Technikos terminijos norminimo mažmožiai

Kazimieras GAIVENIS TECHNICS DEADLINES NORMINIMO LITTLE Ką MEN call the word TECHNOLOGY? The development of technology began with the ir invention of the boat, arrow, bow. It was about before 30 000 Years p. m. e. Meanwhile, the most recent impressive ir technical achievements should probably be linked to the construction su of spaceships, computers. The Greek ir word techne, from which our current term technika evolved, in iš ancient times meant craft, art. ir ir Now this word means only a set of working ne means, but it has become so popular with an indefinite meaning that it begins even to be used ir incorrectly. For example, you can talk about the violinist technique, skating technique, lyric technique, etc. ir However, it is unusual for us to call a separate machine mechanism (tractor, ar motorcycle, meat grinder, etc.) by the word technique. Therefore, correctly speaking, we would not say the equipment is driving, the equipment broke down, etc. ir The term technology now includes a large number of machines, mechanisms, devices, equipment, devices, devices tools. ir One of the most important technical concepts is probably “machine- ”. Once Hamlet wrote to Ophelia: “Thine evermore, most dear lady, whilst his machine is to him” ("Always yours, my dear, while my body is still alive" literally: while my car is still for me). ' “... su So In the 16th a. and 17th centuries, the word machine ne had only a literal meaning, but ir derived and figurative meanings, e.g. : "body", "deception" (plg. machinatorius “scam”) ir etc. However, the latter meanings did not, however, negate the basic meaning of this word. Ji ir remained related su equipment. Ir now there are still some strange meanings of this word. For example, the English call a machine gun a machine-gun, the Suvalkians o even call a stove a machine. Somewhere Eastern In Lithuania, the word mašina is also used to refer ir to a train. Ką our ancestors called the word machine, see also ir iš of the verb mašinuoti. It means only to tear grain ne with a machine, but to separate milk su with a separator, ir grind meat with a grinder, etc. ir Even the ir phraseological term '"byaaros P. Heropua ios B ucropum oGmecrsa. M., 1971. C. 82. 32 Hell machine (explosive device with clock-like mechanism) su remains a ar technical term. The definition of the term machine (“a device for transforming energy, materials and information”) is related to the concept of “mechanical motion”, so an electronic computing machine is not a real machine strictly speaking. Machines are usually divided into work, energy and information machines. Anyway, there are hundreds of hundreds of all kinds of machines and machines now. Their Lithuanian names are usually formed in three ways: 1) by creating compound terms of the “substantive + verb” type, e.g.: stump rowing machine —kelmarovė, earth digging machine —žemkasė, pole forging machine —poliakalė, net knitting machine — tinklamezgė, sweep wiping machine —šeivatrynė; 2) by creating derivatives of suffixes -tuvas or -tuvė, e.g.: waxing machine —waxing machine, flying machine —plane, comb machine —comb, spinning machine —spinning machine, weaving machine —weaving machine, and 3) by lexicalizing elements of compound terms, e.g.: weaving machine —weaving machine, sewing machine —sewing machine, laying machine —laying machine, etc. The term machine is closely related to the term mechanism. It is also related to the concept of "mechanical motion". However, technical experts are not inclined to identify these concepts. Two differences are most often mentioned: 1) machines consist not only of mechanisms, but also of devices for starting or stopping, control and other devices, and 2) some technological machines do not have mechanisms at all. Both machines and mechanisms are still closely related to the concepts of "apparatus", "device", "device", "instrument" and so on. All these concepts are not yet systematized, standardized and have no strict definitions. But there are certain tendencies to do ir jų must be respected. For example, suffixes -tuvas Vedic more often name devices than o objects, suffixes -iklis lead reverse. — Composed terms in noun verb conjugation are su usually the ir names of machines (e.g., betonová mísa), reverse conjugation ir o (with verb noun ir conjugation) terms almost always refer only to parts of machines ar ar (e.g., suction pipe). When translating scientific texts into į English, the English terms ir machine, apparatus technic and technigue can sometimes ir deceive an inexperienced translator. ir For example, we use the term Refitgen machine, o English — roentgen machine (side X-ray unit); we have the term launching machine; we say technical o terms, the — English can only say technics; the 3—880 33 radiological technique o in English means ‘x-ray methods of examination’; o ne 'radiological equipment'. Tą the same can be said about ir German terminology: we use the term milking machine, a German relative o term — machine; our knitters knit with machines, O German — machines (Apparat). Nine times measure... One of the major technical thermal groups of — measurement units are ir the names of measuring tools. Measuring tools could be called gauges in one word. Most ir universal technical — gauges have complex names, such as: external gauge, internal gauge, space gauge, sliding gauge, depth gauge, angle gauge. Sometimes only the form varies, e.g., written: vidmaat middelmaat jų ir (was used also form vidmastis), ir gylmatis giliamatis etc. ir ir The normal forms are short. Do not have a separate term only for measuring tiles. They are produced from up to 0,1 mm. 2000 Dimensional — ranges each 0,001; 0,01; 0,1; 0,5; 1; 10; 25; 100 ir 1000 Mm. I$ jy sets of up to units. 7 116 They could be called the term tile gauges. The sliders of the main measuring — tools of the turners mo have a — non-linear auxiliary — scale, which allows accurate calculation of the divisions of the main scale. The term nonius is eponymous, i.e. originatiš ed by a Portuguese inventor P. The Latin form of the name is Nonius. Iš this term is also made the adjective nonial ir (e.g., non-ion depth gauge). Micrometric internal gauges are usually of two types: gill axial. ir The parts of the axial micrometric internal gauge arethe following: head, micrometric screw, extension, drum, rod, measuring nozzles brake. ir In some Lithuanian technical books (e.g., A. Stasiūnas' "Tekintojo vadove" ir etc.) ši the detail is incorrectly referred to as brake. Ir for this, ir other similar parts, the standard term is brakes. Measurements are also performed with plotters, gauges, gauges, measuring microscopes, sinus rulers, autocollimators, micrometers and other devices. In the modern English language, the term is no longer used. Ir Be that some compound names of measuring instruments sometimes have unnecessary elements, e.g.: type micrometer, stojací na MB stole (=table micrometer MB). 34 When using measuring instrumentne s, some other words are used ir quite accurately. For example, the word deviation in technical terminology is more representative than deviation, the word measurements is always replaced by the word dimensions, the word division is the name of an action, 0 the scales of measuring instruments contain only divisions, ir etc. International System of Units (SI) consists of basic units, 7 namely: meter of length, kilogram of mass, second — of time, ampere of — electric current, kelvin — of temperature, mol of substance, — candela of luminous — intensity. — ir — There are many more derivatives. The names jų in the English language vary slightly. Strictly they norminami tik “Physics Terms Dictionary” (V., However, 1979). some linguists were dissatisfied that in this dictionary the names of units of linear angular ir velocity are too far away from the living language, e.g.: meter per second ( ne meter per second ir (m/s) radians per second (not radians per second). Šį the tightening could be reversed. However, the construct of the utility is well suited for naming derived units. For * example, the unit of mechanical stress is better ne called Newton iš divided by the square of a meter, but Newton per square meter, etc. However, all eponiminial units of measurement should be written in lowercase, e.g.: newtonsecond, pascalsecond, gray per second; Newton per cubic meter etc. ir The use of international elements to form ir repeated subunits also leads to various terminological inconsistencies. The system of these prefixes is as follows: exa-(10'*), petatera-(10"- %), gigamegakiloh- (10'5), ectodekadeci- (10°), (10°), (10°), (10%), (10), ( 107"), centi- (10 2), millimicrona- (10%), nopicofemt- (10-*), o-(10~") ato- (10~%), (10-7), ir (10-'%). The same international elements in technical terminology are used to create different ir terms. Therefore, the meanings of these elements in technical - terminology are twofold: simple specialized. ir Common values are usually not precisely defined. For example, the spot micro-means ir “very small, tiny, short” (compared to other objects of the same kind), e.g. microbus, micropart, su microwave, “related to the study, measurement or use of small sizes or small amounts of energy”, e.g. micromanipulator, microdrive, etc. ir su ir The same point micro-, used to form units, is strictly SI unambiguously defined ir — 107*. Thus, the micro-antithesis (antonymy) of a 35 simple-meaning spot in terminology is a spot in macro- (microphysics macrophysics, — microstructure macrostructure), — specialized o significance of the spot macroantipode spot mega- — (mikrodo means that the unit is a million times smaller than the už system unit, 0 mega means that the unit is a million times larger than the system už unit). These things show that in the language of technical science peculiar antonymy pairs can be formed.” International elements aero-, auto-, avia-, photo-, hydro-, macro-, pseudo-, thermoInternational prefixes anti-, hyper-, infra-, contra-, ir super-, ultraare not used alone in Lithuanian. However, new terms are formed su with them just like ne with Lithuanian prefixes. su When making words with Lithuanian su prefixes, the ending of the base word is changed (often a ir relative), o su international -- unchangeable, e.g.: current overcurrent, -- but satellite antisatellite -- (not anti-satellite), lightweight -- apylengvis, but superlight. Therefore, the now popular composite term for technology microwave oven is incorrect. Iš of the word microwave it is difficult to make the adjective mikrobangis, -ė. It is better to use the term microwave oven. There are a variety of machines, but the most popular of them are probably 3 groups: turning, drilling and milling machines. These groups are also far from homogeneous. For example, lathes are divided into 10 types: 0 — specialized automatic and semi-automatic lathes; 1 —automatic and semi-automatic single-spindle lathes; 2 —Multi-spindle automatic and semi-automatic lathes; 3. Turret lathes; 4 —drilling--cutting machines; 5 —carrousel lathes; 6 —turning and planing machines; 7 —multi-blade lathes; 8 -fasoniniy parts turning machines and 9 -various turning machines (according to prof. A. Stasiūnas- ). The milling machines are also divided into 10 types, namely: 0 —conical, | —vertical console, 2 —continuous milling, 3 — * Gaivenis K. Techniniai terminai su kai kuriais tarptautiniais dėmenimis- //Science and technology. 1991. Nr 7. P. II 36 longitudinal milling single, copying, 4 — engraving, 5 — vertical beacon milling machines, 6 —longitudinal milling two-stand milling machines, 7 —widely versatile console milling machines, 8 —horizontal console milling machines and 9 —various milling machines (according to prof. L. Kumpikas). In addition, all machines have numerical and alphabetical markings, which indicate their additional features. The composite terms universal, horizontal and vertical milling machines are not used to name the subspecies of machines. Instead, the terms universal, horizontal and vertical milling machines should be used. Since the new spindle (instead of the borrowed spindle) is already getting established in the technical terminology, the terms single-spindle (= single-spindle) and multi-spindle (= multi-spindle) machines are also not used. The classification term for machine tools "high-precision machine tools" (=higher-precision machine tools) is not used. Debarking machines are better known as debarking machines and console-free grinding machines as console-free grinding machines. Prof. A. Novodvorskis, well acquainted with the thermal management -- of the technology, in his book "Metalų technologija" (V., 1954) has proposed the new term lathes (p. 270). Unfortunately, he did not survive. Now such a correction is irrelevant. There are hundreds of more important things to be clarified in technical terminology. Let us discuss some more typical examples. We have so far been too strongly influenced by foreign terms. For example, in machine tool terminology we had the term guide. We have seen that It is too clear the value of the Russian active type participant replaced by another similar term ir addressee. The change could have been more decisive: the word kreiplé, for example, could have been perfect for this purpose. Or again another example. For some time, we su used the ir Germanism noisilberis to name the copper alloy zinc nickel. It was later replaced by the Lithuanian currency novasidabris. Why was there a need for translation? The beautiful silver color alloy would be better named the Lithuanian newly made silver. In technical terminology, all possible means of terminology clarification should be used. For example, to calculate the speed of rotation, the following formula is used: ntk, where ntk is the number of rotations per minute v - of the screw. n It would be more accurate here to use the phrase propeller rotations per minute, because our language allows us to say more precisely. To replace the borrowed words from other languages, ir you can look for rarer Lithuanian words. For example, the term "guitar" in guitar technique 37 terminology is probably a Russianization, because in English change-gear guitars are called change-gear trains, and swing brackers are called swing brackers. We would think that the Lithuanian dialect word kėmuras could be used to replace the loanword guitar. It is also used in the English language to describe a pitch (and its form pitch). Prof. A. Novodvorskis “Politechnical Dictionary of English-Lithuanian Languages” (V., for 1958) the English term pirch at least the 8 Lithuanian equivalents are given: 1) tar, tar, turpentine; 2) turpentine; 3) to fall, to fall; step 4) (sriegio); the 5) center line; slope; sogo 6) 7) Mitas; wood 8) core. Lexicographically this presentation is quite accurate, ne because one word is shaken homonyms: pitch į 2 ‘derva' (plg. lot. pix, picis) English ir word of different origin pitch. However, the question may arise: perhaps anglicism pitch is not necessary at all for the terminology of our iš technique, perhaps a glance of the word is enough? Since the measurement in inches is now, so to speak, obsolete, the term pitch is a dying word. ir Therefore, jo a Lithuanian substitute should no ir longer be searched for. What else term spit (or the common variant jo skewers). Many technical specialists still do not want to give up this Slavic debt. Jį need to change the term cast. Although neither prof. K. Neither Boge nor our other etymologists have determiniš ed where this word originated (his cousin could be considered at least only the word kerai “swollen bark of a ruptured birch"), but it is still useful for technical terminology. By the way, the cast iron used for the production of castings should be ne called cast iron, but casting cast iron. When making new technical terms, you should always follow not ne only the rules of word formation, but also ir the trends. For example, in weaving, ir spinning and other machines, there is a certain detail called a stitch. What should bethe form of the denominaar tor: siūlvedis siūlvedys? After all, we only ne have the words stumbling block, steam ir locomotive, but four-wheeler, clock. The trend is this: people are called enriched words in su the ending -ys, 0 mašinos, prietaisai various ir devices with — words su ending in -is. It would be more systematic to use only ne the term siūlvedis, but siūlgaudis, ir siūlkreipis. Metaphors where no one is waiting jų It may seem to Tuul that metaphors are only typical of fiction, that the effect of the language of technical science is jų similar to a gunshot į during a concert. Unfortunately, this view would be wrong. Metaphors are everywhere. Metaphorical was only an ne ancient worldview in the Middle Ages, but a scientific worldview ir XVI — XVII a. (the universe — is a machine, man is a machine)*irn- — et 38 XVIII — XIXa. (J. Schmitt's wave theory, A. Schleicher's genealogical tree theory of languages, ir etc. ). Metafora, velionio prof. J. In the words of Piccinino, there is a leap from iš one sphere of ideas to į another. Metaphors in the language of science usually appear when using the intraterminological method of term creation, i.e. when specialists in one field borrow terms from specialists iš in another field. Thus, in terminology there are mainly nominative (nominative) metaphors. However, there are some predicative ir metaphors. The nature jų of all is always dual, consisting of that which is iš compared (themes), ir of what su is being compared (paddle). In the language of technical science, many metaphors are international values. For example, the cylindrical part of a kinescope or an electronic tube, in which an electron projector is soldered, is only called neck in ne Lithuanian, but its English name is neck, German ma ir ir Kolbenhals, French col ir tube. du Or again another example. It is not known which language the engineer spoke, having a ir fleeting imagination, 2 naming the distance between the adjacent vertices or bases of the thread a term corresponding to our word step. But now only threads, screws, ne cogs, and worms have steps (not those that plough the soil, but screws with a trapezoidsu al or similar trapezoidį al thread). Thus, in the language of technical science, one metaphor can meet ir su another metaphor. Technical metaphors have their own logic. They are usually based on the theme and the appearance of the frame, the ar shape, the similarity ir of position functions. However, far from all of them are ne justified. The careless use of predicative metaphors often creates stylistic banalities, nominative metaphors increase the 0 number of values and then, willingly or unwillingly, they balance on the edge ir of the correctness of terms. ma Therefore, in technical terminology, excessively figurative terms are often justifiably avoided. For example, earlier (years 20—30 ago) was used the term death point (plg. English dead center. Full stop, pranc. point mort, russian meprsas Touxa ją o now in mechanical terminology it has been replaced by the term point of gravity. Prof. A. In Novodvorski’s “Technical (1949) Dictionary” the blast furnace was also called the composite term krosnis aukstuolé. Now this term is already forgotten. 3 Huxnrnna C. Cewaxrnaecknū anann3 sauxa nayku. M., 1987. C. 37 39 However, there is still disagreement as to whether the loading opening of the smelting furnace should be called a pocket or something else. In the Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary, the Lithuanian equivalent of the Russian term pyamuū kapman is ore bunker. The glass industry specialists have also used the term furnace throat. The Lithuanian dictionaries do not give such a meaning to the word pošenė, apparently considering it completely foreign to the Lithuanian language. This metaphor should not be allowed into the terminology of technology, although some specialists arbitrarily use it. * In order to avoid, but not avoiding, excessively figurative terms, technical specialists often ją separate the metaphors of terminology in the text in quotation marks, in an attempt to show that they are false terms. This should not be done, even though we do not separate phraseologisms in quotation marks. ** * Congratulations to the dedicated Lithuanian terminology ploughman Kazimieras Gaivenis, aged 60 years. The longest years! * * * * It also appeared, for example, at Vilnius University ir Panevėžys "Ekrano" factory published "Kineskopy production terms in five languages dictionary" (V., 1990). 40