Smart-streetscape elements as a sustainable approach for generating renewable energy and reducing the roads carbon emissions in Egyptian cities [original]

Smart-Streetscape Elements as a Sustainable Approach

for Generating Renewable Energy and Reducing the

Roads Carbon Emissions in Egyptian Cities

vorgelegt von

M. Sc., PhD

Rania Rushdy Moussa Moawad

ORCID: 0000-0001-9119-8232

an der Fakultät VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt

der Technischen Universität Berlin

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades

Doktor der Philosophie

- Dr. phil. -

genehmigte Dissertation

Promotionsausschuss:

Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Gabi Dolff-Bonekämper

Gutachterin:

Prof. Dr. Elke Pahl-Weber

Gutachter:

Prof. Dr. Rudolf Schäfer

Gutachter:

Prof. Dr. Germin El-Gohary

Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 31. August 2021

Berlin 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After a long journey spent in learning, research, and writing, I am finally able to thank those

who supported me scientifically, financially, and personally.

First, I would like to thank the Lord for being there in every step from the very first day and

be sure of his presence in every future step.

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my first supervisor Prof. Elke Pahl-Weber

for her wisdom, insights, and immense knowledge. Her guidance was constantly reassuring

and allowed me to overcome many obstacles and be focused throughout my research. I would

like to thank my co-supervisor Prof. Rudolf Schäfer, who was one of the main reasons that I

was able to pursue my Ph.D. at TU Berlin. My work with him gave me much experience and

confidence. I am thankful to Prof. Germin El-Gohary, my external evaluator, her discussions,

critique, and comments improved the quality of my research. In addition, she sacrificed much

effort and time to allow me successfully finishes my research. Moreover, I would like to

thank Prof. G. Dolff-Bonekamper for participating in my Doctoral committee and accepting

the position of the committee chairman.

I would like to thank Dr. Mahmoud Mansour from the British university in Egypt (BUE) for

helping me in creating the statistical equation

Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support and for believe in my abilities.

ABSTRACT

The energy supply, especially the electricity supply become more recently the backbone of all

modern industrial, information and service societies, the global energy consumption has doubled in

the last three decades of the past century. The world started since then to take actions facing the

shortage of non-renewable fuel resources and investigating solutions relying on renewable resources.

Researches were conducted to solve the shortage of non-renewable fuel resources and replaced it

with renewable resources as a way for creating sustainable neighbourhood. Creating sustainable

neighbourhood was the concern of researchers in the past few years with many studies addressing

their social, economic and environmental parameters.

The main concern of this research is that the neighbourhoods in the developing countries such as

Egypt produce a high level of carbon emissions. The level of carbon emissions in these countries is

increasing with very high rates due to the heavy use of fossil fuels. Countries with a high use of

renewable energy have a lower carbon energy mix, while countries with a high use of coal have

much higher carbon intensity than the global average. In addition to that, these countries are facing a

shortage in their basic needs for power supply due to urban and economic expansion. The

governments of the developing countries can’t provide the power demand to the community and that

conducts a lack of electricity in many neighbourhoods and districts. Relying on non-renewable

sources is not a solution for these countries.

Reducing road carbon emissions and creating sustainable neighbourhoods is the scope of this

research. Reduction of carbon emission will be examined in this research using “Smart-Streetscape

elements (SSSE)” which are, as defined in this research, an innovative method that integrates

renewable energy (RE) devices with streetscape elements. Smart-Streetscape elements will reduce

the carbon emissions produced in roads using short term and long term strategies. Reducing Co2

emissions in the short term will be achieved by controlling the energy reduction and energy

generation using RE devices to generate clean and effect energy suitable for generating electricity for

street lighting and public facilities. Reducing Co2 emissions in the long term is achievable by

creating the infrastructure needed for electric vehicles to operate efficiently and by providing an

infrastructure and power supply for electric spencer’s which is used to charge the electric vehicles.

This will encourage residents to use electric vehicles instead of fuel vehicles, especially that fuel

prices are higher than electricity prices.

Creating sustainable neighbourhood using Smart-Streetscape elements (SSSE) will help in reducing

energy taken from government and will affect neighbourhood economic state as well as it will help

ABSTRACT

in reducing the growth of global problems such as carbon emissions, ozone depletion, and climate

change.

A new software will be presented in this research as well. This software is called “SSSE” and it will

be used to locate the most suitable places for using Smart-Streetscape elements. It will calculate the

amount of energy produced from each Smart-Streetscape element, the cost of each element, the area

needed to operate each element, and finally it will present the life time and annual maintenance cost

of each element. Moreover, it will provide the user with a bubble diagram identifying the best

location for the chosen Smart-Streetscape element. This software will be used in this research case

study and the results will help this research to choose the type and location of Smart-Streetscape

element in order to reach the main goal of this research which is creating sustainable neighbourhood

with low carbon emissions using Smart-Streetscape element.

The expected outcome is a new carbon emission model which can estimate the amount of carbon

emission produced from a road in the design phase as well as it can measure the amount of real-time

carbon emissions produced from existing road. Moreover, this research will identify new sustainable

elements called Smart-Streetscape elements (SSSE) and it will present its properties. In addition to

that, this research will apply Smart-Streetscape elements (SSSE) in existing street in Egypt and a

new design for its streetscape will be presented using Smart-Streetscape elements (SSSE) that can be

considered sustainable design and energy efficiently. The efficiency of Smart-Streetscape elements

toward energy generation and carbon reduction will be measured in this case study.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAKT

Die Energieversorgung, insbesondere die Stromversorgung, ist vor kurzem zum Rückgrat aller

modernen Industrie-, Informations- und Dienstleistungsgesellschaften geworden, der weltweite

Energieverbrauch hat sich in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten des vergangenen Jahrhunderts verdoppelt.

Seitdem hat die Welt begonnen, Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um der Verknappung nicht erneuerbarer

Brennstoffressourcen zu begegnen und Lösungen zu suchen, die auf erneuerbaren Ressourcen

beruhen. Es wurden Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um den Mangel an nicht erneuerbaren

Brennstoffressourcen zu beheben und diese durch erneuerbare Ressourcen zu ersetzen, um eine

nachhaltige Nachbarschaft zu schaffen.

Die Schaffung einer nachhaltigen Nachbarschaft war in den letzten Jahren das Anliegen von

Forschern mit vielen Studien, die sich mit ihren sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen

Parametern befassten.

Das Hauptanliegen dieser Forschung ist, dass die Nachbarschaften in den Entwicklungsländern, wie

Ägypten, hohe CO2-Emissionen produzieren. Die CO2-Emissionen in diesen Ländern steigen

aufgrund des starken Verbrauchs fossiler Brennstoffe mit sehr hohen Raten. Länder mit einem hohen

Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien haben einen geringeren CO2-Energiemix, während Länder mit einem

hohen Kohleverbrauch eine viel höhere CO2-Intensität als der globale Durchschnitt aufweisen.

Darüber hinaus sind diese Länder aufgrund der städtischen und wirtschaftlichen Expansion mit einer

Verknappung ihres Die Regierungen der Entwicklungsländer können den Strombedarf ihrer

Gemeinden nicht decken, daher fehlt es in vielen Stadtteilen und Bezirken an Strom. Sich auf nicht

erneuerbare Quellen zu verlassen, ist keine Lösung.. Reducing the roads carbon emissions and

creating sustainable neighbourhoods is the scope of this research. The reduction of the roads carbon

emission will be presented in this research using new elements reffered to this research as “Smart-

Streetscape elements (SSSE)”.

Die Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen im Straßenverkehr und die Schaffung nachhaltiger

Nachbarschaften ist das Ziel dieser Forschung. Die Reduzierung des CO2-Ausstoßes wird in dieser

Forschung anhand von „Smart-Streetscape-Elementen (SSSE)“ untersucht, die, wie in dieser

Forschung definiert, eine innovative Methode sind, die Geräte mit erneuerbaren Energien (RE) in

Straßenlandschaftselemente integriert. Smart-Streetscape-Elemente werden mit kurz- und

langfristigen Strategien die CO2-Emissionen von Straßen reduzieren. Die kurzfristige Reduzierung

der Co2-Emissionen wird durch die Steuerung der Energieeinsparung und Energieerzeugung mit EE-

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