Ekonominė informacija ir probleminiai terminijos aspektai

CONSIDERATIONS, PROPOSALS Antanas BURAČAS ECONOMIC INFORMATION IR PROBLEM DEADLINES ASPECTS Very important for the ir standardization of our terminology in the fields of economics, technology and other fields will be the universal European terminology standard, prepared by the Computer Data Processing Department of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. Union terminology classification EUROVOC. Be to, at the moment At the initiative of the Department of Standardization of the Republic of Lithuania, together with the State Lithuanian Language Commission and LMA MII specialists, the binding procedures for the preparation of standards of terms and definitions are discussed, bringing them closer to the valid standards of the International Organization for Standardization in this field. (ISO) requirements, format ir standards. It is understood that the most significant in this work were the remaining semantics of ir the term and the criteria of its correspondence to the usual use. No less important are the requirements for the proper use of the term. In order to properly apply all these criteria to terminology, a computerized dictionary of modern Lithuanian language is very necessary in our work, which should be combined with the dictionary of international words we use. After all, it is paradoxical that for 15-20 years any personal su computer in the country can easily correct English texts, because the dictionaries of this language are automatically installed with various software. Meanwhile, computer dictionaries of the state Lithuanian language are difficult to find, given the many mandatory language norms. They are rarely available and ir therefore are not used almost anywhere in science or — educational institutions, despite the obvious need. The objective is jų that: Any computer sold in Lithuania should have a Lithuanian language ir dictionary, business terminology o appropriate ir for business finance — spheres, etc. 37 Recently Several original translated ir textbooks have been published in Lithuania (especially prof. H. Dauderio, P. ir R. Wonnacott'y), also "Dictionary of Economic Terms" (Ch. Passport ir kt., 1994 m. green. iš Collins series) helped to develop the general culture of economic thinking ir and the analytical level of our officials and entrepreneurs. Considerable attention to the standardization of the used terms and their standardization was devoted together with ir prof. su B. Svecevičius in my prepared “Dictionary of Business, Banks, Stock Exchange Terms” (“Dictionary”, V., 2006), especially important 1994). would have been the preparation of an original The translation of the Oxford Business World Dictionary, whose publication has stopped due to lack of funds, ir does not specify the Lithuanian publisher's position. However, su especially with the rapid development of the use of international ir computer databases in the culture of the information society, we have to hurry to standardize the use of new terms, especially in management and financial banks, ir especially since our numerous students are increasingly participating in this process. One way of iš influence is professional — reviews of the latest information sources and other innovations, prepared with adequate means in the most operative forms. ir Among the jų common I ir would mention VDU ir The e-book on international banking experience, summarizing the best practices in the field of international banking, prepared by iš KHF 1996-97 m. publications ,,Financial Times", "Economist", European ir in reports of US central banks and investment funds and exchanges, international conferences, as well as Internet ir World Wide Web databases. It is obvious that such a book, after editing, would reflect much more of the latest analytical instruments of the ją wisdom hardly accessible to global finance experts, that is, available to our specialists on incomparably easier terms than can be offered to ir them by the famous latest courses in prestigious universities. ir be England ar Austrian banking training centers. A copy of such a book would take little time to make. The problems encountered when terminology maintenance is carried out by careful specialists, 38 very clearly showed the be otherwise ir extremely necessary beautifully prepared miner "Collins" (Christofer ir Pass, Bryan Lowes, Leslie "Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimas dėl "Baltijos verslo" įsteigimo" (in Lithuanian). baltijosbiznis.lt. A. Pupkis, ekon. term editor consultant S. Vaitkevičius, continue — ETZ). It is not desirable that groups of terminologists working isolatedly in special fields create additional problems instead of helping to standardize usage, especially since their help is very needed in rapidly developing branches of terminology. Further, let's examine this dictionary (ETŽ) experience, the ar jo translation editors followed the necessary terminology principles and why they basically failed in many cases. First of all, the efforts of the ETŽ collective to protect Lithuanian economic terminology from established and newly spreading foreign words are very welcome. However, it was not by chance that this was met with some hostility by specialists in those cases when the editors of the translation of the EDT ignored the semantics of the terms and when the logic of common sense and accumulated experience dictates a more acceptable alternative of the concept proposed for the redesign of the EDT, which better corresponds to the content of the term (see “Lietuvos rytas”, 12 October 1994, No. 211 and others). I will mention just a few more cases here. 1. Misleading matchmaking. For example, double-entry translates to double accounting. Thus, the universal principle of double-entry transactions becomes a common method of criminal activity to conceal revenue from tax collectors! The obvious discrepancy of the translation content with the original term is noticed when identifying diseconomies of scale and negative economic impact. Thus, the losses incurred due to the irrational scale of the activity are equated with a universal assessment of the nature of the activity. Factor is not a resource, as the ETZ authorities translate it, but a factor, although in context the one and the other can sometimes overlap. Semantically, the difference in this case is that the term chosen by ETZ denotes the “possibility of obtaining”, whereas from the economic literature we know that the original term is used to analyze the “active components, their interaction” of production. Similarly, the translation of articles of association into internal regulations is questionable: after all, association is an association, i.e. 39 institutional form of o activity, in to translation is not left at all! Stebina ir maximization (e.g., asset-growth m.) unlimited interpretation; the increase to the maximum level is clearly limited by the term-fixing criterion itself. It is totally intolerable to identify the term asset value per share with the value of the assets being sold. su This, as can be seen from the definitions iš given in the nest of the term, is ‘value of assets per share’. I would argue that it is imperative to give different meanings to compound terms. For example, misleading may be The authorized/registered capital is found in the ETZ, matching the nominal nominal capital. — su — In the event of legal conflicts, ir this and many other proposed inaccuracies can result in very considerable losses! There are many such cases. Similar carelessness leads to the į composition of parts of terms “loss” or change of nuances, e.g. capital-output ratio is the capital absorption, a descriptive ratio, or a ne coefficient. o jį Also eguilibrium market price is rather the equilibrium of — the market price, the ne price of the market in equilibrium, O equilibrium market guantity is not the same as market equilibrium; or — (supply-demair nd) quantity that ensures this equilibrium. There are even more such cases. Ne every product is a commodity, so collective products cannot be equated with collective goods. The term cash flow refers to cash flow, but not necessarily turnover jų (e.g., pancreas į only) ar iš below). The term nondurables is not identical to short-lived goods (or — ir medium-term goods and supplies in non-metallic form, e.g. stationery, etc. ). ar ir Clearing house system is translated as bank ne clearing, settlement o house system (the latter performs clearing operations). Similarly, we cannot accept current-weighted su index translation current value index; after all, the text itself explains that it is about setting benchmarks or ir weighted indices. The term corporate sector— corporate sector is — not the same as private activity, as shown ir iš same ETZ, p. 206, 2 (household and (į ją financial activities are added to the 40) definition of meaning), but the editors turn a blind eye to this. The term /earning curve should not be reduced to the acquisition curve: any educator will confirm that “learning” is a much more sensitive concept and cannot be reduced to “acquiring a qualification”. Even skills for work or other activities are not merely a sign of acquiring a qualification. The meaning of the term changes quite markedly when the concept of “indifference” (or equal benefits) is replaced by the concept of “indifference” of the ETS: the possibility of active voting under equal chances does not mean indifference at all. The insufficiently carefully chosen word equivalent of the compound term may also inadmissibly change the content of the term. For example, ETZ offers hidden price reduction. But in essence it is a gradual reduction, which, as we know from our experience, usually does not take place in a snap, although it is disguised by the renewal of the assortment, the change of packaging and other similar methods. It is not possible to accept the cross-correspondence between horizontal integration and linear integration due to similar circumstances, since the economic term /10horizontal integration, or integration of a single type of activity, is used to describe the process in question. A change in the content of the term occurs when the ETS offers a licensed deposit taker as an equivalent bank service institution. Firstly, in many countries, deposits have not been made exclusively by banks for centuries. Secondly, the services of the bank include deposit operations among several dozen other services. Thirdly, the emphasis in the original term on a licensed or registered deposit institution is lost. Pa/aiming price is not the exact equivalent of Jimiting pricing, because the accent of the original term —/imiting—translates to restrictive, and the pricing equivalent is not the result of the process, but the process itself: pricing. ETZ are inconsistent uses of the term /imiting, because limiting factor is translated as: limiting factor. Another case of minority interest is not part of the minority, but its interests in the management of the company. Sometimes incompetence poses the risk that a term can be replaced by another at all without any grounds. For example, the term public goods (education, etc.) is identified with the state’s property or 41 Finnish product, but public goods are neither one nor the other, as the ETZ attempts to argue. The term welfare state is not a name of a prosperous country taken from the novel, but a term analogous to the term welfare economy already used in the ETZ; moreover, state is meant here as the state itself, since we are talking about the policy of state regulation. The same misunderstanding is the attempt to buy the shadow price equivalent to the bid price. It is a price that cannot be determined directly or that is determined according to the criteria of the underground economy. The inaccuracy and inconsistency occurs in the case where the cost equivalent is the cost, i.e. the cost, but the isocost line is already translated as a line of equal values. It is not necessary to ignore the differences even in the field of popularization, which lead to false identification. For example, the UN organizations have long not strictly identified developing and underdeveloped countries. Therefore, the combination of developing and underdeveloped country, leaving only one (first) term in the translation, is not permissible. 2. Inconsistency of terminology formation. The above-mentioned equivalent of diseconomies of scale, the chosen ETC, is the negative economic impact. but external diseconomies of scale is already translated as external non-economic factors, internal economies of scale —internal economic factors. In this case, as in the previous one, the essential criterion of the term is lost — the fact that the originally intended consequences of the scale of the activity; moreover, (non)economicity in this context can be partial or secondary cases, although otherwise this selection is to be considered as an interesting experiment. On the other hand, the determination of the economies of scale does not require the addition as a component of the term of factors not present in the original term. The inconsistency of the criteria of the ETS is noticeable in the ir case when diseconomies is translated as non-economicity, but at the same time diseguilibrium is translated as lack of equilibrium (let us call this a transition to the use of the descriptive criterion), as well as in similar situations the terms of the international vocabulary are left: deindustrialization, disinflation (why not disinflation at least?) marginal rate substitution; but already marginal rate technical substitution marginal rate of technical replacement ir of — of — (why ne replacement?) rate. The ETZ editors, who have made considerable efforts to translate the terminology, can reasonably be asked ir something else: why is the international term company left too often in the translation text, while in laws, other specialized literature is constantly ir given the recognized Ir ir the concept of ‘company’. It is also incomprehensible why the term “certificate” is not replaced by the equivalent certificate (industrial pletras, etc.), which could pir easily replace the unnecessary international word. šį 3.The use of several terms used for acceleration, especially borrowed from methodology of iš another science serving a certain field, is not allowed. For example, the translation of rank correlation coefficient into category interface coefficient is completely unacceptable. Mathematical statistics have long used the term rank correlation to measure this hierarchical relationship. Also incorrect is the multiple correlation corresponding to multiple interface. Misleading is the term contingency ir table corresponding to interactions (see section 4.4). term descriptivewmą — hat interactions?) /entelé: "Dictionary of Mathematical Terms" (sutr. MTZ, p. 544) ir in previous practice, this term is clearly defined as a table of relationships between characteristics. The proper meaning of the term distribution is pa(si)distribucija, but when the statistical term conditional — distribution is used, it is necessary to use the standardized form in this branch of science conditional distribution; correspondingly normal distribution ne (ETZ, p. 159), 0 Distribution (zr. MTZ, p. 564), because otherwise we'll get confused in terms. Similarly, the exponential smoothing translation is not supported; The standardized meaning of — the term alignment (p. 691). Attempts to translate literally such compounds, which have acquired a specific meaning in special fields, are inappropriate. I would include in such unsuccessful cases ETZ test Purchase ordinal utility literal valueas ordinal mą utility. Here it is indeed possible to doubt, ar at least one Did a member of the ETŽ team look at how this term has been used in economic textbooks for a long time? Already students must distingui43 sh quantitative utility from utility determined by priority, the order of priority. Unacceptable is also ETŽ proposed interpretation of returns (diminishing average/ marginal r.) as profit; not all revenues are profitable and therefore a stricter definition is necessary. There is no reasonable distinction between the concepts of "money" and "currencies": forward exchange market ETŽ is translated as futures and money market. In practice, the exchanges that use the term Sj most often refer to currency transactions. 4. a great inconsistency in the translation process can lead the reader to a position without a way out: this has happened many times to the editors of the ETZ, who did not notice that their translated introductory (heading) term derivative —derivative (in financial transactions that is ppr. derived index) refers to su differential į calculus but in the latter text the — original term is already translated, so the reference does not give the reader anything. Su analogous situation we encounter ne once: envelope curve corresponding to accumulatisu on(?) curve reference į term average long-term costs also does not explain anything. In the text of the latter explanation such a curve is also not even mentioned (plg. p. 110 ir 269-270). The inconsistenciir es are of various kinds. For example, convertability is quite acceptably translated as convertibility. but already in the very slot of to the term about the currency is said that it is convertible; so the reader may think that ji iš jo simply mocking, in order to confuse. jį 5. Term derivative ir etc. in similar cases, we encounter su the presentation of jargon used by specialists (cases of colloquial language); I think it is always appropriate to indicate this in the translation text, distinguishing normative terms from these cases. 6. The term must be understood. What do you think when you hear the term: organization of forms? M Probably only the translators themselves are well aware of this, who know that according to the original there is an abbreviation of the English term multidivisional (unfortunatelM y, it is not explained why the constituent part of the Lithuanian term is only abbreviated, but not translated). ne ir Ne less avoidable substitution 44 of one foreign or even international word in the translation for another, especially when there is no guarantee, which may be better known to the reader. For example, the word excess ETZ and MTZ replaces the term kurtosis: I think that here there is an attempt by specialists to artificially deflect from non-specialists who tried to use the method of determining the maximum distribution for the analysis of statistical observations. tų After all, everyone will be surprised to see that the classic of physiocratism F Kene (Quesnay), whose surname spelling and pronunciation are known ir In Lithuania for du centuries, proposed to pronounce be no basis Quesne! 7. The application of descriptive criteria in the search for the most acceptable match must not lead to a narrowing of the semantics of a term of a more general nature. This happened, for example, when translating the compound terms barriers to/condition of entry: in the Lithuanian version, the word į rinką (which is not in the original) suddenly appears next to the term įėjimas (which may also mean entry). The undoubted fact that the entrance is possible ir į associatir į ion, ir composition, etc. In all cases where descriptive criteria are used, the closest match should be sought. Therefore, in my view, the term ‘delivered pricing’ is better represented by the term ‘price with delivery’ than by the term ‘sale and delivery price’ used by the EPC. The translation of the term direct labour into the compound direct labour force, as can be seen from the text, narrows its usage: the first case of use is intended to describe direct labour costs. The translation of investors in industry into the term controlling body is very far from its original meaning: it defines the nature of the impact, but not the institution and its scope of action. The term investors in industry describes only this defined branch of economic activity. The original meaning of the term insider trading is distorted by the equivalent chosen by the ETS, illegal transaction. This is an inside trade in securities, which is not necessarily illegal, but is done using unofficial information held by brokers or in the interest of a potential investor. 45