Ge many should educe he dep h o he
con ec i e clouds a e a ound midday/ea ly a e noon. The mesoscale model sui e
indica es a comple e ceasing o con ecec i e p ecipi a ion, while he GFS main ains ain
showe s h oughou he day. Howe e , he p e ious GFS uns ha e no been oo s able
wi h espec o he p ecip amoun s o Monday, so he ( a he s able) mesoscale models
a e us ed mo e o oday. S ill, isola ed hunde s o ms o wo could de elop o e he
moun ains in he la e a e noon and e ening hou s, when la ge-scale e ical mo ion will
become mo e upwa d again. This ac i i y could e en las in o he nigh .
14 Augus 2007
Ci us and Al oculumus clouds should pe sis , and g adually inc ease, du ing he day in
esponse o wa m ad ec ion. Chance o isola ed showe s and hunde s o ms exis s
especially in he sou heas o he COPS domain.
15 Augus 2007
66
The pic u e has no changed much compa ed o yes e day’s. The cold on should c oss
he Rhine Valley a ound 00 UTC. Ahead o his on , some CAPE is expec ed o
de elop, albei no e y much owing o weak mid-le el lapse a es. Howe e , i should be
su icien o main ain deep con ec ion. Model consensus de elops con ec ion a ound 18
UTC o e en a bi la e . Cu en hinking is ha hunde s o ms will ini ia e a ound 18
UTC in he wes e n COPS egion and sp ead eas wa ds. Shea p o iles emain a o able
o apid se e e e olu ion, including a ew supe cells, main se e e h ea s being
damaging wind gus s along wi h some la ge hail. S ong low-le el shea and ample low-
le el mois u e should suppo low-le el o a ion o any supe cell ha o ms, esul ing in
some h ea o a b ie o nado o wo. Howe e , gi en somewha weak CAPE i is
cu en ly no expec ed ha s o ms will g ow in o la ge MCSs. Along he main
con e gence line associa ed wi h he cold- on al bounda y, addi ional s o ms should
o m, which may be o ganized mo e linea ly, gi en s ong linea low-le el o cing.
Unce ain y exis s abou how well he s o ms will su i e along he on h ough he
nigh . Howe e , he abo e-men ioned s ong la ge- and mesoscale o cing o upwa d
mo ion could sus ain he con ec i e sys em h ough he nigh . This sys em would pose
mainly a h ea o s ong/se e e wind gus s.
16 Augus 2007
Widesp ead s a i o m cloudiness wi h some ain is expec ed o a ec he COPS a ea
du ing he mo ning and ea ly a e noon, al hough g adually la ge b eaks a e o ecas
du ing he day. Some shallow cumulus clouds will likely de elop wi hin he b eaks.
17 Augus 2007
Isola ed showe s will de elop o e pa s o he COPS a ea ahead and nea he axis o an
uppe -le el ough passing he a ea om he wes . The con ec i e clouds will likely
each up o an in e sion a 4-5 km al i ude whe e empe a u es a ound -8 °C should be
low enoug h o le hem p oduce p ecipi a ion. The clouds may locally o e shoo ha
le el and become 7-8 km all. A e abou 13 UTC showe co e age is expec ed o
diminish om he wes as subsidence se s in behind he ough.
20 Augus 2007
The majo ea u e on he o ecas maps is a ough ha has i s axis o e he B i ish Isles
and wes e n F ance. This ough is illed wi h ela i ely uns able ai and should mo e
eas wa d e y slowly du ing he nex days while e ol ing in o a slack cu -o low o e
sou h-eas e n F ance. A he su ace, a low-p essu e sys em should de elop in he Gul o
Genua on Monday and la e he low should "jump o e " he Alps on Tuesday as
cyclogenesis is expec ed o e sou h-wes e n Ge many. On Augus 20, sca e ed cumulus
67
clouds a e expec ed o e he a ea. A ew showe s a e s ill possible in he mo ning, bu i
should be d y du ing he emainde o he day.
21 Augus 2007
A su ace low p essu e sys em is expec ed o a el om no heas e n Ge many owa ds
he sou hwes on Tuesday. I s huge ain a ea wi h some embedded hunde s o ms will no
a ec he COPS a ea, howe e o ces sligh ly mo e uns able ai in o sou he n Ge many.
Some CAPE may de elop in he cou se o he day bu will be g ea es o e Ba a ia.
S a i o m clouds a e p esen a i s bu ain will cease. E en he sun ge s some po ions
o he sky. Du ing he a e noon hou s/ owa ds e ening cumulus clouds a e likely o
o m, oo, and wi h he help o an uppe -le el sho wa e ough some showe s o pa ly
embedded cha ac e a e expec ed o de elop. Though mos likely o e sou heas e n
Baden-Wü embe g and wes e n Ba a ia a hunde s o m o wo canno be uled ou o e
he COPS egion.
22 Augus 2007
On Wednesday, an uppe - oposphe ic ough o e he wes e n Medi e anean Sea –jus
o he Spanish eas coas - is expec ed o mo e apidly no h-eas wa d. The upwa d
e ical mo ion associa ed wi h i should a ec he COPS a ea du ing he second hal o
he e ening. Mois nea -neu ally s a i ied ai will emain o e he eas e n COPS a ea on
Wednesday and Thu sday, whe eas he wes e n pa will deal wi h weakening s a i o m
p ecipi a ion. Compe ing low-le el cold ai ad ec ion and weak insola ion will de e mine
whe he su icien des abiliza ion o isola ed con ec i e showe de elopmen will occu .
Bigges chances a e expec ed o he sou he n Black Fo es and he Swabian Ju a, bu a
ew weak showe s canno be uled ou elsewhe e, ei he .
23 Augus 2007
A la ge complex uppe -le el low illed wi h cold ai is loca ed o e F ance, he Benelux,
and wes e n Ge many. This sys em is expec ed o e ol e in o an elonga ed ough
s e ching om he Bal ic Sea o Spain. On F iday, i s axis will be loca ed jus o he
no hwes o he COPS domain. This should lea e an uns able s a i ica ion allowing o
diu nally-d i en con ec i e s o ms o de elop on F iday and possibly on Sa u day. La e
on Sa u day, weak subsidence is o ecas ed o wa m he mid- oposphe e so ha he
chance o con ec ion should dec ease. No deep con ec ion is expec ed on Sunday.
Sunday e ening a cold on is expec ed o pass he COPS a ea om he no h, wi h cool,
d y ai in i s wake. Hence he con ec i e s o m po en ial is e y low on Monday, oo.
Today, on Thu sday, some sca e ed mid-le el cloudiness is expec ed o e he COPS
a ea. The nea -neu al en i onmen o ecas by he models and weakening low-le el cold
68
ai ad ec ion indica e ha isola ed showe s should be possible mainly du ing he
a e noon.
24 Augus 2007
Today, he axis o an elonga ed ough s e ching om he Bal ic Sea o Spain is loca ed
jus o he no h-wes o he COPS domain. This should lea e a ma ginally uns able
s a i ica ion allowing o diu nally-d i en con ec i e s o ms o de elop e y locally on
F iday and Sa u day. La e on Sa u day, weak subsidence is o ecas ed o wa m he
mid oposphe e so ha he chance o con ec ion should dec ease. No deep con ec ion is
expec ed on Sunday. On Monday a cold on is expec ed o pass he COPS a ea om he
no h, wi h cool, d y ai in i s wake. Hence he con ec i e s o m po en ial is e y low on
Monday, oo. On Tuesday we will likely expe ience a e u n o he on al zone om he
sou h. Today, F iday should be a qui e iendly day wi h qui e some sunshine. In esponse
o sola hea ing, sca e ed cumulus clouds will de elop du ing he mo ning. O e he
moun ains, a ew isola ed hunde s o ms a e expec ed o de elop in he ea ly a e noon.
25 Augus 2007
Today, on Sa u day 25 Augus sca e ed con ec i e clouds a e expec ed o de elop
du ing he mo ning, especially o e he moun ains. The e is a small chance ha a ew o
hem g ow all enough o p oduce some ain om he la e mo ning onwa d. The balance
be ween an inc easing endency o subsidence in he mid- oposphe e and sola hea ing
a he su ace will de e mine whe he p ecipi a ion will o m. Small con ec i e clouds
and some high ci us clouds a e expec ed on Sunday. O he wise, he day should be
iendly and ela i ely sunny.
27 Augus 2007
The COPS egion is si ua ed on he sou he n pe iphe y o a b oad long-wa e ough o e
Scandina ia. A cu -o low loca ed o he wes o he Ibe ian Peninsula is expec ed o
mo e owa ds he eas in he coming days. Inc easing no hwa d wa m-ai ad ec ion is
expec ed ahead o ha sys em. An inac i e zonallyo ien ed on o e cen al Ge many is
mo ing sou hwa d eaching he COPS egion la e on Monday. The on will likely be he
ocus o s a i o m and embedded con ec i e p ecipi a ion la e Tuesday e ening in o
Wednesday and Thu sday. Today, Monday, a cold on is expec ed o mo e in o he
COPS a ea om he no h and become quasis a iona y o e he a ea. Li le clouds and no
ain a e o ecas ed wi h his sys em.
28 Augus 2007
The COPS egion is s ill si ua ed on he sou he n pe iphe y o a b oad long-wa e ough
o e Scandina ia. A cu -o low loca ed o he wes o he Ibe ian Peninsula is mo ing
69
eas wa d while e ol ing in o a NE-SW o ien ed ough. Inc easing no hwa d wa m-ai
ad ec ion is expec ed ahead o ha sys em. An inac i e zonally-o ien ed on has s alled
nea he sou he n COPS domain bo de . The on will likely be he ocus o s a i o m
and embedded con ec i e p ecipi a ion s a ing la e on Tuesday and con inuing in o
Wednesday and in he sou heas in o Thu sday. In sou he n F ance and he Alps, he
inc eased wa m-ai ad ec ion will likely cause he ini ia ion o sca e ed s o ms wi hin
he wa m ai -mass on Tuesday. S a i o m and ele a ed con ec i e p ecipi a ion is
expec ed o commence in he ange o he on al zone la e in he day and may also
a ec sou he n pa s o he COPS domain.
29 Augus 2007
The COPS egion is si ua ed on he sou he n pe iphe y o a b oad long-wa e ough o e
Scandina ia and ahead o a sho wa e ough s e ching om he sou he n No h Sea o
no h-wes e n Spain. Cyclogenesis is aking place o e sou he n F ance. Ahead o ha
sys em, s ong wa m-ai ad ec ion is expec ed. Today, Wednesday, sca e ed
p ecipi a ion om ele a ed con ec ion is expec ed o e he sou he n and pe haps cen al
pa s o he COPS a ea. Some ligh ning is possible la e wi h ha ac i i y. In addi ion o
con ec i e p ecipi a ion, some s a i o m ain is expec ed as well. Du ing he a e noon,
he ain should e ea sou hwa d, lea ing he cen al and no he n COPS egion unde
o e cas skies wi h some mid- and especially high-le el clouds.

70
6 DVD A chi e
The documen a ion, aw da a and p elimina y esul s a e a anged in i e DVDs. The ou
DVDs “COPS_BT01”, “COPS_BT02”, “COPS_BT03”, “COPS_BT04” con ain he
en i e aw da a, p elimina y esul s and g aphics o one measu emen si e each. To allow
his handy s o age, each one is a chi ed in 7zip o ma . This packing so wa e is eely
a ailable on he in e ne and also a ached o he op le el o each DVD. EC calcula ions
ha e been ca ied ou wi h p elimina y in o ma ion on he senso alignmen . The ac ual
alignmen was de e mined using a bea ing compass du ing si e disassembly. Due o
a oidance o magne ic in e ac ion, hese alues di e signi ican ly om o iginal
measu emen s a he booms. The e o e p elimina y EC esul s hold o da a a ailabili y
de ec ion, bu should no be used o oo p in calcula ions. DVD “COPS_Me a” con ains
he documen a ion plus me ada a, he olde s uc u e as a as possible ollowing his
documen a ion, whe e necessa y subdi ided acco ding o he si e abb e ia ions BT01,
BT02, BT03 and BT04:
Ö 0_Documen a ion: Edi able Wo d ile o his documen a ion, da a a ailabili y
able, ield p o ocol including sho wea he no ice and packing lis
Ö 1_Gene al_in o ma ion: In o ma ion on he COPS p oposal and en i e expe imen ,
logos e c.
Ö 2_Se up: Si e se up in o ma ion subdi ided in si e- and ins umen alignmen , also
con aining u ilized calib a ions, logge p og ams, adio module se up and
ins umen speci ic so wa e
Ö 3_Su ace_pa ame e s: Con ains he land use mapping p ocedu e and esul s o
he co e cu e soil mois u e- and soil mapping p ocedu es
Ö 4_Repo s: Daily COPS epo s as well as UBT COPS s a us Emails. Howe e , a
he ime o w i ing COPS science di ec o summa y and COPS wea he summa y
we e only a ailable un il 2007-08-13 and 2007-08-17 espec i ely
Ö 5_P elimina y_analysis_p ocedu es: So wa e ou ines o Land use, Soda Rass,
Tu bulence (con ains p elimina y pa ame e iles) and Vaisala da a p ocessing
Ö 6_Pic u es: Addi ional g aphic in o ma ion on si e alignmen , land use and i s
succession; hough Soda Rass and Scin illome e a e en i ely documen ed wi hin
he main si e BT01, because o locali y pic u es a e included in olde BT02
In o de o enable he quick access, ables in his documen a ion ha e been d awn in
Excel and been copied he as Enhanced Me a ile. The o iginal ables a e a ailable on he
DVD “COPS_Me a” acco dingly. As well a pape ile con aining he hand w i en se up-,
ield- and soil mois u e p o ocols, land use analysis and adminis a i e documen s is
a chi ed.
71
Volumes in he se ies ‚Uni e si y o Bay eu h, Depa men o Mic ome eo ology,
A bei se gebnisse’
N Au ho (s) Ti le Yea
01 Foken De Bay eu he Tu bulenzknech 01/1999
02 Foken Me hode zu Bes immung de ockenen Deposi ion on Bo 02/1999
03 Liu E o analysis o he modi ied Bowen a io me hod 02/1999
04 Foken e al. Nach os ge äh dung des ÖBG 03/1999
05 Hie eis Dokumen a ion des Expe imen es Dlouhá Louka 03/1999
06 Mangold Dokumen a ion des Expe imen es am S ando Weidenb unnen, Juli/Augus 1998 07/1999
07 Heinz e al. S uk u analyse de a mosphä ischen Tu bulenz mi els Wa ele -Ve ah en zu
Bes immung on Aus auschp ozessen übe dem an a k ischen Schel eis 07/1999
08 Foken Compa ison o he sonic anomome e Young Model 81000 du ing VOITEX-99 10/1999
09 Foken e al. Lu hygienisch-bioklima ische Kennzeichnung des obe en Ege ales, Zwischenbe ich
1999 11/1999
10 Sodemann S a ionsda enbank zum BS MLU-P ojek Lu hygienisch-bioklima ische
Kennzeichnung des obe en Ege ales 03/2000
11 Neune Dokumen a ion zu E s ellung de me eo ologischen Eingabeda en ü das Modell
BEKLIMA 10/2000
12 Foken e al. Dokumen a ion des Expe imen es VOITEX-99 10/2000
13 B uckmeie e
al. Documena ion o he expe imen EBEX-2000, July 20 o Augus 24, 2000 01/2001
14 Foken e al. Lu hygienisch-bioklima ische Kennzeichnung des obe en Ege ales 02/2001
15 Göckede Die Ve wendung des Foo p in -Modells nach Schmid (1997) zu s abili ä sabhängigen
Bes immung de Rauhigkei slänge 03/2001
16 Neune Be echnung de E apo a ion im ÖBG (Uni e si ä Bay eu h) mi dem SVAT-Modell
BEKLIMA 05/2001
17 Sodemann Dokumen a ion de So wa e zu Bea bei ung de FINTUREX-Da en 08/2002
18 Göckede e al. Dokumen a ion des Expe imen s STINHO-1 08/2002
19 Göckede e al. Dokumen a ion des Expe imen s STINHO-2 12/2002
20 Göckede e al Cha ac e isa ion o a complex measu ing si e o lux measu emen s 12/2002
21 Liebe hal S ahlungsmessge ä e e gleich wäh end des Expe imen s STINHO-1 01/2003
22 Maude e al. Dokumen a ion des Expe imen s EVA_GRIPS 03/2003
23 Maude e al. Dokumen a ion des Expe imen es LITFASS-2003, Dokumen a ion des Expe imen es
GRASATEM-2003 12/2003
24 Thomas e al. Documen a ion o he WALDATEM-2003 Expe imen 05/2004
25 Göckede e al. Quali ä sbegu ach ung komplexe mik ome eo ologische Messs a ionen im Rahmen
des VERTIKO-P ojek s 11/2004
26 Maude & Foken Documen a ion and ins uc ion manual o he eddy co a iance so wa e package TK2 12/2004
27 He old e al. The OP-2 open pa h in a ed gas analyse o CO2and H2O 01/2005
28 Ruppe
ATEM so wa e o a mosphe ic u bulen exchange measu emen s using eddy
co a iance and elaxed eddy accumula ion sys ems and Bay eu h whole-ai REA
sys em se up
04/2005
29 Foken (Ed.) Klima ologische und mik ome eo ologische Fo schungen im Rahmen des Bay eu he
Ins i u es ü Te es ische Ökosys em o schung (BITÖK), 1989-2004 06/2005
30 Siebeke &
Se a imo ich Ul aschallanemome e -Übe p ü ung im Windkanal de TU D esden 2007 04/2007
72
31 Lüe s & Ba eiss The A c ic Tu bulence Expe imen 2006 PART 1: Technical documen a ion o he
ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd o May, 20 h 2006 07/2007
32 Lüe s & Ba eiss The A c ic Tu bulence Expe imen 2006 PART 2: Visualiza ion o nea su ace
measu emen s du ing he ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd o May, 20 h 2006 07/2007
33 Ba eiss & Lüe s The A c ic Tu bulence Expe imen 2006 PART 3: Ae ological measu emen s du ing
he ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd o May, 20 h 2006 07/2007
34 Me zge &
Foken e al.
COPS expe imen , Con ec i e and o og aphically induced p ecipi a ion s udy,
01 June 2007 – 31 Augus 2007, Documen a ion 09/2007