Pirmojo lietuviško fizikos vadovėlio 90-metis

The origins of Lithuanian physics terminology can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century, when the newspaper "Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešąs" (1848-1880) published a series of articles in which readers were introduced to perhaps the most important discoveries in physics of the late 18th and early 19th centuries (electromagnetic induction, the law of energy endurance, the phenomena of magnetism, etc.) and new devices (steam engine, telephone, telegraph, thermometer, etc.). Physics and technology at that time were very closely interconnected. Physics was considered the theoretical basis of technology. Therefore, ir "Traveleir r", later released Physics (1883-1886) popularization mo "Aušra"articles contain a number of terms that can be allocated to ir physics, ir technical terminology. Tik XIX, p. a. ir XX a. In the 19th century, when the original translated ir Lithuanian textbooks of physics appeared, we can only talk about the further development of physics terminology, which was partly determined by the three iš popularizers of natural sciences of this period. Thai Petras Vileišis, Juozas Adomaitis-Šernas ir Jonas Šliūpas. Petras Vileišis is a (1851-1926), well-known educator and ir the author of the first Lithuanian textbook of physics "Popular Handbook of Physics". When writing popularization books, he used to sign under various pseudonyms: P. Neris, Nėris, Nerys, Ramojus, Giedrius, Gintautas, Svalė only ar P.N., L., sometimes did G. not sign at all or used the initials of their closest friends, for example, VI.S. (Government Stulginskis). Juozas Vileišis explains that P. Vileišis did this to show the Russian authorities that the booklets were the work of one, but many ne individuals- ?. VANičas J. Petras Willy: 1851-1926. V., 1993. P. 104. "Vileišis J. Freedom of the ir press inž. Petras Willy. K., 1927. P. 8. 69 The textbook "Popular handbook of physics" he signed P. Nerio nickname is Ziu®. Textbook sent to Šliūpas J. į America that this "handbook" printed. But Šliūpas, J. having a small, primitive printing press, could not P. Vileišis's books have been published, but they no have only been reprinted "Lietuviškame balse" published two excerpts of it "Voice" (Ly. sound) ir "Light", later P. Vileišio manuscript passed to the priest A. Miluk, who had founded the publishing house of the book magazine "Dirva" in Shenandoah (Pennsylvania- ). ir 1899 m. A. Milukas ir released P. "Popular Handbook of Physics". Parts of the book A. Milukas added another heading with the following bibliographical data before the title page: "Soil" su No. 2, kn. 9, April. "Popular Handbook of Physics". P. Nerio". The book became a magazine issue. Later, m., 1905 somewhat corrected šį spelling, textbook P. Vileišis reprinted already in his "Vilniaus naujienų" spaustuvėje". This year marks the 90th anniversary of the first Lithuanian physics textbook published in Lithuania. P. At the time, the book was well received. Here's how the "Popular Handbook of Physics" is rated in the newspaper "Fatherland" 1899 m. "It is an important useful ir knjgele, with many su pictures. Ją could be used as a handbook in iszkalos, without Lithuanian o iszkalos, so anyone can read it with great ją benefit". su O in the newspaper "Unity Lietuvninkų" also 1899 m. ne only welcomes the book, but briefly discusses its structure. ir jo "At least once we got a ir handcuff Physics, though short. The reader of this book will experience even simple manifestations of the power that is in every thing. The book is divided into į 5 chapters: In the first chapter he describes weight, in the second he describes sound, in the third he describes voice, in the fourth he describes light and in ir the fifth he describes electricity. The book is very useful and desirable for everyone to read it 3 Popular handbook of physics. Written by Mr. Neris. V. "Vilniaus žinios" press. 1905. —100 p. “Petronis J. Petras Vileišis. V., 1992. P. 73-74. * Monthly newspaper. Organ of the Lithuanian Association in America. Plymouth. Pa, 1899, No. 5, P 148. The text of the passages throughout this article is kept authentic. 70 read in order to know the meaning, uZsilaikanczig in all things" doubt, in the conditions of that time it Be was really nicely published, iš richly illustrated, thick, pages of volume, for a long time probably the only book, in which many physical 100 phenomena are explained ir in an usually understandable way. ir Here is an example of how evaporation cold is ir explained": "let's fill a glass container with water ir and start boiling, as we usually say. After a while we will hear that the water starts to squeak, starts to shake, bubbles start to rise from the bottom of the iš container, which when they reach the top explode; with a good fire we will see that the bubbles get bigger be every time, and. the nozzle, all the water begins to bubbles strongly moving, the o steam, which we ir could already see a little, po begins to move strongly" (p. 56). "It turns out for us that cold is something else than heat. But is ar there a real tape? In the middle of summer, when the heat is falling, they either are there or 10 everyone 11°, begins to moan: oh, how cold it is today. On a late autumn gi day, when the temperature sometimes rises to 10 ar 11°, all say: "What a warm day"! Iš to we see that the tą heat itself in summertime is called cold, in autumntime heat. — Therefore, this cold is more than heat, which ne is not enough to warm the fly's body sufficiently." (p. 51). Iš these excerpts show the author's desire to use his own Lithuanian words as much as possible. Therefoir re, most of the textbook terms are iš borrowed from dialects, ancient writings (e. g. : echo axis 80, voice 11, object 74, clouds medega 63, layer ray 71, source 3, light 65, fading 13, ukana 44, lightning 82, 52, 71, 96 ir t.t. ), precursors of physics terminology, i.e. "Keleivis", "Aušra" physics popularization articles, e.g.: roundness 19 "touris", straw 12 (capacity 57) "force", uses 82 "metals", weight 3 "weight" ir etc., the ar same P. For example, the following example: 97 "perkūnsargis", publisher 94 "conductor" ir etc. Therefore, 6 Journal of Political Science and Political ir Economy/ Journal of Political Science and Economics. Plymouth. Pa. USA, 1899, No. 7. P. 205. 7 See. A popular handbook of physics. V. 1905. 71 significant P. Some of the terms in Vilieji's textbook have survived to this day, e.g.: echo 80, pg. FT ZZ, particle 41, refraction 173, focal length 396, etc. All this shows that the author managed to properly choose many terms. Of the 150 basic terms in the textbook, 110 are only borrowed from Lithuanian. ir 40 Therefore, Lithuanian terms would make 73 %, 0 up 27% of all the aforementioned titles. Most of the borrowed terms are of Greek or Latin origin, e.g.: aerostatas 43, plg. gr. aer "air" and statos "standing", elektra plg. 92, Article 10 élektron "amber", molecule e.g. 21, latin moles "mass" and minor suffix -cula, spectrum 88, e.g. latin spectrum "image, picture". Only a few terms are borrowed from French, Slavic or other languages, e.g.: isolator 94, cf. isolateur "non-conductor", syla 3, cf. cua, which is used in the meaning of force only once, e.g. I take a book; for its retention requires a greater or lesser amount of money (syla), according to its size. And otherwise, in such cases, the term pairega is given everywhere. Apparently, P. Vileišis was acquainted with K. Obelaitis' article, which doubts whether it is appropriate to use syla in the meaning of a disease*?. In addition, the term syla is presented as a synonym for the disease only in parentheses. In general, the textbook quite often presents the Lithuanian equivalent next to the borrowed word, cf. (transver49, sal) gauze (gas) 43, sphere (circle) 4 ir t.t. Thus, the terminology of the textbook, ir as in general the terminology of physics at the time (here we mean the terms used in the popularization of physics articles in "Keleivis" and "Aušra"), was based on a solid foundation —Lithuanian vocabulary. It is possible to classify its words in terms of action into certain categories of action, which simply describe the categories of terms themselves. ir In this case, it is possible to distinguish actions, characteristics, phenomena, tų ir dimensions categories, which were related to su certain peculiarities of the nomination. One jų — synonymy of terms. Usually, a concept is named by two, sometimes three monosyllabic composite terms, separated from each other by a ar comma, brackets. As already mentioned, this is usually a loan Lithuanian equivalent, plg. ir jo another line (drawing) 4, metal (naugės) 45, stričkė (špulė, skri- § Dictionary of Physics Terms. V., 1979. 9Obelaitis K. Kalbos dalykai/Varpas, 1892, No. 8, p. 114-115. 72 dinys) 11, etc. There are cases where two synonyms are connected by a conjunction or, for example: humidity measurement or hygrometry 69, source or spring 27, middle or center 4, etc. The origins of such synonymous presentation, apparently, should be searched "Voyageur", pg. elektromagnetiški tolrašei arba telegrafai (1854, 14, 56)“, šilkinė puslė arba orkulkė (1860, 47, 188), žaibinysis pustas arba telegrafas (1865, 22, 88), ir "Aušroje", plg. klystugnė arba žalivykslė (1886, 1, 25), naugės arba metolai (1883, 10, 256) ir t.t. The second particularity of the textbook terms is the categorical polymorphism. It is characterized by the names of such concepts that include subsigns, simultaneously belonging to two logical categories. Most often, these are properties and logical categories of size or quantitative parameter, kick less often action and result. Property and magnitude are referred to in the textbook as the derivatives of the suffix -um, e.g.: all objects, catching in empty space, have the same velocity 19; <...> heat in each object passes from one particle to another with a velocity different for each object 65. Then all the lines <...> will be spokes of the same length 4, and so on. Although there are cases where the suffixes -um derived is called only a quantitative parameter, a certain volume, e.g. : He will then press out the roundness of water, i.e. cubic foot 17; <...> need to consider them by taking both the tą same rounds, let it be a quart 15. Apparently, the term roundness in the meaning of a quantitative parameter, a certain volume, was used by P. Vileišis į "Aurora- ", plg. lean wood does not increase its roundness, but only together du (1884, 10-11, 353), gypsum nė does not lose its roundness when jutting (1884, 12, 415) ir t.t. Sometimes property ir size ar quantitative parameter is called ir suffix -ness, ir extremities -with derivatives, e.g.: in the cylinder the water should rise jo exactly on the height, as it stands high in the container 26, <...> the water in both vessels will be equally distributed will rise to ir the same height 22ir t.t. This categorical polyarchicism was only later attempted to abandon, XX a. in the first decades. Prof. Ig. In the list of Končius 10 In parentheses the year of the newspaper, page number. ir "Terminai fizikos reikalams", printed in the newspaper 1923-1924 "Lietuva" m., mentioned terms clarified as 1138. follows: greitis, -čio — ckopocmbo (Kak Bejiuunna), o 1137. speed, -0 — ckopocmb (pa3Mbp cKopocrn), 305. length, -io days — (KaKb Beawuuna), O 306. longitude — dauna (pa3Mbpb BeJMUKIHBI) And so on. "The third feature of the textbook terms is the allocation of — genus terms, ir e.g.: object: hygroscopic object solid object submersible object 70, 77, 76 ar Dilution 21-22, 43, 58; Electricity: Negative ji Electricity 93, Positive Electricity 93, Natural Electricity 94; Fountain: Natural Fountain 27, Artificial Fountain 27; Steam: Saturated Steam 62, Superheated Steam 62, Compressed Steam Water 62, (water) steam transmitt69; ers: good transmitters bad 94, transmitters pump: 94; suction pump push pump 40, 39. As can be seen from these iš examples, almost all the adjective participants (mostly in the ir present tense of the passive kind) that go through the genitive elements of the compound terms are nouns, except for one other, e.g.: pairega (force): discharge force pulling 67, force 12 ir Mr. Thus, even then the author was convinced of the appropriateness of the ar use of the noun forms of the adjective participant, ar which define the distinctive specific feature of the concept. On the other hand, such author's disposition could have been influenced already Terms used in "Traveler" electric current (1851, 11, 43), galvanic sieve (1851, 13, 50), flammable vapors (1854, 13, 52), Voltaic battery (1851, 11, 43) ir kt So it can be said that In the "Popular Handbook of Physics" there are some hints ir of terminology standardization. Firstly, the Lithuanian equivalents of international terms were selected ar alongside the Lithuanian equivalents of international terms. Secondly, ar most of the species concepts are named adjectives of the passive species present participle participants having noun forms. ar jo This was a significant step be forward in the development ir of physics terminology. 74