Fizikos leidiniai – terminų žodynų pagrindas

Spruce MAKARIŪNIENĖ PHYSICS PUBLICATIONS - THE BASIS OF TERMINOLOGY dictionaries Physics books in Lithuanian language have begun to be published At the end a. of the 19th century, national revival. Along with the publication of these books, the development of natural sciences, especially physics, the language of science and Lithuanian terminology expanded. The terminology of each field of science has its own development. The first technical, physics terms we find already In the a. second half of the 19th century in the calendars of J. Zavadskis and L. Jakimavičius [1], in articles on technical issues published in “Keleivis” [2], in the booklets of natural sciences of the famous Lithuanian revivalist P. Vileišis. He also wrote and published under the pseudonym P. Nerio the first Lithuanian textbook of physics [3]. Along with the beginning of publishing physics textbooks, physics terms were created, and the language of physics science began to appear (prof. P. Brazdžiūnas has written about the development of Lithuanian physics terminology [4]). So it would be interesting to review the publication of physics books in chronological order. The index of physics publications published between 1899 and 1992, presented in the "Lithuanian Physicists and Astronomers' Compendium" [5], was used to determine it. This is not an exhaustive list of physics literature. It primarily includes books written in Lithuanian by Lithuanian authors and published by Lithuanian publishers. The monographs section is an exception. This list does not reflect either scientific or popular science articles, which, especially the latter, being written in Lithuanian, undoubtedly had an influence on the development of the language of physics science. All publications are shown in histograms (fig.), divided into eight groups. We will discuss each of them briefly. The first publication of the first histogram was the aforementioned textbook of physics by P. Vileišis [3]. The 1919 textbook of physics by I. Končius, prepared for publication but not published, is marked with a dot. One can imagine the lack of physics terms that the author of that textbook faced. In a letter from Vero (1917.VIII.4) contained in the manuscript of the textbook, I. Končius wrote about the urgency of preparing it: “<...> I would not have written the physics handbook so quickly — I would have learned well myself and waited for the deadlines” [6], but the textbook was extremely necessary. The terms used in this manual and the first 20 ir I. The physics term dictionary prepared by Končius [7]. Po to already K. discussed Shakenio physics (1920), textbook received five P. editions, Mašioto textbook (1922) du licenses, the first published in Lithuania for meteorology I. He was the author of the book, The History of the American Civil War (1924), and the book, The American Civil War (1925). Since 1940, we all studied from the physics textbooks prepared by K. Baršauskas and his co-authors, which were published for a long time (the last one was published in 1960). Later, even until 1992, physics was taught from textbooks translated from Russian (by L. Kulviecas, E. Juškienė and others). It is true that a number of “teaching tools” were prepared (by S. Jakutis, V. Valentinavičius and others), i.e. publications for ir teachers and pupils, supplementing the physics course program. And only three decades later, the original physics textbook by V. Valentinavičius for class VIII (1992) was again published. The second histogram shows physics textbooks for secondary schools. Their publication is related to the establishment of the University of Lithuania in Kaunas. The first publications were lecture notes for students. Most of them were published in 1923-1928. These are abstracts of lectures of K. Šliūpas, V. Čepinskis, A. Žvironas, I. Končius and descriptions of laboratory work. Since 1934, the abstracts of P. Brazdžiūnas’ lectures have been published every two years. The series of these works was completed by P. Brazdžiūnas’ book on modern physics “New Physics: Radiation and Matter” (1941). The first post-war book on physics —P. "The Physics of Physics" (1948, 2nd ed.). A textbook of general physics for higher schools was prepared by A. Žvironas, but we know about it only from A. Žvironos letters [8] and the minutes of the meetings of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University of Vilnius [9]. The manuscript disappeared during Žvirno's arrest. A. It is marked with a dot on the histogram. In the post-war years, students studied from lecturer's notes, physics textbooks in Russian, some of which were later translated into Lithuanian. jų ir į From 1960 m. each po other were ir original textbooks written by high schools (VVU, VPI, LŽŪA, KPI) lecturers. There are also individual physics course summaries, so-called "teaching aids". Only a part of them is shown in the histogram. 21 Be textbook publications, was concerned ir with the methodology of teaching physics. The third histogram shows H. Publications of S. Jonaitis, V. Jakutis, ir jų Valentinavičius co-authors. Physics popularization books (fourth histogram) were published almost at the same time su K. Shaken Physics Textbook. Thai P. Mashiot- 's booklets, which he calls “easy science stories” (1922, 1923). From 1936 m. were permitted S. Dabušis' books about electricity, Franklin ir Edison, physics talks, etc., ir prepared following Western literature. In the first post-war years, there were few physics popularization books. They were written by K. Baršauskas (1946, 1947), G. Lechemas (1955, 1957) ir kt The book was translatiš ed into Russian. Iki 1973 m. series were released “I want to know”, “Zinija" Society helps the “Į lecturer” brochures. They were written by teachers of higher schools, researchers of institutes. They are not shown in the histogram. From 1973 m. series started "School of Physics". Iki 1990 m. published 16 booklets. These are ir translated, ir original books of Lithuanian scientists. Jų authors — K. Konstantinavičius, R. Karazija, Matulionis, A. Baltramiejūnas, R. Ažusienis, Valacka. A. K. Many popular science books have been published by L. Klimka su Contributors (1975-77), R. Karazia (1977, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1992). The topics of the publications are very diverse: semiconductors, — lasers, ir microcomputers, ir nuclear energy, radioactivity, and other topical ir issues of physics. ir The fifth histogram shows ir scientific works monographs. ir — This is prof. A. Jucio, B. Styria ir jų collaborators and students books, Semiconductor Physics Institute individual authors books ir thematic collections of collective works of scientists, edited J. Požela’s ir publications in the ti series “Electrons in Semiconductors”, KPI researchers’ works on the physics of ultrasonic ir surface phenomena. All these books were written in Russian, some were translated into English, but they did not have a į direct influence on the to development of terms in Lithuanian physics science. ir Biographical works on the history ir of physics science (sixth histogram) began to appear more frequently since 1990, 1976 when the history of Vilnius University was published, dedicated to our Alma Mater 400 for the anniversary of the year. Jos 22 three volumes contain detailed chapters on the science of physics at Vilnius University. The histogram also shows two relatively large articles from 1930-1940 — I. Končius, dedicated to K. Šliūpas (1934), and A. Zviron — to T. von Grotthuss and his investigations of Smardonės sources (1938). At the end of the 1960s, books for individual scholars —K. Baršauskas (1969), T. Žebrauskas (1986), P. Brazdžiūnas (1990, 1992), I. Končius (1992), V. Čepinskis (1992), P. Vileišis (1992, 1993), A. Žvironas (1992). Individual stages of the development of the history of physics in Lithuania are reviewed in the books of I. Šenavičienė, H. Jonaitis, A. Piročkinas and A. Sidlauskas, L. Klimka. They examine not only the development of physics science, but also the development of physics teaching from the earliest times to the present day. The sixth histogram is complemented by the seventh, which is the literature index. One of them presents scientific publications in a certain selected aspect (“Dissertations of Lithuanian scientists: 1945-1968 m." (1971), “Bibliography of Natural Sciences and Technology History Publications: 1940—1971” (1973), others — personal. Many of these literature indexes were published by the Central Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, MA institutes, higher schools. These are K. Baršauskas (1969), A. Jucis (1981), B. Styras (1983), P. Slavėnas (1983), A. Bolotinas (1985), J. Požela (1985, 1987), P. Brazdžiūnas (1987), II. Literature indexes of Jonaitis (1988), A. Žvironas (1988), K. Šopauskas (1989), I. Končius (1990), H. Horodničius (1990), V. Čepinskis (1992) and others. The last, eighth histogram of physics glossaries. The dictionaries of terms are prepared when the scientific language has been created and has reached a certain stage of its development, when it becomes — necessary to systematize the terms used in the scientific language. Such a necessity arose I. Finally, when he was writing a textbook of physics, and some time later of meteorology, he accumulated enough terms. I. Končius' dictionary is bilingual (Lithuanian-Russian), includes apic terms. 1600 It was printed in the newspaper “Lietuva” in the magazine “Švietimo (1923) ir darbas” (1924) [7]. A certain stage in the development of physics terminology, apparently, could have shown VDU Trilingual prepared by the Department of Physics (about 2000 terms) physics dictionary, but due to lack of funds has not seen the light ir of day. About we jį know only iš I. Končius ir A. Žvirono [10] and P. Brazzaville 23 Publications. [4] The work on terminology was ir continued at Vilnius University during the years of occupation. Collected about the terms on which 4000 January 1954 m. 8 d. in the appendix to his A. autobiography Zvironas wrote: “Terms of Physics. Collective 10 work of physicists of the year: several thousand terms in Lithuanian, Russian, Polish, German, French and English. ir 1943 m. file transferred to the Academy of Sciences” [11]. In the post-war į years, the work of physics terminology was actively engaged by higher school lecturers ir A. Jucys, A. Puodžiukynas, II. Iorodničius, J. Stanaitis, who, teaching newly emerging subjects of physics, first felt the lack of physics terms. Main organizer of physics terminology management long-time ir The chairman of the Physics Terms Commission was P. Brazzaville. His merits in this field are described in the book “ Academician Povilas Brazdžiūnas' [12]. Feeling the aggressive pressure of the Russian language on the language of physics science, the national council of Lithuanian physicists 1954 m. raised the importance of urgently preparing a dictionary of physics terms. ir P. Brazdžiūnas’s Physics Collective (P. "BrazdžiūnaH. s, H. Horodničius, Jonaitis". A. Puodžiukynas, J. Zdanys) urgently began to prepare a bilingual Lithuanian-Russian dictionary of physics terms [13]. Jį formed about 3500 the terms. It can be said that the tą dictionary was used in the preparation of part VDU ir VU approved terms by the lecturers of the physics departments. After the dictionary was published, the work on physics terminology continued. A large group of physicist ir linguists has been preparing a four-language dictionary of physics terms for more than ten years. Iš initially was published a two-volume rotaprint draft for consideration later went out [14], o about the terms covered 19000 supplemented revised publication ir [15]. Ta proga A. Podziukinas, who was very concerned with the preparation and ir publication of dictionaries of terms, in a letter (1975.VII.18) P. He wrote to Bradžiūnas: “I am pleased that you are finishing the preparation of the Dictionajį ry. I think that the technical burden is more difficult to bear than the substantive one. This is an indefinite volume “public service” <...>. Terminology is a very important matter. Be they cannot survive as a mother tongue in schools. The second step would be to publish a short explanatory dictionary of physics" [16]. 24 PUBLICATIONS NUMBER + DU RU 6 ; ' || a | VIII. PHYSICS DEADLINES DECISIONS P | i 3r| | | | 2r! į | | | J | i FE | | J Į T Jj T t —r us 5 | i į || dil VII. BIBLIOGRAPHIES RODYKLES 2} | bo EE at 1 I ITU 5 | | | ; | a VI. SCIENCE STORIES, BIOGRAPHICAL PUBLICATIONS | 3 i . , į ! 1 i INS [SRN E11 5 | : | | | į 4 V. MONOGRAPHIES | BY 2 I Ta 2 ; : ! se a TU K L y Li X I oi T SNWEO - DU UV : |! , : III. PHYSICS FEEDING METHODOLOGY LEIDINIZI ' | ! T t T T | ~ II. 1998-1999 MANUALS [ You. MANUALS MEDIUM SCHOOL FOR SCHOOLS i L MI I | L ls 1890 1900 1910 1920 193C :940 "950 "960 1970 1980 1990 YEAR 1899-1993 m. Currently, as if following P. Brazdžiūnas- ’s provision that in addition to “The basic dictionaries of each science’s terms, small dictionaries of its latest branches should also be prepared, where the latest, little used terms would be listed <...>. The latest branches of physics are being studied in Lithuania. Specialists in these fields of physics should prepare small glossaries of the latest terms. There is a great need for small explanatory dictionaries of individual fields of science, which could be used not only by scientists, but also by <...> the general public" [4], individual physicist collectives have published dictionaries of laser physics, kinescope production, communications technology, are preparing multilingual dictionaries of radiophysics, radioelectronics. It would seem that we already have the basis to start preparing an explanatory dictionary of physics terms and thus continue the work of the departed physics professors to develop the Lithuanian language of physics science and to standardize physics terminology. References 1. The History of Physics in Lithuania (1579-1940) /Aut. kolektyvas, ats. red. H. Jonaitis. V.: Science, 1988. P. 98. 2. Kaulakienė A. The beginnings of scientific language in “Keleivyje” //Problems of Lithuanian lexicon and terminology: Questions of Lithuanian linguistics. V., 1991. T. 29. P. 80-91. 3. Neris P. Popular handbook of physics. New York: Harper, 1899. 99 p. 4. Brazdžiūnas P. The development of Lithuanian terminology in physics //Language Culture. 1983. No. 44. P. 4-8. 5. Makariūnienė E., Klimka L. The Lithuanian Physicists and Astronomers' Compendium. V.: FI, 1994. 146 p. 6. Končius I. Physics // VUBR FI-FI039. L. 114. 7. Kaulakien A. We will use Lithuanian terms as a basis. I. Končiaus "Terms for Physics" // Physical Knowledge. 1992. No. 2. P. 23-25; their own Basics of Lithuanian Physics Terminology / /Lituanistica, 1993. No. 1, 2008 1(13). P. 32— 43; their own One of a iš Hundred Professors I. The merits of Končius // 1994. pp. 1994. No. 6. P. 28-31. 8. Antanas Žvironas. In Vilnius prisons ir In Pechora / South. S. Žvironaitė. 1992. 103 p. 9. Antanas Žvironas: Literature index / South. E. Macaroni. V.: FI, 1988. D. 2. P 21-22. 10 Conius I. Terms of physics // Nature. 1938. T. 3. No. 4. P. 258-260; A. Zvironas. Editor's note //Ibid. P. 260-261. 11 Antanas Žvironas: Literature index / South. E. Macaroni. V.: FI, 1988. 25 D. 1. P9. 12 Keinys S. Academician P. Our ir terminology // Academician Pavilas Brazzaville. V.: Academics, 1992. P. 95-101. 13 Glossary of Physics Terms / Aut. the collector; Red. P. B Nice. ir science. lit. I-cla, 1958. 123 p. 14 Glossary of Physics Terms / Aut. the collector; Red. P. Brazzaville. V.: 1971— 1973. D. 1. A-L. 419 p.; D. 2. M-Z. 588 p. 15 Glossary of Physics Terms / Aut. the collector; 1979. 680 p. 16Naruševičienė B. Antanas Puodžiukynas // Physics Zi P. 24-26. razdžiūnas. V.: State. Red. P. Brazzaville. V.: Science, nios. 1993. No. 4. 26