Skvarbioji būdvardžių priesaga „-inis“, „-ė“

Stasys CHANGE SCWARBIOIDS BŪVDARDŽIŲ PROESAGA -INIS, -E Adjective suffix that has become very common in modern common language -inis, -ė. Sometimes it seems ji that we are almost be No screws. Such activity of the adverb is greatly encouraged by the slaWu, Germanic, at least a little bit ir of some ne other languages. But this has always been the case. In ne the writings of the end of the last ir century and the beginning of this century, adjectives made of Ir suffixes su -is, -a. In many jų cases, the abundant use was also caused by ir supported foreign languages, especially, apparently, Slavic, su its even sounds close suffix -sk-. In the first year "Varpe" (1889 m.) was written absolutiszka power 53 (in letters szlenków example then marked $ next to the example written digits indicate the year tų ,,Belpo” page, where the example is used), demokratiszka władza duchosiszka speka 54, ekonomiszkas życie 54, ekonomiszkas podejima ekonomiszkas 53, paszczę 29, Tl, medegiszka support 38, militariszkas assistance 12, scientificszkas 36, foundation politicalzkas 12, life politicalzka wisdom 24, politicalzka organization 55, politicalzka power 53, statisticszki podawimy tautiszka 14, differences many others. 37 ir Now everyone is used to in certain te cases to say absolute power, democratic power, spiritual power, economic life (such as state, country, economic life now is that o “saving life”), economic situation, economic support (or economic assistance), material (but more commonly iš borrowed adjective material) support (help), military position, scientific foundation, political life, political wisdom, political organization, political power, statistical data, ethnic diversity. Instead of the usual current language word law, then was used the word truth, the adjective legal, substituted legal, -a, so our current terms economic rights, legal o person, legal rights, political -¢€ rights, private or civil law have replaced the terms used in "Varpe" ekonomiszkos tiesos juridiszka asaba juridiszkos tiesos politiszkos tiesos it is not appropriate to consider language errors, there are more and more cases when the acceleration is used adverbs 87, 53, 87, 53, private or civil law 53. The fact that there was a transition from one adverbial derivative to another adverbial word will have been determined by the interpretations and corrections of linguists. Both the most famous educator of the present common language, often called its father, J. Jablonskis (1860—1930), and later pre-war linguists have repeatedly patiently explained exactly what the adjectives with the suffix -iškas, -a mean and for which ends they are suitable, and for which ends they are not suitable. J. Jablonskis himself, who called his first grammar, published in Tilžė in 1901, “Grammar of the Lithuanian language”, later corrected himself publicly, writing that the Lithuanian language was somewhat similar to the language spoken by the Lithuanians, rather than the language used by the Lithuanians themselves. Those linguistics forgings in the head helped to narrow the use of adjectives with the suffix -iškas, -a (in many cases now even overdoing — the vedic of this suffix is no longer used and where it would be very appropriate), but opened the door of broad use to other adjectives, made with the suffix -inis, -¢. The meaning of these words is uncertain, in some cases even experienced language correctors editors find it difficult to firmly prove that such an adjective is not suitable in any case, because it is often possible to see at least to come up with some new shade of meaning otherwise indescribable. ar — ar Many places jų nė -inis, an -ė adjective of ir another gender, for example, the origin of a noun. ir These adjectives, being very penetrating, gradually push out one traditional, iš natural ne language gender, iš which may have considerable consequenco es for the use of some idioms. However, these adjectives are still appropriate far from everywhere where they are used. ne In the following, a string of terms will be discussed as adjectives of the su spoken kind, attempting to show how ir they could be used in the language of the state life law, which are ir not suitable for corrected terms otherwise for business ir language jų statements. ar 1. What is a Constitutional Amendment? Which ne some lawmakers and, apparently, iš jų Lithuanian-learning journalists have been introducing the term constitutional į amendment into the consciousness of Lithuanian language ne users for some time. Each time, after hearing a written statement, ar doubts overwhelm tą what is meant here. If we are talking about amending the constitution itself (in recent times (0 the word used for this purpose is usually spoken), then why not say humanely constitutionir al amendment? — Juk ne iš finger broken į "Amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines" "Amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines" "Amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines" (V., 1993. P. 522). In the dictionaries you can also find a list, a treaty, a resolution amendment. The nobleman here tells what is being corrected, where those corrections are made. This is what the classic of our language J. Jablonski called the originator of the active thing, or object, e.g. : She sews shirts (embroidery) and sewing shirts kept her at home. Teaching children is not considered to be an easy task (Jablons kis J. Selected Writings. V., 1957. T. 1. P. 572-573). In continuing with these similarities of the famous language educator, one could say: They amend the constitution and the amendment of the constitution, the amendments of the constitution. This seems to be both the simple logic and the alphabet of the grammar of our language: if the constitution is amended, then the amendment will also be the constitution, cf. faiso wheels, clocks — the repair of wheels, clocks. "Is it possible, and if so, what should the word combination constitutional amendment mean?" Adjectives are more casual than nouns, they always express a particularity. The meaning of the word constitutional, -ė, is undoubtedly related to the meaning of the basic word constitution, but this is apparently not a feature of the constitution itself. In the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, the meaning of this adjective is defined quite correctly — “based on the Constitution, connected with it” (V., 1962, vol. 6, p. 336). Therefore, a constitutional amendment, in a very isolated way, could be an amendment made on the basis of the Constitution or perhaps in some other way related to the Constitution. su In this case, it is clear that the constitution itself is not being amended, but something else. For example, it has been observed that some otherwise law statement does not agree with the su constitution, so it is amended so 1] that it agrees. Such an amendment could reasonably be called constitutional, because it is made on the basis of the Constitution. Both for the parliament and for the law in general, such a term may be necessary, of what has been said here, dear reader, 10 Iš doubtless, understood that constitutional amendment, constitutionbe al amendment are possible terms of our ir speech, but they should be ir distinguished in terms of meaning. ar When referring to an amendment to the constitution itself, the term constitutional amendment is not appropriate at all, because it is an amendment to the constitution. Ir it's quite another thing when the constitution is used to amend some other law or something. ar Such an amendment, of course, would be appropriately called a constitutional amendment. 2. Ne copyrigho t, copyright law In recent Russian times, almost only the term copyright was used in Lithuanian. Thus it was legalized in the compiled A. Žiurlis, Bulavas, J. Jablonskis, K. Žiugžda and J. compiler Žiurlis edited A. ir The “Dictionary of Legal Terms” ir approved by the Terminology Commission of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute and recommended for practical use (V., 1954), whose 24 p. insert terms copyright, copyright work, derivative copyright, į original copyright, object of copyright, subject of copyright. There are also the terms copyright fee ir and copyright certificate. The terms copyright, copyright contract, copyright remuneration are used in the Russian civil and civil procedure codes of the time, but the dictionary's copyright certificate is replaced by the still used term authorship certificate. It is true that in some places in the codes, including the ir criminal one, the noble compounds are used ir terminologically, e.g.: author's remuneration (CK 1985, 547 Art.), copyright (CK 1985, 519 Page 10 ir etc.), the author's ir inventor- 's rights (BK 1983, 142 Page 10 ). The adjective -e author, these be terms, no doubt, will have gave iš Russian equivalents aBTopckoe IIpaBO, aBTOPCKHH HOTOBOD, ABTODCKHĖI TroHODap, aBTODCKOC CBH/[ETEJIBCTBO ir et al. Su with this adjective copyright term inserted į J. PetroniuV. m, Vanadium ir A. The "Dictionary of Literary Terms" compiled by Zalatorius ( V., 1962. P. 43), he has entered the first edition į of the normative “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (V., 1954. P. 57; in the second edition, the term “axtorische Rechte” was inserted. — V., 1972. P. 65), explained in the Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia 11 (V., 1976. T. 1. P. 514). Dad For several decades this term was used in Lithuania, where necessary. However, in pre-war Independent Lithuania the term copyright was interpreted (see section 4.4). Encyclopedia of Life. K., 1934. T. 2. Sk. 390—391). Copyright embedded ir į “Lithuanian Encyclopedia” published in exile (Boston, 1953. T. 1. P. 487). These encyclopedias explain the ir term royalties. At the moment ir In Lithuania, the older, clearer and more ir precise term copyright is being used again. It is not by chance that we return, because in such statements the nobleman’s pronoun is much clearer and more common in Lithuanian than the rather vague ir adjective autorinis, -ė, which is not very ir characteristic of the action. The pronoun here agrees su better with the general inclinations of our language's ir nomenclature. In the same way are formed the usual terms family law (plg. Russian cemeriroe IrpaBo), human rights (plg. Riešu veropeveckue HrnpasBa) ir kt. If necessary, doubtless, the be terms would be used terminological combinations ar of words craftsmen's law, baron's law, o ne artisanal, baron law, because After all, no one, it seems, had thought to use, say, the term į difference human rights. ir In terms of language, at least the question of the noun number could be discussed in this case, i.e., the applicable copyright, the copyright. ar ar This may depend on how the term author ir is defined. When using the termautora ties, clear thing, it is appropriate to use the author's ną salary, the author's fee, could be the author's certificate ir ir (It supports ID card, doctoral diploma, student card, citizen passport, professor's certificate etc.). ir Be the branch of law jvardijancio term copyright, language needs a term that names such ir individuals freedoms, possibilities. For this purpose, the general meaning of the word "right" is usually used in the plural, as well as the origin of the word denoting the person to whom these rights belong, to su whom they are granted, applied, i.e. ar said ir written copyright, cf. civil rights, spousal rights, children's rights, etc. ir This terminological combination of words, at least in the official professional language, seems to have been used all the time, only in poor language publications. se ar ir 12 ters. In such combinations, it is common to use the genitive of both numbers (copyright and authors' third), depending on what is meant to be said. In general, however, a singular noun may be sufficient. By the way, in the latest normative language publications, the terms with a noun are now submitted, for example, to the second booklet of the “Dictionary of Library and Bibliographic Terms” “Document. Publication. Publication” (V., 1991) the terms Author’s téise (Russian aBropckoe IIpaBo, English copyright, German Urheberrecht) “the civil law rules governing the relationship between authors and publishers” 13 and the author’s téisés Zénklas (Russian 3HaK aBTOpCcKoro IIpaBa, English copyright sign, German Verfassersignatur, Verfasserzeichen) “the sign O, representing the author’s right to the published work and marked in the order established by normative documents” 13-14. As a synonym of the main term offered /publishing contract (Russian aBTOPCKHH tOroBop, English publishing contract, German Verlagsvertrag) “a contract concluded between an author and a publisher to print and distribute a work or works” 45, the term auphoristic contract is also used in this dictionary. In view of the fact that the term /editorial contract is much clearer and more transparent (its meaning is directly related to the meaning of the elements), the synonym copyright contract, being both linguistically and terminologically inferior, has become unnecessary. Here is given the now common term of authorship Illustration 14, although, as already said, in terms of language it would be more systematic to call it Author’s Lamentation. The terms Author's tčisė, Dutor's teises Zénklas, authorship linding, publishing contract are interpreted in the Lithuanian standard "Authorship. Publishing. Texts. Key terms and definitions- ”. The term is also included in the third edition of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (V., 1993, p. 837) as a normative proposition. Thus, in the practical usage of the language, the terms copyright, copyrights, copyright remuneration, copyright fee, copyright contract, being works not characteristic of our language, cannot be provided for exemplary use. Their users either do not know the correct, clear terms that are now provided and used, or they are stuck in the old ones, made up according to foreign grammar. It will be easier for the first to move (or rather return) to the submitted terms. 13 3. Who is elected in the presidential election? There are many states in the world that are led by presidents. Presidental, in Lithuanian it is presidents, are elected leaders, so statesmen public — information media often have to deal with ir su tų elections of officers. Be of a commonly understood, usual, typical of our language saying presidential election, both orally said and written printed presidential election. But the adjective “presidential” is not -ė appropriate for our language, because in this case — the president is elected, not something else. o ne So the user ir is already familiar (see section 4.4). Article about the amendment of the Constitution) the originator of the subject matter, or object, as in other elections, e.g.: ir election of the president, election of the pope, election of the Seimas, election of judges, election of the board, etc. ir (thanks For God's sake, it seems that no one has yet thought of saying papal, į parliamentary judicial elections). The adjective ar statement presidential elections, no doubt, brought support of be any of the most recently ir active and still active foreign language fans iš Russians use mpeSHHEHTCKHE BEIOOpEL, English presidential elections. — — But it cannot be ruled out that at least some of the users affected ne here could have also Polish ir (wybory prezydenckie) ar French (ė/ections présidentielles- ). Iš of the more influential nations, only the Germans are clearly different in this case, using the enriched noun Pradsidentenwahl (f) according to their language customs. The uniform and similar use of one foreign language seems to be even a strong ar proof that ne Lithuanians do not fit behind, i.e. ir one must also see the thought as the rezama of tų strangers. But that's the way some monkeys ar with no memory choose. It is good to remember that woe į to the language whose users start to speak, See also ' the author's article “On the terms with su the adjective žwtorinis”, published in the magazine “Tarp knygų” (1997, No. 3, pp. 15-16). guided by the grammar of ar foreign languages. In doing so, it is not difficult to lose one’s own language altogether or, in other words, to make the foreign language one’s own. Lithuanian language, having a very developed noun vowel system, which is fundamentalir ly different iš from the famous languages of the Western world, in many cases allows users to easily use adjectives, i.e. be clearly ir precisely the relationship of words to say the — genders of the word verbs. This use is hardly natural for Lithuaniane ns. In this respect, our word is more powerful, more flexible and ir more contentful than the word of those languages. That the president is elected during the presidential election is easily understood by a small ir child. O who is voting ką in the foreign-caugiš ht presidential election? To can't understir and an adult. This might be understandable to an English, Polish or Russian non-Lithuanian- -thinking compatriot learning Lithuanian, but ar to a Lithuanian who knows his mother tongue well. ne There are ir more combinations of words that are not suitable for standard į language, including the adjective presidential, -ė. In the collapse of the so-called The USSR, very fashionable had also made the frightening term presidential rule. lr now, when necessary, this term is still used only as a memory of the past, ne because such things happen may happen in other states. ar ir That presidential rule at that time, it is clear, was criminal according to the Russian term no NIpe3H/ĮEHTCKOC YVIIpaB/IeHHe example, but the same for tą speakers of other languages ir “rich” would have offered the English ir Americans in su English that presidential — government. In the English language, such words are used to denote the su action of the protagonist, e.g. prince, king's prince, royal!) governance, power, bishop's entry (ingres), Žemaičių fights etc. (0 ne ir This also applies to presidential rule. To at the very end are people who ir like non-Lithuanian language (especially officials and journalists) introduced į the naming phrases presidential wedding, presidential dinner, presidential plane, etc. ir Perhaps to one of the į people who are constantly ne beaten in the head, such statements gradually begin to seem quite ordinary, irreplaceable. We are not far from a presidential chair or a presidential decree, although we have not yet heard the words director’s tie, ministerial 15 car, chief’s office, prime minister’s breakfast, episcopal dinner. ar But that's not the way ir to say it. The purpose and especially the belonging are also often expressed in Lithuanian by the noun. In the spoken examples, it will only be usual for our language. The introduction of ir adjectives derived from the suffixes -inis, -ė into our language and their varied distribution and use is one of the most important issues of the present common language. jų iš This is a very broad, controversial, difficult, and apparently often controversial issue. In this article, the reflections on several cases of use have only been sufficient to squeeze it out." Abbreviations BK —Criminal Code of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic: Official text with amendments and additions of 1 June 1983 Vilnius: Mintis, 1983, 264 p. Civil Code of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania: Official text with amendments and additions of 1 January 1985. Vilnius: Mintis, 1985. 344 p. ? The older version of this article is printed in the magazine „Justitios“ (1997 m. No. 3 ir kt ). 16