Pirmųjų fizikos vadovėlių mechanikos terminai

PRAEITIES AIDAI Angel KAULAKIENĖ THE FIRST PHYSICS MANUALS MECHANIKOS At the XX beginning of the century, physics textbooks for secondary du schools were written at the same time. Thai I. Končius' physics textbook, written while he was a teacher In Estonia, after the relocation of Palanga Girls’ Gymnasium į Vero City. This book was not printed. Jo 312 pages manuscript is stored in Vilnius University Manuscripts'. The manuscript very precisely indicates when He began to write (1916 m. January) 28 ir complet- (1919 m. ed in 23 December). Another physics textbook for high schools is K. Shakenio. As specified by J. A. „Martišius, physics K. Šakenis taught in į various gymnasiums in Vilnius, Voronež, Kaunas, Panevėžys from to 1912 1926 m. 1917-1918 in Voronezh, while explaining one lesson in Lithuanian, I felt a great need to have a Lithuanian textbook. Voronezh wrote the first part, ir jo o 1918 m. already In Vilnius to Christmas — II Part I, 1919 m. at home, Veleniškiai (In the village of Vabalninkas) — Part III. Iš the press they were published in, 1920 were re-edited and repeated until 1940? Dad ir I. Končiaus, ir K. Šakenio textbooks, it can be said, are the main ones of the second stage of the development of physics terminology” $altiniaines P. Vileišio, Pr. Mašioto, J. Dragašiaus textbooks were intended for students of lower grades, a o little later published Čepinskis “Lectures V. in Physics” (1923— 1926) —students. So what is the jų terminology? The article analyzes only the terminology of the mechanics sections of these physics textbooks. The mechanics sections are chosen because the physics course usually always begins with mechanics; "Končius I. Physics: Physics textbook for secondary schools: [Manuscript]. 312p. // VUBR. Fl. F1039 (hereinafter referred to as — KF). , *Martišius J. A Konstantinas Sakenis, — the author of the first Lithuanian textbooks of physics //Fizikų žinios. 1996. No. 11. P. 16-17. ‘Kaulakieneé A. Stages of development of physical terminology //Lituanistica, 1997. No. 3(31). P. 66-73. Here are some of ir the titles of the subsectioir ns of the mechanics section of the introduction of KF another textbook: SF' Introduction Introduction 1. Physical cock. * Fabric 1° (=Medziaga)’ I. The Body of Physics 1. Physics. The Body of Physics 3 2. Apparitions. Physics. Chemistry 2 2. Physical ir chemistry phenomena 3 3. The Problem of Physics 2 4. Knitted fabrics (= Material) stands 3 3, Molecules 4 4. Three-way body posture 4 5. Knitted fabrics (= Material) advantages (II. Properties of bodies 1. Tightness 5 2. Gravity 6 6. Some other advantages of physical kings 73. Static ir horizontal direction 6 1) decomposition 7 |4. Svambal. Gulsčiukas 6 15. Sharing 7 2) compression ir i$siplétimos 8 {6. Gniužumas (smoothness) ir |increased 8 3) permeability 9 |7. Porosity 8 4) Elasticity 10 [8. Stiffness 8 (7. Measurements 12 III. You see? ir 1. Size 9 8. Measurement of length 12 Area measurement 14 Measurement of volume 14 |2. Volume measures of ir length, width māamamamamēa 9 EERE EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE Hm E EEA EEE EEE EEE EE EE EERE EEE EE EEE EEE Department of Mechanics (=Mechanika) 25. The task of mechanics 31 26. Kusejima (=Movement) (Kinematics) 33 I. Movemeir nts of the body 1. Movements 18 27. Straight-line squat (=Straight- -line motion) 34 2. Speed of movement 19 *Sakenis K. Physics. I Part, Mechanics — I'll take it. V., 142p. 1920. (hereinafter referred to as — * The spelling of the terms ir of sections and subsections has not been corrected. The ir authors' text is authentic here elsewhere. * Number refers to textbook page. "I. Končiaus or his colleagues corrections. 57 28. Straight non-parallel squat (= Straight non-parallel movement) 36 29. Speed graph 37 3. Acceleration of motion ir 30. Kušėjimų (=Movemenir t) speeds |decrease 20 composition 37 4. Composite motion 21 31. The minority on the guess (=forces) 39 |5. Inertia 22 | Principle of inertia (Dynamics) 39 6. Forces ir jų measurements 23 32. Guess (= Power). Jų metric 40 |38. Arrangement of guesses (=forces) 47 II. 1998-1999 Force composiir tion breakdown 1. Designation of forces 32 | 2. Substitute force 33 |39. Speky (=Forces) parallelogram 47 |6. Parallel of Forces 34 40. Arrangement of guesses (=forces) 48 7. Splitting one force into two forces į K 36 41. Parallel guesses (=forces) composition 49|8. Two Forces Going One į i — Half parallel 36 | 42. Parallel guesses (=forces) arrangement 519. Division of one force by two į = | parallel forces 38 43. Parallel guesses (=forces) composition, |10. Two parallel forces when the lines go in different jy directions į 51 |of Į opposite sides 38 As can be seen from iš the titles of the subsections, the structure of the textbooks differs slightly. This is quite understandable, because the principles of the structure are usually chosen by the author himself. However, most of the concepts in one textbook are defined similarly and ir even named ir with the same terms, for example: fokru budu, ir s k y sTim pressure on the bottom, whatever vessel appears ir as liquid, will be equal to the weight of a vertical s k stern column K¥76; Thus, if in a closed container iš on all sides we take a slegti Liquid, that s1é gimas will go all the way į Salis, every ir quarter centimeter of the vessel wall will be pressed equally SF58; the lever of all — the simplest machine, a tool that transmits the prediction of some į resistive KF52; Imagine a string that is pushed at a point C, ir ends of which A ir B drawn by two parallel forces P ir O. Such a thread is called a lever SF47. Another part of the concepts in ir one, another ir textbook defined each cause of the 58 not Similarly, but the terms differ, e.g.: the jų orthodox call each variation of the physical state of the body a natural m as — phenomenon ar ar me KF2, and ŠF the — phenomenon all changes in the ir composition of physical bodies are called phenomenon ŠF3; s pė ka — buckling, or the reason turning the straight equation kusejima curved ir unequation, called guess ir KF40,0 force ŠF everything — that moves any object in a place that can iš turn a constant straight motion into ir an indirect or uneven one is called a force pa SF23; kušėj mas in this i way - kuokušėjimą we call the exchange of u padding compared to jo padding of some other su nekusanciy kunų KF34,0SF movement while — talking about objects j u d é j i m a, we always mean ir other things that are standing in place. These objects ir help us decide which way a moving object is going ir SF18. There may be more than one such ir variation of the term. ir Mononyms terms KF ŠF volume 14 dullness 99 volume 17 height 6 height bump 5 bumper 104 speed speed 92 speed 35 length 6 i 19, length 5 27 squatting movement width (thickness) 6 width 5 equilibrium 34 45 18 equilibrium hole 7 porosity liquid 71 liquid liquidity acne 60 point click 92 40 compression splitting | 7 division 8 compression And expansion 7 57, crushing 58 (smoothness) increase 8 | wetting 43 weakness weight elasticity 81 firmness 7 ir | 59 83 63 15 i 13 7 8 Pressure gauge Pressure gauge 100 pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure 88 gauge pressure 63 | | gauge pressure 26 gauge pressure 57 gauge pressure 41 gauge pressure 45 gauge pressure 33 gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge pressure gauge 100 i metal pressure gauge 89 "parallel guesses 49 parallel forces 38 SPeky parallelogram 47 Forces parallel 34 |center of gravity center of 57 gravity straight 41 o parallel squat uniform 34 rectilinear motion 19 | straight unequal squat 35 | uneven straight motion fire 19 pump fire extinguisher 109 machine closed 94 pressure gauge 100 | pressure gauge for measuring the pressure of 88 | compressed air 68 | curvilinear motion water-cushion 19 curvilinear 88 | squatting 37 Often, ir some of ir the terms in one textbook are named only by two variants or synonyms, one of iš which is usually a loan. They are presented in a variety of ways: separated by a comma, joined by a conjunction, or presented in parentheses, e.g.: gas KF 92, 106, 110 ir gas KF 110, ŠF 75; Loose bones or skins KF 4: aerostat (aircraft) KF 111 ir aerostat SF 85; volume (volume) KF 90, 98 ir volume SF 17; naugis KF 187 ir metals or nodules SF 104; pressure (Congestion) KF 92 ir slégimas SF 81; droplet (softness) KF 99 ir volume 17; spit (Grunts) KF 67 ir ketus (sighs) SF 13, 104; The Statute of Archimedes KF 79, 81 ir The Court of Archimedes SF 70; Hydraulic presses Water-driKF 76 ir ven presses SF 60 ir Mr. Such manifestations of synonymy (only maybe a little more cases when both 60 synonyms Lithuanian) a lot of ir separately pacmus in each textbook, e.g. : KF — Gases or gases (gas) 4; horizontally or slightly inclined hump normal 65; (ordinary) Understanding the air burst 95; (tools) 95; relat 'yvusis (comparative) kun kusėjimas pounds or 43; vogos 67, o SF — Nitrogen (Gasps) TT; nitric or gesso-parallelepiped seric acid, or vitriol ray 100; 45; 101: (radius) 29; pendulum, or curve 55 ir t.t. Be Therefore, ir in one or ir another textbook it is possible to observe cases of systematization of ir terms, of assigning related species terms. This is how the state of matter is described. For example: : KF —, MedZgina comes in three states: solid, liquid gas. ir 1) Objects iš of wood, glass, iron etc. ir we call solids (3) <...>. 2) Such as: water, ink, mercury, spirit, etc. ir are called skirstytieji kunai or skirstymai. 3) Such cunes, the individual parts of which are not only very weakly bonded together, but already themselves try to disperse all sides, are į called gaseous cunes <...> (gases) plg. (4), but KF — elongation: elongation perpendicular (1) to gravity (p); elongation perpendicular (1) to length (L) (27); deformation: temporary deformation III; tensile deformation residual V; deformation III; pump: two cylinder air pump, butter pump, jet water air pump water pump (102); (106). ŠF — “A body can be solid, liquid or gaseous in the form of solids, but the body itself, without any help, .<...> maintains its form volume. ir <...>. Examples of liquid bodies may be water, kerosene, spirit, and other liquids.” Ir (4) <...>. “We call air, hydrogen, garg, etc. gases.” ir (5), but SF — object: continuous objects (95); moving masses object solid object (18); immersed object liquid (16); object composite (72); objects rotating masses (57); object dense object fragile (95); object gases: explosive (29); gases flammable gases (8); (9); (98); (77, 103); force: atmospheric force (81); atpostamoJi jega (33); reverse force (72); centrifugal force (29); parallel Forces (38); Incessant force (24), Incessant force Breaking (25); force Pressing force Sudden force Sudden (38), force (38); (24), 61 (25); component forces (36), etc. From the variation of the names of the concepts in the textbooks, the synonymy of terms, the systematisation, the combination of generic and related terms, it can be concluded that at that time the terminology of physics was still being created and was characterized by all the characteristics of the creative terminology stage. 62