Dėl kai kurių metrologijos terminų

Vytautas VALIUKĖNAS, Pranas Juozas ŽILINSKAS ON KAI OF WHICH METROLOGY DEADLINES The word metrology is defined in the “Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language” [1] as follows: metrology — is the science of measurements. Lithuanian standard LST 1281-93 ‘Metrology. Terms ir definitions" [2] we find that this "the science of measurements, methods and means for maintaining their uniformity and the means for achieving the required accuracy of measurements". Press release "International Dictionary of ir Basic General Metrology Terms" metrology science of [3] measurement — (English) science of measurement, pranc. science de la measure). In the International Dictionary of [4] Words, it is a — science that studies measuremenjų ts, methods, units of mo measure, standards of units. Metrology [5] is a branch of physics — that studies measurements and methods for achieving uniformity jų of required accuracy. ir We see that the definitions of metrology as a science in the current Lithuanian literature are not the same, but almost every definition contains the word measurement, except Dictionary of Modern English. In the International Classification of Standards, metrology is included in a section [6] entitled ‘Metrology and Measurements’. "Physical phenomena". In our opinion,,,The Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary“ metrology term should be corrected. In the new glossary, metrology should be defined as follows: ‘metrology — the science of measurement’. For several years debated on the terms value meaning of consumption ir [7-9]. In the Lithuanian [2] standard, the value of a physical quantity is defined as follows: numerical expression of a physical quantity in selected units. In the Lithuanian standard LST ISO 31 “Sizes and units” part 0 we find: value — the product of the unit of size and the number; such a number is called ‘the numerical value of the quantity expressed in this unit’. Dictiona- [3] ry size value (English) value of a guantity, pranc. valeur d'une grandeur) is defined as follows: ‘quantitative expression of a particular individual quantity, usually consisting iš of a unit of measure multiplied iš by a number’. Thus, in special publications on metrology, it is explained what is the value of a quantity, which we could briefly define as follows: the value of a quantity is the numerical expression of this quantity in selected units. Since the “Dictionary of — Modern 48 Lithuanian Language” [1], when interpreting the word value, does not talk about the value of the quantity, we would suggest to add the very important term of physics, technology and other fields of metrology to the meanings of this word and use our proposed definition. The meaning of the term consumption is discussed [7]. It is also necessary to discuss the use of the English and French words reference and référence in Lithuanian. Standard [2] English term reference material and French term matériau de référence Lithuanian equivalent is reference medium. The English and French words reference and référence are translated with the Lithuanian adjective efaloninis (-ė). If the principle of systematicity is observed, then the English and French terms reference standard (English) and étalon de référence (French), whose definition “a measure, gauge, reference material (etaloniné material) or measuring system intended for the definition, realization, preservation or reproduction of a unit of magnitude, one or more of its values as a reference” [3], the Lithuanian equivalent would be etaloninis etalonas (?)). It should be noted that in no language — English, French, German or Russian — the compound term reference material (English), matériau de rėfėrence (French), Refernzmaterial (German), cramgaprtoe BeII[ECTBO (Russian) is a word standard. In metrology, eta/on is a special term to be used only for its intended purpose. In the “International Dictionary of Basic and General Metrology Terms” English reference material, French matériau de référence, the Lithuanian equivalent is provided as reference material, not as reference medium. The term eta/onine material is used in other standards [10-12]. There is also written reference method, reference medium, reference solution, working reference solution, sample of reference material, primary (secondary) reference material, characteristics of reference material, etc., whereas there should be reference method, reference material, reference solution, working reference solution, sample of reference material (medium), primary (secondary) reference material (medium), parameters of reference material, etc. 49 Other term that uses the words reference (English) ir reference (French) is a reference standard ir étalon de rėfėrence (in French). In the “International Dictionary of Basic and General Metrology Terms” under preparation, its equivalent is the reference standard. It was called the Aphrodite's Aphrodite. So supportive or foundational? The support is a pillar, an object that supports something, and the foundation is a place or an object on which one relies [1]. The standard in question is the standard "which generally has the best metrological performance at the place or organization where the measurement is made". It is the essential, the most important, the main standard, by which all the other standards depending on it by subordination are referred to. Thus, reference standard (English) and étalon de référence (French) should be called reference standards rather than reference standards (see reference standard |1), fundamental questions of philosophy [13], fundamental Word or foundation of work (linguistics), etc.). According to the definition, this reference could be called the primary reference, but the reference system still includes a primary reference, “approved or widely accepted as the standard of best metrological performance, the value of which is determined without reference to other standards of the same size”. Therefore, the names of two unequally subordinated standards may be confused. In our opinion, there are also corrections to be made in the state documents. For example, the "Metrology Act" (I-1452) uses the term "state standard". There are also known terms mass standard, time standard, frequency standard, etc. Now another document has been prepared in the Department of Standardization and approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania No. 518 (27 May 1997), which already provides for having a state standard custodian. In the current standard [2] there is a better term state standard (the adjective state indicates the type of standard), which for some reason the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, the Government and the Lithuanian Standardization Department do not use. Such unjustified change of the name of the standard disrupts the standard terminology system, e.g., international standard, primary standard, secondary standard, working standard, intermediate standard, reference standard. The use of the term calrbravimas in documents should be discussed very carefully. The term calibration is defined as follows: a set of measures which, under specified conditions, establishes the relationship between the values of the quantities displayed by a measuring instrument or a measuring system, or the values provided by a measure or a reference medium, and the corresponding values produced by standards [3]. The standard [2] provides the following terms: calibration, étalonnage. Given the | definition and based on the French language, it would be more logical to use the term calibration instead of calibration (cf. French éfalonnage). This would avoid misunderstandings both in the interpretation of the term and in the procedure for its definition. There are also doubts about the use of the term uniformity of measurement. The “Metrology Act” (I-1452) and the standard in force [2] define this term as follows: The quality characteristic of measurements when their results are presented in legalized units, the errors are known with a reasonable probability and they do not exceed the specified limits. Meanwhile, in the dictionary [3] (see English traceability, French tragabilité): Property of the measurement result or benchmark that allows them to be linked to reference values, usually with national or international standards, by applying the method of continuous comparisons of the selected uncertainty. The English and French adjectives traceable, tragable, made nouns, traceability, tracabilité, are translated into Lithuanian by the noun compound unit of measurements, which has no adjective. Thus, traceable and tracable do not have a Lithuanian equivalent. This creates a lot of difficulties when translating various documents into Lithuanian. In the dictionary [3] for the term traceability, (French) tragabilitė, we would suggest the word sietis (e.g., the word imtis from the word imti and accordingly: jungtis from jungti, sudetis from sudeti, baigtis from baigti, šlytis from šlyti, etc.). Then the English and French words traceable. ir tragable (French) corresponds to the participle ligatus, which is used just as an adjective. These are just a few metrology terms whose use in Lithuanian language has not yet established itself. There are more of them. We expect that other metrology experts will also give their opinion. References 1. Dictionary of Modern English. V., 1983. 2. LST 1281-93. Metrology. Terms and definitions. 3. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology. Geneva, P59. 1993. 4. Dictionary of International Words. V., 1985. 5. Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia. V., 1981. T. 7. P. 447. 6. International Classification of Standards, 1997 (Publication of the Lithuanian Department of Standardization). 7. Ušpalis K. Mathematical terms dictionary // Terminologija. V., 1995. Kn. 2. P. 27-31, 8. Zajankauskas S. On some general technical terms //Terminologija.V., Kn. 1996. 2. P. 65-69. 9. Zebrauskas S. Difficulties in the Use of Some Electrical Engineering Terms II Terminology and Present (Scientific Works). K., 1997. P. 216-221. 10. LST 1320:1993. Quality assurance in laboratory medicine. Basic terms and definitions. 11. LST 1386:1995. Chemical analysis. Terms and definitions. 12. LST 1435:1996. Reference materials and certified reference materials. 13.Šliogeris A. The Silence of Transcendence. V., 1996. 52 SUMMARIES OF THE MAIN PAPERS Kazimieras Refresh. Termination and de-termination. This article analyses two processes: the turning of words into terms and the turning terms into simple of words. The former often changes the grammatical and lexical character words: valency, relations of synonymy and antonymy. of For example, a word of standard language druska (salt) does not have a plural, but in chemistry the plural druskosis used to name a class of chemical compounds. The antonym of the standard language word si/uma (heat) is the word sa/tis (cold), but the term of physics s7/uma does not have an antonym, because as a concept “Saltis” does not exist in physics. In some fields of science (botany, zoology, cattle-breading, meteorology) the creation of terms using terminologisation is a frequent occurrence. In other fields (chemistry, computer science, astronomy) it happens quite rarely. There have to be certain conditions for terms to turn into standard language words. First of all a term has to be widespread and well known not only to specialists. Most often it happens to terms of physics and engineering (e.g. kalibras (calibre), spektras (spectrum), aparatas (apparatus), impulsas (pulse, impulse), etc.). Stasys Keinys. The penetrating suffix of adjectives It is -¢€ stated in this paper that the number of adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ėin Lithuanian increased considerably in the 20th century. They replaced adjectives with the suffix iškas, -a, which were frequently corrected by linguists and also pushed cases out of use. Such activity of these suffixes is kept up and often stimulated by foreign languages (especially Slavonic and Germanic). This statement is supported by the analysis of terms and combinations of words such as amendment to the Constitution, copyright, presidential elections, etc. 53 John Climacus. Fan, enthusiast, enthusiast, fan (fan). This paper deals with the usage of four sporting synonyms (sirgalius, aistruolis, megėjas, fanas) in standard language and terminology. All of these synonyms name one concept —“sports fan”. The spreading of these words in dialects and writings is reviewed and their semantics is analysed. It is stated that attempts to push the word sirgalius out of usage were unsuccessful. The usage of the word aistruolis is not settled yet. The term is used to describe a person who is interested in sports and likes it, although fanas only refers to a sports fan who thinks positively about himself. It is suggested not to use this word. None of these words are strictly standardised. Vilius Palenskis, Vytautas Valiukėnas, Valerijonas Zalkauskas. On terms of darbas (work), veikimas (operation), veika (action) and veiksena (operating mode). This paper discusses the usage of Lithuanian terms darbas, veikimas, veika, poveikis and their relations with English (work, working, operation, action), French (travail, fonctionnement, action), German (Arbeit, Betrieb, Wirkung, Einwirkung), Russian (pabora, GyHKUHOHHpOBaHHEe, AeHcTBHe, Bozjercrsue) terms. Their preciseness and correctness are also discussed. For example, to emphasise the functioning of some device or equipment, the Lithuanian term veikimas should be used, not darbas. It is suggested to use the Lithuanian term veika as an equivalent of the English term actionto describe the effect of one object or its part another one. on Antanas Buračas. Economic information and problematic aspects of terminology. In this paper, terms of the Lithuanian translation of Christopher Pass, Bryan Lowes and Leslie Davies “Dictionary of economics” (London, 1988) are discussed. The author touched upon some general guestions formation terminology, selection borrowings and usage professional jargon. 54 of of of ol In this translation, consistency of terms not iš always observed, e.g. the English term permanent income has the The term is commonly used by economists, but is not commonly used by the general public. Specific terms are not always properly laid out, e.g. the term akcijų dividendas (stock dividend) given the term share is by (share), not by dividends (dividend). Vytautas Valiukėnas, Pranas Juozas Žilinskas. About some Lithuanian terms of metrology. The article deals with the problems translation into of Lithuanian used in metrology. The standardisation, consistency and coherence and harmonisation terms different languages of accentuated. in is Some terms, i.e. metrology, value, reference material, reference standard, national standard, traceability and traceable are analysed and corresponding terms and definitions in Lithuanian are suggested. 55